ࡱ> 47123 hbjbj .gX*  Rtnnn8X!!!!!s"s"s"5V7V7V7V7V7V7V$ZR]b[Vns"s"s"s"s"[Vnn!!tX-N-N-Ns" n!n!5V-Ns"5V-N-N-N!W{wB|-N!VX0X-N]{I]-N]n-Ns"s"-Ns"s"s"s"s"[V[V-Ms"s"s"Xs"s"s"s"]s"s"s"s"s"s"s"s"s" : THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS AND PIG FARMING IN OTTOMAN SLAVONIA* Anelko Vlaai (Croatian Institute of History  Branch for the History of Slavonia, Syrmia and Baranya / PhD /  HYPERLINK "mailto:andelko.vlasic@gmail.com" andelko.vlasic@gmail.com) Abstract The state of forests of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries is a sparsely researched topic because Ottoman sources are generally silent regarding the state of forests in the mentioned period. However, Ottoman detailed (mufassal) tax surveys give us a lead on the possibility of researching forests through the tax on pigs and their grazing in the forests, at least in the provinces with considerable Christian population practicing pig farming. The present paper deals with the three Ottoman sancaks in the region of Slavonia in the 16th and 17th centuries: Sancak of Syrmia (Sirem), Sancak of Po~ega (Pojega), and Sancak of Pakrac (Pakra, Zaasna, or ernik), where the Christian population represented a majority. The amount of money obtained through taxes on pigs was very high in numerous Slavonian settlements. Pigs needed to be reared by letting them graze in oak and beech forests and eat fallen acorns; this practice is called pannage. The presumption is that the surroundings of the settlements with huge number of pigs were heavily covered with oak and beech forests. Thus, the spatial distribution of pig farming settlements of Ottoman Slavonia is presumed to be correlated with the distribution of Slavonian forests. The comparison is based on the data on resm-i pelit tax in the detailed Ottoman tax surveys and on the data on the approximate distribution of forests in Slavonia in the 1698 and 1702 Habsburg censuses of Slavonia, and it demonstrates clear correlation. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, tapu tahrir registers, Slavonia, forests, pig farming zet Osmanl1 0mparatorluu nda 16. ile 17. yzy1llarda ormanlar1n durumu, az ara_t1r1lm1_ bir konudur nk Osmanl1 kaynaklar1 sz konusu dnemde ormanlar hakk1nda genellikle sessizdir. Ancak Osmanl1 mufassal tahrir defterleri, domuzlar ile domuzlar1n ormanlarda otlatma zerinde vergi yoluyla ormanlar1n ara_t1rma imkan1n1 bize yol vermektedir  en az1ndan domuz tar1m1 uygulanan H1ristiyan nfusa sahip olan illerde. Bu makale, 16. ve 17. yzy1llarda Slavonya blgesinde olan Osmanl1 sancak ile ilgilenmektedir: Sirem (Syrmia) Sanca1, Pojega (Po~ega) ile Pakra (Pakrac, Zaasna veya ernik) Sanca1. Bu sancaklarda H1ristiyan nfusu ounluu temsil ettmi_tir. ok Slavonya yerle_iminde domuzlar zerinde vergi yoluyla elde edilen para miktar1 ok yksek olmu_tur. Domuzlar1 me_e ve kay1n ormanlar1nda otlatt1r1p d_m_ me_e palamudu yedirmek gerekli olmu_tu. Varsay1m1m1z, domuzlar1n byk say1da olan yerle_imlerin evresi me_e ve kay1n ormanlar1 ile youn kapl1 olmas1d1r. Bylece, Osmanl1 Slavonya'n1n domuz yeti_tiricilii nfusunun meknsal da1l1m1 Slavonya ormanlar1n1n meknsal da1l1m1na ili_kilendirilmektir. Kar_1la_t1rma, detayl1 Osmanl1 vergi Osmanl1 mufassal tahrir defterlerinde olan resm-i pelit vergi verilerine ve 1698 ile 1702 y1l1nda Slavonya da dzenlenmi_ olan Habsburg nfus say1mlar1nda ormanlar1n yakla_1k da1l1m1na dayanan verilere dayanmakta ve a1k korelasyon gstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanl1 0mparatorluu, Erken Modern Dnem, ormanlar, Slavonya, domuz yeti_tiricilii Introduction and Methodology The state of forests of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries is a sparsely researched topic primarily because Ottoman sources are generally silent regarding forests in the mentioned period. However, Ottoman detailed tax surveys give us several leads on the possibility of researching forests. One lead is Ottoman taxes on pigs, especially the tax on their grazing in the forests (resm-i pelit). This tax was introduced in Ottoman provinces with considerable Christian (i.e., non-Muslim) population practicing pig farming. A good province to focus research on is the region of Slavonia, which is situated in the Western Balkans and was under Ottoman rule from 1526 to 1691, during which period Christian population represented a majority. This is why the amount of money obtained through tax on pigs, which the Christian villagers of Slavonia predominantly raised, was very high in numerous Slavonian settlements. In order to raise swine properly, villagers had to let them enter the forests surrounding their villages and eat acorns and beechmast. Raising the pigs this way reduced the cost of raising them. This activity is called pannage; it is the practice in which domestic pigs were fattened in oak and beech forests mainly from late September to December every year, and in some regions even until January. Oak and beech trees provided acorns and beechmast that fell from the branches and accumulated on the ground, after which pigs fed on them. During other months of the year, swine grazed the pastures surrounding the villages and were fed some other food, for instance, grain crops such as barley and wheat, as well as human food waste. This practice was common in Europe since prehistory and continued to use it in southern Europe until the 20th century. In early modern Europe, pannage was the primary means of raising swine and it depended on the availability of spacious oak and beech forests and water sources. Acorns and beechmast provided the cheapest and high caloric source of pig fodder and were essential for fattening and bringing pigs to slaughtering condition in winter. The tannin in acorns staved off diarrhea and improved the quality of the pig meat. Swine in forests also ate grass, tubers, roots, fungi, worms, frogs, mice, insects, slugs, larvae, and other small animals rich in protein to supplement their nutritional needs. Thus, the spatial distribution of the pig farming population can generally be linked to the spatial distribution of forests. The same presumption can be made for the forests of Ottoman Slavonia, i.e., that the surroundings of the settlements with huge number of pigs were covered with oak and beech forests. The aim of this paper will be to correlate the data on resm-i pelit tax in Ottoman detailed tax registers (mufassal tahrir defterleri) and on the data on pig farming and the approximate distribution of forests in Slavonia in the 1698 and 1702 Habsburg censuses of Slavonia, which will be explained later. With regard to Slavonia, it was never a composite and clearly distinctive territory. The term Slavonia was established in the Middle Ages, when it used to designate the territory between the Drava, Sava and Danube rivers, excepting the territory of Syrmia, which is located further downstream toward the confluence of the latter two rivers. The Ottoman Empire extended its rule over parts of Slavonia in the years between 1526 and 1552 in a series of military campaigns. The Ottoman forces first penetrated Slavonia with the Hungarian military campaign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1526, when only the utmost eastern parts of Slavonia were conquered. By 1540, the eastern and central parts of Slavonia were under control of the Ottomans and regular administration was introduced through the establishment of the Sancak of Syrmia (Sirem) and Sancak of Po~ega (Pojega), the latter comprising the biggest Slavonian section. After new Ottoman victories in western Slavonia, the border between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires stabilized in 1552 in western Slavonia on the river Ilova, and in that area the Sancak of Pakrac was established. By the end of Ottoman rule in Slavonia in 1691, the territory delimitated by the four mentioned rivers began to be called Slavonia; this region will be the topic of this paper. Slavonia was relatively sparsely populated and covered with thick forests. Oak and beech trees (Quercus robur and Fagus sylvatica), among other species, grew throughout Slavonia, as well as throughout the Pannonian (or Carpathian) Basin, of which Slavonia is its southwestern border. The high concentration of pig farming in Slavonia (as well as Syrmia in its western part) is associated with the presence of these thick oak and beech forests and marshes, which were used for pig grazing. The importance of pannage for the Slavonian pig-raising population can be estimated based on the conclusions by Pter Szab on pannage activities in the Pannonian Basin: in practice, existence of an acorn-bearing forest signified a forest in which pannage was practiced. Did pig farming have a negative effect on Slavonian forests during Ottoman rule? One of the most common ways in which Slavonian peasants impeded natural reforestation (not taking into account forest felling) was through pannage as previously described. This practice is what caused the interruption of natural renewal of forests due to the damage to coppice regrowth and other ground flora that the pigs ate. Swine fed on acorns and beechnuts that otherwise could have germinated and grown into full trees. The scope of damage was accentuated in years when mast was less abundant on forest ground than usual; swine would then eat more ground flora and less seeds would have the chance to sprout and grow into trees. However, this process was slow and had only a marginal effect. Furthermore, pasturing of swine in the forests was possible only on the outskirts of (in early modern Slavonia generally) dense virgin forests thus the damage was lesser. There are a number of Ottoman taxes concerning pig farming: resm-i h1nz1r or hanaz1r, i.e., general tax on pigs; resm-i bojik, i.e., tax on slaughtering of swine; resm-i pelit or pellut, i.e., tax on swine that spent nights grazing in forests. The latter tax is the most useful because it precisely determines the number of pigs that were driven into forests, and we will use it in our comparison. Ottoman detailed tax registers for the Slavonian sancaks demonstrate that, in accordance with the prevalence of pig farming and pannage activities throughout Slavonia, resm-i pelit was collected in the Sancaks of Po~ega and Syrmia. With regard to western Slavonia and the Sancak of Pakrac, it was also covered with thick forests, and a high concentration of pig farming and pannage activities was to be expected. The 1698 Habsburg census describes immense areas of acorn-bearing forests throughout the territory of the former Sancak of Pakrac. However, kanunnames of the two mufassal defters of the Sancak of Pakrac conducted in 1565 and 1584 do not mention resm-i pelit. This fact is not peculiar, since this sancak almost in its entirety was regarded as an Ottoman border zone called serhat, meaning that the inhabitants of the sancak were exempted from most taxes, here apparently including resm-i pelit as well. The same tax exemption was present in certain parts of the Sancaks of Po~ega and Syrmia due to the need to exempt pass keepers (derbentiler) and bridge keepers and repairers (kprcler) that were assigned by Ottoman authorities with the task of guarding and repairing bridges situated in impassable forests in exchange for a certain (or sometimes complete) amount of tax exemption. As regards resm-i pelit and its mentions in the Slavonian defters, the aforementioned kanunnames for the Sancaks of Po~ega and Syrmia reveal that Ottoman tax collectors demanded one ake per every swine that was staying overnight in oak and beech forests. Our proposed method of comparing the spatial distribution of the pig farming population and their pannage activities and the spatial distribution of Slavonian forests has already been proposed or at least hinted at by other researchers of Ottoman and post-Ottoman Slavonia, namely Nenad Moa anin and Milan Vrbanus, although they have not proceeded to analyze this correlation more closely. Moa anin stressed the importance of pannage for pig raising and determined that the Christian settlements of Slavonia with the biggest production of pig meat per capita were eastern Slavonian settlements Gorjani and Sveti ura. The varo_ of Gorjani s extraordinary per capita production is what compelled Moa anin to presume that in the mentioned varo_ specialization in production was the case. For us it is important that Gorjani inhabitants practiced pannage in oak forests and paid a high amount of resm-i pelit. Vrbanus also emphasized the connection between oak and beech forests of Slavonia and the practice of pannage. Furthermore, he determined that at the end of the 17th century some Slavonian counties, for instance Brod, Slobodnica, Koba, and Naice, had the biggest percentage of oak and mixed forests in the region; at some places, they represented as much as 2/3 of the whole forest fund of a county, and thus those counties had the best prerequisites for the development of pig farming. Comparison of Ottoman and Habsburg Tax Surveys We cannot compare the distribution of Slavonian forests during Ottoman rule and the state of forests today because much has changed in the state of forests of Slavonia in the last centuries, especially in the 19th century, when Slavonian forests experienced rapid deforestation due to exploitation for industrial purposes. Our source for comparison of the distribution of forests will be, on the one hand, the 1579 mufassal defter of the Sancak of Po~ega because it is the last known Ottoman mufassal defter for the biggest Slavonian sancak, and on the other hand, the Slavonian censuses conducted by the Habsburg authorities in 1698 and 1702, i.e., soon after the end of Ottoman rule in Slavonia. This comparison is adequate because Ottoman rule did not have a detrimental effect on the state of Slavonian forests; thus it stayed almost the same during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Habsburg censuses indicate, among other things, the type, quality, and distribution of Slavonian forests at the time. The censuses, which were written in Latin, for every surveyed settlement indicate if it had (or not) a silva glandinosa or glandifera, i.e., an acorn- and/or beechmast-bearing forest. A part of the censuses are very detailed and even provide the number of swine (and other animals) in the Slavonian settlements. In the table below is (in the first box on the left) a list of settlements listed in the 1579 detailed tax register with at least some amount of resm-i pelit tax due to the Ottoman authorities, and (in the other three boxes) a list of information for those same settlements as they are presented in the 1579 Ottoman survey and in the 1698 and 1702 Habsburg censuses. The settlement names are listed as they appear today. It was not possible to locate some acorn- or beechmast-bearing forests by comparing the data in the Ottoman defter and in Habsburg surveys because the village to which the forest was adjacent disappeared for whichever reason (usually abandonment) before the Habsburg censuses were carried out, or the Habsburg authorities did not include the village in either of the censuses. It is due to these two reasons that the mentioned Ottoman villages have not been included in the table. settlement name1579 Ottoman tax survey1698 Habsburg census1702 Habsburg censusDoljanovciresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknown50 acres of acorn-bearing forestsmountainous acorn-bearing forestsVetovoresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknownacorn-bearing forests extend for of an hour of walking distanceSulkovciresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknown25 acres of forests used only for firewood56 acres of forests for firewoodKadanovci80 akes of resm-i pelit14 pigs in the village surrounded by forests19 pigs in the village; 66 acres of acorn-bearing forestsDobrogoaeresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknown30 acres of forests used only for firewood50 acres of acorn-bearing forestsBuk (near Svilna)450 akes of resm-i pelit12 pigs in the village surrounded by acorn-bearing forestsJurakovacresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknown45 pigs in the village; no data on forestsGranjeresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknowna small forest used only for firewood36 acres of forests used only for firewoodforests along the Mrsunja river (near Slobodnica)2000 akes of resm-i pelit96 pigs in Slobodnica and 100 acres of oak forestsKuti Trnjanski and Kopanica370 akes of resm-i pelit205 pigs and 150 acres of oak forestsPodcrkavljeresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknownabout 200 acres of mixed forestsGornji Slatinikresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknown5 acres of acorn-bearing forestsSredanciresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknownacorn-bearing forests extend for 1 hour of walk in longitude and of an hour in latitudeGornja Bebrina1545 akes of resm-i pelit10 acres of forests used for firewoodJoaava940 akes of resm-i pelit62 pigs in the village; 700 acres of acorn-bearing forestsGorjani1500 akes of resm-i pelit1800 acres of acorn-bearing forestsPodgora 50 akes of resm-i pelit immeasurable acorn-bearing forestsCeremoanjak775 akes of resm-i pelitno more acorn-bearing forestsDubravnik and Topolje1599 akes of resm-i pelit6 pigs in Dubravnik; 200 (or 300) acres of acorn-bearing and firewood forests; 2475 acres of acorn-bearing forestsBu je650 akes of resm-i pelit When the acorns ripen, they could raise about 1000 pigs Levanjska Varoa553 akes of resm-i pelit75 pigs and 3500 acres of acorn-bearing forestsHrkanovci akova kiresm-i pelit was collected; amount unknown50 pigs and 2200 acres of acorn-bearing forestsSelci akova ki250 akes of resm-i pelit42 pigs and 525 acres of acorn-bearing forestsSlobodna Vlast29 akes of resm-i pelit96 pigs and 185 acres of acorn-bearing forestsSubotica4020 akes of resm-i pelit great acorn-bearing forests extend for 1/2 of day of walk in longitude and 1 day in latitude Breatanovci2327 akes of resm-i pelitno acorn-bearing forestsno acorn-bearing forests a inci266 akes of resm-i pelit11 pigs in the village; acorn-bearing forests57 pigs in the village and great forestsKrajna4000 akes of resm-i pelit300 acres of acorn-bearing forests41 pigs in the village among great forestsStara Joava452 akes of resm-i pelit26 pigs and 300 acres of acorn-bearing forestsDonja Moti ina800 akes of resm-i pelit333 acres of acorn-bearing forestsPritisnica1000 akes of resm-i pelitacorn-bearing forestRakitovica450 akes of resm-i pelitabout 150 acres of acorn-bearing forests65 pigs and 100 acres of acorn-bearing forestsBrod (near Valpovo)3090 akes of resm-i pelit50 acres of acorn-bearing forestsKopanovci4750 akes of resm-i pelit300 acres of acorn-bearing forestsStara Brezovica450 akes of resm-i pelitacorn-bearing and firewood forests extend for 1 and of an hour of walk Conclusion The comparison made in the above table demonstrates clear correlation between the spatial distribution of pig farming settlements of Ottoman Slavonia and the distribution of Slavonian forests, i.e., that the surroundings of the settlements with the biggest number of pigs were heavily covered with oak and beech forests. Although our chosen sources enable us to only approximately situate the forests of Ottoman Slavonia, they still give us the opportunity to locate the disappeared forests transformed into agricultural fields after the end of Ottoman rule and explain how the way of life of local population during Ottoman times was influenced by the forests in their vicinity. This will be the focus of our future research. These conclusions could also be applied to other Ottoman provinces in the Balkans that had a significant Christian population, for instance, the sancaks on the territory of Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, and other modern countries, and I hope that this paper made a small contribution to this topic. SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Unpublished sources Trkiye Cumhuriyeti Ba_bakanl1k Devlet Ar_ivleri Genel Mdrl (TCBDAGM), Osmanl1 Ar_ivi Daire Ba_kanl11 (OADB), Tapu Tahrir (TT), Tapu Tahrir Defterleri (TTD), 203, 204, 243, 351, 355, 359, 549, 612, 672. Published sources Ma~uran, Ive. 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Sustainability 5 (2013): 387-399. Ma~uran, Ive. Hrvati i Osmansko Carstvo. Zagreb: Golden marketing, 1998. Moa anin, Nenad.  Pristup ekohistoriji Podravine prema osmanskim izvorima. Ekonomska i ekohistorija. asopis za gospodarsku povijest i povijest okoliaa, 1 (2005): 139-146. Moa anin, Nenad. Town and Country on the Middle Danube 1526-1690. Leiden; Boston: Brill Publishing, 2006. Moa anin, Nenad. Turska Hrvatska. Hrvati pod vlaau Osmanskoga Carstva do 1791. Preispitivanja. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 1999. Simmons, Ian Gordon. Environmental History. A Concise Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993. Szab, Pter. Historical interactions between oak and swine. Trees, Forested Landscapes and Grazing Animals. A European Perspective on Woodlands and Grazed Treescapes, edited by Ian D. Rotherham. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013, p. 51-61. Vlaai, Anelko.  Iskoriatavanje auma u Slavoniji u osmanskom razdoblju. Scrinia Slavonica, 16 (2016): 71-90. Vrbanus, Milan.  Ratarstvo u slavonskoj Posavini krajem 17. stoljea. Scrinia Slavonica, 2 (2002): 202-260. Warde, Paul. Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. White, Sam. From globalized pig breeds to capitalist pigs: a study in animal cultures and evolutionary history, Environmental History 16.1 (2011): 94-120. Zon, Raphael. Forests and human progress. Geographical Review, 10.3 (1920): 139-166. * This work has been supported by the Croatian Science Foundation under the project number IP-2014-09-6719, From rainforests to arable lands: the history of anthropization of forests in Slavonia from the Middle Ages to the early 20th century. I wish to express my appreciation to Miroslav Pavlovi, PhD (University of Novi Sad) for his helpful and insightful comments.  Daniel W. Gade,  Hogs (Pigs), The Cambridge World History of Food, ed.: Kenneth F. 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Bioloaki i zootehni ki principi. Ud~benik za studente poljoprivrednih fakulteta (Osijek: Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Sveu iliate Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, 2007), 42; Paul Warde, Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 82; Franciscus W. M. Vera, Grazing Ecology and Forest History (Oxford: CABI Publishing, 2000), p. 125; Sam White,  From globalized pig breeds to capitalist pigs: a study in animal cultures and evolutionary history, Environmental History 16.1 (2011), p. 98; Jrgensen,  Pigs and Pollards, p. 388-389, 393.  J. Donald Hughes, The Mediterranean. An Environmental History (Santa Barbara: ABC Clio, 2005), p. 73; Nenad Moa anin, Town and Country on the Middle Danube 1526-1690 (Leiden; Boston: Brill Publishing, 2006), p. 50, 61-62.  Ive Ma~uran, Hrvati i Osmansko Carstvo (Zagreb: Golden marketing, 1998), p. 92-116.  Vjekoslav Klai, Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svraetka XIX stoljea, V, (Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske, 1988), p. 610; Moa anin, Town and Country, p. 9-10; compare: Gza Palffy,  The origins and development of the border defence system against the Ottoman Empire in Hungary (up to the early eighteenth century), Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest, ed.: Gza Dvid and Pl Fodor (Leiden; Boston; Kln: Brill, 2000), p. 11.  Evliy elebi bin Dervi_ Mehemmed Zill, Evliy elebi Seyahatnmesi Topkap1 Saray1 Ktphanesi Badat 307 Numaral1 Yazman1n Transkripsiyonu  Dizini, V, ed.: Ycel Dal1, Seyit Ali Kahraman, 0brahim Sezgin, (Istanbul: Yap1 Kredi Yay1nlar1, 2001), p. 272; Moa anin, Town and Country, p. 150.  Szab,  Historical interactions, p. 52.  Bruce McGowan, Sirem Sanca1 mufassal tahrir defteri (1566-1574), (Ankara: Trk Tarih Kurumu Bas1mevi, 1983), p. LXVIII.  Szab,  Historical interactions, p. 52-54.  Emil Klimo,  History, Condition and Management of Floodplain Forest Ecosystems in Europe, Environmental Forest Science: Proceedings of the IUFRO Division 8 Conference Environmental Forest Science, held 19-23 October 1998, Kyoto University, Japan, ed.: Kyoji Sassa (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998), p. 175; Simmons, Environmental History, p. 84; Seluk Dursun,  Forest and the State: History of Forestry and Forest Administration in the Ottoman Empire (PhD diss.), Sabanc1 University, 2007, p. 36; Jrgensen,  Pigs and Pollards, p. 395.  Raphael Zon,  Forests and human progress, Geographical Review, 10.3 (1920), p. 155.  The name for this tax is interesting because in all Ottoman tax registers that have been recorded after the 1540s (and this is the period in which Croatian lands, including the region of Slavonia, were conquered by the Ottomans) all financial terms regarding the tax on pigs have been replaced with the standard Arabic term: resm-i h1nz1r. This was due to a surge of Arabic terms linked with the prevalence of Arabic-speaking state servants after the Ottoman conquest of many Arab lands in 1517. Therefore, an Arabic term started to be used for this un-Islamic practice, i.e., recording the tax on swine in Christian regions of the Empire. Heath W. Lowry, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003), p. 113; Moa anin, Town and Country, p. 141.  Trkiye Cumhuriyeti Ba_bakanl1k Devlet Ar_ivleri Genel Mdrl (TCBDAGM), Osmanl1 Ar_ivi Daire Ba_kanl11 (OADB), Tapu Tahrir (TT), Tapu Tahrir Defterleri (TTD), 203, 204, 243, 351, 549, 612, 672; McGowan, Sirem Sanca1, p. 4.  Ive Ma~uran, Popis naselja i stanovniatva u Slavoniji 1698. godine, (Osijek: Radovi Zavoda za znanstveni rad JAZU-a u Osijeku, 1988), passim.  TCBDAGM, OADB, TT, TTD, 355, 359.  Moa anin, Town and Country, p. 127, 147-148.  TCBDAGM, OADB, TT, TTD, 672; Moa anin, Town and Country, p. 127, 153, 157, 172; Nenad Moa anin, Slavonija i Srijem u razdoblju osmanske vladavine, (Slavonski Brod: Hrvatski institut za povijest, Podru~nica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje, 2001), p. 56, 116; Nenad Moa anin, Turska Hrvatska. Hrvati pod vlaau Osmanskoga Carstva do 1791. Preispitivanja, (Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 1999), p. 92, 120-121; Nenad Moa anin,  Pristup ekohistoriji Podravine prema osmanskim izvorima, Ekonomska i ekohistorija. asopis za gospodarsku povijest i povijest okoliaa, 1 (2005), p. 142-143.  TCBDAGM, OADB, TT, TTD, 203, 204, 243, 549, 612, 672; McGowan, Sirem Sanca1, p. 4; Stjepan Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega 1579. godine, (Osijek: Dr~avni arhiv u Osijeku, 2001), p. 21; Shota Bekadze,  XVI. yzy1lda Raa Nahiyesi, Turkish Studies  International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 9.5 (2014), p. 409.  Moa anin, Town and Country, p. 24-25, 61-64; Milan Vrbanus,  Ratarstvo u slavonskoj Posavini krajem 17. stoljea, Scrinia Slavonica 2 (2002), p. 206-207.  Moa anin, Town and Country, p. 24-25, 50, 61-64.  Milan Vrbanus,  Druatveno-ekonomske prilike u Brodu i brodskoj okolici krajem 17. i po etkom 18. stoljea, Franjevci u Slavonskom Brodu. Zbornik radova znanstvenog skupa odr~anog 27. listopada 2007. u Slavonskom Brodu, ed.: Dino Mujad~evi (Slavonski Brod: Hrvatski institut za povijest  Podru~nica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje, 2012), p. 24-25; Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 140, 149-150, 153, 157, 162-165, 168-175; Vrbanus,  Ratarstvo u slavonskoj Posavini, p. 206-207, 232.  For more on this topic, see: Damir Matanovi,  Legalitet i legitimitet  suprotstavljene koncepcije pri iskoriatavanju auma Slavonske vojne krajine, asopis za suvremenu povijest, 35.3 (2003), p. 961-970.  For more on this topic, see: Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 11-16.  Anelko Vlaai,  Iskoriatavanje auma u Slavoniji u osmanskom razdoblju, Scrinia Slavonica, 16 (2016), p. 86.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega 1579. godine, p. 34.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 364.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 155-156.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 40.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 310.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 47.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 200.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 207.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 62.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 273.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 197.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 69.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 294.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 187.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 77.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 276.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 82.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 156.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 83.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 316.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 168.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 107.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 172.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 113.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 125.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 117.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 164.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 121.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 168.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 141.  Ive Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije 1698. i 1702. godine, (Osijek: Historijski arhiv u Osijeku, 1966), p. 145.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 145-146.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 100.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 157.  Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 135-136.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 160.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 317; Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 106.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 179.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 317; Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 281.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 187.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 91.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 207-208.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 314, 326-327; Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 125.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 215-216.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 321; Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 115.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 221.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 323; Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 119.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 225.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 325; Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 123-124.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 227.  Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 128.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 227.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 324; Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 119.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 267.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 130.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 267.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 421.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 284.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 307-308.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 417.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 279.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 320-321.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 405.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 273.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 312.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja i stanovniatva, p. 402, 405.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 314.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 409.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 319.  Ma~uran, Popis naselja, p. 413.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 338.  Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 50.  Smi iklas, Dvijestogodianjica osloboenja, p. 104.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 340.  Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 48.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 358.  Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 55.  Sraan, Popis Sand~aka Po~ega, p. 377-378.  Ma~uran, Popis zapadne i srednje Slavonije, p. 69.     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