ࡱ> LNK Fbjbj[[ .L99 + @@@@@TTT84T#l!"#"#"#"#"#"#"$z$,'bG"@G"@@" .@@!" !" `;YC ""0# ' L' '@  G"G" #' : dr. sc. Anelko Vlaai Hrvatski institut za povijest Podru~nica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje Slavonski Brod  HYPERLINK "https://hipsb.academia.edu/An%C4%91elkoVla%C5%A1i%C4%87" https://hipsb.academia.edu/An%C4%91elkoVla%C5%A1i%C4%87 Past, current and future research on the environmental history of Ottoman Slavonia Past research As regards past research on the environmental history of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia during Ottoman rule (i.e., in the 16th and 17th centuries; 1526-1699) was scarce and included few works of the eminent Ottomanist historian Nenad Moa anin, as well as some of the works written within the International Project "Triplex Confinium"  which was focused, however, on the area more to the west and south, so Slavonia was a bit out of its focus; but it had an eco-historical aspect. Nenad Moa anin in his paper  Pristup ekohistoriji Podravine prema osmanskim izvorima (Approaching the ecohistory of the region of Podravina according to Ottoman sources), gave numerous valuable insights not only on Podravina, but also on Slavonia, because his paper included the lower Podravina, that is, the Drava river basin all the way to its mouth into the Danube. Moa anin emphasized the expansion of forest areas and at the same time forest exploitation; and his other findings were related to agriculture in the region. With regard to the broader field of Ottoman Studies, Ottomanist research of different topics from the eco-historical perspective is still in its infancy. Generally speaking, Ottomanist historians have been slow to adopt ecological approaches into their methodological frameworks. There is still a small number of researchers and works, with works by Seluk Dursun (on the history of forests of the Ottoman Empire); Alan Mikhail (on irrigation in Ottoman Egypt), and Sam White (on the relation between climate and rebellion in the early modern Ottoman Empire a period of global cooling during the early modern period known as the Little Ice Age which had an overall negative impact on agricultural production in Europe produced agrarian crises that the Empire was unable to overcome), as well as a thought-provoking book chapter by Gbor goston on the relation between environmental and frontier studies, that is, on rivers, forests, marshes and forts along the Ottoman-Habsburg frontier in Hungary, which offers new insights. Current research As for the current research on this topic, a research project entitled From Virgin Forests to Ploughlands: History of Anthropization of Forests in Slavonia from the Middle Ages to the Beginning of the 20th Century is part of research conducted at the Branch for the History of Slavonia, Syrmia and Baranya of the Croatian Institute of History located in Slavonski Brod. Within the mentioned project, the author of this expos researches the state of the forest fund of Slavonia during Ottoman rule, the scope of deforestation/reforestation in the area, etc. The state of forests of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries is a sparsely researched topic because Ottoman sources are generally silent regarding the state of forests in the mentioned period. In order to give my contribution to this research, I had to come up with new readings of the existing and already investigated and well known sources, such as Ottoman detailed tax registers and the sources known as Mhimme defters, as well as propose new ideas for future research in this field. For example: a) one can find data on forests in the detailed tax surveys by looking for the tax on pigs and their grazing in the forests, at least in the provinces with considerable Christian population practicing pig farming. Pigs needed to be reared by letting them graze in oak and beech forests and eat fallen acorns. The presumption is that the surroundings of the settlements with huge number of pigs were heavily covered with oak and beech forests. Thus, the spatial distribution of pig farming settlements of Ottoman Slavonia is presumed to be correlated with the distribution of Slavonian forests; b) the other idea is to search thoroughly Western sources, that is, Catholic missionaries reports on the conditions of the Catholic flock in Ottoman Slavonia, and look for their comments on the state of forests; for example, Bartol Kaai in the period 1618-1622 describes vast forested areas, rebels and bandits residing in the forests, etc.; c) another idea for future research is to compare Ottoman and Christian sources, that is, the travelogue of Evliya elebi and the 1698 and 1702 Habsburg censuses of Slavonia; d) one could also search for toponomastic data related to forests in the mentioned Ottoman tax registers (meadows, forests, etc.); e) one could research forests as natural boundaries (the Garavica forest on the western border of Ottoman Slavonia, etc.); f) forests providing refuge, protection, shelter in times of war and insecurity, as well as hideout places for bandits, rebels, etc.; g) woodland as a source of construction material for the fortresses in the region (fortresses of Gradika, Gorjani, etc.); h) another idea, outside of the research of forests in the strict sense of the topic, is the research of wine production (viticulture) in Ottoman Slavonia. Future research My opinion is that all eco-historical projects seem to be promising for the future, especially because of the trends ruling scientific research, which are connected with the European Unions funding institutions and programs. One other path historians could follow is to extensively publish archival sources which are crucial for understanding the period in question. This way, historians would (hopefully) attract attention from other scientific fields that are in need of the results of the historians archival work: linguists, sociologists, economists, etc. Bibliography goston, Gbor. Where environmental and frontier studies meet: rivers, forests, marshes and forts along the Ottoman-Hapsburg frontier in Hungary., u: A.C.S. Peacock (ed.), The Frontiers of the Ottoman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009: 57-79. auaevi, Ekrem (prir.). Autobiografija Osman-age Temiavarskog. Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2004. Dursun, Seluk.  Forest and the State: History of Forestry and Forest Administration in the Ottoman Empire. doctoral dissertation.| ~    # M N \ ] i b V`ָɌ|||obUbUbUbUhhM[{aJmH sH hhlaJmH sH hh3?aJmH sH hh3?5CJaJmH sH hh#5CJaJmH sH hh0JaJmH sH hhaJmH sH !jhhUaJmH sH hhi]aJmH sH hh#aJmH sH hh#5aJmH sH hhi]5aJmH sH .j M N \ ] _`qrt ""#gd/2gdlgd:.$a$gd3?$a$gd# $da$gdi] )n$(Io*ijkl );<B]_`qr̿沥~q~c~hhi]5aJmH sH hh/2aJmH sH hhi]aJmH sH hhaJmH sH hh:.aJmH sH hhMaJmH sH hhQnaJmH sH hh aJmH sH hhM[{aJmH sH hhT aJmH sH hhlaJmH sH hh7YaJmH sH &tK l~^ !H!Z!""""""]"a"j"""""""""""""""""#########ٿٿٲٲ٥٥hhj!aJmH sH hhw]aJmH sH hhg}aJmH sH hhi]aJmH sH hhaJmH sH hhlaJmH sH hh/2aJmH sH A##$$$$$&&&&&'(L6 79:;<=0?@@ADEgdi]gd(*gd-dK$a$gdi]gd/2####$$$$$$$$$$%%&&&&&''2(|()6j66^768`98:;;<~<=t=====榚thh(*aJmH sH hh(*6mH sH hh(*mH sH Uhh-dK6mH sH hh-dKmH sH hh/2aJmH sH hhi]5aJmH sH hhw]aJmH sH hhaJmH sH hhi]aJmH sH hhlaJmH sH *, Sabanc1 University, Istanbul, 2007. Evlija elebi. Putopis. Odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama. Sarajevo: Sarajevo-Publishing, 1996. Evliy elebi bin Dervi_ Mehemmed Zill. Evliy elebi Seyahatnmesi Topkap1 Saray1 Ktphanesi Badat 307 Numaral1 Yazman1n Transkripsiyonu  Dizini (edited by: Ycel Dal1, Seyit Ali Kahraman, 0brahim Sezgin). Sv. V. Istanbul: Yap1 Kredi Yay1nlar1, 2001. Evliy elebi bin Dervi_ Mehemmed Zill, Evliy elebi Seyahatnmesi Topkap1 Saray1 Ktphanesi Revan 1457 Numaral1 Yazman1n Transkripsiyonu  Dizini (edited by: Seyit Ali Kahraman, Ycel Dal1). Sv. VI. Istanbul: Yap1 Kredi Yay1nlar1, 2002. Kaai, Bartol. Autobiografija isusovca Bartola Kaaia u prijevodu i izvorniku (1575.-1625.). Zagreb: `kolska knjiga, 2006. Mikhail, Alan. Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt. An Environmental History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Moa anin, Nenad.  Pristup ekohistoriji Podravine prema osmanskim izvorima. Ekonomska i ekohistorija, 1, 1 (2005): 139-146. Moa anin, Nenad. Slavonija i Srijem u razdoblju osmanske vladavine. Slavonski Brod: Hrvatski institut za povijest, Podru~nica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje, 2001. Moa anin, Nenad. Town and Country on the Middle Danube 1526-1690. Leiden; Boston: Brill Publishing, 2006. Vlaai, Anelko.  Iskoriatavanje auma u Slavoniji u osmanskom razdoblju. Scrinia Slavonica 16 (2016): 71-90. Vlaai, Anelko.  Obitelj Zrinski u Putopisu Evlije elebija i usporedba s neosmanskim izvorima. Povijesni prilozi 52 (2017): 29-52. Vlaai, Anelko.  The role of forests in the spread of revolts and banditry in Ottoman Slavonia in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Alaattin Akz, Doan Yrk, Hseyin Mu_mal (ed.), INOCTE 2016: International New Tendencies Congress in Ottoman Researches, October 7-9, 2016, Sarajevo. Proceedings Book (e-knjiga). Konya: Seluk University, 2016., pp. 69-81. White, Sam. The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.      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