Naslov
Nastajanje i jezično oblikovanje hrvatskih lekcionara u 15. i 16. stoljeću
(The Genesis and Linguistic Formation of Croatian Lectionaries in the 15th and 16th Century)

Autori
Barbarić, Vuk-Tadija

Vrsta, podvrsta i kategorija rada
Ocjenski radovi, doktorska disertacija

Fakultet
Filozofski fakultet

Mjesto
Zagreb

Datum
09.04

Godina
2015

Stranica
291

Mentor
Kapetanović, Amir

Ključne riječi
hrvatski lekcionari; talijanski lekcionari; povijesna sociolingvistika; tekstologija; horizontalno i vertikalno prevođenje; vernakularne biblije; 15. i 16. stoljeće
(Croatian lectionaries; Italian lectionaries; historical sociolinguistics; textual criticism; horizontal and vertical translation; vernacular Bibles; 15th and 16th century)

Sažetak
U ovoj se disertaciji istražuje kompleksno pitanje nastajanja i jezičnoga oblikovanja hrvatskih lekcionara u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Pokazuje se da je dosadašnje znanje o tom problemu, kao i znanje o pojedinim lekcionarima nedovoljno te se stoga pristupa tekstološkoj analizi građe u okviru povijesne sociolingvistike. Analiza se provodi na korpusu od približno 400.000 pojavnica, koji se sastoji od transkribiranih tekstova šest lekcionara. Posebno je u fokusu transmisija biblijskih imena. Analizirana građa uspoređuje se s crkvenoslavenskim, latinskim te talijanskim tekstnim svjedocima, pri čemu se koristimo i građom dostupnom zahvaljujući digitalnoj humanistici. Prvi put se dokazuje da je i horizontalno prevođenje, tj. prevođenje s jednoga vernakulara na drugi, bilo formativni jezični faktor hrvatskih lekcionara, u čemu je ključan Ranjinin lekcionar, za koji smo utvrdili da je nastao po modelu talijanskoga lekcionara. Pokazuje se da je širenje lekcionara ne samo narodni, međudijalektni proces nego i međunarodni. Za nastanak prvih lekcionara, koji smještamo u 14. stoljeće, predlažemo model po kojem je izvorni prijevod s latinskoga jezika bio odmah izložen kontaminacijama iz crkvenoslavenskih i talijanskih (romanskih) izvora jer su oni po definiciji heterogeni i otvoreni utjecajima do početka 16. stoljeća, u kojem se zahvaljujući pojavi tiska uglavnom reproducira Lekcionar Bernardina Splićanina. Pokazujemo da znatna promjena dolazi tek s početkom 17. stoljeća jer se kao glavni formativni faktor pojavljuje proces devernakularizacije, što povezujemo s promijenjenim sociolingvističkim uvjetima na europskoj razini.

Izvorni jezik
Hrvatski

Znanstvena područja
Filologija

Napomena
This dissertation explores the complex issue of the genesis and linguistic formation of Croatian lectionaries in the 15th and 16th century. It is shown that this topic lacks research, and that the knowledge on particular lectionaries is especially not of a satisfactory level. Therefore, methods of textual criticism and historical sociolinguistics are combined in our approach. The analysis is performed on a corpus of approximately 400, 000 tokens that contains texts of six transcribed lectionaries. The focus is on the transmission of biblical names, and the analysed material is compared with the Church Slavonic, Latin and Italian witnesses. The materials available in the digital humanities resources are vital for this type of comparison. The novelty of our approach is that we were able to prove that the horizontal translation (i.e. translation between two vernaculars) took part during the linguistic formation of Croatian lectionaries. The Ranjina lectionary, for which we have shown that it is created on the model of the Italian lectionaries, is essential in this process. The expansion of the lectionaries is not only a national, interdialectal process, but also an international phenomenon. For the genesis of the first Croatian lectionaries, which we place in the 14th century, we propose a model in which the original translation from the Latin language was immediately contaminated by Church Slavonic and Italian (Romance) sources. The lectionaries are by definition heterogeneous texts, and were open to various influences until the beginning of the 16th century, when, due to the appearance of printed editions, the Lectionary by Bernardinus Spalatensis was being heavily reproduced. We show that a significant change came with the beginning of the 17th century, when the process of devernacularization became a major formative factor. We also show that this is associated with the altered sociolinguistic conditions at a European level. This research is logically presented within eleven chapters. In the 1st, introductory chapter, we discuss our motivation for this subject, present a short history of the lectionary, and also state the main goals of this dissertation – which are all aimed at discovering non-Latin and non-Church Slavonic sources that influenced the oldest Croatian lectionaries. It is believed that their identification will help in understanding the Croatian lectionary genesis and linguistic formation. In the 2nd chapter we discuss our theoretical and methodological approach. We show that historical sociolinguistics is an appropriate theoretical framework for this subject mainly because of its interdisciplinary nature, which helped us introduce the method of textual criticism through its connection to philological research. In recent works, the question of document creation is seen as a promising subject for historical linguistic research, i.e. for the reconstruction of original context in which the documents were generated. The 3rd chapter is devoted to the illustration of the historical and linguistic context. The Croatian language, as some researchers suggest, was being developed in a diglossic and even triglossic situation from the 14th to 16th centuries. The language situation in Dubrovnik is of special interest because of its openness to Italian cultural and linguistic influences. The 4th chapter is a short presentation of relevant research on the genesis of Croatian lectionaries. It shows that the genesis was mainly considered as monogenetic, either from the Church Slavonic matrix or from the Latin matrix. This chapter is followed by the 5th chapter, in which we describe all the relevant lectionaries and discuss in detail the research that was done to this day. We show that Sante Graciotti gave the most relevant insight on the question of genesis. We also classify Croatian lectionaries in non-Bernardine and Bernardine groups, whereas we include two 17th century lectionaries (by Bandulavić and Kašić) in this latter group. In the 6th chapter we present a broader context of circulation of vernacular Bibles in medieval Europe, with special accent on French and Italian Bibles, and especially on Italian lectionaries. The 6th chapter serves as an introduction into the 7th chapter that explains the notion of vertical and horizontal translation. These terms were first introduced by the Italian scholar Gianfranco Folena. The following chapters demonstrate that this terminology is crucial for understanding the heterogeneous nature of Croatian lectionaries. In the 8th chapter the still unresolved problems of Ranjina lectionary are discussed in the light of Italian witnesses. We prove that this lectionary is created following the model of Italian lectionaries, and that this conclusion has immense repercussions on understanding the genesis of all Croatian lectionaries, especially on those that originate before the 16th century. The 9th chapter is an analysis of the textual transmission of names, especially of toponyms, with regard to all relevant witnesses. The analysis confirms that Italian sources must have had a role in the creation of earliest Croatian lectionaries. The 10th chapter widens the research by including examples that are not necessarily name-related, and it is again confirmed that Italian witnesses (sometimes even other Romance witnesses) offer more plausible solutions for textual-critic problems than the Church Slavonic and Latin witnesses. At the end of this chapter, two examples of quantitative micro-studies are presented that show the potential of Bernardine group for (socio)linguistic research. Both chapters (the 9th and the 10th) are followed by the discussions of results. The 11th chapter offers a short summary of the dissertation as well as relevant conclusions, of which we have stated the most important ones at the beginning of this abstract.

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