ࡱ> ~>Ч6jlnƮȮʮ468VXZޯ(*PRTnprtvx FHJԱֱ2<CJ mH 6CJmHH*mHmHCJmH 5CJmH CJmH X. A!"#$%IMPROVEMENTS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND CITY SERVICES BASED ON SMARD CARD TECHNOLOGY POBOLJ`ANJE JAVNOG PRIJEVOZA I OSTALIH GRADSKIH USLUGA PRIMJENOM TEHNOLOGIJE "PAMETNIH" KARTICA Prof. dr. sc. Ivan Boanjak Faculty of IMPROVEMENTS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND CITY SERVICES BASED ON SMARD CARD TECHNOLOGY POBOLJANJE JAVNOG PRIJEVOZA I OSTALIH GRADSKIH USLUGA PRIMJENOM TEHNOLOGIJE "PAMETNIH" KARTICA Prof. dr. sc. Ivan Bonjak Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences HR 10000 Zagreb, Vukelieva 4 e-mail: bosnjaki@fpz.hr tel.: +385 1 2380 226 fax.: +385 1 2314 415 Mr. sc. Ljupko `imuni }eljezni ka tehni ka akola HR 10000 Zagreb SUMARY: Several improvements and/or innovations in public transport and other city services can be obtained using integrated electronic payment systems based on smart card technology. Paper discuss basic questions related with the effective conceptual system design and operational implementation of such systems. Functional specifications are associated with ITS development tools and financial transaction system. KEY WORDS: Electronic Payment System, Smart Card, City Services, Improvements, Innovations. SA}ETAK: Niz poboljaanja i/ili inovacija u javnom prijevozu i pru~anju gradskih usluga mo~e biti postignuto koriatenjem integriranog elektroni kog sustava plaanja temeljenog na tehnologiji pametnih kartica. U radu su razmotrena neka bazi na pitanja povezana s efektivnim konceptualnim dizajniranjem i operativnom implementacijom takovih sustava. Funkcionalne specifikacije asocirane su sa ITS razvojnim alatima i financijskim transakcijskim sustavom. KLJU NE RIJE I: Elektroni ki sustav plaanja, Pametna kartica, Gradske usluge, Poboljanja, Inovacije. INTRODUCTION Electronic payment systems based on smart card technology have a potential to radically improve existed payment methods in public transport and also in several city services. Multifunctional smart card can provide access to or payment for sport facilities, theatres, retail purchase, public telephones, parking etc. First experience and comparative analysis of "city card" implementations in several european cities stimulate further investigation about basic approach and effective scope of possible function/services [3], [8]. Important information on the success and failures of existing electronic payment systems can be obtained through technical meetings and studies [6]. In this paper and background research we considere some basic presumptions and reccomendations for effective design of integrated payment systems based on smart card technology. It is assumed that investigated problem is very complex and require adequate holistic approach which include "hard" and "soft" systems methodologies. Functional specifications have to be associated with well developed ITS tools and financial transaction system. SMART CARD FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES Term smart card denote generaly a card size device that contain several semiconductor components including memory and microprocessor. "Chip cards" or "integrated circuit chards" are terms for other type of card. Chip cards contain only memory chip and it is used as a payphones card [4]. Smart card used in mobile GSM phones is designed as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). A SIM card contain information which ensure user identification and personalisation of services. Telephone or other (data, message, ...) calls are routed to individual subscriber who can use different mobile phone devices with one SIM card. Smart cards are alternative for classical public transport payment system which are based on: tickets cash payment on a city bus or tram route magnetic cards. In first approach the classical smart card was used but more recently the contactless version is accepted as the better solution. While classical smart cards have problems with dirt, dust, vibration jammed slats, this problems are eliminated with contactless smart cards. There are also some combined solutions (contact and contactless) in one "hybrid card". In banking sector smart card were used a s a "electronic purse". Strong encryption technics are used to protect data held on the card from unauthorised access. In medical sector patient identify cards were developed to store madical information making it instantly accessible. There are also several cards which allow access to selected facilities or services. Introduction of payment system based on smart card can generate several improvements: more efficient payment collection (with reduced costs) time reduction for ticket validation reduce fraud possibility of passenger counting function public transport become more attractive. In broader context we have to considere improvements or innovations related with the integrated payment systems. These broader concpet of city services include electronic payment for city catering, sport facilities, theatres, public telephones, etc. Transport-related services and other non-transport services included in Integrated Payment System are illustrated on Fig. 1.   Fig. 1. Transport and other non-transport city services included in Integrated Payment System Principal description of continous improvements and (radical) innovations is illustrated on Fig. 2. Description can be associated with the improvements and innovation in electronic payment system.  Fig. 2. Continous improvement and innovations In practice it is necesarilly to combine continous improvement (during some period of time) and radical inovation on shortet period. After innovation project we must stabilize functions on much higher level of perfomance. After some post-innovation time (tN), new improvements program can be started. HOLISTIC APPROACH WITH MULTILEVEL MODEL Holistic approach and systems methodologies (hard, soft, fuzzy) are essential for adequate understanding of possibilities and technologies for metropolitan public transport and city services. The progress in systems methodologies on conceptual and pragmatic level opens new possibilities in solving very complex system problems [1], [5]. On higher level, investigated problem of public transport and city services improvements is "ill-defined" or "soft" problem which cannot be expressed in precise terms. Their crucial characteristics is that are unstructured and classical methods from "hard" systems engineering are not adequate. Systems methods for such problems must open large scale of possible solutions on technologcial and beyond technological levels. One usable approach for this class of problem is depicted on Fig. 3. It is a multilevel model used in description of ITS architecture [3].   Fig. 3. Applicable multilevel model derived from ITS Architecture model Level 4 reflect real-world possibilities and constraints from multi-operators environment. Interoperability and interconnection between public or/and private operators and service providers (including finnancial transaction services) generate different functional requirements and influence global concept of operations (!processes). Different stakeholders should be involved and consensus building is very important for successful long-term deployment and operations of system or metropolitan public transport and city services. Level 3 is concerned on system traits under the scope of single operator or service provider. local interfaces between the key public and private organisations for public transport, parking, electronic purse applications, etc. are very important to successful development of whole project. On level 2 systems functions and structures will be defined in more structured forms. Some functions can be grouped together to improve cost-effective perfomance or to be more user-friendly oriented. The main objective is to provide a common specification which cover all functionalities related to integrated schemens based on smart cards. Additional functionality normaly required to "run a bueinss" include accountingm salaries and other operations. Total operations of the system can be defined by several processes such as: registering subscribers manual or electronic payment renewal of subscriptions enforcement, etc. Each of these process has to be documented by process diagram (`" data flow diagram). Level 1 is concerned on subsystem and components which are modularised. Each modul must be defined by series of functional requirements and by set of rules for interfaces with other modules or external entities. CONLUSION Introduction of integrated smart card payment systems for public transport with clear interface for other sectors of payment systems in city is very complex technological and beyond-technological task. The separate functions of this system can not be undertaken by one organisation and include participations of different pubic and private actors (on city level or even national level). Potential for improvement and innovations in payment systems must be considered in context of national Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) development strategies. Functional specifications and design of technological primitives of integrated payment systems expand to broader finnancial transaction systems. REFERENCES: Bosnjak, I.: Intelligent Transport Systems. Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb (work materials for textbook). Bossan R. et all: KAREN Project. Telematics Application Programmes, 1999. European Commision DG XIII: Telematics Applications Annual Report, 1998. ERTICO: ITS Toolbox - Intelligent City Transport. Brussels, 1998. Klir, G.J.: Architecture of Systems Problem Solving. Plenum Press, New York, 1995. Proceedings of 7th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. Turin, 2000. (CD-ROM) }upanovi, I., I. Boanjak, M. Klju ari: Metropolitan Public Transport Improvements Based on Electronic Payment System - Zagreb Area Case Study. Proceedings of ITS Congress, Bilbao 2001 (CD-ROM). xxx Traffic Technology International 2000 - Review of Advanced Traffic Management. UK & Int. Press, 2000. Integrated Payment Systems Public Transport Payments Public Telephones Traffic Information Urban Road Pricing Taxi Payment Parking Payment Entry Charges (theatres, sport facilities, etc.) Retail Purchases tR improvements (on higher level) radical innovations improvements t0 time (t) perfomance level tN Multi-operators Interoperability Traits Single Operator System Traits System Function and Structure Subsystems and components Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 P^I T  /;;<=>e0!!!!! "T)])++..333/30313B3C3D3W3X3Y3k3l3m3y3z3{333333333333333344 444H*mHmH CJH*mHjCJUmH 6CJmHCJmH 5CJmHU]^<l,LNPH I -./<=$$]^<l,LNPH I -./<=45=>VW;`m;=?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS                    T45=>VW;`$ & F$$ & F$`m;=?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR$$$ & FRSTUVWXYZ[\$$$STUVWXYZ[\12.!/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "!"""0&1&T'U'g)))))):*<*          \12.!/!!!!!!!$$!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "!"""0&1&T'U'g)$$g)))))):*<*++++,--.....F///600122$ & F$$$ & F<*++++,--.....F///6001222223 333'30313C3D3X3Y3l3m3z3{333333333333334 44444$4%4046474:4;4K4\4c4d4t4{444444444444444444                W2223 333'30313C3D3X3Y3l3m3z3{333333333333$$3334 44444$4%4046474:4;4K4\4c4d4t4{444444444$Transport and Traffic Sciences HR 10000 Zagreb, Vukelieva 4 e-mail: bosnjaki@fpz.hr tel.: +385 1 2380 226 fax.: +385 1 2314 415 Mr. sc. Ljupko `imuni }eljezni ka tehni ka akola HR 10000 Zagreb SUMMARY: Several improvements and/or innovations in public transport and other city services can be obtained using integrated electronic payment systems based on smart card technology. The paper discusses basic questions related to the effective conceptual system design and operational implementation of such sys44444444tems. Functional specifications are associated to ITS development tools and financial transaction system. KEY WORDS: electronic payment system, smart card, city services, improvements, innovations. SA}ETAK: Niz poboljaanja i/ili inovacija u javnom prije. A!"#$%IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND CITY SERVICES BASED ON SMART CARD TECHNOLOGY POBOLJ`ANJE JAVNOG PRIJEVOZA I OSTALIH GRADSKIH USLUGA PRIMJENOM TEHNOLOGIJE "PAMETNIH" KARTICA Prof. dr. sc. Ivan Boanjak Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences HR 10000 Zagreb, Vukelieva 4 e-mail: bosnjaki@fpz.hr tel.: +385 1 2380 226 fax.: +385 1 2314 415 Mr. sc. Ljupko `imuni }eljezni ka tehni ka akola HR 10000 Zagreb SUMMARY: Several improvements and/or innovations in public transport and other city services can be obtained using integrated electronic payment systems based on smart card technology. The paper discusses basic questions related to the effective conceptual system design and operational implementation of such systems. Functional specifications are associated to ITS development tools and financial transaction system. KEY WORDS: electronic payment system, smart card, city services, improvements, innovations. SA}ETAK: Niz poboljaanja i/ili inovacija u javnom prijevozu i pru~anju gradskih usluga mo~e biti postignuto koriatenjem integriranog elektroni kog sustava plaanja temeljenog na tehnologiji pametnih kartica. U radu su razmotrena neka bazi na pitanja povezana s efektivnim konceptualnim dizajniranjem i operativnom implementacijom takovih sustava. Funkcionalne specifikacije asocirane su sa ITS razvojnim alatima i financijskim transakcijskim sustavom. KLJU NE RIJE I: elektroni ki sustav plaanja, pametna kartica, gradske usluge, poboljaanja, inovacije. INTRODUCTION Electronic payment systems based on smart card technology have a potential to radically improve the existing payment methods in public transport and also in several city services. Multifunctional smart card can provide access to or payment for sport facilities, theatres, retail purchases, public telephones, parking etc. First experience and comparative analysis of "city card" implementations in several European cities stimulate further investigation about basic approach and effective scope of possible function/services [3], [8]. Important information on the success and failures of the existing electronic payment systems can be obtained through technical meetings and studies [6]. In this paper and the background research some basic presumptions and recommendations for effective design of integrated payment systems based on smart card technology are considered. It is assumed that the investigated problem is very complex and requires adequate holistic approach which includes "hard" and "soft" systems methodologies. Functional specifications have to be associated with well developed ITS tools and financial transaction systems. SMART CARD FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES The term smart card denotes generally a card-size device that contains several semiconductor components including memory and microprocessor. "Chip cards" or "integrated circuit cards" are terms used for other types of cards. Chip cards contain only memory chips and they are used as payphones cards [4]. The smart card used in mobile GSM phone is designed as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). A SIM card contains information which provides user's identification and personalisation of services. Telephone or other (data, message, etc.) calls are routed to individual subscribers who can use different mobile phone devices with a single SIM card. Smart cards are alternative for classical public transport payment system which are based on: tickets, cash payment on city bus or tram routes, magnetic cards. In the first approach the classical smart card was used but more recently the contactless version is accepted as the better solution. While classical smart cards have problems with dirt, dust, vibration jammed slots, these problems are eliminated with contactless smart cards. There are also some combined solutions (contact and contactless) in a single "hybrid card". In the banking sector smart cards were used as "electronic purses". Strong encryption techniques are used to protect the data on the card from unauthorised access. In the medical sector patient-identification cards were developed to store medical information making it instantly accessible. There are also several cards which allow access to selected facilities or services. Introduction of payment system based on smart card can generate several improvements: more efficient payment collection (with reduced costs), time reduction for ticket validation, reduce fraud, possibility of passenger counting function, public transport becomes more attractive. In a broader context we have to consider improvements or innovations related to integrated payment systems. These broader concepts of city services include electronic payment for city catering, sport facilities, theatres, public telephones, etc. Transport-related services and other non-transport services included in Integrated Payment System are illustrated in Fig. 1.   Fig. 1. Transport and other non-transport city services included in Integrated Payment System Principal description of continuous improvements and (radical) innovations is illustrated in Fig. 2. The description can be associated to the improvements and innovations in electronic payment system.  Fig. 2. Continuous improvements and innovations In practice it is necessary to combine continuous improvement (long-term) and radical short-term innovations. After the innovation project we must stabilise functions at much higher levels of performance. After some post-innovation time (tN), new improvement programs can be started. HOLISTIC APPROACH WITH MULTILEVEL MODEL The holistic approach and systems methodologies (hard, soft, fuzzy) are essential for adequate understanding of possibilities and technologies for metropolitan public transport and city services. The progress in systems methodologies at conceptual and pragmatic level opens new possibilities in solving very complex system problems [1], [5]. At higher levels, the investigated problem of public transport and city services improvements is "ill-defined" or considered a "soft" problem which cannot be expressed in precise terms. Their crucial characteristic is that the unstructured and classical methods from "hard" systems engineering are not adequate. System methods for such problems must open large scale "$tv*,@BVXln572777::;;?6z6667$$ of possible solutions at technological and beyond technological levels. One usable approach for this class of problem is depicted in Fig. 3. It is a multilevel model used in description of ITS architecture [3].   Fig. 3. Applicable multilevel model derived from ITS Architecture model Level 4 reflects the real-world possibilities and constraints from multi-operators environment. Interoperability and interconnection between public or/and private operators and service providersvozu i pru~anju gradskih usluga mo~e biti postignuto koriatenjem integriranog elektroni kog sustava plaanja temeljenog na tehnologiji pametnih kartica. U radu su razmotrena neka bazi na pitanja povezana s efektivnim konceptualnim dizajniranjem i operativnom implementacijom takovih sustava. Funkcionalne specifikacije asocirane su sa ITS razvojnim alatima i financijskim transakcijskim sustavom. KLJU NE RIJE I: elektroni ki sustav plaanja, pametna kartica, gradske usluge, poboljaanja, inovacije. INTRODUCTION Electronic payment systems based on smart card technology have a potential to radically improve the existing payment methods in public transport and also in several city services. Multifunctional smart card can provide access to or payment for sport facilities, theatres, retail purchases, public telephones, parking etc. First experience and comparative analysis of "city card" implementations in several European cities stimulate further investigation about basic approach and effective scope of possible function/services [3], [8]. Important information on the success and failures of the existing electronic payment systems can be obtained through technical meetings and studies [6]. In this paper and the background research some basic presumptions and recommendations for effective design of integrated payment systems based on smart card technology are considered. It is assumed that the investigated problem is very complex and requires adequate holistic approach which includes "hard" and "soft" systems methodologies. Functional specifications have to be associated with well developed ITS tools and financial transaction systems. SMART CARD FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES The term smart card denotes generally a card-size device that contains several semiconductor components including memory and microprocessor. "Chip cards" or "integrated circuit cards" are terms used for other types of cards. Chip cards contain only memory chips and they are used as payphones cards [4]. The smart card used in mobile GSM phone is designed as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). A SIM card contains information which provides user's identification and personalisation of services. Telephone or other (data, message, etc.) calls are routed to individual subscribers who can use different mobile phone devices with a single SIM card. Smart cards are alternative for classical public transport payment system which are based on: tickets, cash payment on city bus or tram routes, magnetic cards. In the first approach the classical smart card was used but more recently the contactless version is accepted as the better solution. While classical smart cards have problems with dirt, dust, vibration jammed slots, these problems are eliminated with contactless smart cards. There are also some combined solutions (contact and contactless) in a single "hybrid card". In the banking sector smart cards were used as "electronic purses". Strong encryption techniques are used to protect the data on the card from unauthorised access. In the medical sector patient-identification cards were developed to store medical information making it instantly accessible. There are also several cards which allow access to selected facilities or services. Introduction of payment system based on smart card can generate several improvements: more efficient payment collection (with reduced costs), time reduction for ticket validation, reduce fraud, possibility of passenger counting function, public transport becomes more attractive. In a broader context we have to consider improvements or innovations related to integrated payment systems. These broader concepts of city services include electronic payment for city catering, sport facilities, theatres, public telephones, etc. Transport-related services and other non-transport services included in Integrated Payment System are illustrated in Fig. 1.   Fig. 1. Transport and other non-transport city services included in Integrated Payment System Principal description of continuous improvements and (radical) innovations is illustrated in Fig. 2. The description can be associated to the improvements and innovations in electronic payment system.  Fig. 2. Continuous improvements and innovations In practice it is necessary to combine continuous improvement (long-term) and radical short-term innovations. After the innovation project we must stabilise functions at much higher levels of performance. After some post-innovation time (tN), new improvement programs can be started. HOLISTIC APPROACH WITH MULTILEVEL MODEL The holistic approach and systems methodologies (hard, soft, fuzzy) are essential for adequate understanding of possibilities and technologies for metropolitan public transport and city services. The progress in systems methodologies at conceptual and pragmatic level opens new possibilities in solving very complex system problems [1], [5]. At higher levels, the investigated problem of public transport and city services improvements is "ill-defined" or considered a "soft" problem which cannot be expressed in precise terms. Their crucial characteristic is that the unstructured and classical methods from "hard" systems engineering are not adequate. System methods for such problems must open large scale44444!4"4$4%45464748494:4;4c4d444444444444444444ac2cccffggk CJH*mH jCJUmH  6CJmH CJmH  5CJmH CJ mH 6CJmHCJmHH*mHmHO44444444444444444``aaa>bzbbbcc4c$$. A!"#$%IMPROVEMENTS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND CITY SERVICES BASED ON SMARD CARD TECHNOLOGY POBOLJ`ANJE JAVNOG PRIJEVOZA I OSTALIH GRADSKIH USLUGA PRIMJENOM TEHNOLOGIJE "PAMETNIH" KARTICA Prof. dr. sc. Ivan Boanjak Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences HR 10000 Zagreb, Vukelieva 4 e-mail: bosnjaki@fpz.hr tel.: +385 1 2380 226 fax.: +385 1 2314 415 Mr. sc. Ljupko `imuni }eljezni ka tehni ka akola HR 10000 Zagreb SUMMARY: Several improvements and/or innovations in public transport and other city services can be obtained using integrated electronic payment systems based on smart card technology. The paper discusses basic questions related to the effective conceptual system design and operational implementation of such systems. Functional specifications are associated to ITS development tools and financial transaction system. KEY WORDS: electronic payment system, smart card, city services, improvements, innovations. SA}ETAK: Niz poboljaanja i/ili inovacija u javnom prijevozu i pru~anju gradskih usluga mo~e biti postignuto koriatenjem integriranog elektroni kog sustava plaanja temeljenog na tehnologiji pametnih kartica. U radu su razmotrena neka bazi na pitanja povezana s efektivnim konceptualnim dizajniranjem i operativnom implementacijom takovih sustava. Funkcionalne specifikacije asocirane su sa ITS razvojnim alatima i financijskim transakcijskim sustavom. KLJU NE RIJE I: elektroni ki sustav plaanja, pametna kartica, gradske usluge, poboljaanja, inovacije. INTRODUCTION Electronic payment systems based on smart card technology have a potential to radically improve the existing payment methods in public transport and also in several city services. Multifunctional smart card can provide access to or payment for sport facilities, theatres, retail purchases, public telephones, parking etc. First experience and comparative analysis of "city card" implementations in several European cities stimulate further investigation about basic approach and effective scope of possible function/services [3], [8]. Important information on the success and failures of the existing electronic payment systems can be obtained through technical meetings and studies [6]. In this paper and the background research some basic presumptions and recommendations for effective design of integrated payment systems based on smart card technology are considered. It is assumed that the investigated problem is very complex and requires adequate holistic approach which includes "hard" and "soft" systems methodologies. Functional specifications have to be associated with well developed ITS tools and financial transaction systems. SMART CARD FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES The term smart card denotes generally a card-size device that contains several semiconductor components including memory and microprocessor. "Chip cards" or "integrated circuit cards" are terms used for other types of cards. Chip cards contain only memory chips and they are used as payphones cards [4]. The smart card used in mobile GSM phone is designed as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). A SIM card contains information which provides user's identification and personalisation of services. Telephone or other (data, message, etc.) calls are routed to individual subscribers who can use different mobile phone devices with a single SIM card. Smart cards are alternative for classical public transport payment system which are based on: tickets, cash payment on city bus or tram routes, magnetic cards. In the first approach the classical smart card was used but more recently the contactless version is accepted as the better solution. While classical smart cards have problems with dirt, dust, vibration jammed slots, these problems are eliminated with contactless smart cards. There are also some combined solutions (contact and contactless) in a single "hybrid card". In the banking sector smart cards were used as "electronic purses". Strong encryption techniques are used to protect the data on the card from unauthorised access. In the medical sector patient-identification cards were developed to store medical information making it instantly accessible. There are also several cards which allow access to selected facilities or services. Introduction of payment system based on smart card can generate several improvements: more efficient payment collection (with reduced costs), time reduction for ticket validation, reduce fraud, possibility of passenger counting function, public transport becomes more attractive. In a broader context we have to consider improvements or innovations related to integrated payment systems. These broader concepts of city services include electronic payment for city catering, sport facilities, theatres, public telephones, etc. Transport-related services and other non-transport services included in Integrated Payment System are illustrated in Fig. 1.   Fig. 1. Transport and other non-transport city services included in Integrated Payment System Principal description of continuous improvements and (radical) innovations is illustrated in Fig. 2. The description can be associated to the improvements and innovations in electronic payment system.  Fig. 2. Continuous improvements and innovations In practice it is necessary to combine continuous improvement (long-term) and radical short-term innovations. After the innovation project we must stabilise functions at much higher levels of performance. After some post-innovation time (tN), new improvement programs can be started. HOLISTIC APPROACH WITH MULTILEVEL MODEL The holistic approach and systems methodologies (hard, soft, fuzzy) are essential for adequate understanding of possibilities and technologies for metropolitan public transport and city services. The progress in systems methodologies at conceptual and pragmatic level opens new possibilities in solving very complex system problems [1], [5]. At higher levels, the investigated problem of public transport and city services improvements is "ill-defined" or considered a "soft" problem which cannot be expressed in precise terms. Their crucial characteristic is that the unstructured and classical methods from "hard" systems engineering are not adequate. Systems methods for such problems must open large scale of possible solutions on technologcial and beyond technological levels. One usable approach for this class of problem is depicted on Fig. 3. It is a multilevel model used in description of ITS architecture [3].   Fig. 3. Applicable multilevel model derived from ITS Architecture model Level 4 reflect real-world possibilities and constraints from multi-operators environment. Interoperability and interconnection between public or/and private operators and service providers (including finnancial transaction services) generate different functional requirements and influence global concept of operations (!processes). Different stakeholders should be involved and consensus building is very important for successful long-term deployment and operations of system or metropolitan public transport and city services. Level 3 is concerned on system traits under the scope of single operator or service provider. local interfaces between the key public and private organisations for public transport, parking, electronic purse applications, etc. are very important to successful development of whole project. On level 2 systems functions and structures will be defined in more structured forms. Some functions can be grouped together to improve cost-effective perfomance or to be more user-friendly oriented. The main objective is to provide a common specification which cover all functionalities related to integrated schemens based on smart cards. Additional functionality normaly required to "run a bueinss" include accountingm salaries and other operations. Total operations of the system can be defined by several processes such as: registering subscribers manual or electronic payment renewal of subscriptions enforcement, etc. Each of these process has to be documented by process diagram (`" data flow diagram). Level 1 is concerned on subsystem and components which are modularised. Each modul must be defined by series of functional requirements and by set of rules for interfaces with other modules or external entities. CONLUSION Introduction of integrated smart card payment systems for public transport with clear interface for other sectors of payment systems in city is very complex technological and beyond-technological task. The separate functions of this system can not be undertaken by one organisation and include participations of different pubic and private actors (on city level or even national level). Potential for improvement and innovations in payment systems must be considered in context of national Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) development strategies. Functional specifications and design of technological primitives of integrated payment systems expand to broader finnancial transaction systems. REFERENCES: Bosnjak, I.: Intelligent Transport Systems. Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb (work materials for textbook). Bossan R. et all: KAREN Project. Telematics Application Programmes, 1999. European Commision DG XIII: Telematics Applications Annual Report, 1998. ERTICO: ITS Toolbox - Intelligent City Transport. Brussels, 1998. Klir, G.J.: Architecture of Systems Problem Solving. Plenum Press, New York, 1995. Proceedings of 7th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. Turin, 2000. (CD-ROM) }upanovi, I., I. Boanjak, M. Klju ari: Metropolitan Public Transport Improvements Based on Electronic Payment System - Zagreb Area Case Study. Proceedings of ITS Congress, Bilbao 2001 (CD-ROM). xxx Traffic Technology International 2000 - Review of Advanced Traffic Management. UK & Int. Press, 2000. Integrated Payment Systems Public Transport Payments Public Telephones Traffic Information Urban Road Pricing Taxi Payment Parking Payment Entry Charges (theatres, sport facilities, etc.) Retail Purchases tR improvements (on higher level) radical innovations improvements t0 time (t) perfomance level tN Multi-operators Interoperability Traits Single Operator System Traits System Function and Structure Subsystems and components Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 4cjccccffggkkkkk l lnqpqrruuNuPuwwfzhz&{$$&{8{{{{~~܀ހ8h$ & F$$$ & F†ĆƆȆʆ̆ΆІ҆Ԇֆ؆چ܆ކ$$>@BDFLNPRTVXZ\^`bdfhjlnprt։؉$$$؉ډpr "“ēƓȓʓ̓ΓГғԓ֓$֓ؓړܓޓxz|@zПҟ|~(*,@$$ & F$$@BJLҧԧΨbxҫZ026L\lnȮʮ$$ & F$ (including financial transaction services) generate different functional requirements and influence global concept of operations (!processes). Different stakeholders should be involved and the consensus building is very important for successful long-term 68XZv(*:RTnpvx$ذ *8FHJj±Աֱر$>z4j$$ of possible solutions at technological and beyond technological levels. One usable approach for this class of problem is depicted in Fig. 3. It is a multilevel model used in description of ITS architecture [3].   Fig. 3. Applicable multilevel model derived from ITS Architecture model Level 4 reflects the real-world possibilities and constraints from multi-operators environment. Interoperability and interconnection between public or/and private operators and service providersdeployment and operations of system or metropolitan public transport and city services. Level 3 is concerned with system traits under the scope of single operator or service provider. Local interfaces between the key public and private organisations for public transport, parking, electronic purse applications, etc. are very important for the successful development of the whole project. At level 2, systems functions and structures will be defined in more structured forms. Some functions can be grouped to46\^`ƒăƃ&(*JLNPRTVڄ܄ބ "$tv*,@BVXln2֤<Ldx40F 6CJmH  5CJmH CJmH CJ mH 6CJmHH*mHmHCJmHU. A!"#$%IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND CITY SERVICES BASED ON SMART CARD TECHNOLOGY POBOLJ`ANJE JAVNOG PRIJEVOZA I OSTALIH GRADSKIH USLUGA PRIMJENOM TEHNOLOGIJE "PAMETNIH" KARTICA Prof. dr. sc. Ivan Boanjak Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences HR 10000 Zagreb, Vukelieva 4 e-mail: bosnjaki@fpz.hr tel.: +385 1 2380 226 fax.: +385 1 2314 415 Mr. sc. Ljupko `imuni }eljezni ka tehni ka akola HR 10000 Zagreb SUMMARY: Several improvements and/or innovations in public transport and other city services can be obtained using integrated electronic payment systems based on smart card technology. The paper discusses basic questions related to the effective conceptual system design and operational implementation of such systems. Functional specifications are associated to ITS development tools and financial transaction system. KEY WORDS: electronic payment system, smart card, city services, improvements, innovations. SA}ETAK: Niz poboljaanja i/ili inovacija u javnom prijevozu i pru~anju gradskih usluga mo~e biti postignuto koriatenjem integriranog elektroni kog sustava plaanja temeljenog na tehnologiji pametnih kartica. U radu su razmotrena neka bazi na pitanja povezana s efektivnim konceptualnim dizajniranjem i operativnom implementacijom takovih sustava. Funkcionalne specifikacije asocirane su sa ITS razvojnim alatima i financijskim transakcijskim sustavom. KLJU NE RIJE I: elektroni ki sustav plaanja, pametna kartica, gradske usluge, poboljaanja, inovacije. INTRODUCTION Electronic payment systems based on smart card technology have a potential to radically improve the existing payment methods in public transport and also in several city services. Multifunctional smart card can provide access to or payment for sport facilities, theatres, retail purchases, public telephones, parking etc. First experience and comparative analysis of "city card" implementations in several European cities stimulate further investigation about basic approach and effective scope of possible function/services [3], [8]. Important information on the success and failures of the existing electronic payment systems can be obtained through technical meetings and studies [6]. In this paper and the background research some basic presumptions and recommendations for effective design of integrated payment systems based on smart card technology are considered. It is assumed that the investigated problem is very complex and requires adequate holistic approach which includes "hard" and "soft" systems methodologies. Functional specifications have to be associated with well developed ITS tools and financial transaction systems. SMART CARD FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES The term smart card denotes generally a card-size device that contains several semiconductor components including memory and microprocessor. "Chip cards" or "integrated circuit cards" are terms used for other types of cards. Chip cards contain only memory chips and they are used as payphones cards [4]. The smart card used in mobile GSM phone is designed as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). A SIM card contains information which provides user's identification and personalisation of services. Telephone or other (data, message, etc.) calls are routed to individual subscribers who can use different mobile phone devices with a single SIM card. Smart cards are alternative for classical public transport payment system which are based on: tickets, cash payment on city bus or tram routes, magnetic cards. In the first approach the classical smart card was used but more recently the contactless version is accepted as the better solution. While classical smart cards have problems with dirt, dust, vibration jammed slots, these problems are eliminated with contactless smart cards. There are also some combined solutions (contact and contactless) in a single "hybrid card". In the banking sector smart cards were used as "electronic purses". Strong encryption techniques are used to protect the data on the card from unauthorised access. In the medical sector patient-identification cards were developed to store medical information making it instantly accessible. There are also several cards which allow access to selected facilities or services. Introduction of payment system based on smart card can generate several improvements: more efficient payment collection (with reduced costs), time reduction for ticket validation, reduce fraud, possibility of passenger counting function, public transport becomes more attractive. In a broader context we have to consider improvements or innovations related to integrated payment systems. These broader concepts of city services include electronic payment for city catering, sport facilities, theatres, public telephones, etc. Transport-related services and other non-transport services included in Integrated Payment System are illustrated in Fig. 1.   Fig. 1. Transport and other non-transport city services included in Integrated Payment System Principal description of continuous improvements and (radical) innovations is illustrated in Fig. 2. The description can be associated to the improvements and innovations in electronic payment system.  Fig. 2. Continuous improvements and innovations In practice it is necessary to combine continuous improvement (long-term) and radical short-term innovations. After the innovation project we must stabilise functions at much higher levels of performance. After some post-innovation time (tN), new improvement programs can be started. HOLISTIC APPROACH WITH MULTILEVEL MODEL The holistic approach and systems methodologies (hard, soft, fuzzy) are essential for adequate understanding of possibilities and technologies for metropolitan public transport and city services. The progress in systems methodologies at conceptual and pragmatic level opens new possibilities in solving very complex system problems [1], [5]. At higher levels, the investigated problem of public transport and city services improvements is "ill-defined" or considered a "soft" problem which cannot be expressed in precise terms. Their crucial characteristic is that the unstructured and classical methods from "hard" systems engineering are not adequate. System methods for such problems must open large scalep؞ڞ>z֠4jԤ֤$$ of possible solutions at technological and beyond technological levels. One usable approach for this class of problem is depicted in Fig. 3. It is a multilevel model used in description of ITS architecture [3].   Fig. 3. Applicable multilevel model derived from ITS Architecture model Level 4 reflects the real-world possibilities and constraints from multi-operators environment. Interoperability and interconnection between public or/and private operators and service providers (including financial transaction services) generate different functional requirements and influence global concept of operations (!processes). Different stakeholders should be involved and the consensus building is very important for successful long-term deployment and operations of system or metropolitan public transport and city services. Level 3 is concerned with system traits under the scope of single operator or service provider. Local interfaces between the key public and private organisations for public transport, parking, electronic purse applications, etc. are very important for the successful development of the whole project. At level 2, systems functions and structures will be defined in more structured forms. Some functions can be grouped together to improve cost-effective performance or to be more user-friendly. The main objective is to provide a common specification which covers all functions related to integrated schemes based on smart cards. Additional functionality normally required to "run a business" includes accounting salaries and other operations. Total operations of the system can be defined by several processes such as: registering subscribers, manual or electronic payment, renewal of subscriptions, enforcement, etc. Each of these processes has to be documented by process diagram (`" data flow diagram). Level 1 is concerned with subsystems and components which are modularised. Each module must be defined by a series of functional requirements and by a set of rules for interfaces with other modules or external entities. CONCLUSION The introduction of integrated smart card payment systems for public transport with clear interface for other sectors of payment systems in the city is a very complex technological and beyond-technological task. The separate functions of this system cannot be undertaken by one organisation and include participation of different public and private actors (at the level of the cities or even at the national level). The potential for improvements and innovations in payment systems must be considered in context of national Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) development strategies. Functional specifications and design of technological primitives of integrated payment systems expand to broader financial transaction systems. REFERENCES: Bosnjak, I.: Intelligent Transport Systems. Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb (work materials for textbook). Bossan R. et all: KAREN Project. Telematics Application Programmes, 1999. European Commision DG XIII: Telematics Applications Annual Report, 1998. ERTICO: ITS Toolbox - Intelligent City Transport. Brussels, 1998. Klir, G.J.: Architecture of Systems Problem Solving. Plenum Press, New York, 1995. Proceedings of 7th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. Turin, 2000. (CD-ROM) }upanovi, I., I. Boanjak, M. Klju ari: Metropolitan Public Transport Improvements Based on Electronic Payment System - Zagreb Area Case Study. Proceedings of ITS Congress, Bilbao 2001 (CD-ROM). xxx Traffic Technology International 2000 - Review of Advanced Traffic Management. UK & Int. Press, 2000. Integrated Payment Systems Public Transport Payments Public Telephones Traffic Information Urban Road Pricing Taxi Payment Parking Payment Entry Charges (theatres, sport facilities, etc.) Retail Purchases tR improvements (on higher level) radical innovations improvements t0 time (t) perfomance level tN Multi-operators Interoperability Traits Single Operator System Traits System Function and Structure Subsystems and components Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4   npNPfh&8ڽܾܽ޾$$ & F$8h$$ & F$FFJnv Th&< 246\^`&(*JLNPRTV "$t 6CJmHH*mHmHCJmH 5CJmH  CJH*mH  6CJmH jCJUmH CJmH Q>@BDFLNPRTVX$$$XZ\^`bdfhjlnprtpr "$$gether to improve cost-effective performance or to be more user-friendly. The main objective is to provide a common specification which covers all functions related to integrated schemes based on smart cards. Additional functionality normally required to "run a business" includes accounting salaries and other operations. Total operations of the system can be defined by several processes such as: registering subscribers, manual or electronic payment, renewal of subscriptions, enforcement, etc. Each of these processes has to be documented by process diagram (`" data flow diagram). Level 1 is concerned with subsystems and components which are modularised. Each module must be defined by a series of functional requirements and by a set of rules for interfaces with other modules or external entities. CONCLUSION The introduction of integrated smart card payment systems for public transport with clear interface for other sectors of payment systems in the city is a very complex technological and beyond-technological task. The separate functions of this system cannot be undertaken by one organisation and include participation of different public and private actors (at the level of the cities or even at the national level). The potential for improvements and innovations in payment systems must be considered in context of national Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) development strategies. Functional specifications and design of technological primitives of integrated payment systems expand to broader financial tran saction systems. REFERENCES: Bosnjak, I.: Intelligent Transport Systems. Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb (work materials for textbook). Bossan R. et all: KAREN Project. Telematics Application Programmes, 1999. European Commision DG XIII: Telematics Applications Annual Report, 1998. ERTICO: ITS Toolbox - Intelligent City Transport. Brussels, 1998. Klir, G.J.: Architecture of Systems Problem Solving. Plenum Press, New York, 1995. Proceedings of 7th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. Turin, 2000. (CD-ROM) }upanovi, I., I. Boanjak, M. Klju ari: Metropolitan Public Transport Improvements Based on Electronic Payment System - Zagreb Area Case Study. Proceedings of ITS Congress, Bilbao 2001 (CD-ROM). xxx Traffic Technology Inter (including financial transaction services) generate different functional requirements and influence global concept of operations (!processes). Different stakeholders should be involved and the consensus building is very important for successful long-term deployment and operations of system or metropolitan public transport and city services. Level 3 is concerned with system traits under the scope of single operator or service provider. Local interfaces between the key public and private organisations for public transport, parking, electronic purse applications, etc. are very important for the successful development of the whole project. At level 2, systems functions and structures will be defined in more structured forms. Some functions can be grouped together to improve cost-effective performance or to be more user-friendly. The main objective is to provide a common specification which covers all functions related to integrated schemes based on smart cards. Additional functionality normally required to "run a business" includes accounting salaries and other operations. Total operations of the system can be defined by several processes such as: registering subscribers, manual or electronic payment, renewal of subscriptions, enforcement, etc. Each of these processes has to be documented by process diagram (`" data flow diagram). Level 1 is concerned with subsystems and components which are modularised. Each module must be defined by a series of functional requirements and by a set of rules for interfaces with other modules or external entities. CONCLUSION The introduction of integrated smart card payment systems for public transport with clear interface for other sectors of payment systems in the city is a very complex technological and beyond-technological task. The separate functions of this system cannot be undertaken by one organisation and include participation of different public and private actors (at the level of the cities or even at the national level). The potential for improvements and innovations in payment systems must be considered in context of national Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) development strategies. Functional specifications and design of technological primitives of integrated payment systems expand to broader financial transaction systems. REFERENCES: Bosnjak, I.: Intelligent Transport Systems. Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb (work materials for textbook). Bossan R. et all: KAREN Project. Telematics Application Programmes, 1999. European Commision DG XIII: Telematics Applications Annual Report, 1998. ERTICO: ITS Toolbox - Intelligent City Transport. Brussels, 1998. Klir, G.J.: Architecture of Systems Problem Solving. Plenum Press, New York, 1995. Proceedings of 7th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. Turin, 2000. (CD-ROM) }upanovi, I., I. Boanjak, M. Klju ari: Metropolitan Public Transport Improvements Based on Electronic Payment System - Zagreb Area Case Study. Proceedings of ITS Congress, Bilbao 2001 (CD-ROM). xxx Traffic Technology International 2000 - Review of Advanced Traffic Management. UK & Int. Press, 2000. Integrated Payment Systems Public Transport Payments Public Telephones Traffic Information Urban Road Pricing Taxi Payment Parking Payment Entry Charges (theatres, sport facilities, etc.) Retail Purchases tR improvements (on higher level) radical innovations improvements t0 time (t) perfomance level tN Multi-operators Interoperability Traits Single Operator System Traits System Function and Structure Subsystems and components Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 npNPfh&88$$ & F$Ldx40FFJnv T h &< 246\^`&(*JLNPRTV 6CJmHH*mHmHCJmH CJH*mH jCJUmH  6CJmH  5CJmH CJmH Q8h$$$ & F>@BDFLNPRTVXZ$$$Z\^`bdfhjlnprtpr "$$vxz$$ P       P R T j l "$&>@:`>$ & F$$ & F$>46^`(*LNTV$$$ & FVp"$Dftv$vxz$$PPRTjl"$&>@:`$ & F$$ & F$national 2000 - Review of Advanced Traffic Management. UK & Int. Press, 2000. 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