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Ciotta 17b, CROATIA DIVERSITIES OF HEAVY INTENSITY RAINFALL APPEARANCES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON EFFECTIVE RUNOFF SUMMARY Short termed heavy intensity rainfalls and theirs effective runoffs are discussed at present paper. Paper deals with the analysis of relatively short section extended along Danube and Adriatic basin. That analysis reveals significant temporal-spatial diversities of short termed heavy intensity rainfalls. From a hydrological point of view the most interesting aspect of such rainfalls is that part which turns into runoff, e.g., effective rainfall. The publishing necessity of measured data about heavy intensity rainfalls and theirs effective runoffs are emphasized. That necessity refers especially on flood water appearance on torrent catchment areas were measured hydrological data are usually absent. Flood water calculations on such catchments are basically performed on short termed effective rainfall data analysis. Key words: short termed heavy intensity rainfalls, effective rainfall, runoff measurement, flood waters appearance 1.0 INTRODUCTION Flood water calculations on small catchments are usually performed by short termed heavy rainfall data analysis (e.g., the effective runoff part of them). The major problem of those analyses is proper choice of inpute parameters. Hydrologists - practitioners usually lack observed data for catchment as well as wider regional parameters for maximal discharge calculation. Besides specificity of each catchment, the results of regional analyses for certain hydrological parameters (such as rainfalls) could be a great contribution to more exact maximal discharge assessment. Present paper highlights some practical problems connected with components of a rainfall regime mentioned as well as some practical possibilities for supplement knowledge about them. 2.0 SHORT TERMED HEAVY INTENSITY RAINFALLS One of the most common approaches to maximal discharge calculation is defining of DDP (depth of rainfall, duration, return period) or IDP curve (rainfall intensity, duration, return period). Number of recording rain-gage stations wiain gage-station. Even data from nearly located gage-stations are quite different. duration (hours)return period PULA RIJEKA LOKVE SKRADZAGREB-GRI^ BJELOVARhigh over sea level m.o.s.l. 30 104 723 668 157 141annual rainfall (mm) 710 1396 2018 1244 752 7200,5 2 years26,422,929,033,316925,00,520 years 37,049,947,341,232,932,36 2 years47,473,185,364,833,944,9620 years81,4153,4135,695,561,758,1 Table 1: Calculated values of maximal rainfalls (0.5 and 6 hours of duration) on section extended along Danube and Adriatic basin in Croatia 3.0 EFFECTIVE RAINFALLS When maximal discharge is calculated, several methods could be used for effective rainfall determination. Most primitive methods do not even count on nonlinear infiltration effect. Classics SCS (Soil Conservation Service) method for effective rainfall determination is one of the most frequently used methods in Croatia. That method is favorite for authors of this paper also. SCS method is suitable for different soil and vegetation characteristics of catchment area. Proper choice of characteristic CN curve for analyzed catchment area cannot be based exclusively on literature table data. Evaluation of effective rainfalls needs continuous comparison of inpute parameters with measured field data. That way could only provide reliable hydrological parameters. That offcourse is also a rule for other methods. According to available information, experimental catchment areas with measured rainfalls and their effective parts are infrequent. One such area is located near Abrami in Istria region of Croatia. That area is predicted for erosion investigations on flysch surfaces. The surface is divided into 6 parts with different soil texture and vegetation. During 1970 to 1977 period on that location besides alluvium production, after each rains, rainfall depth and runoff were measured. Runoff measurements were performed volumetrically. Because of relatively small an experimental surface, runoff measurements were very precise. Figure 3 is a photography of one of the mentioned surfaces. Unfortunately, a great part of those observed data is not available for more detailed analyses of relations between rainfalls and effective parts of them because of known war events in Croatia and therefore interrupted communication relations with former investigation teams. But there are some positive movements regarding Abrami experimental area such as reobservation within a started project “Water and soil protection from erosion in Istria region”. In its realization special consideration will be given to conduction of observations and analysis of relations between rainfalls and effective parts of them. Measurements of alluvium productions are conducted on agricultural surfaces (by Wischmeir’s method) in several locations in Croatia (Botonega in Istria, Slavonia) but also out of its borders. It would be useful to use those measurements also to complete knowledge about characteristics of effective rainfalls. Fig.3: Experimental area Abrami in Istria region in Croatia Fig.3: Experimental area Abrami in Istria region in Croatia The results of measurements performed and the analysis of relation between rainfalls and theirs effective parts on real, e.g., natural catchments areas are also of great value. Until now they are not used enough. That includes especially observations of flood water waves on small flysch catchments, which are hydrologicaly more convenient for a better calibration of those interactions. Interesting is that results of such analyses are rarely used wider as well as theirs experiences during further similar analyses. The problem is the inaccessibility to information about such works. Despite theirs value, they are often unpublished in competent literature. Cognition of relations between rainfalls and theirs effective parts are especially valuable during extreme flood water appearances. The problem of exact defining of discharge in th larger series of observed data is limited. That is the reason that their regionalization is rare in practice. Because the fact that the rainfalls are international phenomena, resolving of that problem includes data from wider areas. Table 1 and Figure 2 represent calculated values of short termed intensive rainfalls for few recording rain-gage stations in Croatia (Fig. 1) located partly in the Adriatic and partly in Danube basin. Two stations belong to the Adriatic basin - Pula and Rijeka, two of them belong to the mountain part of Danube basin - Lokve Brana and Skrad, and another two belong to the plain part of Danube basin - Zagreb and Bjelovar. Table 1 consists of basic data about height over sea level, average annual rainfall depth and calculated rainfall depths for selected return periods (2 and 20 years) for 30 minutes and 6 hours of their duration. 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Ciotta 17b, CROATIA DIVERSITIES OF HEAVY INTENSITY RAINFALL APPEARANCES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON EFFECTIVE RUNOFF SUMMARY Short termed heavy intensity rainfalls and theirs effective runoffs are discussed at present paper. Paper deals with the analysis of relatively short section extended along Danube and Adriatic basin. That analysis reveals significant temporal-spatial diversities of short termed heavy intensity rainfalls. From a hydrological point of view the most interesting aspect of such rainfalls is that part which turns into runoff, e.g., effective rainfall. The publishing necessity of measured data about heavy intensity rainfalls and theirs effective runoffs are emphasized. That necessity refers especially on flood water appearance on torrent catchment areas were measured hydrological data are usually absent. Flood water calculations on such catchments are basically performed on short termed effective rainfall data analysis. Key words: short termed heavy intensity rainfalls, effective rainfall, runoff measurement, flood waters appearance 1.0 INTRODUCTION Flood water calculations on small catchments are usually performed by short termed heavy rainfall data analysis (e.g., the effective runoff part of them). The major problem of those analyses is proper choice of inpute parameters. Hydrologists - practitioners usually lack observed data for catchment as well as wider regional parameters for maximal discharge calculation. Besides specificity of each catchment, the results of regional analyses for certain hydrological parameters (such as rainfalls) could be a great contribution to more exact maximal discharge assessment. Present paper highlights some practical problems connected with components of a rainfall regime mentioned as well as some practical possibilities for supplement knowledge about them. 2.0 SHORT TERMED HEAVY INTENSITY RAINFALLS One of the most common approaches to maximal discharge calculation is defining of DDP (depth of rainfall, duration, return period) or IDP curve (rainfall intensity, duration, return period). Number of recording rain-gage stations with larger series of observed data is limited. That is the reason that their regionalization is rare in practice. Because the fact that the rainfalls are international phenomena, resolving of that problem includes data from wider areas. Table 1 and Figure 2 represent calculated values of short termed intensive rainfalls for few recording rain-gage stations in Croatia (Fig. 1) located partly in the Adriatic and partly in Danube basin. Two stations belong to the Adriatic basin - Pula and Rijeka, two of them belong to the mountain part of Danube basin - Lokve Brana and Skrad, and another two belong to the plain part of Danube basin - Zagreb and Bjelovar. Table 1 consists of basic data about height over sea level, average annual rainfall depth and calculated rainfall depths for selected return periods (2 and 20 years) for 30 minutes and 6 hours of their duration. These data show that there is no connection neither between intensive rainfalls and annual rainfall depth nor between them and height location of certsuch flood water appearance can be minimized by choosing the profile for those analyses which are hydraulically stabile. That is especially valid if measurement equipments are located close to the hydrotechnical objects (e.g., spillway intakes, cascades, accumulations etc.). For example, disastrous flood water in October 1993 which happened in middle Istria catchment areas is used for more exact assessment of relation between rainfall and runoff water on similar flysch catchments. A disastrous water wave during that event was the result of relatively important but not catastrophic rainfall (approximately up to 200 mm), which fell on previously completely saturated soil (during previous few days it was about 100 mm of rainfalls). The relation between effective parts and theirs rainfalls were about 80%, and the resulting CN-curve for such flysch catchments were about CN=90. Those data are valuable for future calculations of maximal discharge on similar catchment areas because they aloud certain model calibration even for other parameters found in literature. 5.0 CONCLUSIONS Measurements and their interpretations are the basements of hydrology. For better exploitation of measured data it is necessary to perform regional analyses and to publish the results to make them more accessible. Present paper deals with the problem of short termed heavy intensity rainfall appearances as well as with a problem of determination of relation between rainfalls and theirs runoff part. Paper suggests the initiative for realization of a project about regionalization of characteristics of intensive rainfalls at a level of Danube basin countries. It also emphasizes the necessity for systematic exchange of information about the results of measurements and analyses of relations between rainfalls and theirs effective parts performed on local, state level, as well as wider. 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