ࡱ> M Oh+'0 0< X d p|6A SURVEY OF CHICKENS FOR VIABLE TOXOPLASMS IN CROATIA  SUViktorija KutiiNSiktNormaljViktorija KutiiNS4ktMicrosoft Word 8.0S@R@xF@z:z?BJD3-9132-8C2B1834E604} ՜.+,D՜.+,` hp|  vef3   6A SURVEY OF CHICKENS FOR VIABLE TOXOPLASMS IN CROATIA Title 6> _PID_GUIDAN{1502E244-66E9-11D3-9132-8C2B1834E604}A SURVEY OF CHICKENS FOR VIABLE TOXOPLASMS IN CROATIA VIKTORIJA KUTI I1 AND T. WIKERHAUSER2 1Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, P. O. Box 190, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, and 2Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Brain tissues of 716 slaughtered domestic chickens (524 broilers and 192 hens) were bioassayed for viable toxoplasms. Each tissue was homogenized with sterile saline and subcutaneously injected into 4 SPF mice. Six weeks later the mice were euthanatized and their brains microscopically examined for Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts. Three (0,4%) out of a total of 716 birds were positive. All positive cases were hens. This is the first isolation of T. gondii from chickens in Croatia. Key words: Chickens, brains, Toxoplasma, bioassays, Croatia Viable toxoplasms in edible tissues of food animals represent health hazard for human consumers and if ingested by cats they may cause contamination of the environment with T. gondii oocysts. Toxoplasms were isolated from naturally infected chickens in various countries such as Germany (Boch, 1980), Iran (Ghorbani at al., 1990), Brazil (Peixoto and Lopes, 1990) and the Czech Republic (Literak and Hejli ek, 1993). In the former Yugoslavia toxoplasms were isolated from naturally infected chickens in Serbia (Simitch at al., 1961). More recently, these parasites were apparently observed in stained smears from tissues of laying hens on a farm in Bosnia (}ivkovi and Are~ina, 1991). In Croatia viable toxoplasms were so far isolated from edible tissues of naturally infected pigs and sheep only (Wikerhauser at al., 1983; Kuti i Viktorija, 1987; Wikerhauser at al., 1988). The aim of the present study was to extend our knowledge of the prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in the food animals in Croatia. In order to assess the prevalence of viable toxoplasms in tissues of chickens we resorted to mice inoculation test. According to the reports of Boch (1980), Biancifiori at al. (1986), Dubey at al. (1993) and Kaneto at al. (1997) the brain tissue is the most common site of T. gondii in chickens. Thus, in our study of natural toxoplasmosis of chickens we have bioassayed their brains. Material and metods The brains were colected from slaughtered chickens which had been raised on small private farms and fed commercial poultry feeds, supplemed lp )FQdn7 @ !56z ! "F"\"^"&&''`(d(0 0000H0r335577::<:<h==@@b@AA,DNDJ656CJOJQJmHCJH*OJQJmHCJOJQJmHH*5CJOJQJmHHlnpVX?@HIJ$%hiEF$lnpVX?@HIJ$%hiEFG  W X r t , . \ ^ EF+,vw !56LFG  W X r t , . \ ^ EF.(0(2(4(6(8(:(<(>(@(B(D(F(H(J(L(N(P(R(T(V(X(Z(\(^(`(b(d(0$-1- -2- -3- -4- References Biancifiori, F., Rondini, C., Grelloni, V. and Frescura, T. (1986): Avian toxoplasmosis: experimental infection of chicken and pigeon. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9 (4), 337-346. Boch, J. (1980): Die Tox [$@$NormalmH @`@ Heading 1$@&5CJOJQJmH@`@ Heading 2 $$@&CJOJQJmH<`< Heading 3$@&CJOJQJmHD`D Heading 4 $$@&5CJOJQJmH<A@<Default Paragraph Font  FF  58JK^`>@HJ#%gi)+EGQRcdnp12@BVX8:}()ceDF*-ux   ! 4 6 58^`>@GJ#%giDGVX8:}ceDF*,uw   ! 4 6 Viktorija Kutii2C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\AutoRecovery save of Document1.asdViktorija KutiiC:\My Documents\CHICKENS.doc@ zt @ pp @p p p@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3& Arial5& zTahoma"hL9L9*i !r0d 5A SURVEY OF CHICKENS FOR VIABLE TOXOPLASMS IN CROATIAViktorija KutiiViktorija Kutiilp )FQdn7 @ !56z ! "F"\"^"&&''`(d(0 0000H0r335577::<:<h==@@b@AA,DNDJXBY656CJOJQJmHCJH*OJQJmHCJOJQJmHH*5CJOJQJmHJoplasmose des Haustiere-Vorkommen, Diagnose und Bedeutung. Berl. Mnch. Tierrtzl. Wschr. 93, ( ), 385-391. Dubey, J.P., Murell, K.D., Fayer, R. (1984); Persistence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs fed oocysts. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 1941-1943. Dubey, J.P., Ruff, M.D., Camargo, M.E., Shen, S.K., Wilkins, G.L., Kwok,O.C. and Thulliez, P. (1993): Serologic and parasitologic responses -5- of domestic chickens after oral inoculation with Toxoaplasma gondii oocysts. Am. J. Vet. Res. 54 (10), 1668-1672. Ghorbani, M., Gharavi, M.J. and Kahnamoui, A. (1990): Serological and parasitological investigations on Toxoplasma infection in domestic fowls in Iran. Iranian J. Public Health 19, (1/4), 9-17. Hejli ek, K. and Literak, I. (1994): Toxoplasmosis in slaughter poultry (domestic fowls) (in Czech). Veterinarstvi 44 (2), 64-65. Kaneto, C.N., Costa, A.J., Paulillo, A.C., Moraes, F.R., Murakami, T.O. and Meireles, M.V. (1997): Experimental toxoplasmosis in broiler chicks. Vet. Parasitol. 69 (3-4), 203-210. Kuti i, Viktorija (1987): Incidence of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii in the livers of pigs and sheep (in Croatian). Doctoral thesis, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb. Literak , I. and Hejli ek, K. (1993): Incidence of Toxoplasma gondii in population of domestic birds in the Czech Republic. Avian Pathology 22, (2), 275-281. Peixoto, C.M.S. and Lopes, C.W.G. (1990): Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii -6- Nicolle & Manceaux, 1909 (Apicomplexa: Toxoplasmatinae) in naturally infected chickens (in Portuguese). Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro 13, (2), 105-111. Simitch, T., Bordjoaki, A., Petrovitch, Z., Tomanovitch, B. and Savin, }. (1961): Toxoplasmose of birds. I. Natural infection of domestic poultry with Toxoplasma gondii in Yugoslavia (in French). Arch. Inst. Pasteur d Algerie 39, 135-139. Wikerhauser, T., D~akula, N. and Kova , Z. (1983): Isolation of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii from pork in Croatia (in Croatian). Vet. Arhiv 53, 11-16. Wikerhauser, T., Kuti i, Viktorija, Marinculi, A. and Majurd~i, D. (1988): A survey of porcine and ovine diaphragms for viable toxoplasms. Vet. Arhiv 58, 205-208. }ivkovi, J. and Are~ina, Lj. (1991): Evidence and hygienic significance of Toxoplasma gondii sporozoa in the flesh of hens (in Croatian). Vet. Stanica 22 (6), 323-330. Dr. Viktorija Kuti i, Research Associate September 10, 1999. Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine P. O. Box 190 10000 Zagreb Croatia To: ACTA VETERINARIA Veterinary Medical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences H-1581 Budapest P. O. Box 18 Hungary Dear Sir, I am enclosing 2 copies of the manuscript  A survey of chickens for viable toxoplasms in Croatia , by Kuti i, Viktorija and Wikerhauser, T., with kind request to have it published in your periodical. I am also enclosing an electronic version of the manuscript on a 3,5  diskette. Yours faithfully, Dr. Viktorija Kuti i 0 00000&0(0*0,0.000F0H000h1j1111Z2\2222p3r34$$4444444<5>5F5H55506264666^7`7777V8X8888j9l9$l9::@:B:D:::n;p;;;;D<F<<<<<<===$>&>>>?? ?$ ???4@6@@@@@@AABB4B6B8BBBpCrCCCC*D,DDDDDDDDDEFDF`FzFFFFFFF$GxGGGGGGGGG4J6J8JjJlJlJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ [$@$NormalmH @@@ Heading 1$@&5CJOJQJmH@@@ Heading 2 $$@&CJOJQJmH<@< Heading 3$@&CJOJQJmHD@D Heading 4 $$@&5CJOJQJmH<A@<Default Paragraph Font6B`6 Body TextCJOJQJmHS;<=deDEMNO)*mnJKL\]CD !noOP56  ) * + ? @ % & m n M N H I 7 8 cd<=>?@QR,-qr-./uv[\`alm#$%rs*+tu)*89:@AB 89:()uv !23456$OylJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ@XBXXXXXXXXX/ =!"#$% ent with maize. A total of 716 brains were collected, 524 from broilers and 192 from hens. Each sample of brain tissue was homogenized in a few ml of sterile saline and subcutaneously injected into 4 SPF mice, at the dose of 1ml/mice. Six weeks later the mice were euthanatized and the fresh preparations of their brains microscopically examined for T. gondii tissue cysts. The essentials of our procedure were originally described by Dubey et al. (1984). Results By mice inoculation test, performed with brain tissues of a total of 716 domestic chickens, viable toxoplasms were isolated from 3 (0,4%) birds. The examined lot included 524 broilers and 192 hens. All positive cases were hens. This is the first isolation of T. gondii from chickens in Croatia. Discussion In the present survey of latent toxoplasmosis in domestic chickens in Croatia the infection rate was relatively low (0,4%), similar to those reported in Germany by Boch (1980) and in Czech Republic by Literak and Hejli ek (1993). They are at variance with high infection rates reported in Brazil by Peixoto and Lopes (1990) and in Bosnia by }ivkovi and Are~ina (1991). It seems that the prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in comercial chickens depends on various factors, including feeding and management practices and, especially, the access of cats to poultry farms. Acknowledgements This study was supported in part by the grant from the Ministry of Sciences and Tehnology of the Republic of Croatia (053075). |~z | !!!!B"D"F"\"^"""~##$$$$$$D%F%%%l&n&&&&&&''(((( ("($(&(((*(,(.($ sand and utaneously injected I nto 4 SPF euthanatized and their brains sterile sand and the -4- mchi rtzl. 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