ࡱ> JLIvq .bjbjt+t+ bAA6*V]  prrrrrr$aUH]^  X:pp | PZ6pt,@#CE <h00575 AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN CROATIA AND PRODUCT PRICES Ilak-Persuric, A. (Institute for Agriculture and Tourism Porec, Croatia) Matun, M. ( Zagreb Municipal Office for Agriculture and Forestry, Croatia) INTRODUCTION: Agricultural production in Croatia is strategically based on family farms. Differently from state and private mass or cooperative production that are specialises forms we cannot precisely define the size and shape of production on family farms. Concerning productional sources (such as capital, labour, knowledge) in connection with managerial capabilities and family tradition there are a lot of variations of production on farm. According to statistical data in 1993. Croatia had 534.266 family farms, that possessed 62,8 percent of the total agricultural land and more than 70 percent of cattle. The average size of possessed agricultural land per farm was 2,7 hectares. Such amount of land effects the possibilities of keeping a certain number of cattle and increasement of the heard. As dairy production with its specific requests demands high productivity, flexibility and constant market adjustments connected to milk quality there are a lot of problems to discuss and explain. This paper is a small effort to explain the existing problems of Croatian dairy branch. METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES In this paper we used macroeconomic indicators due to avoid variations on the micro level. Data had been collected from the EUROSTAT (Statistical Office of the EU), especially for comparison between Croatia and European countries. Data on Croatian milk production were collected at the State Statistical Office. We also used necessary laws, statutes, rules and data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Advisory and Selection Office. AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN CROATIA AND ITS IMPLICATION ON THE STATE OF DAIRY BRANCH In the last few decades dairy producers, especially family farms were limited in terms of trade. The law from 1964. proscribed purchasing (sales of fresh milk) directly to consumers. The main reason for this law was bad microbiological quality of fresh milk. From that time the only way of purchasing fresh milk was connected to state dairies. This situation allowed a monopolistic position with no interference. In 1991. The Republic Croatia was established so the laws and regulations were changed also for agriculture but only partially (the possibilities for direct marketing werent allowed). Actual state in the dairy branch gives a picture of state dairies that are totally or partially sold to private owners and a number of small dairies are opened. In the last decade in production major changes happened: the total number of cattle decreased (due the war situation 15% of cattle less), the volume of purchased milk decreased to 37,7 percent and the consumption fell from more than 200 litres to 181,47. Basically the Croatian Agricultural policy for dairies is built upon the system of price protection. The Government determines fixed prices for basic agricultural products (wheat, corn, sugar beet, sunflower, soy, rapeseed, raw tabacco, milk, animals) that are the lowest purchasing prices on the open market, independently to the production level. Prices are bounded with foreign currency (deutsche mark) due to avoid inflation and avoid effects of long terms of payments. Approximately in year 2000. one mark is four kuna. There are no systems of quotas known in the EU community. Milk prises are based on milk fat percentage (3,6%). The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry allows direct payments to milk producers based on production, through the system of premiums. Currently Statute in force for financial support allows any milk producer to ask apply. There is no difference between smallholders, middle or large farms. It is necessary to send some documents bills of sold or delivered milk, the amount of support and bank transfer account number and deposit slip) to the Ministry with a request for support. At the macroeconomic level farmers have very small influence. Firstly Croatian farmers Unions had very low impact because they were recently established (during the communist regime only cooperative forms with state dairies were allowed) and there is always a lack of leaders willing to act. A lot of local unions are formed mostly to improve the production level and purchase inputs at a lower price. Smallholders especially are often a forgotten group by policy makers. There are no specific regulations directed to the maintenance of such small, nonspecialized farms. MILK PRODUCTION IN CROATIA According to statistical data Croatia had the following structure of dairy herds: Table 1.: Head of cattle per family farm in 1993. Cows and fertile heifers Family farms%188.35944,81263.86332,38322.41511,37411.4175,7955.0552,5662.5501,297-103.1171,5811-153220,1616-20660,03more than 20390,01 Total 197.203 100,00Source 8 The largest group of family farms had one head per farm. Almost ninety percent of farms had one up to three heads per farm. A very small group off farms can be recognised as specialised for cattle, and a part of them for milk production. Comparing to the European countries Croatia is close only to Portugal (in average three heads per farm). Compared to the former federal state Croatia has the same level as Slovenia. The number of heads in Croatia has changed a lot in the past decade. War as a reason has decreased the total number for 15%. The low rate of government interest in agriculture and according to that non-supportive agricultural policy resulted with the range of decreasment (38%) shown in table 2. Table 2.: Total number of cows in Croatia 1990-1998. Year Total number of cowsCows under selection Family farms Big farms Total 1990368.54245.79712.01557.8121991276.91830.6085.69936.3071992257.29033.2185.94139.1591993241.99734.9435.61340.5561994226.23139.0515.17844.2291995235.40042.6894.45547.1441996233.47748.2474.13252.3791997233.20762.2503.60265.8071998230.65075.9216.22482.145 Source 8 In the same time it is important that the number of cows under selection raised, especially on family farms. The supervision resulted in positive effects such as raised annual production per cow. Major changes in the total number of cows are shown in graph 1. It is noticeable that the largest decreasment was between the year 1990 and 1991 and the largest increasment from 1994 to 1995. Graph 1. Authors calculation Annual milk production per head was lower than 2 thousand litre on an average family farm. In the meantime under the supervision of the Selection Office the average milk production range from 3,5 to 4 thousand litre. Main reasons for such production level should be found on non-specialised farms who use milk for their own farm supply so it can be accessory to plant production. Comparing these data to the average annual production in the European union Croatia comes close to Greece and Austria (3,5-4 thousand). According to the total number of cows and heifers crossed with the quantity of milk production we come to the following data about the annual production of milk in Croatia. Table 3: Milk production in Croatia from 1991. to 1996. YearMilk production in millions of litres199174919926871993602199458319955721996576 Source 8 According to calculations a litre of milk cost around 0,4 to 0,5 DM (production costs). In the last decade the prices vary under the production costs. From 1989. till 1995. farmers purchased their milk from 0,32 to 0,49 DM. The price support was at the lowest in 1989 at a level of 0,008 up to 0,169 in 1995. Comparing the Croatian prises nowadays with the European we can tell that the price levels are similar. For example in Deutchland 0,5 DM, Austria 0,56 , France 0,59, Slovenia 0,54 DM. In the following graph we can see how the milk price fluctuated through the years. The lowest line shows the financial support, the line above the production price. J means the price in January and D the price in December.  Because insufficient supply some dairies imported some quantities of milk in order to continue the market supply. At the present time the custom are 20 percent and price protection payable at the border around 0,3 DM. Table 3.: Imported milk in thousand litres Importer 1995 1996 1997 1998 Total Lura Ltd. 54.069 18.588 26.869 - 99.526 Vindija Ltd 25.814 20.851 41.818 1.840 90.323 Dairy Pula 2.547 3.007 2.502 36.378 44.434 Dairy Rijeka 10.461 8.094 6.323 1.433 26.311 KIM Ltd. 6.317 7.197 4.987 4.195 22.696 Dairy Split 5.982 2.533 5.699 3.402 17.616 Zdenka Ltd. 105 3.593 2.994 1.856 8.494 Diary Osijek 1.464 205 3.857 3.014 8.540 Others 30 2.633 983 925 4.571 TOTAL 108.784 68.643 98.029 54.043 328.499Source 6 CONCLUSION From the data presented in this paper we can see that in the last decade Croatia had constant decreasment of milk production because of the decreasment of the total number of cattle. Market supply insufficiency made Croatia one of the rare European countries that had been importing milk in the past decade. Although the Ministry of agriculture tried to stop these negative trends the dairy branch has to solve a lot of questions before Croatia enters the European and world associations. REFERENCES: Christensen, G. (1994): Agricultural Policy in Croatia, translation Zimbrek T., Franic R., Institute for Agricultural Economics, Agricultural faculty, Zagreb EUROSTAT. Agricultural Prices 1990-1998. Statistical Office of the European Communities Ilak-Persuric, A., Sehanovic J. (1998): Agricultural production sources of family farms in the Istra county, collected papers of the Economy deparment, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Porec Kovacic, D. (1994): Direct marketing of milk in Croatia, Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, Vol. 59., Zagreb Mauleon, J.R. (1999): Towards a typology of Family farming: The case of diary farming in the Basque Country, XVIII ESRS Congress, Lund, Sweden Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Annual and montly reports, Zagreb NN 29/1999: Statute for financial support in Agriculture and Forestry NN 73/1999: Regulations and procedures for financial support in Agriculture and Forestry Statistical year-books 1990-1999., Zagreb, Republic Croatia Statistical Government Office Zimbrek, T., Kolega, A., Kovacic, D., Tratnik, M., Grgic, I. 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M4%  W'M3OG& Q  Year/month'4% ]5MZ3OR& Q  Value in DM'4523  O43" F2 '3OF% M3O& Q4444% bMtM03O&Q D Milk prices in Croatia 1989-1995'44eee xp   6NMM?P+<] `  @"??3`  `  `  `  `  п3d23 M NM4 3QQ ;#Q ;#Q3_ O   MM< 43_ O   MM< 4E4D $% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FA9"3O  3"  3O % M3O&Q44$% M 3OQ '43_ M NM  MM< 444% RJM03O&Q @World milk production in 1994.'4% M3O&Q '44eee xp   6NMM?)<P4] `  @" ??3`  `  `  `  `  ?3d23 M NM4 3QQ ;(-Q ;(-Q3_4E4D $% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FAV3O~ 3" K 3OK % M3O&Q443_ M NM  MM< 444% \VM03O&Q @Milk production EU-15 in 1994.'4% M3O&Q'44eee ~v   <NMM?ai0o-]  8  @"8 ??3` A ` A`  `  ` A/  ` A/ !J?3d23 M NM4  3QQ ;W_Q ;W`Q3_4E4D$% 2M 3O&Q4$% 2M 3O&Q4FA-g 3O<| 3 b#M! M43*#M&! M4% g  uM3ON&!Q L1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 '4% fMZ3O$& Q  Cows'43" 44% f M:3O5V&Q v9Changes in the total number of cows in Croatia 1990-1998.'44 eee   >_@e ee @  dMbP?_*+%" ?? U>@ @  dMbP?_*+%"?? 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M4523  O43" 44%  `M:3OV(&"Q l4 Graph 2. Annual milk production per cow'44e@ @$@(@,@0@e@@@@ě@@П@e>  @  dMbP?_*+%"??U} m`T0bb b b  b bbb bbbb GodinaProizvodnja po kravi @@  @@ $@@@ (@ě@ ,@@ 0@П@   Year/month  Basic price Premia  Total price I/1989 @@@A@ XII/1989~ E@ Mb? x&1? I/1990 D@@F@XII/1990H@@L@I/1991D@@F@XII/1991=@@?@I/1992=@@@@XII/1992A@@B@I/1993A@@C@XII/1993A@@C@I/1994~ A@y&1? rh?XII/1994~ A@y&1? rh?I/1995~ A@oʡ?S㥛?XII/1995~ A@oʡ?S㥛?World milk production Others~ D@ EU-15~ 7@  USA~ 7@87B$$$$$$Z/G/1/1/1/1EGEG2/.!T0"b#b&()*+b,b-!India~ !(@"Rusia~ " @#Brazil~ #@!&European milk production&( Deutshland~ (8@)France~ )6@*Others~ *6@ +UK~ +*@, Netherlands~ ,$@-Italy~ -"@" !/%!!&WT0XbYbZ[\]^b_bW@X@^Y @+Z$@[(@\,@@]0@ ^4@p_8@z (  v  <NMM?P @] 4  @MHP Kod IvaneL@g ,,@MSUDOHP LaserJet 4L?\ad " d,,??3` >Y` >Y` >Y` >Y` n` Y (  f  c $4. ^K ]4.  < Litre <   п3dEH23 M NM4 3Q: ,Proizvodnja po kraviQ ;Q ;Q3_4E4D$% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FAM 3Oh * 3 bo#M&43*#M&! M4523  O43" 44% ( JM:3OV#&Q l4 Graph 2. Annual milk production per cow'44eee xp  6NMM?@Si]`l  @"l??3` H`  `  ` H ` H ` H ` H j3d23 M NM4 3Q:   Basic priceQ ; Q ; Q3_4E4 3Q:  PremiaQ ; Q ; Q3_4E4 3Q:   Total priceQ ; Q ; Q3_4E4D $% M 3O& Q4$% M 3O&Q4FA; i3OR 3 b#M-& 43*#M& ! M4%  W'M3OG& Q  Year/month'4% ]5MZ3OR& Q  Value in DM'4523  O43" F2 '3OF% M3O& Q4444% bMtM03O&Q D Milk prices in Croatia 1989-1995'44eee xp   6NMM?P+<] `  @"??3`  `  `  `  `  п3d23 M NM4 3QQ ;#Q ;#Q3_ O   MM< 43_ O   MM< 4E4D $% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FA9"3O  3"  3O % M3O&Q44$% M 3OQ '43_ M NM  MM< 444% RJM03O&Q @World milk production in 1994.'4% M3O&Q '44eee xp   6NMM?)<P4] `  @" ??3`  `  `  `  `  ?3d23 M NM4 3QQ ;(-Q ;(-Q3_4E4D $% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FAV3O~ 3" K 3OK % M3O&Q443_ M NM  MM< 444% \VM03O&Q @Milk production EU-15 in 1994.'4% M3O&Q'44eee ~v   <NMM?ai0o-]  8  @"8 ??3` A ` A`  `  ` A/  ` A/ !0J?3d23 M NM4  3QQ ;W_Q ;W`Q3_4E4D$% DM 3O&Q4$% DM 3O&Q4FA-g 3O<| 3 b#M! M43*#M&! M4% g  uM3ON&!Q L1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 '4% fMZ3O$& Q  Cows'43" 44% f M:3O5V&Q v9Changes in the total number of cows in Croatia 1990-1998.'44 eee >@  @  dMbP?_*+%" ?? U>@ @  dMbP?_*+%"?? U>@ SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8_1029576444 FCzCOle  ՜.+,D՜.+,H PXl t|  Ekonomijat21 Sheet1Sheet2Sheet3Chart2  WorksheetsCharts 6> _PID_GUIDAN{D60E1AA0-1B4C-11D4-992D-00E02907BFA2} FMicrosoft Excel WorksheetBiff8Excel.Sheet.89qOh+'0@HXh AnitafAnitafMicrosoft Excel@K߮@MDPRINTX1CompObj!fObjInfo#WorkbookX1    ''  Times New Roman-Times New Roman- Arial-Times New Roman--- Arial----------"System-'-  "--  "---'--- -  $ "- ---'-- -  Wj [[  jj---'-- -  Wj "-  ---'-- -  "-  -[[  jj---'-- -  ---'-- -  ---'-- -   - "-   RWRWjj! ! jcjcpp##||// "-  WWs s ccpp##Q|Q|QQ#/#/# "-  KWKWBB  JcJcppzzr#r#8|8|88 / / -  "- $---'-- - RW $WHaRW\MRWH---'-- - j $`jtj`---'-- - !  $ ! +! ---'-- - jc $c`mjctYjc`---'-- -  $---'-- -  $  ---'-- - p $pzpfp---'-- -  $---'-- - # $#-##---'-- - | $||r|---'-- -  $---'-- - / $/9/%/---'-- -  $~---'-- -  - "-  ---'-- -  W aM---'-- -   y---'-- -  s  }i---'-- -  c mY---'-- -   ---'-- -     ---'-- -  p zf---'-- -   ---'-- -  # ----'-- -  Q| [Gr---'-- -  Q [G---'-- -  #/ -9%---'-- -  # -~---'-- -  - "-    $---'---  KW  $WAaUMUWA---'---  B  $8LL8---'---     $  ---'---  Jc  $c@mTYTc@---'---    $---'---    $  ---'---  p  $pxzfpx---'---  z  $pp---'---  r#  $#h-||#h---'---  8|  $|.BrB|.---'---  8  $.BB.---'---   /  $/9%/---'---     $~---'---  ---'---  ---'---  ------'---  x4# 72 1 Milk prices in Croatia 1989-1995+       ----'---  ---'---  ----'---    2 0 2 G0,1  2 0,2  2 0,3  2 V0,4  2 0,5  2 0,6 ---'---  -------'---  MP 2 V J89 D89 J90 D90 J91 D91 J92 D92 J93 D93 J94 D94 J95              2 D95  2  Year/month   ----'---  ------'---  ;95 Times New Roman- 2 5@ Value in DM- ----'---  - "-  - Wj---'---  Xk---'---  Xk "-  vw vv- $lvvl2 _Producers price    ---'-- -  Xk---'-- -  Xk "-  v vPv&- 0l2 _YPremia "---'-- -  Xk---'-- -  Xk "-  v v@v- $l  l2 _I Total price   ---'---  Xk---'---  ---'---  - - '  '  ' A\pAnita Ba=<@S=,<X@"1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1. Times New Roman1' Arial1' Arial1. Times New Roman1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1U Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial1. Times New Roman1. Times New Roman1' Arial1' Arial1 Arial1 Arial1 Arial"Kn"\ #,##0;\-"Kn"\ #,##0#"Kn"\ #,##0;[Red]\-"Kn"\ #,##0$"Kn"\ #,##0.00;\-"Kn"\ #,##0.00)$"Kn"\ #,##0.00;[Red]\-"Kn"\ #,##0.00>*9_-"Kn"\ * #,##0_-;\-"Kn"\ * #,##0_-;_-"Kn"\ * "-"_-;_-@_-,)'_-* #,##0_-;\-* #,##0_-;_-* "-"_-;_-@_-F,A_-"Kn"\ * #,##0.00_-;\-"Kn"\ * #,##0.00_-;_-"Kn"\ * "-"??_-;_-@_-4+/_-* #,##0.00_-;\-* #,##0.00_-;_-* "-"??_-;_-@_-                + ) , *     `eChart1 Sheet1DVSheet2-WSheet3z@ 3  @@  ["!Proizvodnja po kraviGodinaEU-15USAOthersWorld milk productionIndiaRusiaBrazilEuropean milk production DeutshlandFranceUK NetherlandsItaly Year/month Total pricePremiaProducers priceJ '89D'89J '90D'90J '91D'91J '92D'92J '93D'93J '94D'94J '95D'95" G k 4 Xb]bp0~ b88MVbeН0懂쇂ywBwBTb*\B8Bip0v bbv 쇂be8`T0b ze T0bt00`T0zm00b E000bbb߿0b bt0bp,bPercent0]3 b0d|b0{T0T00Pe0Pբ0P ,P`T0 be, 9b@ S A  dMbP?_*+%"DN??`U} mD`T0bb b b  bbT0T0bETe00    @@  @@ $@@@ (@ě@ ,@@ 0@П@       @@@A@ ~ E@ Mb? x&1?  D@@F@ H@@L@ D@@F@ =@@?@ =@@@@ A@@B@ A@@C@ A@@C@ ~ A@y&1? rh? ~ A@y&1? rh? ~ A@oʡ?S㥛?  ~ A@oʡ?S㥛?   ~ D@  ~ 7@  ~ 7@8*$$$$$$8*@********@@@@**!T0"b#b&()*+b,b- !~ !(@ "~ " @ #~ #@ & & ( ~ (8@ ) ~ )6@ *~ *6@ + ~ +*@ , ~ ,$@ -~ -"@WT0XbYbZ[\]^b_bW@X@^Y @+Z$@[(@\,@@]0@ ^4@p_8@z (  v  <NMM?P @] @  AMHP Kod IvaneL@g ,,@MSUDOHP LaserJet 4L?\ad " d,,??3` >Y` >Y` >Y ` >Y` n` Y (  f  c $! 6K ]!  < Litre <   п3dEH23 M NM4 3Q: ,Proizvodnja po kraviQ ;Q ;Q3_4E4D$% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FA] 3Oh * 3 bo#M& 43*#M&! M4523  O43" 44% ( JM:3OV#&Q l4 Graph 2. Annual milk production per cow'44eee ~v  <NMM?@Si] x  A"x??3` H`  `  ` H ` H ` H ` H!j3d23 M NM4 3Q:  "Producers priceQ ; Q ; Q3_4E4 3Q:  PremiaQ ; Q ; Q3_4E4 3Q:   Total priceQ ; Q ; Q3_4E4D$% M 3O& Q4$% M 3O&Q4FAs 73OF7 3 b#M-& ! M43*#M& ! M4% - M 3Oh&&!Q QJ89 D89 J90 D90 J91 D91 J92 D92 J93 D93 J94 D94 J95 Year/month'4% MZ3OR& Q  Value in DM'4523  O43" F '3OF% M3O& Q4444% bMtM03O&Q D Milk prices in Croatia 1989-1995'44ee               e xp   6NMM?P+<] `  A"??3`  `  `  `  `  п3d23 M NM4 3QQ ;#Q ;#Q3_ O   MM< 43_ O   MM< 4E4D $% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FA9.3O0 3"  at3O % M3O&Q44$% M 3OQ '43_ M NM  MM< 444% RJM03O&Q @World milk production in 1994.'4% M3O&Q '44eee xp   6NMM?)<P4] `  A"??3`  `  `  `  `  ?3d23 M NM4 3QQ ;(-Q ;(-Q3_4E4D $% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FAc3O, 3" t 3Ot % M3O&Q443_ M NM  MM< 444% \VM03O&Q @Milk production EU-15 in 1994.'4% M3O&Q'44eee ~v   <NMM?ai0o-]  D  A"D ??3` A ` A`  `  ` A/ ` A/  J?3d23 M NM4  3QQ ;W_Q ;W`Q3_4E4D$% M 3O&Q4$% M 3O&Q4FAg 3O<| 3 b#M! M43*#M&! M4% ng  uM3ON& Q L1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 '4% fMZ3O$&Q  Cows'43" 44% f M:3O5V&Q v9Changes in the total number of cows in Croatia 1990-1998.'44 eee >?@KKK A  dMbP?_*+%"?? U>@ A  dMbP?_*+%"?? 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