Naslov
Herbicides in the Soils and Waters of a Part of the Drava River Basin

Autori
Sraka, Mario ; Drevenkar, Vlasta ; Vidaček, Željko ; Mihalić, Aleksandra

Vrsta, podvrsta i kategorija rada
Sažeci sa skupova, sažetak, znanstveni

Izvornik
Proceedings / J. Steenvoorden - Wageningen, 2000

Skup
International Conference on Agricultural Effects on Ground and Surface Waters

Mjesto i datum
Wageningen, Nizozemska, 01.10.2000. - 04.10.2000

Vrsta sudjelovanja
Poster

Vrsta recenzije
Međunarodna recenzija

Ključne riječi
herbicides; soil; waters;triazine; chlorotoluron

Sažetak
Recently, intensive agricultural production has resulted in the growing human influence on agroecosystems through various agroamelioration and hydroamelioration measures such as drainage, irrigation, deeper and more frequent ploughing, and in particular ameliorative fertilization and intensive use of protective chemicals - pesticides. The Republic of Croatia has 1,555,355 ha of arable areas, of which 600,054 ha in the low-lying region of river valleys have been ameliorated by construction of surface drainage systems while pipe drainage has been executed on 161,530 ha. There are 148,741 ha of ameliorated areas in the Karašica and Vučica catchment area. As part of the 7-year research (1992-1998) into the functioning and effects of pipe drainage in the Drava valley, Danube tributaries - the catchment area of rivers Karašica and Vučica, the state of triazine herbicides (1992-1997) and/or chlorotoluron (1998) was monitored in drained eugley, drain space 20 and 40 m (Gleysols, FAO, 1990), canal-hydroameliorated eugley (Gleysols, FAO, 1990) and drained non saline - alkali soil, drain space 15 and 30 m (Solonetz, FAO, 1990), as well as in drainage, surface and ground waters in the conditions with or without regular application of herbicides. Due to the persistent and frequent application of herbicides (they have been used for 30 years so far) in maize (triazine herbicides) and wheat (chlorotoluron), they present a factor of soil and water pollution. During intensive growing of field crops - sunflower, soybean, winter barley, winter wheat, sugarbeet and maize - weed control involved application of herbicides based on active substances - atrazine (1993 on drained non saline - alkali soil with 1,5 l/ha and 1997 on drained eugley and canal-hydroameliorated eugley with 2,5 l/ha), simazine (1991 on drained eugley and drained non saline - alkali soil with 2,5 l/ha) and chlorotoluron (1997 on drained eugley and canal-hydroameliorated eugley with 1,5 kg/ha). Triazine herbicides and chlorotoluron extracted from the 0-30 cm deep plough layer and samples of surface, ground and drainage waters were analyzed by gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The detection limits for triazine herbicides in soil were during the laboratory analysis lowered from 5 to 2 ng/g for atrazine and prometrine, from 10 to 4 ng/g for simazine, and from 20 to 2 ng/g for ametrine. The detection limits for triazine herbicides in water were also lowered from 50 to 10 ng/l for atrazine and prometrine, from 100 to 30 ng/l for simazine, and from 100 to 50 ng/l for ametrine. The detection limit for chlorotoluron in soil was 2 ng/g, and in water was 10 ng/l. In the period 1992-1996 when no triazine herbicides were applied on the drained eugley and canal-hydroameliorated eugley we find mainly their rests in the plough layer, with maximal recorded values being 18 ng/g for atrazine, 108 ng/g for simazine and 35 ng/g for prometrine, while the concentration of ametrine during the whole investigation period were under the detection limits. During the year 1997 after application of atrazine, the maximal amount of recorded atrazine in the drained soil amounted to 11 ng/g and 26 ng/g in the non-drained soil. We find the maximal amount of 119 ng/g of atrazine and 95 ng/g of simazine but no prometrine and ametrine in the drained non saline-alkali soil where the soil was treated with atrazine 1993. The maximal concentration of chlorotoluron, that was applied in spring 1997 in the drained eugley and canal-hydroameliorated eugley, amounted to 41,3 ng/g and was recorded immediately after its application, whereas with time its concentration drops under the detection limit. Only atrazine was detected in the drainage water with the maximal concentration of 30 ng/l, while the detected concentrations of the analyzed herbicides varied in the wide range in the shallow and deeper ground water of the board river-basin area and in the surface waters of the rivers Karašica and Vučica. So, the recorded concentrations of atrazine varied from 28 to 38 750 ng/l ng/l, the values of simazine varied from 50 to 1 770 ng/l, of prometrine from 52 to 370 ng/l, of ametrine from 160 to 372 ng/l and of chlorotoluron from 50 to 1250 ng/l in the shallow and deeper ground water. The recorded concentrations of atrazine varied from 30 to 5 430 ng/l, of simazine from 52 to 580 ng/l, of prometrine from 31 to 478 ng/l, of ametrine from 250 to 572 ng/l and of chlorotoluron from 85 to 932 ng/l in the surface waters of the rivers Karašica and Vučica. In the surface canal water no such great fluctuations have been recorded. During the investigation period minimal concentrations of atrazine, simazine, prometrine, ametrine and chlorotoluron were mostly detested in soils. Somewhat higher concentrations were recorded only immediately after their application. The recorded concentrations of atrazine, simazine and chlorotoluron in the surface and ground waters often surpassed the maximal allowed concentrations of these substances in the land waters that according to the legal regulations of the republic of Croatia (official gazette Narodne novine 78/98) amount to 100 ng/l for the waters of the I and II classes and up to 500 ng/l for the III and IV classes. It is interesting that the concentrations of those herbicides in the drainage waters during the whole investigation period were mainly under the detection limit. We assume that their enhanced quantities especially in the deeper ground waters come from the earlier, pre-war periods when they were used in large quantities. Thus it is necessary to control the use of herbicides on the arable areas with the aim to protect the soil and especially the waters from pollution, whereas the kind and the level of the pollution of the agroecological systems are one of the main signals of the planning of the agricultural production. We suggest the integral and synchronized approach to chemical, biological and ecotoxicological monitoring of the soil and water pollution as it was set by the Soil Charter of the European Council.

Izvorni jezik
Engleski

Znanstvena područja
Poljoprivreda (agronomija)

POVEZANOST RADA