ࡱ>    {xbjbjzz4T}= %HH8Lvt;" ACCCCCCVC~~~C0~HA~Ahy&uߕ.]Y-F0vi yydݜPHB,CCdv~~~~H% m: 235= 0I5=:> #:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:V 72'O7:8 4>18 10@>:> 0<'OBV ;0AB8<8@0 @G8G0 <VAB  HYPERLINK "file:///W:\\rastko.org.yu\\rastko-ukr\\au\\epascenko-100.html" \l "1" V4 02B>@0  HYPERLINK "file:///W:\\rastko.org.yu\\rastko-ukr\\au\\epascenko-100.html" \l "2" 5@54=T A;>2>  HYPERLINK "file:///W:\\rastko.org.yu\\rastko-ukr\\au\\epascenko-100.html" \l "3" AB>@8G=V C<>28 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 XVII-XVIII AB. !5@1AL:5 10@>:> B0 9>3> 282G5==O  402=VE C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2 AB>@8G=V ?@8G8=8 ?>A8;5==O C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2 XVII-XVIII AB.  HYPERLINK "file:///W:\\rastko.org.yu\\rastko-ukr\\au\\epascenko-100.html" \l "4"  >;L :8W2AL:8E F5=B@V2 C @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 XVII-XVIII AB. 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO V ?>G0B>: H:V;L=8FB20 !5@1AL:V CG=V 2 8T2V =830 O: D0:B>@ ?@>3@5AC $>@<C20==O ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28  HYPERLINK "file:///W:\\rastko.org.yu\\rastko-ukr\\au\\epascenko-100.html" \l "5" VB5@0BC@=0 :C;LBC@0 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:> 5@H0 A5@1AL:0 4@0<0 >2V O28I0 C :=86=V9 ?>57VW XVII-XVIII AB. 0=@>25 V AB8;L>25 71030G5==O ?@>78  HYPERLINK "file:///W:\\rastko.org.yu\\rastko-ukr\\au\\epascenko-100.html" \l "6" !5@1AL:5 10@>:>25 <8AB5FB2> >10 C:@0W=AL:8E <09AB@V2 B0 WE=VE A5@1AL:8E CG=V2 >E>465==O 10@>:>2>3> ABV=>?8AC 2>;NFV9=V 7<V=8 C @V7=8E 2840E A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20  HYPERLINK "file:///W:\\rastko.org.yu\\rastko-ukr\\au\\epascenko-100.html" \l "7" V65B=VG=V 72'O7:8 4>18 10@>:> !5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW 2 #:@0W=C O: ?@>O2 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C V4>1@065==O A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=L 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V @>1;5<0 ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 282G5==O 5?VG=>W ?>57VW VA;O<>20  HYPERLINK "file:///W:\\rastko.org.yu\\rastko-ukr\\au\\epascenko-100.html" \l "8" @8<VB:8  V4 02B>@0 4=>3> ?>3>6>N 4=O =0 2C;8FOE AB0@>28==>3> A5@1AL:>3> <VAB5G:0 !@5<AL:V 0@;>2FV, I> C >T2>48=V, 7'O28;8AO >3>;>H5==O, O:V 70?@>HC20;8 9>3> <5H:0=FV2 C7OB8 CG0ABL 2 C@>G8AB><C 2V4:@8BBV <5<>@V0;L=>W 4>H:8 =0 1C48=:C, 45 :>;8AL <VAB8;0AO ?5@H0 A5@1AL:0 H:>;0. W 70A=>2=8:, ?>A;0=5FL 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW 8E09;> >70G8=AL:89, ?@81C2H8 4> A5@1V2 1733 @>:C, =0?8A02 V ?>AB0282 C FV9 H:>;V ?5@HC A5@1AL:C 4@0<C, I> >7=0<5=C20;0 FV;C 5?>EC 2 VAB>@VW :C;LBC@8 FL>3> A;>2'O=AL:>3> =0@>4C. 091CB=V9 02B>@ :=838, O:C 28 I>9=> 2V4:@8;8, B>4V - ABC45=B T;3@04AL:>3> C=V25@A8B5BC, 1C2 A5@54 A2V4:V2 B8E C@>G8AB>AB59, 9 C =L>3> 70@>48;>AO 1060==O @>7?>2VAB8 2VBG87=O=><C G8B0G52V ?@> 1;03>@>4=89 2G8=>: :8O=8=0. >A;V465==O 2V4:@820;> 4540;V =>2V, @0=VH5 <0;>2V4><V =0H0@C20==O C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 =0 >4=C 7 2V440;5=8E A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@. 03;81;5==O C B5<C 4020;> ?V4AB028 4;O 28A=>2:C, I> H;OE 4> A5@1V2 1C2 ;8H5 >4=8< V7 <0@H@CBV2 B@VC<D0;L=>W E>48 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, O:5 ?>H8@N20;>AO 2V4 =V?@0 2 @V7=8E =0?@O<0E A;>2'O=AL:>3> A2VBC. !5@1AL:89 =0?@O< C:@0W=AL:>3> 2?;82C ?>:07>289 B8<, I> 40T <>6;82VABL =0 :>=:@5B=><C V=>=0FV>=0;L=><C ?@8:;04V ?@>AB568B8 28B>:8 9 =0A;V4:8 270T<>4VW A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@. %0@0:B5@ F8E 270T<8= T 25;L<8 @V7=><0=VB=8<. &5 <0NBL ?>:070B8 ?>40;LHV 4>A;V465==O 72'O7:V2 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> 7 V=H8<8 B@048FVO<8, 7>:@5<0 E>@20BAL:>N, I> V T >4=8< 7 0A?5:BV2 :><?;5:A=>W ?@>3@0<8 282G5==O C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8. # E>4V 4>A;V465==O 02B>@>2V ?>I0AB8;> A?V;:C20B8AO 7 2V4><8<8 2G5=8<8, >B@8<C20B8 2V4 =8E ?>@048 9 4>?><>3C. 5:>B@8E =8=V 265 =5<0T A5@54 6828E, 0;5 70;8H0TBLAO 4>1@0 ?0<'OBL ?@> WE=N =52B><=C =0AB02=8FL:C 4VO;L=VABL. &5 AB>ACTBLAO ?5@54CAV< ?@>D5A>@0 8W2AL:>3> C=V25@A8B5BC V<5=V "0@0A0 (52G5=:0 0;8=8 V=4@0BV2=8 !84>@5=:>, O:V9 02B>@ 7>1>2'O70=89 287=0G5==O< A2>WE =0C:>28E V=B5@5AV2. =830 T 28@07><, 3;81>:>W H0=>18 25;8:><C 4@C3>2V 9 4>A;V4=8:C C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8, A5@1AL:><C 2G5=><C ;0AB8<8@C @G8GC.2B>@ 24OG=89 70 A;02VAB8G=C ?V43>B>2:C, O:0 2V41C20;0AO ?V4 :5@V2=8FB2>< ..5@25A0 B0 ...725=:>, 70 FV==V ?>@048, I> WE =04020;8 9><C 1T;3@04AL:V =0C:>2FV .540:>28G, .0284>2, 2VBG87=O=V - .!.0;8209:>, ..>328=, .!.V;OT20, ..5@0A8<>20-5@A84AL:0, !..@8F0, ..VG8:, @>AV9AL:V - ..!>D@>=>20, ..CAT2 B0 V=HV.# 282G5==V A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2 B0 D>=4V2 1V1;V>B5: 4>?><>3C 02B>@>2V =04020;8 4@02:> B0 !;>1>40=:0 468O, >9:0= C:8G. 235= 0I5=:> 5@54=T A;>2> #:@0W=AL:5 10@>:> T 206;82>N A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>3> @>728B:C. VB5@0BC@0 V <8AB5FB2> #:@0W=8 XVII-XVIII AB>;VBL 70A2V4GCNBL 25;8:V 4>AO3=5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 2 @V7=8E A>FV0;L=8E AD5@0E. 0@>4 #:@0W=8 C F59 ?5@V>4 28O282 =0FV>=0;L=C A0<>1CB=VABL, ?@O<89 72'O7>: V7 2VBG87=O=>N :C;LBC@>N ?>?5@54=L>W 4>18 A5@54=L>2VGGO, B@048FVW O:>W ?@>4>26C20;8AL C 10@>:>. 8AB5FB2> 8W2AL:>W CAV 71030GC20;>AO =>28<8 D>@<0<8 V 7<VAB>< - 157 0?>;>35BAB20, 0;5 9 157 4>3<0B8G=>3> 60E0==O 2V4 70EV4=>W :C;LBC@8, B@048FV9=0 ?>2'O70=VABL V7 O:>N C:>@V=5=0 2 =097=0G=VH8E 5B0?0E C:@0W=AL:>3> 4CE>2=>3> ?>ABC?C 2V4 A5@54=L>2VGGO 4> 020=30@4C[1]. 572060NG8 =0 A:@CB=V VAB>@8G=V >1AB028=8 XVII-XVIII AB., =0 C:@0W=AL:><C ?@>AB>@V 1C;> AB2>@5=> 4CE>2=V 9 <0B5@V0;L=V FV==>ABV, 7=0G5==O O:8E 28E>48;> 70 <56V =0410=L >4=VTW =0FVW. 8W2, O: F5=B@ V=B5;5:BC0;L=>3> V 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO, 7 XVII AB. ?>25@B02AO 4> A2>3> AB0BCAC ;V45@0 2 :C;LBC@=><C @>728B:C A;>2'O= 2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW. 2V;L=ONG8AL 2V4 B@820;>3> ?>=52>;5==O, <VAB>, O: A2>T@V4=0 4CE>2=0 @5A?C1;V:0 =0FVW, 7=>2C 45<>=AB@C20;> 3;818==89 72'O7>: 7 T2@>?59AL:8< :C;LBC@=8< >1V3><, AB25@46CNG8 A2>N A0<>1CB=VABL 70 C<>2 BO6:>3> @5;V3V9=>3> ?@>B8AB>O==O =0 @5;OFVW ?@02>A;02'O-:0B>;8F87<, ?@02>A;02'O-<CAC;L<0=AB2>, ?@02>A;02'O-?@02>A;02'O. (;OE8 =>2>W C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 AO30;8 40;5:> =0 70EV4, :C48 <0=4@C20;8 :8T2><>38;O=8, CG=V 02@AL:>W EC4>6=L>W <09AB5@=V, ?@54AB02=8:8 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E >A5@54:V2 ;VB5@0BC@8, <8AB5FB20, B5>;>3VW[2]. !0<5 FV >@VT=B8@8 287=0G0;8 <VAF5 C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 2 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:><C 10@>:>2><C :>;V. 024O:8 F8< 72'O7:0< 1C;> AB2>@5=> 4CE>2=V =0410==O, I> 40NBL ?V4AB028 =07820B8 C:@0W=AL:V F5=B@8 10@>:> 206;828<8 >A5@54:0<8 B2>@5==O FL>3> AB8;N C 45O:8E A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@0E ?@02>A;02=>3> A2VBC. #:@0W=V XVII-XVIII AB. =0;560;0 @>;L :0B0;V70B>@0, =5@V4:> V=VFV0B>@0 :C;LBC@=>3> ?>ABC?C, 0465 O:I> 3>2>@8B8 ?@> =091V;LH @5?@575=B0B82=V ?@8:;048 10@>:> =0 ?@02>A;02=><C AE>4V XVII 9 ?V24=V XVIII AB., B> WE 1C;> AB2>@5=> 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 0@50;V. #:@0W=AL:0 10@>:>20 :C;LBC@0 1030B0 =0 287=0G=V VAB>@8G=V ?>AB0BV, ;VB5@0BC@=V B0 <8AB5FL:V O28I0, DV;>A>DAL:V B2>@8, O:V AB0=>2;OBL =0FV>=0;L=C 3>@4VABL V 40NBL ?V4AB028 22060B8 FV =0410==O >4=8< V7 7=0G=8E 2V4>1@065=L 10@>:>2>3> ?@>AB>@C 2@>?8. 5;8:>N <V@>N G5@57 B0:C 28A>:C ?@5AB86=VABL B0 T2@>?59AL:89 35=578A B5<0 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> 2?@>4>26 B@820;>3> G0AC ?5@51C20;0 ?V4 701>@>=>N. &V;5A?@O<>20=>, 7 :>=:@5B=>N ?>;VB8G=>N B0 V45>;>3VG=>N <5B>N =0410==O #:@0W=8 FVTW 4>18 ?>A;V4>2=> V 6>@AB>:> 28=8IC20;8AO C 30-V 9 ?>40;LHV @>:8 0=B8C:@0W=AL:>W ?>;VB8:8 @04O=AL:>3> @568<C. 0?5@5GC20;>AO ?@02> C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C AB25@46C20B8 A515 A?04:>T<F5< :C;LBC@8 8W2AL:>W CAV. 5@5:>=;828< A2V4G5==O< T 7=8I5==O ?0<'OB=8:V2 8W2AL:>W CAV, I> 707=0;8 10@>:870FVW. >A;V4>2=VABL, 7 O:>N 28:>@V=N20;>AL C:@0W=AL:5 10@>:>, 45<>=AB@C20;0 FV;:>28B5 CA2V4><;5==O B>3>, I> 945BLAO =5 BV;L:8 ?@> >1'T:B8 @5;V3V9=>3> :C;LBC, 0 9 ?@> 25;8G=V, ?5@5:>=;82V A2V4G5==O A2>T@V4=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8. AB0==V< ?>OA=NTBLAO V B>9 D0:B, I> 0@EVB5:BC@=V ?0<'OB=8:8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> @C9=C20;8AO =5 ;8H5 2 8T2V, 0 9 ?>70 <560<8 #:@0W=8[3]. %>G O: F5 ?0@04>:A0;L=>, 0;5 A0<5 D0:B 7=8I5==O 28ABC?0T I5 >4=8< 0@3C<5=B>< =0 :>@8ABL B25@465==O ?@> 28A>:89 @V25=L C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, 7 O:8< C G0A8 35=>F84C =5I04=> @>7?@02;O;8AO 2AV<0 <5B>40<8. :@V< B>3>, I> ;V:2V4>20=V ?0<'OB=8:8 ?>B@V1=> 2V4=>28B8 O: V=D>@<0FVN, :>B@0 4020;0 1 ?>2=C :0@B8=C 2AVE 4>AO3=5=L C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, A0< D5=><5= @C9=0FVW <0T AB0B8 ?@54<5B>< A?5FV0;L=>3> 28A2VB;5==O B0 0=0;V7C. >@O4 7 F8< ?>AB0T =5 <5=H 206;825 ?8B0==O 0:BC0;V70FVW :C;LBC@=>W VAB>@VW C A2V4><>ABV ACG0A=>W ;N48=8 B0 ACA?V;LAB20 2 FV;><C. !L>3>4=V 2V4@>465==N =0FV>=0;L=>W :C;LBC@8 O: 70A>1C @>728B:C =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV =040TBLAO >A>1;825 7=0G5==O. C;LBC@0, 7>:@5<0 WW VAB>@VO, A?@89<0TBLAO O: >48= V7 70A>1V2 @52VB0;V70FVW ACA?V;LAB20, >1;03>@>46C20==O, 3C<0=V70FVW ACG0A=>W ;N48=8. $>@<C20==O C H8@>:8E 25@AB2 ACA?V;LAB20 CO2;5=L ?@> =0FV>=0;L=C :C;LBC@C <>6;825 ;8H5 ?VA;O 3;81>:>3> =0C:>2>3> 282G5==O :>=:@5B=>3> VAB>@8:>-:C;LBC@=>3> D5=><5=0. >=OBBO "C:@0W=AL:5 10@>:>" ?>B@51CT 282G5==O 2 @CA;V 72V;L=5==O 9>3> O: 2V4 =04<V@=>W 3;>@8DV:0FVW, B0: V 2V4 B5=45=FV9=>W =54>>FV=:8. >B@V1=V >1'T:B82=0 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 V :>=:@5B=V 28A=>2:8, =0 >A=>2V O:8E <>6=0 D>@<C20B8 CO2;5==O ?@> C:@0W=AL:5 10@>:> V G5@57 <0A-<54V0 2?;820B8 =0 ACA?V;L=C A2V4><VABL. 5;8:0 :C;LBC@=0 A?04I8=0 ?>28==0 AB0B8 A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N :C;LBC@8 ACG0A=>W ;N48=8. 0 H;OEC @50;V70FVW F8E B0 V=H8E 70240=L AB>WBL G8<0;> B@C4=>IV2 O: B5>@5B8G=>3>, B0: V ?@0:B8G=>3> ?;0=C. 4=8< V7 ?5@H>G5@3>28E 70240=L T ?>2=5 28A2VB;5==O C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 10@>:>2>W 4>18 2 CAVE WW ?@>O20E. 8H5 ?VA;O B>3>, O: 1C45 >?C1;V:>20=>, >?8A0=>, 70@5TAB@>20=> 2AV ?0<'OB:8 :C;LBC@8 @V7=8E 60=@V2 V D>@<, B>1B> V <0B5@V0;L=C, V 4CE>2=C :C;LBC@C, :>;8 1C45 AB2>@5=> B0:89 "10=:", <>6=0 ?@8ABC?8B8 4> H8@H8E B5>@5B8G=8E C7030;L=5=L. $>@<C20==O B0:>3> 72545==O 28<030T 28@>1;5==O A?5FV0;L=>W ?@>3@0<8 "#:@0W=AL:5 10@>:>" V7 70;CG5==O< 4> WW @50;V70FVW CG5=8E @V7=8E 30;C759, >A:V;L:8 A0<0 ?@8@>40 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8 ?5@5410G0T :><?;5:A=89 <V648AF8?;V=0@=89 ?V4EV4. >B@51CNBL A?5FV0;L=>W @>7@>1:8 9 ?5@5>A<8A;5==O ?8B0==O B5@<V=>;>3VW, E@>=>;>3VW, <5B>4>;>3VW 4>A;V465==O. 5 <5=H 206;825 7=0G5==O <0T ?V43>B>2:0 10@>:>7=02FV2, O:0 4>2389 G0A ?>4V;O;0 4>;N A0<>3> ?@54<5B0 4>A;V465==O. '5@57 4>23>B@820;C 0=B8C:@0W=AL:C ?>;VB8:C @V7=8E @568<V2 ?@>1;5<0 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, O: V V=H8E H0@V2 2VBG87=O=>W :C;LBC@8, 7>:@5<0 <>3CB=L>3> <VD>;>3VG=>3> ?V4@C=BO, C:@0W=AL:>3> A5@54=L>2VGGO, 020=30@4C, 1C;8 ?>70 <560<8 4>72>;5=>3>, :20;VDV:C20;8AO O: 28O2 "1C@6C07=>3> =0FV>=0;V7<C". "><C ?52=89 G0A FV ?8B0==O @>7@>1;O;8AO 2 70@C1V6=V9 =0CFV, 70;8H0NG8AL =52V4><8<8 2VBG87=O=V9 0C48B>@VW, I> =0928@07=VH5 V;NAB@CNBL 4>;O B0 =0C:>20 A?04I8=0 <8B@0 '8652AL:>3>, O:89 ;8H5 =8=V ?>25@B0TBLAO =0 C:@0W=AL:89 B5@5=. BV< C:@0W=AL:5 10@>:>7=02AB2>, =572060NG8 =0 FV;5A?@O<>20=5 30;L<C20==O, =52?8==> @>72820;>AO, V=B5@5A 4> 10@>:> =5 730A02. !CG0A=0 C:@0W=AL:0 =0C:0 =03@><048;0 7=0G=89 4>A2V4, 40;0 203><V @57C;LB0B8, 7 O:8<8 ?>2'O70=V V<5=0 2V4><8E =8=V 2G5=8E 7 @V7=8E 30;C759 C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 10@>:>2>W 4>18. @>BO3>< >AB0==VE @>:V2 A?>AB5@V30TBLAO 7=0G=5 ?>A8;5==O V=B5@5AC 4> :C;LBC@8 10@>:>, 2 BV< G8A;V 9 C:@0W=AL:>3>. &59 V=B5@5A ?>OA=NTBLAO =5 "<>4>N" V =02VBL =5 ABV;L:8 C203>N 4> B0: 720=8E "1V;8E ?;O<". 465 10@>:> - F5 =5 "?;O<0" V 157?>A5@54=L> 2 VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 - 25;8:0 9 203><0 5?>E0. /:8<8 7=0G=8<8 T 74>1CB:8 FVTW 4>18, A2V4G0BL 4>A;V465==O >AB0==VE G0AV2[4], G8A;5==V =0C:>2V 70E>48, ?>2'O70=V, 7>:@5<0, 7 @50;V70FVTN ?@>5:BC "(;OE8 10@>:>", O:89 1C;> @>7@>1;5=> T2@>?59AL:8<8 2G5=8<8 V 70B25@465=> 2 04V 2@>?8. >OA=NNG8 ?@8G8=8 C2038 A0<5 4> FL>3> AB8;N, O:89 ?>-@V7=><C 2BV;N202AO C @V7=8E T2@>?59AL:8E B0 =5T2@>?59AL:8E :C;LBC@0E, V=VFV0B>@8 ?@>5:BC =03>;>HCNBL =0 3C<0=VAB8G=><C 0A?5:BV 4>A;V465==O. 0240==O ?@>5:BC ?>;O30T 2 B><C, I>1 ?>A;V4>2=> 2V4>1@078B8 T2@>?59AL:C :C;LBC@=C V45=B8G=VABL, 0 F5, C A2>N G5@3C, ?>2'O70=5 7 ?@03=5==O< ACG0A=>3> T2@>?59AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 4> T4=0==O V ?>3;81;5=>3> 282G5==O ACA?V;L=>W 4C<:8, 0 B0:>6 4> @>728B:C 45<>:@0BVW B0 4CE>2=>3> 71030G5==O ACG0A=>W ;N48=8. >=OBBO V45=B8G=>ABV, @V2=>7=0G=>ABV :C;LBC@8, O: V ?@>1;5<0 =0FV>=0;L=>W V45=B8DV:0FVW B0 <C;LB8:C;LBC@87<C, 2 2@>?V AL>3>4=V =01C20T >A>1;82>3> 7=0G5==O. ><?;5:A=0 ?@>3@0<0 @>728B:C :C;LBC@8, @>7@>1;5=0 04>N 2@>?8, <0T =0 <5BV ?>A;V4>2=5 28A2VB;5==O T2@>?59AL:>W :C;LBC@=>W V45=B8G=>ABV O: T4=>ABV @V7=><0=VB=>3>. !0<5 2 FV9 T4=>ABV =0FV>=0;L=8E A2>T@V4=>AB59 210G0NBLAO >A=>20 T2@>?59AL:>W :C;LBC@8, A5=A WW V45=B8G=>ABV, >A:V;L:8 2@>?0 - F5 T4=VABL, 0;5 T4=VABL @V7=><0=VB=>ABV, A0<>1CB=>AB59, F5 - 02B>=><VO O: >1>2'O7:>20 C<>20 :C;LBC@=>3> @>728B:C. !0<5 70 C<>28 270T<>?>2038 F8E A0<>1CB=>AB59 <>6;82V V45=B8G=VABL, A?V;L=VABL T2@>?59AL:>3> :C;LBC@=>3> @>728B:C[5]. # 72'O7:C 7 F8< 7@>7C<V;>, G><C A0<5 10@>:> AB0;> ?@54<5B>< C2038 =0C:>2FV2 1030BL>E :@0W=. &O AB8;L>20 D>@<0FVO C WW G8A;5==8E 20@V0=B0E =091V;LH5 ?>H8@N20;0AO 2 2@>?V, 28O2;ONG8 A515 2 @V7=8E :@0W=0E 2V4?>2V4=> 4> VAB>@8G=8E C<>2, 4> <VAF528E >A>1;82>AB59 :C;LBC@8. 0@>:> O2;OT A>1>N A2>T@V4=C <>45;L 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>W :C;LBC@8 C @V7=><0=VB=>ABV WW @>728B:C. # @V7=8E :@0W=0E 10@>:> <0;> =5>4=>7=0G=89 7<VAB V ?@>O2, 0;5 9 45<>=AB@C20;> >7=0:8, O:V 40NBL ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8 ?@> =0;56=VABL BVTW G8 BVTW =0FV>=0;L=>W 01> @53V>=0;L=>W :C;LBC@8 4> AB8;N 10@>:> C 9>3> A?5F8DVG=><C, =0FV>=0;L=><C 7010@2;5==V. V7=8<8 H;OE0<8, 70 =5>4=>7=0G=8E C<>2 AB8;L>2V B0 V459=V =>20FVW 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O ?@>=8:0;8 2 #:@0W=C, ?5@5>A<8A;N20;8AO BCB 2V4?>2V4=> 4> <VAF528E >A>1;82>AB59 :C;LBC@8. V41C20;0AO A2>T@V4=0 7CAB@VG 2V70=BV9AL:>3> B0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> <8AB5FB2, O:V B@0=AD>@<C20;8AO G5@57 <VAF52C, =0FV>=0;L=C :C;LBC@C 7 2V4?>2V4=>N 4>7>N D>;L:;>@87<C. C A8=B57V F8E B0 V=H8E O28I V D>@<C20;0AO :C;LBC@0, :>B@C =07820T<> C:@0W=AL:8< 10@>:>. $5=><5= C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8 AB028BL ?5@54 ACG0A=>N =0C:>N =87:C ?8B0=L. 4=5 7 3>;>2=8E 70240=L ?>;O30T 2 B><C, I>1 >:@5A;8B8 A0<>1CB=VABL, >@83V=0;L=VABL B0 =0FV>=0;L=C A2>T@V4=VABL 10@>:> 2 #:@0W=V, 287=0G8B8 ?>=OBBO A2VB C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>". # G><C 28O28;8AO B8?>2V 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V 70?>78G5==O? /: V O:8<8 H;OE0<8 2>=8 ?@>=8:0;8 2 C:@0W=AL:5 A5@54>28I5? /:8< G8=>< 2V41C202AO A8<1V>7 2V70=BV9AL:>W B0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W B@048FV9? /:8<8 T 9>3> >A>1;82>ABV 2 ACB> C:@0W=AL:><C ?@>O2V? &5 40;5:> =5 2AV ?8B0==O, :>B@V AB>OBL ?5@54 4>A;V4=8:0<8. !2>T@V4=>N <>45;;N A8=B57C B@L>E 465@5; 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:> (2V70=BV9AL:0 :C;LBC@0, D>;L:;>@, 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V 10@>:>2V 70?>78G5==O) <>65 1CB8 0@EVB5:BC@0, ?5@H 70 2A5 - F5@:>2=V A?>@C48. 1C4>20=V 157?>A5@54=L> 70 4>18, I> WW =07820T<> 10@>:>2>N, B>1B> 28ABC?0NG8 B2>@V==O< ;N48=8 "10@>:>2>W A2V4><>ABV", G8 ?@>AB> 10@>:87>20=V, B>1B> 2V4=>2;5=V 2V4?>2V4=> 4> 28<>3 G0AC, 2>=8 C A2>T<C 7>2=VH=L><C 283;O4V, "2=CB@VH=L><C 7<VABV" =5@V4:> ?>7=0G5=V ?@8ACB=VABN 707=0G5=8E 465@5;. &5 =0A0<?5@54 A5@54=L>2VGGO, :>B@5 ?@>4>26CT A2>T 68BBO 2 10@>:>2C 4>1C. :BC0;V70FVO A5@54=L>2VGGO 06 =VO: =5 70?5@5GCT ?@8=F8?8 ?>5B8:8, V459=V 28<>38 10@>:>, I> 22V9H;8 C 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:C :C;LBC@C O: "10@>:>20 3>B8:0", C AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:C B0 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:C ?@02>A;02=>3> :>;0 - O: "10@>:>289 <54VT2V7<". ;O C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, O: =0928@07=VH>W C ?;0=V 157?>A5@54=VE 72'O7:V2 V7 :0B>;8FL:8< 70E>4>< A;>2'O=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 ?@02>A;02=>W :>=D5AVW, E0@0:B5@=>N T 203><0 ?@8ACB=VABL A5@54=L>2VGGO. &5 <>6=0 A?>AB5@V30B8 =0 ?@8:;04V G8A;5==8E E@0<V2, 45 A5@54=L>2VG=89 :><?>=5=B =0928@07=VH89. ;5 F5 ?@0:B8G=> 265 =5 B5, :>;8H=T, A5@54=L>2VGGO, 0 :C;LBC@0 2V4=>2;5=0, ?>7=0G5=0 ACBBT28<8 7<V=0<8, O:V =5@V4:> <0NBL 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:89 E0@0:B5@, B8< A0<8< 28O2;ONG8 4@C35 465@5;> C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. 0@5HBV - D>;L:;>@=89 :><?>=5=B, :>B@89 =09G0ABVH5 V<?;VF8B=> ?@8ACB=V9 C F5@:>2=V9 :C;LBC@V, B@048FV9=> >?>78FV9=V9 AB>A>2=> =0@>4=>W B2>@G>ABV. !>FV0;L=0 AB@C:BC@0 B>3>G0A=>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 1C;0 B0:>N, I>, 7 >4=>3> 1>:C, D>;L:;>@ ?>BC6=8< AB@C<5=5< 2;8202AO 2 :C;LBC@C, 7 V=H>3>, - :C;LBC@0 28I8E 25@AB2 ?@>=8:0;0 2 =0@>4=C B2>@GVABL. !?V22V4=>H5==O F8E A:;04>28E :><?>=5=BV2 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> ?>28==> AB0B8 ?@54<5B>< A?5FV0;L=>3> 4>A;V465==O. 8W2AL:5 10@>:> 45<>=AB@CT 1V;LHC =0O2=VABL 402=L>W B@048FVW. 0 ?@8:;04V !>DVW 8W2AL:>W <>6=0 A?>AB5@V30B8 30@<>=VN, 7 O:>N 2=>AOBLAO =>2V 5;5<5=B8 2 VA=CNGC A5@54=L>2VG=C AB@C:BC@C, I> ?5@5E>48BL C 10@>:87>20=V 10=V.  >@=0<5=B8FV 472V=8FV G8B0T<> AB8;VAB8:C, 1;87L:VABL O:>W 4> =0@>4=>W B@048FVW T >G5284=>N. :@V< 157?>A5@54=L>3> 282G5==O D5=><5=0 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20 V ;VB5@0BC@8, 2 ACG0A=V9 =0CFV 7=0G=> ?>A8;8;8AO V=B5@5A 4> ?@>=8:=5==O 2 4CE>2=89 A2VB C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W ;N48=8, =0<030==O ?>:070B8 >A>1;82>ABV <5=B0;L=>ABV @V7=8E 25@AB2 C:@0W=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 B>3> G0AC. &5 A?>AB5@V30TBLAO V 2 70@C1V6=><C 10@>:>7=02AB2V[6]. 87=0G5==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A0<>1CB=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> ?>B@51CT 2@0EC20==O H8@>:>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> :>=B5:ABC, >4=8< 7 0A?5:BV2 O:>3> T ?@>F5A <V6=0FV>=0;L=8E 72'O7:V2. C;LBC@=V 71;865==O O: 4><V=0=B0 VAB>@8G=>3> @>728B:C 28@07=> ?@>AB56CNBLAO =0 H8@>:><C 35>3@0DVG=><C ?@>AB>@V <V6=0@>4=8E :><C=V:0FV9, O:V E0@0:B5@87CNBL 48=0<V:C 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO XVII-XVIII AB. %>G0 157C<>2=8< D0:B>@>< @V7=8E ACA?V;L=8E, :C;LBC@=8E O28I B>3> G0AC 1C;8 <V6@5;V3V9=V, <V645@602=V C3@C?C20==O V 0=B03>=V7<8, :C;LBC@0 2 FV;><C 28E>48;0 70 <56V :>=D5AV9=8E, ?>;VB8G=8E :>=D@>=B0FV9 B0 @>7<56C20=L, 1C;0 A2>T@V4=8< <5E0=V7<>< 4CE>2=>3> 270T<>71030G5==O, I> ?V4B25@46CT A0<0 =0O2=VABL 10@>:>2>3> ?@>AB>@C 2V4 04@840 4> 8T20 V H8@H5. 0@>:>, O: =5 35@<5B87>20=0, 0 =04728G09=> :><C=V:0B82=0 A8AB5<0, 2 O:V9 @>7?>2AN46C20;8AO DV;>A>DAL:V B0 5AB5B8G=V ?>=OBBO, =5 CO2;OTBLAO 157 270T<>2?;82V2, <V6=0FV>=0;L=8E A?;02V2. !0<5 2 FN 4>1C 72'O7:8, ?>H8@NNG8AL, =01C20NG8 =>2>3>, 3;81H>3> 7<VABC, @>7<0WBBO D>@<, AB0NBL ?><VB=8< D0:B>@>< 4CE>2=>3> @>728B:C =0@>4V2, I> 2V418;>AO =0 2AVE AD5@0E ACA?V;L=>3> 68BBO - C :=86:>2V9 A?@02V, >A2VBV, ;VB5@0BC@V, :C;LBC@V 2 FV;><C. :@V< ?>;VB8G=>3> D0:B>@0, O:89 A?@8G8=O2 <V=;82VABL :>@4>=V2, <0A>2V <V3@0FVW FV;8E 5B=VG=8E 3@C?, I> 1C;> >4=VTN 7 B8?>28E @8A 1C@E;82>3>, =5A?>:V9=>3> 68BBO 4>18, VA=C20;8 9 FV;5A?@O<>20=V ?0;><=8FB20 ?@54AB02=8:V2 ?52=8E :C;LBC@ 4> :C;LBC@ V=H8E. >B828 1C;8 @V7=V - 2V4 ?@>3@0<=>3> 70?@>20465==O @5;V3V9=8E 4>3< G8 ?>;VB8G=8E 704C<V2 4> 2BV;5==O 01AB@0:B=8E, V=>4V 0;LB@CWAB8G=8E V459 ?@> 5B=VG=C T4=VABL, I> 7 >A>1;82>N A8;>N ?@>AB56CTBLAO =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C ?@>AB>@V. # 72'O7:C 7 >AB0==V< A;V4 2V47=0G8B8 >4=C 7 V459=8E V <>@0;L=8E 4><V=0=B 4>18 - 10@>:>289 A;02V7<. # @V7=8E A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@0E XVII-XVIII AB. F5 ?>=OBBO 28O28;> A515 =5>4=0:>2>N <V@>N. 09A8;L=VHV ?@>O28 A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?0B@V>B87<C A?>AB5@V30NBLAO ?5@H 70 2A5 C =545@602=8E =0@>4V2, O:V 715@V30;8 VAB>@8G=C ?0<'OBL ?@> :>;8H=N 25;8G V A?>4V20;8AO 28@VH8B8 ?>;VB8G=V ?@>1;5<8 H;OE>< >1'T4=0==O A;>2'O= C @V7=8E D>@<0E. A>1;820 A8;0 B0:8E ?5@5:>=0=L A?>AB5@V30TBLAO C A;>2'O=>-=5A;>2'O=AL:8E <V65B=VG=8E 01> @5;V3V9=8E ?@>B8AB>O==OE. 0 A;>2'O=AL:><C ?V24=V 10@>:>289 A;02V7< <0T G8A;5==V 5:A?;V:0FVW C E>@20BAL:V9, 0 =0 AE>4V - 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V XVII AB., ?>H8@NNG8AL 7 XVIII AB. =0 A5@1AL:5 4CE>2=5 B0 ?>;VB8G=5 68BBO. #:@0W=AL:89 A;02V7<, 2V4GCBBO A>;V40@=>ABV 7 V=H8<8 A;>2'O=AL:8<8 =0@>40<8, <0T 3;81>:V 28B>:8 V 28ABC?0T B8?>2>N @8A>N C:@0W=AL:>3> 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO =0 2AVE 5B0?0E 9>3> @>728B:C. >6=0 3>2>@8B8 ?> A5@54=L>2VG=89 A;02V7<, 28@065=89 C B>3>G0A=8E CO2;5==OE ?@> A;>2'O=AL:89 5B=VG=89 ?@>ABV@, I> =091V;LH>N <V@>N ?@575=BCT 4VO;L=VABL :8O=8=0 5AB>@0. /:I> @5=5A0=A=89 A;02V7< G5@57 2V4><V VAB>@8G=V >1AB028=8 =5 ?@54AB02;5=89 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V V ?>2'O7CTBLAO C A;>2'O= ?5@54CAV< V7 4C1@>2=8FL:>-40;<0B8=AL:>N B0 ?>;LAL:>N B@048FVO<8, B> 265 10@>:>289 A;02V7< AC25@5==> ?0=CT =0 H8@>:><C ?@>AB>@V C:@0W=AL:>-A;>2'O=AL:8E A?V;:C20=L, 28ABC?0T >4=8< V7 OA:@028E ?V4B25@465=L <V6=0FV>=0;L=>3> E0@0:B5@C 10@>:>. #:@0W=AL:89 10@>:>289 A;02V7< 2V47=0G02AO 3C<0=VAB8G=8< 7<VAB>< V <>B820FVO<8, 2V4@V7=ONG8AL F8< 2V4 FV;5A?@O<>20=8E ?>;VB8G=8E B0 :C;LBC@=8E V=B5@25=FV9 7 1>:C V<?5@AL:8E 45@602. >A;0=FV 7 #:@0W=8 C A2>WE ?0;><=8FB20E G0AB> :5@C20;8AO 2V4GCBBO< A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV, 0 =5 ?@03=5==O< 4> 2BV;5==O 7030@1=8FL:8E, 0A8<V;OB>@AL:8E 704C<V2, E>G0 ?>;VB8G=V 2B@CG0==O V=>4V 2=>A8;8 :>@5:B828 2 =5@V4:> 0;LB@CWAB8G=V <>B828. @>B5, E>G O:8<8 1 1C;8 ?@8G8=8 B0:8E ?0;><=8FB2, 157C<>2=8< T D0:B 74V9A=5==O :C;LBC@=>3> 5:A?>@BC 7 #:@0W=8 2 V=HV A;>2'O=AL:V @53V>=8, I> AB0=>28BL A>1>N 28@07=C >A>1;82VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> V 2>4=>G0A T ?V4B25@465==O< 9>3> 68BBT740B=>ABV, 203><>ABV, <V6=0@>4=>3> 7=0G5==O. 8W2 XVII-XVIII AB. V7 9>3> ;VB5@0BC@=8<8, <8AB5FL:8<8, B5>;>3VG=8<8, DV;>A>DAL:8<8 >A5@54:0<8 0:C<C;N202 B0:V 28A>:V :C;LBC@=V FV==>ABV, I> 2>=8 ?>BV< @>7E>48;8AO @V7=8<8 H;OE0<8 4> V=H8E =0@>4V2 V245==>W B0 !EV4=>W 2@>?8. ">3>G0A=0 C:@0W=AL:0 :C;LBC@0, 7>:@5<0 ;VB5@0BC@=0, =5 BV;L:8 "2:;NG8;0AO 2 FN =>2C A8AB5<C :>=B0:BV2 V 270T<8=, 0;5 9 2V4V3@020;0 2 =8E 0:B82=C @>;L. &8< V 287=0G0TBLAO >A=>2=89 7<VAB V=B5@=0FV>=0;L=>3> :>=B5:ABC C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 10@>:>: 2>=0 =5 ;8H5 A?@89<0;0 V >A2>N20;0 V459=>-5AB5B8G=V 2?;828, 0 9 A?@8O;0 WE ?>H8@5==N 2 V=H8E ;VB5@0BC@0E...[7]. 5>3@0DVO F8E A?V;:C20=L >E>?;NT 25;8:89 ?@>ABV@ 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E, A5@54=L>T2@>?59AL:8E, AEV4=8E B0 ?V245==8E A;>2'O=AL:8E V =5A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@ ?@02>A;02=>W B0 :0B>;8FL:>W :>=D5AV9. %0@0:B5@ V @57C;LB0B8 F8E 72'O7:V2 @V7=V - 2V4 70?>78G5=L, B8?>;>3VG=8E 0=0;>3V9 4> ?@O<8E 2?;82V2. 57?>A5@54=L> =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C ?@>AB>@V <>6=0 C<>2=> 284V;8B8 :V;L:0 B8?V2 B0:8E 270T<8=. #:@0W=AL:>-?>;LAL:V 72'O7:8 =0;560BL 4> =09287=0G=VH8E V AB0=>2;OBL 206;8289, E>G0 =5 T48=89, :0=0; ?@>=8:=5==O 10@>:>28E =>20FV9 2 C:@0W=AL:C :C;LBC@C. %0@0:B5@ F8E AB>AC=:V2 4>A8BL A:;04=89 - 2V4 :>=D@>=B0FV9=8E, 28:;8:0=8E VAB>@8:>?>;VB8G=8<8 B0 @5;V3V9=8<8 >1AB028=0<8, 4> C<>2=> 0?>;>35B8G=8E. V4><V 9 D0:B8 CG0ABV 28EV4FV2 7 #:@0W=8 2 ?>;LAL:8E ACA?V;L=8E B0 :C;LBC@=8E O28I0E V =02?0:8. %>G0 =0720=8<8 >A>1;82>ABO<8 E0@0:B5@ C:@0W=AL:>-?>;LAL:8E 270T<8= 287=0G5=> 40;5:> =5 ?>2=VABN, C:@0W=AL:0 :C;LBC@0 2 F8E @5;OFVOE T =5 ;8H5 @5F8?VT=B><, 0 9 A?V2CG0A=8:>< >:@5<8E O28I, ?@520;NNG8, 7>:@5<0, C =0O2=>ABV 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C. AB0==T 71;86CT A2VB C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> 7 E>@20BAL:8<, 2 O:><C V45O A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV 4VAB0T =09OA:@02VH5 2BV;5==O =0 V=482V4C0;L=><C @V2=V - 2 >A>1V .@VO @860=8G0, B>4V O: 2 C:@0W=AL:><C A5@54>28IV FO V45O 4>AO30T :C;L<V=0FVW 1654 @>:C 2 5@5OA;02AL:V9 C3>4V - =0 @V2=V 45@602=><C. > B8?C @V2=>?@02=8E :C;LBC@ =0;560BL V C:@0W=AL:>-1V;>@CAL:V 72'O7:8, I> V=>4V (730409<> E>G0 1 ?@8:;04 4VOGV2 :8T2>-<>38;O=AL:>3> :>;0), AB0=>2;OBL A?V;L=VABL, C O:V9 =5;53:> ?@>25AB8 <56V =0FV>=0;L=>W =0;56=>ABV. =H89 B8? AB0=>2;OBL C:@0W=AL:>-<>A:>2AL:V, ?V7=VH5 C:@0W=AL:>-@>AV9AL:V AB>AC=:8. 0@04>:A0;L=>, 0;5 A0<5 F59 =0?@O< C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, I> =09H8@H5 ?@54AB02;5=89 C 35>3@0DVW B0 @57C;LB0B0E 2?;82C V =091V;LH>N <V@>N ?V4B25@46CT AB0BCA C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 O: ;V45@0, =09<5=H5 2V4>1@065=89 2 ACG0A=V9 =0CFV C A:>=F5=B@>20=><C A8=B5B8G=><C 4>A;V465==V, O:5 1 ?>:07C20;> 2A5 @>7<0WBBO B0 =0A;V4:8 ?@O<>W CG0ABV C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 C ?@>F5AV T2@>?5W70FVW ACAV4=L>W ?V2=VG=>AEV4=>W :C;LBC@8. !0<5 10@>:>289 A;02V7< C @V7=><0=VB=8E D>@<0E A2>3> ?@>O2C 1C2 >4=8< V7 G8==8:V2, O:V AB8<C;N20;8 ?@><>A:>2AL:C >@VT=B0FVN >:@5<8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO C:@0W=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 4>?5B@>2AL:>W 4>18. V4><>, I> C 74V9A=5==V A2>WE @5D>@< 5B@> , 7CAB@VG0NG8 >?V@ :>=A5@20B82=8E :V; >@B>4>:A0;L=>W >A:28, 725@B02AO 4> 28EV4FV2 7 #:@0W=8, 45 T2@>?5W70FVO 2V41C;0AO @0=VH5, V F5 7=0G=> ?@8A:>@N20;> ?5B@>2AL:V @5D>@<8. %>G V :>;>=V7>20=0, #:@0W=0 XVIII AB. 7@>18;0 A>;V4=89 2=5A>: 2 V=B5;5:BC0;L=5 =0:>?8G5==O 7@>AB0NG>W V<?5@VW. "0:5 7=0G5==O C:@0W=AL:>W F82V;V70FVW 1C;> 1V;LH>N <V@>N 0:BC0;V7>20=5 C 2VBG87=O=V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW 4>@04O=AL:>3> ?5@V>4C, I>, 7>:@5<0, V;NAB@CT 70C2065==O 20=0 $@0=:0 AB>A>2=> CG0ABV #:@0W=8 C D>@<C20==V 4@0<8 2 V=H8E =0@>4V2: "...2@07 V7 N6=>@CAL:8<8 VT@0@E0<8 B0 2G8B5;O<8 =0H0 @5;V3V9=0 B0 H:V;L=0 4@0<0 2V4 ?>;>28=8 XVIII 2. <0=4@C20;0 4> >A:>2I8=8, 4> >AB>20, "25@V, >;>FL:0, V =02VBL =0 !81V@, 4> ">1>;LAL:0, 45 4>E>20;0AL 06 4> XIX 2, 0 B0:>6 =0 ?V245=L, 4> !5@1V2, 45 B@V1C20;0 282>48B8 =0 AF5=C AN65B8 7 =0FV>=0;L=>W A5@1AL:>W VAB>@VW.."[8]. # FV9 35>3@0DVW 20= $@0=:> 2V47=0G82 ;8H5 >48= 7 0A?5:BV2 ?V245==>3> =0?@O<C ?>H8@5==O C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8. W ?@8ACB=VABL C A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV 1C;0 =04728G09=> 203><>N V @V7=><0=VB=>N, 28ABC?0NG8 2 1030B>2V:>2V9 B@048FVW C:@0W=AL:>-A;>2'O=AL:8E 72'O7:V2 >4=8< V7 =097=0G=VH8E 4>AO3=5=L, I> 0:BC0;V7CT =5>1EV4=VABL ?>A;V4>2=>3> V 2A51VG=>3> 2V4>1@065==O 2AVTW :0@B8=8 F8E 270T<8=. !;>2'O=AL:89, C 40=><C @07V A5@1AL:89, :>=B5:AB 206;8289 4;O @>7C<V==O ?@8@>48 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, >A:V;L:8 40T <>6;82VABL =0 :>=:@5B=><C :><?0:B=><C ?@>AB>@V ?>:070B8 CG0ABL C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> C AB2>@5==V FL>3> AB8;N 2 V=>=0FV>=0;L=><C A5@54>28IV, 2 40=><C 28?04:C - C AB2>@5==V A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:> =0 2AVE 5B0?0E 9>3> @>728B:C, 7 :V=FO XVII V 2?@>4>26 XVIII AB.(B0: C ACG0A=V9 N3>A;02AL:V9 =0CFV 287=0G0NBLAO E@>=>;>3VG=V <56V ?@8ACB=>ABV FL>3> AB8;N 2 A5@1V2). :@V< @>7H8@5==O V ?>3;81;5==O =0H8E CO2;5=L ?@> <V6=0FV>=0;L=5 7=0G5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, B0:0 ?>AB0=>2:0 ?8B0==O 40T <>6;82VABL ?@>AB568B8 35=578A 10@>:> C A;>2'O= ?V245==>-2V70=BV9AL:>3> @53V>=C, 45 @>728B>: :C;LBC@8 2V41C202AO 7 45O:8< 70?V7=5==O< 2V4=>A=> 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:8E @8B<V2. &5 1C;> 7C<>2;5=5 VAB>@8G=8<8 >1AB028=0<8, ?5@54CAV< >A<0=AL:8< 2B>@3=5==O< =0 0;:0=8. "@048FV9=> :C;LBC@=V 7<V=8 C FL><C @53V>=V ?>2'O7C20;8AO V7 2?;82>< >AVW, O:0 2 0=0;V7>20=89 ?5@V>4 28ABC?0;0 1V;LH5 ?>;VB8G=8< G8==8:><, 0=V6 5:A?>@B5@>< :C;LBC@8. =0G5==O #:@0W=8, I> 9>3> 28@07=> V;NAB@CT @>;L >AB0==L>W C 2V4@>465==V 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 XVII-XVIII AB., =5 2@0E>2C20;>AO.  >:@5<8E 4>A;V465==OE, ?@8A2OG5=8E FL><C ?8B0==N, #:@0W=0 O: D0:B>@ ?@>AB> =5 DV3C@CT 01> 7304CTBLAO ;8H5 O: 35>3@0DVG=5 ?>=OBBO, E>G0 D0:B8G=> @V7=><0=VB=V ?@>F5A8 :C;LBC@=8E, 5B=VG=8E :><C=V:0FV9 2V41C20;8AO 70 CG0ABV 8T20 7 9>3> G8A;5==8<8 4CE>2=8<8 B0 :C;LBC@=>-<8AB5FL:8<8 >A5@54:0<8 V =0 H8@>:><C C:@0W=AL:><C B5@5=V, ?@8T4=0=><C 4> >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW, O:0 A0<5 2 F59 G0A 74V9A=N20;0 BCB A2>N 5:A?0=AV>=VABAL:C ?>;VB8:C[9]. "><C >4=8< V7 3>;>2=8E 70240=L T =5>1EV4=VABL 7'OAC20==O @>;V A0<5 C:@0W=AL:>3> D0:B>@0 2 B8E 7<V=0E, :>B@V 2V41C20;8AO =0 2V47=0G5=8E @5;OFVOE 402=L>3> VAB>@8G=>3> <0@H@CBC <V6A;>2'O=AL:8E A?V;:C20=L, I> T >4=8< 7 0A?5:BV2 0:BC0;L=>ABV 9 =>287=8 4>A;V465==O. "0:0 ?>AB0=>2:0 ?8B0==O 2840TBLAO ;>3VG=>N V 2V4?>2V40T VAB>@8G=8< 70:>=><V@=>ABO<, >A:V;L:8 206;82>N C<>2>N >?>A5@54:C20==O 28ABC?0T A?V;L=VABL =0FV>=0;L=>3> B0 @53V>=0;L=>3> ;VB5@0BC@=>3> ?@>F5AC[10]. 8W2 I5 70 A5@54=L>2VGGO 1C2 <>3CB=V< F5=B@><, I> AB8<C;N202 ?@>F5A 4CE>2=>3> 270T<>71030G5==O =0@>4V2, O:V =0;560;8 4> 2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW. >A8;5==O 72'O7:V2 0=0;V7>20=>W 4>18 @>73;O40TBLAO O: >48= V7 ?@>O2V2 :C;LBC@=>-VAB>@8G=>W T4=>ABV, I> 7402=0 VA=C20;0 C FL><C @53V>=V V 40T 1030B89 <0B5@V0; 4;O @>72'O70==O 0:BC0;L=8E ?@>1;5< =0C:8, ?>G8=0NG8 7 5B=>35=57C V B. V=. >7H8@5==N 270T<8= XVII-XVIII AB. A?@8O;8 3;81>:> C:>@V=5=V CO2;5==O ?@> 8W2 O: 206;8289 >A5@54>: ?@02>A;02'O, I> 7<VF=N20;> CA2V4><;5==O 5B=VG=>W, @5;V3V9=>W, <>2=>W A?V;L=>ABV. @VT=B0FVO =0 8W2, ?@O<V 72'O7:8 7 =8< A?@8G8=8;8 ?@O<C 9 B@820;C ?@8ACB=VABL C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 2 :C;LBC@V A5@1AL:V9. &59 D0:B ?>B@51CT 2A51VG=>3> 28A2VB;5==O, :>B@5 V T 157?>A5@54=V< 70240==O< 40=>3> 4>A;V465==O. 8E>4OG8 V7 ACG0A=8E ?>B@51 =0C:8 ?>:070B8 7=0G5==O C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 C A;>2'O=AL:><C B0 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:><C :>=B5:ABV, A?@>1CT<> ?@>AB568B8 @>;L V 7=0G5==O C:@0W=AL:8E 4CE>2=8E =0410=L C D>@<C20==V A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 =>2>3> B8?C, WW ?>ABC?>2><C 2E>465==V 2?@>4>26 XVII-XVIII AB. 4> =>2>W T2@>?59AL:>W A8AB5<8. A:V;L:8 ?5@54CAV< :>=:@5B87CTBLAO D0:B VAB>@8G=>W ?@8ACB=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> 2 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V, 28=8:0T ?>B@510 ?@>:><5=BC20B8 9>3> 7 B>G:8 7>@C B5>@5B8G=>3> B;C<0G5==O 28B>:V2, ?@8G8= V =0A;V4:V2. >7:@8BBO :>=B0:B=>-35=5B8G=8E 270T<8= C:07CT =0 =5>1EV4=VABL 28O2;5==O B8?>;>3VW D0:BV2 B0 O28I. =0;V7 B8?>;>3VG=8E 71V3V2 V7 70AB>AC20==O< ?>@V2=O;L=>-VAB>@8G=>3> <5B>4C A?@O<>20=> =0 A?@>1C ?>3;81;5=>3> 282G5==O 7030;L=8E 70:>=><V@=>AB59 VAB>@8G=>3> @>728B:C, 0 B0:>6 - 2@0E>2CNG8 A?5F8DV:C ACA?V;L=8E ?@>F5AV2 :>6=>3> A5@54>28I0 - =0 7'OAC20==O B>3>, I> T =5 BV;L:8 A?V;L=8<, 0;5 9 48D5@5=FVNT :C;LBC@8 42>E =0@>4V2 C @>7<0WBBV =0FV>=0;L=> >A>1;828E 7<VAB>2=>-D>@<0;L=8E ?@>O2V2. >AB02;5=0 ?@>1;5<0 28<030T ?>;V4>2=>3> 282G5==O 7030;L=8E 70:>=><V@=>AB59 B0 A?5F8DV:8 ACA?V;L=>3> 9 VAB>@8G=>3> @>728B:C 70 BVTW 4>18 7 C@0EC20==O< CAVE 5;5<5=BV2 <0B5@V0;L=>W B0 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8, 45B0;V70FVW EC4>6=L>3> 68BBO 2 H8@>:><C A?5:B@V 9>3> >:@5<8E ?@>O2V2 - C ;VB5@0BC@V, >1@07>B2>@G><C <8AB5FB2V, B50B@V, D>;L:;>@V B>I>. !8AB5<=89 ?>@V2=O;L=>-VAB>@8G=89 <5B>4 40T <>6;82VABL, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 25;8:89 D0:B8G=89 <0B5@V0;, ?@>AB568B8 9 C7030;L=8B8 70:>=><V@=>ABV @>728B:C, 2V4B2>@8B8 H8@>:C ?0=>@0<C 72'O7:V2, 2>4=>G0A 70157?5GCNG8 :><?;5:A=89 ?V4EV4. @8=F8? :><?;5:A=>ABV >A>1;82> 2V4?>2V40T 5AB5B8G=V9 ?@8@>4V 10@>:>, I> ?@>=8:0;> 2 CAV AD5@8 :C;LBC@=>3> B0 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO, A?5F8DVG=>N D>@<>N DC=:FV>=C20==O O:>3> 1C;0 270T<>4VO @V7=8E 284V2 <8AB5FB2, EC4>6=V9 A8=:@5B87<. AB5B8:0 10@>:>, :C;LB82CNG8 V45N A8=B57C 2AVE <8AB5FB2, 2:07CT =0 =5>1EV4=VABL 10G8B8 ?@54<5B 4>A;V465==O O: O28I5 1030B>3@0==5 2 @CAV B0 270T<>72'O7:C, =5 2V4>:@5<;NNG8 A:;04>2V G0AB8=8 F8E <8AB5FB2 >4=C 2V4 >4=>W. &5 40T <>6;82VABL ?>:070B8 A0< D5=><5= C 9>3> @>7<0WBBV V 2>4=>G0A - O: 2V4>1@065==O FV;VA=>ABV EC4>6=L>3> <8A;5==O. 0;CG5==O H8@>:>3> :>;0 ?8B0=L ;>3VG=> 7C<>2;NT <V648AF8?;V=0@=89 0=0;V7, C@0EC20==O =5 ;8H5 ;VB5@0BC@>7=02G8E, 0 9 V=H8E 0A?5:BV2, 7>:@5<0 <8AB5FB2>7=02AB20, <>2>7=02AB20, 5B=>;>3VW, :C;LBC@>;>3VW B>I>. "0:89 ?V4EV4 =5 ?@5B5=4CT =0 2A51VG=VABL, 2V= ?V4:070=89 O: :>=:@5B=8< <0B5@V0;><, B0: V 707=0G5=8<8 ?@8=F8?0<8 10@>:>7=02AB20. 52=89 AB8<C; 4;O B0:>W >@30=V70FVW 4>A;V465==O 40NBL ?@0FV 2VBG87=O=8E B0 70@C1V6=8E CG5=8E, 02B>@8 O:8E ?@03=CBL 4> FV;VA=>3> 2V4B2>@5==O 4>18 2 H8@>:><C 4V0?07>=V WW 28O2;5=L[11]. 0O2=VABL B0:8E ?@0FL 7=0G=> ?>;53H8;0 28@VH5==O ?>AB02;5=8E 70240=L, 2V4:@8;0 =>2V 0A?5:B8 4>A;V465==O. !8=B57CNG8 FV 0A?5:B8, A?@>1CT<> 2?5@H5 40B8 :><?;5:A=89 0=0;V7 B0:>3> ?><VB=>3> O28I0 2 VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8, O: C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:V 72'O7:8 4>18 10@>:> C @>7<0WBBV WE=VE ?@>O2V2 B0 @57C;LB0BV2. >72'O70==N ?>AB02;5=>3> 70240==O ?V4?>@O4:>20=> AB@C:BC@C @>1>B8, 2 O:V9, >:@V< C@0EC20==O VAB>@8G=>3> :>=B5:ABC, ?@>AB56CTBLAO @>;L F8E 72'O7:V2 C 28=8:=5==V >A5@54:V2 :C;LBC@8 B0 >A2VB8, I> AB0;8 ?V4@C=BO< ;VB5@0BC@8 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. !B2>@5==O A5@1AL:>3> "10@>:>2>3> 0=A0<1;N" 1C;> 1 =5?>2=8< 157 C@0EC20==O <8AB5FL:8E =0410=L, I> A?>=C:0T 2:;NG8B8 2 ?>;5 7>@C V 10@>:>25 <8AB5FB2>. V65B=VG=V 72'O7:8, O:V <0;8 <VAF5 70 0=0;V7>20=>W 4>18, 70:>=><V@=> A?@8G8=ONBL ?>AB0=>2:C ?8B0==O I>4> D>;L:;>@87<C 10@>:>, 2:07CNG8 =0 B0:C 206;82C ?@>1;5<C, O: ?>@V2=O==O C:@0W=AL:>W B0 A5@1AL:>W 5?VG=>W B@048FVW. &5 ?8B0==O ?>B@51CT >:@5<>3> 4>A;V465==O, ?>G0B:8 O:>3> 7=0E>48<> I5 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 A;02VAB8FV XIX AB. &V;5A?@O<>20=5 7025@H5==O @>1>B8 0:BC0;V70FVTN ?@>1;5<8 ?>@V2=O==O 5?VG=>W ?>57VW 70A2V4GCT, I> 282G5==O C:@0V=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2, >B65, =5 <>6=0 22060B8 28G5@?0=8<, I> 2>=> 9 =040;V 70;8H0TBLAO =0C:>2> ?5@A?5:82=8<, 7>:@5<0 C AD5@V D>;L:;>@C, ?>HB>2E>< 4> 282G5==O O:>3> ?>28==0 AB0B8, FO :=830. AB>@8G=V C<>28 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 %V-%VIII AB. !5@1AL:5 10@>:> B0 9>3> 282G5==O 0@>:> C ?V245==8E A;>2'O=, O: >48= V7 ?@>O2V2 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>3> 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO, AB0=>28BL G8<0;8< V=B5@5A 7 B>G:8 7>@C 7'OAC20==O A?5F8DV:8 D>@<C20==O =0FV>=0;L=>W :C;LBC@8 C A;>2'O=, A?>@V4=5=8E 5B=VG=>, @>7<56>20=8E @5;V3V9=> 0;5 >1'T4=0=8E >4=VTN AB8;L>2>N 4><V=0=B>N. !:;04=V C<>28 VAB>@8G=>3> @>728B:C, @V7=V :C;LBC@=V 2?;828 I> 2=0A;V4>: @>7?>4V;C 0;:0= <V6 2AB@VTN, 5=5FVTN V "C@5GG8=>N AB8:0;8AO 7 <VAF52>N B@048FVTN, 0 B0:>6 =87:0 V=H8E ?@8G8= 7C<>28;8 AB8;VAB8G=5 @>7<0WBBO, =5>4=>@V4=VABL @>728B:C <8AB5FB20 =0 FL><C B5@5=V C %V-%V AB. # ?V245==8E A;>2'O=, O:V 2E>48;8 4> A:;04C :>;8H=L>W .3>A;02VW, C<>2=> <>6=0 284V;8B8 :V;L:0 "10@>:>28E 7>=". @804@V0B8G=89 @53V>= %>@20BVW, 2V4><89 O: 0;<0FVO, ?>7=0G5=89 BVA=8<8 72'O7:0<8 7 25=5FV0=AL:8< 10@>:>, @V7=V 20@V0=B8 O:>3> ?52=>N <V@>N 28O28;8AO C 28=8:=5==V FV;8E 0=A0<1;V2 1030BL>E ?@8<>@AL:8E <VAB. C1@>2=8:, :C48 ?@>=8:0;> 9 @8<AL:5 10@>:>, ?>H8@N202 A2V9 2?;82 V =0 ?@804@V0B8G=V <VAB0 40;5:> =0 ?V245=L ACG0A=>W '>@=>3>@VW. V2=VG=0 %>@20BVO V !;>25=VO, >E>?;5=V ?@>B5AB0=BAL:8< @CE><, 7 ?>G0B:C XVII AB. ?V4?040NBL ?V4 2?;82 :>=B@@5D>@<0FVW, O:89 ?@8E>48BL 7 0;L?V9AL:>W B0;VW B0 2AB@VW. :@V< 02AB@>-=V<5FL:8E B0 ?V2=VG=>VB0;V9AL:8E 2?;82V2, B>3>G0A=V B2>@8 ;VB5@0BC@8 B0 V=H8E 284V2 <8AB5FB2 =5ACBL C A>1V @8A8 5B=>:C;LBC@=>W A?5F8DV:8, O:8<8 WE 71030GC20;8 <VAF52V <09AB@8. /:I> N3>A;>2'O=8 :0B>;8FL:>W :>=D5AVW ?@89<0;8 10@>:> 7030;>< 157?>A5@54=L> V7 9>3> 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E F5=B@V2, B> 4> A5@1V2 FO :C;LBC@0 ?@8E>48;0 7V AE>4C, B@0=AD>@<>20=0 G5@57 WW A?@89=OBBO ?@>2V4=8<8 ?@54AB02=8:0<8 ?@02>A;02=>W AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>W :C;LBC@=>W B0 B5>;>3VG=>W 4C<:8. @VT=B0FVO A5@1V2 =0 ?@02>A;02=89 AEV4 1C;0 7C<>2;5=0 ACBBT28< D0:B>@>< @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:> - @5;V3V9=>N :>=D@>=B0FVTN, ?@>B8AB>O==O< 45=0FV>=0;V70FVW, I> ?52=>N <V@>N AC?@>2>46C20;> 9 CB2>@5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. :@V< C:@0W=AL:>3> =0?@O<:C, A5@18 A?@89<0;8 10@>:> G5@57 ?V245=L, 2 >A=>2=><C G5@57 D>=, 45 ?V4 2?;82>< VB0;>:@8BAL:>W :C;LBC@8 2V41C20;>AO A2>T@V4=5 2V4=>2;5==O ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:>3> <8AB5FB20. >=B0:B8 V7 70E>4><, E>G V =5G8A;5==V - G5@57 ?5@5AB>@>38, 28:;8:0=V C=VTN, - 28O28;8AL C XVIII AB. 2 CG0ABV 45O:8E 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E, ?5@5206=> 02AB@V9AL:8E, 0@EVB5:B>@V2 B0 ?V7=VH5 <0;O@V2 C 28:>=0==V 70<>2;5=L A5@1AL:>W F5@:28 01> C 28:>@8AB0==V >:@5<8<8 A5@1AL:8<8 EC4>6=8:0<8 <>45;59, 70?>78G5=8E 157?>A5@54=L> V7 70EV4=8E 465@5;. #AV FV 2?;828 2 :V=F52><C ?V4AC<:C AB2>@8;8 :C;LBC@C, 287=0=C O: A5@1AL:89 20@V0=B 10@>:>. 82G5==O FL>3> D5=><5=0 2 A5@1AL:V9 =0CFV 70A2V4GCT ?5@52060==O <8AB5FB2>7=02G8E ?@0FL, O:V 2 ?>40;LH><C A?@8G8=8;8 ;VB5@0BC@>7=02GV V=VFV0B828. V4B0: 22060T<> 70 4>FV;L=5 =0720B8 =87:C ?@0FL 7 VAB>@VW <8AB5FB20, G>3>, 7@5HB>N, 28<030NBL O: A0< ?@54<5B 4>A;V465==O, :>B@89 ?>B@51CT BVA=>3> <V648AF8?;V=0@=>3> A?V2@>1VB=8FB20 4>A;V4=8:V2 @V7=8E 30;C759, B0: V ?@8@>40 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>, ?@>2V4=V ?@54AB02=8:8 O:>3> >4=0:>2>N <V@>N 28O28;8 A515 2 @V7=8E AD5@0E :C;LBC@=>3> 68BBO. %0@0:B5@=>, I> 265 ?5@HV :@>:8 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>7=02AB20 @>18;8AO 7024O:8 A?V;L=8< 7CA8;;O< ?@54AB02=8:V2 ;VB5@0BC@>7=02AB20 B0 <8AB5FB2>7=02AB20. A>1;82> ?>:07>2>N T <>=>3@0DVO "!5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2> C >T2>48=V" (1927), ?V43>B>2;5=0 2V4><8< ?8AL<5==8:>< .5B@>28G5< A?V;L=> 7 VAB>@8:>< <8AB5FB2 V B0:>6 ?8AL<5==8:>< .0H0=8=8<. # FV9 ?@0FV, O:0 9 AL>3>4=V =5 2B@0B8;0 =0C:>2>3> 7=0G5==O, .5B@>28G >4=8< V7 ?5@H8E C:0702 =0 =>2V O28I0 2 A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V, I> 71;86C20;8 9>3> 7 T2@>?59AL:8< 10@>:>, <0=LT@87<>< B0 :;0A8F87<><[1]. 4=0: C 4>2>T==V9 .3>A;02VW FV A?>AB5@565==O <0965 =5 4VAB0;8 ?>40;LH>3> @>728B:C (70 28=OB:>< 45O:8E ?C1;V:0FV9 .0H0=8=0[2]): 3>;>2=C C203C 4>A;V4=8:8 7>A5@546C20;8 =0 1030BV9 B2>@GV9 A?04I8=V A5@54=L>2VG=>3> <8AB5FB20. >A8BL 3;81>:> ?@>1;5<C 282G5==O A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:> 1C;> ?>AB02;5=> 2 ?5@HV ?>2>T==V 45AOB8;VBBO C =87FV ?@0FL .>;0@8G0[3], .540:>28G0[4], .0A8G0[5] B0 V=H8E <>=>3@0DVOE, I> 7'O28;8AO =0 ?>G0B:C 70-E @>:V2. 0965 >4=>G0A=0 ?C1;V:0FVO B0:8E :=83, O: "AB>@VO A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 4>18 10@>:> %V-%V AB. .028G0 (1970), ">10 10@>:>" .0A8G0 (1971), "(;OE8 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>" .540:>28G0 (1971) B0 V=H8E 7=0<5=C20;0 A2>T@V4=89 "10@>:>289 1C<" C A5@1AL:V9 =0CFV. >A;V465==O >AB0==VE @>:V2 70A2V4GCNBL =5230A0NG89 V=B5@5A 4> FL>3> ?@54<5B0. '8<0;0 70A;C30 C @>7@>1FV <5B>4>;>3VW, >@30=V70FVW A8AB5<=>3> 282G5==O V ?V43>B>2FV D0EV2FV2 7 10@>:> =0;568BL .540:>28GC, ?C1;V:0FVW O:>3> 40B>20=> ?5@H8<8 ?>2>T==8<8 @>:0<8. 0<030NG8AO 287=0G8B8 ?>=OBBO "A5@1AL:5 10@>:>", 4>A;V4=8: 7<CH5=89 >13@C=BC20B8 ?@02><V@=VABL 28:>@8AB0==O FVTW A8=B03<8 2 :C;LBC@V, :>B@0 "=5 <0;0 @5=5A0=A=>W 4>18". BV< >AB0==T =5 AB0;> ?5@5H:>4>N 4;O 1T;3@04AL:8E 4>A;V4=8:V2. !5@1AL:5 10@>:>, :>=AB0BCT .540:>28G, VA=CT, 1C4CG8 ?>7102;5=5 35@>WG=>3> ?0D>AC, 2V7V>=0@=>W A8;8 B0 4@0<0B87<C, I> WE 4>AO3;> 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:5 <8AB5FB2>. &5 ?><VB=> =5 BV;L:8 2 V:>=>3@0DVG=8E =>2>22545==OE 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O, ?V4?>@O4:>20=8E ?>ABC;0B0< ?@02>A;02'O, 0 9 C 7<V=V AB02;5==O 4> ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 B0 2 =87FV V=H8E B5<0B8G=8E V AB8;VAB8G=8E ?@>O2V2[6]. 57?>A5@54=N B@0=AD>@<0FVN 10@>:>28E 70?>78G5=L C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V @V7=>1VG=> ?>:070=> C <>=>3@0DVW .540:>28G0 "(;OE8 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>". 2B>@ ?@>AB56CT ?@>4>265==O V459 XVI AB. C :C;LBC@V =>2>3> B8?C. > FL>3> ?@03=C;0 A5@1AL:0 F5@:>2=0 25@EV2:0, O:0 AB25@46C20;0 A515 ?@O<>N A?04:>T<8F5N A5@54=L>2VG=>W 48=0ABVW 5<0=8GV2, I> 70:V=G8;0AO C XV AB. 2=0A;V4>: >A<0=AL:>W 03@5AVW. !5@54=L>2VG=V >1@078 V B5<8, 0 B0:>6 ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:V AB8;L>2V >A>1;82>ABV AB0;8 BVTN 107>N, =0 O:V9 72>48;0AO 10@>:>20 1C4>20 C A5@1V2[7]. !2>T@V4=VABL =0FV>=0;L=>3> 20@V0=BC 10@>:> 4>A;V46CTBLAO B0:>6 C <>=>3@0DVW .540:>28G0 "!;V40<8 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>" (1976), 45 =0 >A=>2V =>28E <0B5@V0;V2 02B>@ =0<030TBLAO @>7H8@8B8 @5?5@BC0@=89 A:;04 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20, I> 7>A5@546C20;>AO =5 BV;L:8 2 <>=0AB8@OE <091CB=L>W >T2>48=8. >A;V4=8: @>7H8@82 35>3@0DVN 282G5==O ?>HC:0<8 =>28E AB8;L>28E O28I C <8AB5FB2V A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2 =0 B5@8B>@VW @5FVW B0 =0 E>@20BAL:8E 75<;OE. #G5=89 @>73;O40T 45O:V ?@>O28 :C;LBC@8 =5 ;8H5 <8AB5FL:>3>, 0 9 ;VB5@0BC@=>3> ?>E>465==O[8]. 0720=V ?@0FV, O:V 2 >A=>2=><C 3@C=BCNBLAO =0 AB0BBOE, >?C1;V:>20=8E 2 @V7=V @>:8 9 4>?>2=5=8E =>28<8 D0:B0<8[9], AB0;8 A2>T@V4=>N ?V43>B>2:>N 4> AB2>@5==O <>=>3@0DVW "!5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2> XVIII AB>;VBBO" (1980), 2 O:V9 .540:>28G 40T FV;VA=89 0=0;V7 >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 C 9>3> @V7=8E 60=@0E 2V4 G0AC "25;8:8E ?5@5A5;5=L" =0 =044C=09AL:V 75<;V 4> 9>3> V=B53@0FVW C T2@>?59AL:89 @>728B>:. @>AB56CNG8 @>728B>: A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>, 02B>@ >1@C=B>2CT ;>3VG=VABL 28=8:=5==O FL>3> AB8;N 70 C<>2 2V4ACB=>ABV @5=5A0=A=>3> ?5@V>4C, 7=0G5==O A5@54=L>2VG=>W 1078, WW CG0ABV C AB2>@5==V =>2>3> AB8;N, 0 B0:>6 ?>:07CT 9>3> ?>40;LHC 52>;NFVN 4> @>:>:> V :;0A8F87<C[10]. !5@1AL:V 4>A;V4=8:8, O: C ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V, B0: V 2?@>4>26 >AB0==VE 45AOB8;VBL XX AB., =5>4=>@07>2> 2:07C20;8 =0 =5>1EV4=VABL ?>3;81;5=>3> 0=0;V7C H;OEV2, I> =8<8 74V9A=N202AO 72'O7>: A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 V7 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8<, O:5 B@048FV9=> >B>B>6=N20;8 7 "@CAL:8<", B>1B> @>AV9AL:8<, 2?;82>< (<02AO =0 C207V 2?;82 8T20)[11]. #?5@H5 4>A8BL :>=:@5B=> 9 >4=>7=0G=> 2:0702 =0 @>;L #:@0W=8, 0 =5 >AVW C 10@>:870FVW A5@1AL:>3> EC4>6=L>3> <8A;5==O 4>A;V4=8: V7 >2>3> !040, 73>4>< <8AB5FB2>7=025FL !5@1AL:>W :045<VW =0C: V <8AB5FB20 C T;3@04V 8=:> 0284>2. >;L C:@0W=AL:8E <09AB@V2 ?>A;V4>2=> 28A2VB;5=> C ?C1;V:0FVOE, O:V 2:07CNBL =0 =87:C 0=0;>3V9 C A5@1AL:><C B0 C:@0W=AL:><C <8AB5FB2V[12]. >2>7=0945=V 0@EV2=V <0B5@V0;8, AB8;VAB8G=V :><?0@0FVW 40;8 02B>@>2V ?V4AB028 AB25@46C20B8 =0;56=VABL @O4C @>1VB A5@1AL:8E V:>=>?8AFV2 XVIII AB. 4> :8W2AL:>W H:>;8 >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20, 7 O:>N A5@18 7=09><8;8AO H;OE>< 157?>A5@54=L>3> ?5@51C20==O C 02@AL:V9 EC4>6=V9 <09AB5@=V, 0 B0:>6 G5@57 C:@0W=AL:8E <09AB@V2, :>B@V ?@0FN20;8 ?><V6 A5@1V2[13]. 2B>@ @>18BL A<V;82V 28A=>2:8 I>4> :>=:@5B=8E <09AB@V2 7 #:@0W=8, ?5=7;N O:8E =0;568BL G8<0;> 4>AO3=5=L A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20. V47=0G5=V .0284>28< AD5@8 <>6;82>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> 2?;82C 40;8 ?>HB>2E 4;O ?>40;LH8E 4>A;V465=L, O:V 28<030;8 157?>A5@54=VE 45B0;L=8E ?>@V2=O=L C:@0W=AL:8E B0 A5@1AL:8E ?0<'OB>: <8AB5FB20. V4:@5A;NNG8 7=0G5==O C:@0W=AL:>W >@VT=B0FVW 4;O D>@<C20==O =>2>3> AB8;N 2 A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V[14], .0284>2 =5 70;8H0T ?>70 C203>N B2>@GVABL 0=>=V<=8E "7>3@0DV2", 4VO;L=VABL O:8E G5@57 =52V4?>2V4=VABL C70:>=5=8< A5@1AL:>N F5@:2>N :0=>=0< :8W2AL:>3> 10@>:> >DVFV9=> 701>@>=O;0AO 4CE>25=AB2><. :>=8 F8E <0=4@V2=8E 1>3><07V2, E>G0 9 28:>=C20;8AL C 2V70=BV9AL:V9 <0=5@V, 70 =0AB@>T< 1C;8 40;5:V 2V4 <VAB8:8 B0 0A:5B87<C. /: A8=B57 402=VE B@048FV9, @>7F2VG5=8E =>28<8 AB8;L>28<8 5;5<5=B0<8, ?@>9=OBV D>;L:;>@=8< A2VB>A?@89=OBBO< @>1>B8 F8E =52V4><8E <09AB@V2, ?@54AB02;5=V C :=87V ":>=8 A5@1AL:8E 7>3@0DV2" (1977), AB0=>2;OBL 206;82C 107C 4;O ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 282G5==O "=87>2>3> 10@>:>" 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 B0 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@0E[15]. VO;L=VABL 7>3@0DV2 C ?>40;LH><C ?>ABC?0;0AO ?5@54 =>28< <8AB5FB2><, C ?>H8@5==V O:>3> 25;8:C @>;L 2V4V3@0;0 3@0DV:0. &59 284 40T 1030B89 <0B5@V0; 4;O 282G5==O 35=578AC 10@>:>, 9>3> 72'O7:C V7 A5@54=L>2VGGO<, I> ?@>AB56CT .0284>2 C <>=>3@0DVW "!5@1AL:0 3@0DV:0 XVIII AB." (1978). A8;>3@0DVO, 7=09><0 A5@10< I5 7 XV AB., AB0;0 =0 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. ;8H5 2V440;5=8< 2V4;C==O< :>;8H=L>W B@048FVW. >289 5B0? C WW @>728B:C @5?@575=BC20;8 <V4L>@8B8, :>B@V, 70?>78GCNG8 >1@078 9 AN65B8 V7 A5@54=L>2VG=>W 3@02N@8, V=B5@?@5BC20;8 WE C 4CAV B0 AB8;V 10@>:>. >73;O40NG8 3@0DV:C O: ?><VB=5 O28I5 EC4>6=L>W :C;LBC@8, 02B>@ 2>4=>G0A C:07CT =0 V459=>-?>;VB8G=5, A>FV>;>3VG=5 7=0G5==O FL>3> 284C <8AB5FB20 O: 70A>1C ?@>1C465==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A0<>A2V4><>ABV, 28E>20==O "10@>:>2>W V=B5;V35=FVW". >:07>2>, I> 4>A;V4=8: 2:;NG0T 2 @5?5@BC0@ A5@1AL:>W 3@0DV:8 @>1>B8, O:V 28=8:;8 2 V=H><C :C;LBC@=><C A5@54>28IV (C:@0W=AL:><C, 02AB@V9AL:><C, @>AV9AL:><C) V =0;560;8 =5 157?>A5@54=L> A5@1AL:8< <09AB@0<, 0 ?@54AB02=8:0< =0720=8E =0FV>=0;L=8E :C;LBC@, 28@07=8:8 O:8E 7 @V7=8E ?@8G8= 725@B0;8AO 4> B5< A5@1AL:>W VAB>@VW. '8<0;C FV==VABL AB0=>28BL 72V4 AB8A;8E 45A:@8?B82=>-V:>=>3@0DVG=8E 2V4><>AB59 3>;>2=>3> @5?5@BC0@=>3> A:;04C A5@1AL:>W 3@0DV:8 - :A8;>3@0DVO V <V4L>@8B8, @>728B>: O:8E V;NAB@CNBL ?>=04 400 @5?@>4C:FV9, ?@54AB02;5=8E C FL><C A>;V4=><C 2840==V, 206;82><C 4;O ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 282G5==O 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20[16]. /:I> =0720=V 4>A;V4=8:8 >@VT=BC20;8 =0 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:89 :>=B5:AB 70@>465==O V @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, B> .8E0W;>28G ?@>5:BCT 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V 7@07:8 =0 2VBG87=O=C :C;LBC@C. 'OA>2CNG8 =0O2=VABL C =87FV ?0<'OB>: 682>?8AC B0 V:>=>3@0DVW @V7=8E ?@>O2V2 <0=LT@87<C, :>=G5B>, 4>A;V4=8FO 70:>=><V@=> AB028BL ?8B0==O ?@> H;OE8 ?@>=8:=5==O F8E 5;5<5=BV2 4> A5@1V2. V4?>2V4L =0 =L>3> B0:>6 ?@82>48BL 02B>@0 4> C:@0W=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, 7 O:8< A5@1AL:0 :C;LBC@0 1C;0 35=5B8G=5 ?>2'O70=0[17]. :07CNG8 =0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V 465@5;0 =87:8 :><?>78FV9 A5@1AL:>3> <>=C<5=B0;L=>3> ABV=>?8AC, .8E0W;>28G 2>4=>G0A 287=0T, I> WE=V<8 ?@>B>B8?0<8 28ABC?0NBL 715@565=V 7@07:8 C:@0W=AL:>3> <>=C<5=B0;L=>3> 682>?8AC %V-%V AB., 02B>@8 O:>3> =5>4=>@07>2> 725@B0;8AO 4> =V<5FL:>3>, VB0;V9AL:>3>, D@0=FC7L:>3> B0 D;0<0=4AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, ?5@5>A<8A;NNG8 9>3> 2 4CAV ?@02>A;02=>3> 10@>:>[18]. /: V V=HV 4>A;V4=8:8, .8E0V;>28G @>73;O40T <8AB5FB2> C H8@>:><C :>=B5:ABV - =5 ;8H5 <8AB5FB2>7=02G><C, 0 9 ;VB5@0BC@>7=02G><C. !?5F8DV:C ?59706C 28A2VB;5=> =0 B;V T2@>?59AL:>W ?59706=>W ;V@8:8 XVI-XVII AB., 2:070=> =0 A?V22V4=>H5==O >1@07>B2>@G8E 70A>1V2 5<1;5<0B8G=>W ?>57VW B0 682>?8AC. 03>;>H5=> B0:>6 ?@8ACB=VABL 0=0;>3V9 C A?@89=OBBV ?@8@>48 O: 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8<8, B0: V A5@1AL:8<8 9 C:@0W=AL:8<8 EC4>6=8:0<8 XVIII AB.[19]. 5D;5:AVW 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W :C;LBC@8 C ?@02>A;02=><C A5@54>28IV AB0=>2;OBL =5 70?V7=V;C "?@>2V=FV9=C @5?;V:C", 0 20@V0B82=C 70:>=><V@=VABL 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>3> 10@>:>, 22060T 02B>@[20]. >HC:8 <8AB5FB2>7=02FV2 40;8 ?>HB>2E 4>A;V465==N C FL><C =0?@O<:C V A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. /: V 2 45O:8E V=H8E ;VB5@0BC@>7=02G8E B@048FVOE, 45 10@>:>7=02AB2> 28=8:0;> C?>2V;L=5=> (>A:V;L:8 10@>:> =5 22060;>AO B8?>28< O28I5<), AB>A>2=> A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 F5 ?>=OBBO B0:>6 ?@86820;>AO =5 157 B@C4=>IV2. 0?5@5G5==O ?@>B82=8:V2 FL>3> B5@<V=0 0@3C<5=BC20;8AO, 7>:@5<0, 2:07V2:0<8 =0 715@565==O BVA=>3> 72'O7:C ;VB5@0BC@8 XVII-XVIII AB. 7 2V70=BV9AL:>N B@048FVTN B0 WW =52V4?>2V4=VABL :;0A8G=8< 7@07:0< :0B>;8FL:>3> 10@>:>. @8E8;L=8:8 10@>:>2>3> B;C<0G5==O 28E>48;8 7 =0O2=>ABV =>28E B5=45=FV9, O:V ACBBT2> 2V4@V7=O;8 :=86=C B@048FVN 2V4 2V70=BV9AL:>W, 71;86CNG8 WW V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>N ;VB5@0BC@>N.  V=B5@?@5B0FVW A5@1AL:>W :=86=>ABV %V-%V AB. O: B0:>W, I> <0T VAB>@8:>-:C;LBC@=5 7=0G5==O, 25;8:0 70A;C30 =0;568BL ?8AL<5==8:>2V 9 ;VB5@0BC@>7=02FN .028GC[21]. ><VB=>N ?>4VTN C 282G5==V ?@02>A;02=>3> 10@>:> AB0;> 9>3> 4>A;V465==O "AB>@VO A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 4>18 10@>:> (XVII-XVIII AB>;VBBO)"[22], 45 2?5@H5 ?VA;O ".AB>WG0, O:89 1922 @>:C 22V2 B5@<V= "10@>:>" AB>A>2=> A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8[23], .028G 74V9A=82 WW 0=0;V7, ?>1C4>20=89 =0 ACG0A=8E 70A040E 10@>:>7=02AB20. 87=0NG8, I> A5@1AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 "=5 <0;0 A2>3> @5=5A0=AC", =0;560G8, 2 A8;C 35>3@0DVG=>3> D0:B>@0, 4> 2V70=BV9AL:>3> :C;LBC@=>3> A5@54>28I0, 4>A;V4=8: ?>:0702 V =0O2=VABL ACBBT28E 2V4<V==>AB59 2V4 ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW, O:V ?>ABC?>2> ?5@5B2>@8;8AO =0 =>25 O28I5, :>B@5 02B>@ =5 2030NG8AL =07820T 10@>:>28<. 87=0G0NG8 E@>=>;>3VG=V <56V FL>3> AB8;N C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, 4>A;V4=8: >@VT=BCTBLAO =0 4>A2V4 2VBG87=O=8E <8AB5FB2>7=02FV2, 0 B0:>6 70@C1V6=8E, 7>:@5<0 D@0=FC7L:8E, CG5=8E, O:V 70AB>A>2CNBL B5@<V= "10@>:>" 4> ;VB5@0BC@8 :V=FO XVII - ?>G0B:C XVIII AB.[24]. V2B>@0 AB>;VBBO A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 (7 A5@548=8 XVII 4> :V=FO XVIII AB.) .028G @>73;O40T ?5@H 70 2A5 7 >@VT=B0FVTN =0 ACG0A=>3> @5F8?VT=B0, =0<030NG8AO =01;878B8 <0;>2V4><C :C;LBC@C 4> A2V4><>ABV ;N48=8 XX AB. >2>@OG8 ?@> VAB>@8G=V >1AB028=8 D>@<C20==O ;VB5@0BC@8, 02B>@ ?@03=5 AB2>@8B8 >1@07 10@>:>2>W A2V4><>ABV A5@1AL:>W ;N48=8 B>3> G0AC, A?>2=5=>3> 2V4GCBBO B@82>38, =5?52=>ABV, =0AB@>W2, I> 48:BC20;8AO ?>ABV9=>N 703@>7>N ?>=52>;5==O 70 C<>2 7VB:=5==O <CAC;L<0=AB20 9 E@8AB8O=AB20, ?@02>A;02'O V :0B>;8F87<C. >;VB8G=0 A8BC0FVO =0 0;:0=0E, =0 4C<:C .028G0, 7=0G=>N <V@>N 7C<>28;0 ?>4V1=VABL A2VB>3;O4C B>3>G0A=>3> A5@1AL:>3> ?8AL<5==8:0 4> =0AB@>W2 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 4>18 10@>:>. @>1;5<C 2V4ACB=>ABV C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V @5=5A0=A=>3> ?5@V>4C V =0O2=>ABV A5@54=L>2VG=>3> <0A82C 02B>@ 28@VHCT G5@57 @>;L 4>18 A5@54=L>2VGGO, 287=0G0NG8 9>3> O: 10@>:>289 <54VT2V7<, O: 0=0;>3VN C6820=>3> .=4O;>< ?>=OBBO "10@>:>20 3>B8:0"[25]. @>AB56CNG8 28=8:=5==O @V7=8E 60=@V2 C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V BVTW 4>18, .028G ?>2'O7CT ?@8G8=8 10@>:870FVW B0:>6 7 >@VT=B0FVTN =0 ?@02>A;02=89 AEV4, C O:><C >A>1;82>3> 7=0G5==O =040T #:@0W=V. 2B>@ B>@:=C2AO =87:8 ?@>1;5<, I> ?>B@51CNBL ?>40;LH>3> ?>3;81;5=>3> 4>A;V465==O. 4=0 7 =8E - 28=8:=5==O 4@0<8 C A5@1V2 V H8@H5 - C A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@0E 4>18 10@>:>. &N B5<C @>7@>1;5=> C :=87V ;0AB8<8@0 @G8G0 "0=CW; (8E09;>) >70G8=AL:89 B0 9>3> ""@0354>:><54VO"" - ?5@H><C <>=>3@0DVG=><C 4>A;V465==V B2>@G>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3>, 0 2V4B0: V A5@1AL:>3> ?8AL<5==8:0 XVIII AB. %>G0 ?@0FN ?@8A2OG5=> 68BBN V B2>@G>ABV >4=VTW >A>18, 7=0G5==O V 7<VAB FVTW @>72V4:8 7=0G=> H8@HV. 030B>;VB=T 282G5==O 0@EV2V2 T;3@040, >2>3> !040, 8T20, >A:28, V=AL:0, 0@H028, 8<0 B>I> 40;> 02B>@>2V 7<>3C 2V4B2>@8B8 :>;>@8B 4>18, 40B8 ?0=>@0<C VAB>@8:>-?>;VB8G=8E, :C;LBC@=8E ?>4V9, =0 B;V O:8E 74V9A=N20;8AO :C;LBC@=>-?>;VB8G=V ?0;><=8FB20, B2>@G89 >1<V= <V6 ?@54AB02=8:0<8 =0FV>=0;L=8E :C;LBC@. =830 <VAB8BL B0:>6 V @5:>=AB@C9>20=C .@G8G5< ?5@HC A5@1AL:C 4@0<C, =0?8A0=C C:@0W=AL:8< ?>A;0=F5<[26]. /:I> =0 ?V2=>GV 4@0<0 @>72820;0AO C 157?>A5@54=VE 72'O7:0E V7 :8W2AL:>N B@048FVTN, B> =0 ?V24=V, 2 @09>=V ?@804@V0B8G=8E <VAB '>@=>3>@VW C420, >B>@, 5@0AB B0 V=., 45 ?V4B@8<C20;8 72'O7:8 7 C1@>2=8:>< V 5=5FVTN, 28=8:0;0 :C;LBC@0 V=H>3> B8?C, ?>7=0G5=0 B@048FVO<8 G>@=>3>@FV2, I> ?>A;V4>2=> ?>:0702 <8AB5FB2>7=025FL ".59>28G. >A;V4=8: 725@=C2 C203C =0 ACBBT2V 2V4<V==>ABV :C;LBC@8 FL>3> @53V>=C 2V4 :>=B8=5=B0;L=>W, O:0 1C;0 V7>;L>20=0 2V4 T2@>?59AL:>3> @>728B:C[27]. 0@>:>25 ?8AL<5=AB2> ?@8<>@AL:>W '>@=>3>@VW, ?@54AB02;5=5 42><0 71V@:0<8, AB0=>28BL V=B5@5A O: >48= V7 20@V0=BV2 10@>:> C A;>2'O=, :>B@V, ?>?@8 @5;V3V9=C :>=D@>=B0FVN, ?@8;CG0;8AO 4> :0B>;8FL:>W B@048FVW, I> 2V4@V7=O;> WE 2V4 :>=B8=5=B0;L=>W A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8, O:0 VA=C20;0 2 <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W V<?5@VW[28]. C1;V:0FVO ;VB5@0BC@=>W A?04I8=8 ?@804@V0B8G=>W '>@=>3>@VW, ?V43>B>2;5=0 8;>H5< 8;>H528G5< V @0FVTN @09:>28G, 28:;8:0;0 =530B82=C @50:FVN 7 1>:C >:@5<8E 1T;3@04AL:8E @5F5=75=BV2, O:V 70?5@5GC20;8 ?@02> =0 VA=C20==O ?>=OBBO "10@>:> C '>@=>3>@VW" B0 =0;56=VABL B5:ABV2 4> ;VB5@0BC@8 27030;V. 8A:CAVO, I> 28=8:;0, T ?>:07>2>N 4;O B>3>G0A=>3> ;VB5@0BC@>7=02AB20, 2 O:><C ?>=OBBO "10@>:>" 4>23> =5 ?@89<0;>AO, 0 B0:>6 >:@5A;NT 206;82C ?@>1;5<C, :>B@>W =5 <>6=0 =5 2@0E>2C20B8, 282G0NG8 =0FV>=0;L=V 20@V0=B8 10@>:>. 45BLAO ?@> A?V22V4=>H5==O F5=B@C :C;LBC@8 B0 ?5@8D5@VW, ?@> @53V>=0;L=C =01;865=VABL 4> ?52=8E >A5@54:V2 2?;82C. '>@=>3>@AL:0 :C;LBC@0 B@048FV9=> A?@89<0;0AO O: A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 A5@1AL:>3> :><?;5:AC, B8< G0A>< C?>@O4=8:8 71V@>:, 0:F5=BCNG8 =0 A0<>1CB=>ABV ?@8<>@AL:>W :C;LBC@8, 2:07CNBL =0 WW 2V4>:@5<;5=VABL 2V4 :C;LBC@8 ?V2=VG=>W :>=B8=5=B0;L=>W G0AB8=8. 0@>:> C FL><C @07V 28ABC?0T 206;828< ?>:07=8:>< A0<>ABV9=>ABV "<5=H>W" A;>2'O=AL:>W B@048FVW I>4> "1V;LH>W", :>B@0 AB25@46CT A515 O: 3>;>2=C, C=V25@A0;L=C AB>A>2=> FV;>3> ?@02>A;02=>3> ?@>AB>@C. 0 ?V24=V '>@=>3>@VW, C ?@804@V0B8G=8E <VAB0E 2V41C20;8AO BV A0<V ?@>F5A8, I> V 2 0;<0FVW, O:0 ?5@51C20;0 ?V4 2?;82>< 5=5FVW, E>G0 =0A5;5==O BCB 1C;> ?@02>A;02=8< 01> 6, ?52=>N <V@>N, C=V0BAL:8<. &O >A>1;82VABL 71;86CT E0@0:B5@ @>728B:C 10@>:> ?@804@V0B8G=>W '>@=>3>@VW B0 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L, >E>?;5=8E C=VTN. >:07>28< 4;O 10@>:>7=02AB20 T V >1AB>N20==O ?@020 B>3> G8 B>3> B5:ABC =07820B8AO 7@07:>< 10@>:>2>3> ?8AL<5=AB20. 5 2AV B5:AB8, 2:;NG5=V 4> 71V@>:, T 10@>:>28<8 C :;0A8G=><C @>7C<V==V, >A:V;L:8 10@>:>20 AB8EVO <5=H B>@:=C;0AO ?@>78, =V6 V=H8E 284V2 <8AB5FB20. #?>@O4=8:8 70:;8:0NBL C@0E>2C20B8 A?5F8DV:C AB8;N, :>B@89 ACG0A=><C @5F8?VT=B>2V <>65 284020B8AO 45I> =5728G=8<. "8< G0A>< A2VB 10@>:>, 7 9>3> 2=CB@VH=V<8 70:>=0<8, A2VB =52?8==>W 3@8 D0=B07VW B0 4C<:8, A?@><>6=89 ?@825@=CB8 C203C G8B0G0 =0H8E 4=V2, 10 1V;LH5: 2V= ?>AV2 GV;L=5 <VAF5, A:06V<>, 2 ;VB5@0BC@V ?>AB<>45@=V7<C, I> 7>:@5<0, V;NAB@CT B2V@ .028G0 "%070@AL:89 A;>2=8:". >4V1=V ?@03=5==O "@501V;VBC20B8" ;VB5@0BC@=C :C;LBC@C 10@>:>, O:0 G0AB> <0T 1V;LH VAB>@8:>-;VB5@0BC@=5, 0=V6 5AB5B8G=5 7=0G5==O, T 4>A8BL E0@0:B5@=8<8 4;O A;>2'O=AL:>3> 10@>:>7=02AB20, 2 BV< G8A;V 9 G>@=>3>@AL:>3>. '5@57 F5 C?>@O4=8:8 ?@03=CBL C G8A;5==8E :><5=B0@OE @>7:@8B8 :>;>@8B 5?>E8, =01;878B8 WW 4> ACG0A=>ABV. > 71V@:8 ?@>78 2:;NG5=> B5:AB8 =5 ;8H5 @5;V3V9=>-4840:B8G=>3>, 0 9 A2VBAL:>3> 7<VABC, ?@54AB02;5=V C 13 B5<0B8G=8E @>74V;0E (?>A2OB8, 2ABC?8, AB0@>702VB=V 9 03V>3@0DVG=V D@03<5=B8, ?>40=V 2 10@>:>2><C AB8;V; 0=0;8 B0 ;VB>?8A8, =0@>4=V ?>2V@'O, 728G0W B0 V=.). %>G0 40;5:> =5 2AV B5:AB8 2V47=0G0NBLAO 5AB5B8G=>N 4>25@H5=VABN, ?@>B5 2>=8 AB0=>2;OBL 206;825 4>:C<5=B0;L=5 A2V4G5==O V=B5=A82=>W ?8AL<5==8FL:>W 4VO;L=>ABV B8E 1C@E;828E G0AV2. 572060NG8 =0 B5, I> 10@>:> =03>;>HC20;> =0 7=0G5==V 02B>@AB20, A5@54=L>2VG=0 B@048FVO 0=>=V<=>ABV I5 40TBLAO 27=0:8: V7 105 B5:ABV2 ;8H5 35 ?V4?8A0=> V<5=0<8 02B>@V2. &5 1C;8 A;C68B5;V F5@:28 9 <>@5E>48, 48?;><0B8, <548:8 B0 N@8AB8 - 28EV4FV =5 ;8H5 7 ?@8<>@'O, 0 9 V7 ?@815@56=>W G0AB8=8. 4=8< V7 ?@>2V4=8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 FVTW ;VB5@0BC@8 1C2 ?>5B V ?@>70W: =4@VO <0T28G (1624-1694), B2>@GVABL O:>3> T ?>:07>2>N O: ?@8:;04 =5>4=>@V4=>ABV C <>2=V9 B0 @5;V3V9=V9 >@VT=B0FVW. 8E>45FL V7 G>@=>3>@AL:>3> @53V>=C, :C48 AO302 2?;82 ACAV4=L>3> C1@>2=8:0, ?8AL<5==8: 1C2 :0B>;8:><, 0;5 ?8A02 :8@8;8G=>N 3@0DV:>N, FV:0282AO D>;L:;>@=>N B@048FVTN G>@=>3>@AL:>3> A5;0, =04B> ?@02>A;02=>3>, 1C2 >1V7=0=89 7 C:@0W=AL:>N ;VB5@0BC@>N. 030;><, ?>57VO FL>3> @53V>=C ?8A0;0AO =0@>4=>N <>2>N 7 ?><VB=8< D>;L:;>@=8< 2?;82><, I> =5 ?@8B0<0==5 :=86=V9 <>2V A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 V 71;86CT WW 7 4C1@>2=8FL:>N B@048FVTN. ;O ?@>78 7451V;LH>3> T E0@0:B5@=8<8 V=HV <>28: V7 105 02B>@V2 48 ?8A0;8 =0FV>=0;L=>N <>2>N, 51 - VB0;V9AL:>N  - D@0=FC7L:>N. V;V=32V7< 1C2 4>A8BL B8?>28< O28I5<. &5, 7>:@5<0, V;NAB@CT B2>@GVABL 2V4><>3> ?@54AB02=8:0 >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78 .0;>28G0. 81V@ <>28 70;5602 2V4 04@5A0B0: 4;O H8@>:>W ?C1;V:8 26820;0AO =0@>4=0 <>20, B5<8 "28A>:>3>" 7<VABC @>7@>1;O;8AO A0:@0;L=>N <>2>N, =09G0ABVH5 - ;0B8=>N. /: 2V47=0G0NBL 4>A;V4=8:8, ?@54AB02=8:8 10@>:> V7 ?@8<>@AL:>W A<C38 ACG0A=>W '>@=>3>@VW, E>G V 725@B0;8AO 4> =5A;>2'O=AL:8E <>2 O: 70A>1C A?V;:C20==O 7 :0B>;8FL:8< V H8@H5 - >A2VG5=8< T2@>?59AL:8< A2VB><, ?@>B5 2V4GC20;8 A515 A;>2'O=0<8, =5 ?>@820NG8 7 D>;L:;>@=8<8 B@048FVO<8, 9 F5 I5 @07 70A2V4GCT B8?>;>3VG=C 1;87L:VABL 4> :C;LBC@8 C1@>2=8:0, 45 A;02V7< 1C2 A2>T@V4=>N :>=AB0=B>N ;VB5@0BC@8 2?@>4>26 WW VAB>@8G=>3> @>728B:C. >1>B0, 28:>=0=0 G>@=>3>@AL:8<8 =0C:>2FO<8, AB0=>28BL >A>1;8289 V=B5@5A O: 28A2VB;5==O :C;LBC@8, I> VA=C20;0 =0 ?@02>A;02=>-:0B>;8FL:><C ?>3@0=8GGV. /:I> :>=B8=5=B0;L=0 G0AB8=0 '>@=>3>@VW 1C;0 V7>;L>20=0 2V4 F5=B@V2 :C;LBC@=>3> @>728B:C, 715@V30;0 ?0B@V0@E0;L=V B@048FVW, >18@0NG8 4;O >@VT=B0FVW ?@02>A;02=89 AEV4, B> ?@8<>@AL:89 @53V>=, ?@02>A;02=89, C=V0BAL:89 G8 :0B>;8FL:89, ?5@51C202 C 7>=V 4C1@>2=8FL:>3> A;>2'O=>-:0B>;8FL:>3> 2?;82C. #=0A;V4>: FL>3> 28=8:;0 A2>T@V4=0 :C;LBC@0, O:0 7 B8?>2> 10@>:>2>N ?@8<E;82VABN ?>T4=C20;0 :0B>;8FB2> V ?@02>A;02'O, :=86=V V D>;L:;>@=V, F5@:>2=V B0 A2VBAL:V 5;5<5=B8, I> ?>7=0G8;>AO =0 <8AB5FB2V B0 ;VB5@0BC@V ?@8<>@AL:>3> @53V>=C ACG0A=>W '>@=>3>@VW C XVII-XVIII AB. C;> AB2>@5=> <VF=V ?V420;8=8 4;O ?>40;LH>W T2@>?5W70FVW, 0;5 7 :V=FO XVIII AB. ?>G8=0TBLAO 72>@>B=89 ?@>F5A. 2B>@8 :><5=B0@V2 ?>OA=NNBL F5 =5A?@8OB;828<8 VAB>@8G=8<8 C<>20<8, I> 1C;8 A?@8G8=5=V, 7>:@5<0, "=0?>;5>=V2AL:>N 1;>:04>N", V7>;OFVTN @53V>=C 2V4 >A=>2=8E T2@>?59AL:8E :C;LBC@=8E F5=B@V2. B>@3=5==O ?5@5A5;5=FV2 V7 :>=B8=5=BC, O:V 7451V;LH>3> 709<0;8AO A:>B0@AB2>< B0 75<;5@>1AB2><, B0:>6 AB0;> ?@8G8=>N 70=5?04C ?52=8E B@048FV9: C ?@8H5;LFV2 =5 1C;> "?@548A?>78FV9" 4> A?V;:C20==O V7 ACAV4=V< C1@>2=8:>< O: :0B>;8FL:8< A5@54>28I5<, =5 1C;> 10@>:>28E B@048FV9, B8< G0A>< ?@89=OB8 =>=V 702060;> =57=0==O <>2. >;>2=C :C;LBC@=C DC=:FVN C G>@=>3>@FV2 ?5@51@0;0 =0 A515 D>;L:;>@=0 B@048FVO. &L>3> =5 <>6=0 A:070B8 ?@> ;VB5@0BC@C A5@1V2 C =044C=09AL:8E 75<;OE, 45 10@>:> AB0;> A2>T@V4=8< B@0<?;V=>< 4;O AB@V<:>3> AB@81:0 C :C;LBC@=89 ?@>F5A. 02>N20==O 10@>:>2>W 4>18 4020;8AO 27=0:8 C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V =5 ;8H5 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII, 0 9 ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XIX AB., =0:;02H8 2V418B>: =0 <C78:C, ?>57VN, 4@0<C, 0 B0:>6 =0 E0@0:B5@ ?5@H>3> A5@1AL:>3> @><0=C, "10@>:>2>-A5=B8<5=B0;L=>3>" 70 A2>W< B8?><[29]. >4V1=5 2V41C20;>AO V 2 V=H8E A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@0E, 7>:@5<0 C A;>20FL:V9. %>G0 F59 @53V>= A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, O:0 25;8:>N <V@>N ?5@51C20;0 ?V4 2?;82>< 2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW, 7030;L<>20=>W >A<0=AL:>N 35@<5B870FVTN, 2E>482 4> A:;04C 45@6028 7 @>728=5=8< 10@>:>, :C;LBC@0 2AB@V9AL:>W V<?5@VW <0965 =5 ?>7=0G8;0AO =0 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V B0 <8AB5FB2V. 0 35=578A><, B8?><, >A=>2=8<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8 @>728B:C V @57C;LB0B0<8 F5 1C;0 :C;LBC@0, =091;86G0 4> C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, I> ?>OA=NTBLAO =87:>N VAB>@8:>-:C;LBC@=8E B0 ACA?V;L=>-?>;VB8G=8E D0:B>@V2, :>B@V 2?;820;8 =0 A5@1AL:C :C;LBC@C XVII-XVIII AB. 3 402=VE C:@0V=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72 O7:V2 &O :=830 40=0 4> 75<;V !5@1AL:>W... >0A0D @>:>2AL:89. 8W2AL:>-A5@1AL:V :C;LBC@=V 72'O7:8 AO30NBL 3;81>:>W 402=8=8 V 70 A2>W< ?>E>465==O< 1V;LH 402=V, =V6, A:06V<>, :8W2AL:>-<>A:>2AL:V. >728B>: F8E :C;LBC@=>-@5;V3V9=8E A?V;:C20=L 2V41C202AO C B@8:CB=8:C 8W2 - V70=BVO - A;>2'O=AL:V 0;:0=8 I5 70 4>18 @0==L>3> A5@54=L>2VGGO[30].  ?04V==O< ?5@H>3> 1>;30@AL:>3> F0@AB20 ?VA;O 972 @>:C >4=8< V7 ?@>2V4=8E F5=B@V2 :C;LBC@8 ?V245==8E A;>2'O= AB02 E@84, 72V4:8, 70 ?@8?CI5==O< 45O:8E 4>A;V4=8:V2, :8W2AL:89 :=O7L >;>48<8@ <V3 ?@89=OB8 E@8AB8O=AB2> O: V7 A?>@V4=5=>3> A;>2'O=AL:>3> A5@54>28I0[31]. 0?@>20465==O E@8AB8O=AB20 AB0;> <>3CB=V< ?>HB>2E>< 4;O ?>A8;5==O :C;LBC@=>3> @>728B:C. >3CB=O 45@6020 V70=BVO A?@02;O;0 25;8:89 2?;82 =0 8W2AL:C CAL. ;5 =5 <5=H 206;828< 1C;> 7=0G5==O ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E 4CE>2=8E >A5@54:V2, I> 28O28;>AO, ?5@H 70 2A5, C AB2>@5==V A?V;L=>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28, O:0 2 @V7=8E <>48DV:0FVOE >1A;C3>2C20;0 :C;LBC@C A;>2'O= ?@02>A;02=>3> :>;0 2?@>4>26 AB>;VBL. VA;O ?04V==O E@840 C 1018 @>FV G8<0;> ?@54AB02=8:V2 FL>3> F5=B@C 7=0E>48;> ?@8BC;>: C 8T2V, =04B> 70 G0AV2 :=O6V==O /@>A;020 C4@>3>, :>;8 4> 8T20 7 >;30@VW, !5@1VW, 0:54>=VW ?@81C20;8 :=86=8:8, O:V =5A;8 7 A>1>N 1030BC :C;LBC@=C B@048FVN. 0A2>NNG8 WW, ?5@5>A<8A;NNG8 A;>2'O=87>20=V 4>AO3=5==O 2V70=BV9AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 B0 ;VB5@0BC@8, 8W2AL:0 CAL 2:;NG0;0AO 2 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:89 :C;LBC@=89 ?@>F5A 4=VTN 7 <0B5@V0;L=8E V;NAB@0FV9 <>6CBL 1CB8 ABV=>?8A8 8@8;V2AL:>W F5@:28, AB2>@5=V C 1150-V @>:8 2 8T2V =0 G5ABL >4=>3> V7 70A=>2=8:V2 A;>2'O=AL:>W ?8A5<=>ABV. >@O4 V7 B@048FV9=8<8 AB8;VAB8G=8<8 70A>10<8 BCB ?@>AB56CNBLAO =>2V 5;5<5=B8 @><0=AL:>3> B0 2V70=BV9AL:>3> ?>E>465==O, =>25 B;C<0G5==O ;8:V2 A2OB8E, I>, 70 A?>AB5@565==O<8 4>A;V4=8:V2, 1C;> BV;L:8 >4=8< V7 ?@>O2V2 2?;82C >E@84AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 =0 :8W2AL:5[32]. >ABC?>2> 402=L>C:@0W=AL:0 :C;LBC@0 4540;V 0:B82=VH5 2:;NG0;0AO C 72>@>B=89 ?@>F5A 2?;82C =0 ;VB5@0BC@C B0 <8AB5FB2> ?V245==8E A;>2'O= ?@02>A;02=>3> :>;0, 45 ?>H8@N20;8AO ?@0FV A;02=>72VA=8E :8O= ;0@V>=0, $5>4>AVO 5G5@AL:>3>, ;8<5=BVO !<>;OB8G0, 8@8;0 "C@>2AL:>3>, 5AB>@0 B0 V=H8E :=86=8:V2. 4=0 7 =09402=VH8E :8@8;8G=8E ?0<'OB>: A5@1V2 "8@>A;02;525 T20=35;VT" (>AB0==O G25@BL XII AB.) ?>7=0G5=0 @CAL:8< 2?;82><, I> 70A2V4GCNBL 45O:V >@D>5?VG=V, <>@D>;>3VG=V, ;5:A8G=V B0 V=HV 70?>78G5==O[33]. 5;8:C @>;L C :>=A>;V40FVW 4CE>2=8E B0 V=B5;5:BC0;L=8E A8; B8E G0AV2 2V4V3@0202 D>=, 45 2 @CAL:8E, A5@1AL:8E, 1>;30@AL:8E <>=0AB8@OE AB2>@N20;0AO :=86=VABL, AB0NG8 =0410==O< ?@02>A;02=>3> A;>2'O=AB20. !5@54 G8A;5==8E D0:BV2 :C;LBC@=8E 270T<>2?;82V2 >A>1;82> ?>:07>2>N T 4VO;L=VABL !028 5<0=8G0 (1;87L:> 1175-1235), 7 O:8< ?>2'O70=0 FV;0 4>10 C @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W ?8A5<=>ABV. =86=0 4VO;L=VABL !028 =52V4@82=02V4 :=86=>ABV 8W2AL:>W CAV. >1CBCT 25@AVO, 73V4=> 7 O:>N C ?>AB@865==V 2 <>=0E8 <091CB=L>3> A5@1AL:>3> ?8AL<5==8:0 3>;>2=C @>;L 2V4V3@0;8 @CAL:V G5=FV. /: A2V4G0BL 1V>3@0D8 !028, 1191 @>:C 4> 42>@C A5@1AL:>3> ?@028B5;O !B5D0=0 5<0=V ?@81C2 >48= G5@=5FL, "@CA8= @>4><", O:89 718@02 :>HB8 =0 CB@8<0==O @CAL:>3> <>=0AB8@O =0 D>=V. # @>7<>20E 7 <>;>48< A?04:>T<F5< 25;8:>3> 6C?0=0 A5@1AL:>3> =52V4><89 @CA8= ?5@5:>=02 0AB:0 5<0=8G0 C 25;8GV G5@=5FL:>3> ?>:;8:0==O, 1;03>G5ABV <>=0AB8@AL:>3> 68BBO, A?>2=5=>3> 4CE>2=>3> 703;81;5==O V A?V;:C20==O 7 >3><. .=0: 28@VH82 ?>:8=CB8 42V@ A2>3> 10BL:0 V B0T<=> 2V41CB8 4> D>=C. >?@8 ?5@5A;V4C20==O, 2BV:0G52V ?>I0AB8;> 4VAB0B8AO 4> D>=C, 45 2V= 70;8H82AO 2 @CAL:><C <>=0AB8@V V ?>AB@83AO 2 G5=FV, ?@89=O2H8 V<'O !028. "0< @>7?>G0;0AO ;VB5@0BC@=0 4VO;L=VABL 2V4><>3> C ?>40;LH><C ?@54AB02=8:0 A5@1AL:>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W ?8A5<=>ABV !028 5<0=8G0. " CA8=8" D>=C 1C;8 ?5@H8<8 2G8B5;O<8 A5@1AL:>3> =5>DVB0, 2>=8 28E>2C20;8 9>3> V O: 4CE>2=C >A>1C, V O: ?8AL<5==8:0, 2>=8 40;8 9><C 70A048 B>3>G0A=>W >A2VB8, I> 3@C=BC20;0AO =0 AB0@>@CAL:V9, B>1B> :8W2AL:V9 :=86=>ABV[34]. "0:8< A0<8< 1C2 H;OE V=H>3> A5@54=L>2VG=>3> ?@54AB02=8:0 A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 0=8;0, :>B@89 7=09H>2 ?@8BC;>: C @CAL:><C <>=0AB8@V A2. 0=B5;59<>=0, 45 ?>G8=02 A2>N ?CBL V !020. $0:B 2?;82C 4CE>2=>W >A>18 =0 A2VBAL:C, O:0 28@VH8;0 2V4<>28B8AO 2V4 <8@AL:>3> 68BBO V ?5@59B8 2 G5=FV, FV;:>< ?@8?CAB8<89. >4V1=V ?@8:;048 1C;8 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=V 70 4>18 A5@54=L>2VGGO, 7>:@5<0 C :8W2AL:V9 B@048FVW. >;O <091CB=L>3> ?8AL<5==8:0 !028 <0T =87:C 0=0;>3V9 2 VAB>@VW 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8, :>;8 ?@54AB02=8:8 28I8E A>FV0;L=8E 25@AB2, 70E>?;NNG8AL V450;0<8 @0==L>3> E@8AB8O=AB20, 2V4<>2;O;8AO 2V4 75<=8E 1;03 V 9H;8 C <>=0AB8@. 0A=>2=8:8 8T2>-5G5@AL:>3> <>=0AB8@O =B>=V9 B0 $5>4>AV9 1C;8 28EV4FO<8 V7 70<>6=8E @>48=. 5G5@AL:89 <>=0AB8@ ?@825@B02 4> A515 1030BL>E ;N459, I> ?@03=C;8 48 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO; ?5@5EV4 C G5@=5FB2> <V3 1CB8 V A2>T@V4=8< ?@>B5AB>< ?@>B8 =0A8;;O 01> 6 1574CE>2=>ABV, O78G5AL:>3> AB8;N 68BBO 2 <8@C. "0:8<8 <>B820<8 ?>OA=NNBLAO 4VW !2OB>A;020 '5@=V3V2AL:>3>, O:89 1106 @>:C ?>:8=C2, 70 A;>20<8 ;VB>?8AFO, "A;02C V 1030BAB2>, G5ABL V 2;04C :=O6V==O A2>3> 75<=>3>, H284:>?;8==>3>, F0@AB20 70@048 =53>, 2VG=>3>, ?>4V1=> 4> 402=L>V=4V9AL:>3> F0@528G0 >A0D0, ?5@59H>2 C 5G>@AL:89 <>=0AB8@"[35]. >7402H8 A2>T 1030BAB2>, 2V= =0 2;0A=V 3@>HV 70:;02 "@>WFL:C =041@0<=C F5@:2C "V ?@8 =V9 70A=C202 ;V:0@=N..."[36]. @8EV4 28A>:>A0=>2=8E >AV1 4> <>=0AB8@V2 7<VF=N202 02B>@8B5B V 2?;82 F5@:28 =0 ACA?V;LAB2>. &O B@048FVO F5=B@C 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO AB0@>C:@0W=AL:>W 45@6028 - 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8 1C;0 2V4><0 V 2 WW >A5@54:C =0 D>=V, 45 02B>@8B5B WW 1C2 4>A8BL <VF=8< V <V3 2?;8=CB8 =0 @VH5==O A5@10 0AB:0 ?>40B8AO @07>< V7 G5=F5<-@CA8=>< =0 D>=. "CB, ?VA;O ?5@51C20==O V =02G0==O 2 @CAL:><C <>=0AB8@V A2. 0=B5;59<>=0, !020 70A=C202 <>=0AB8@ %8;O=40@, O:89 73>4>< ?5@5B2>@82AO =0 >48= V7 ?@>2V4=8E F5=B@V2 A5@1AL:>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W :=86=>ABV.  4> !028 72'O7:8 402=L>C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 V7 A5@1AL:>N 1C;8 4>A8BL ?;V4=8<8, >4=0: 7 ?>G0B:>< 9>3> 4VO;L=>ABV 2>=8 707=0;8 =>2>3> ?V4=5A5==O. >7?>G8=0TBLAO ?>A8;5==O 270T<>2?;82C 42>E A?>@V4=5=8E B@048FV9. >4V1=> 4> B>3>, O: @0=VH5 C 402=L>:8W2AL:V9 :=86=>ABV 2V4GC202AO 2?;82 A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?V24=O, B2>@8 !028 B0 9>3> CG=V2 ?>7=0G5=V AB8;L>28<8 2?;820<8 :8W2AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. "2>@8 !028 B0:>6 1C;8 2V4><V 2 #:@0W=V. "0:, 9>3> "><>:0=>=", I> 1274 @>:C ?@81@02 AB0BCA 72>4C 70:>=V2, <02 =0 CAV 45AOBL ?5@52840=L[37]. !5@1AL:V <>6=>2;04FV <0B5@V0;L=> ?V4B@8<C20;8 @CAL:89 <>=0AB8@ =0 D>=V, 45 70@>48;0AO ;VB5@0BC@=0 4VO;L=VABL !028, O:>3> ?VA;O A<5@BV 1C;> 72545=> C @0=3 A2OB8E. 0A;V4CNG8 9>3> ?@8:;04, A5@1AL:V A5@54=L>2VG=V :=86=8:8 725@B0;8AO 4> :8W2AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 O: 4> 7@07:0. "0:, AB2>@NNG8 C 1253-1254 @>:0E 68BVT !028, 9>3> CG5=L ><5=BV0= :>@8ABC202AO B0:8< 2V4><8< B2>@><, O: "!;>2> > 70:>=5 8 1;03>40B8" :8O=8=0 ;0@V>=0 (A5@548=0 XI AB.), B>3> A0<>3> "@CA8=0", :>B@>3> /@>A;02 C4@89 ?>AB0282 <8B@>?>;8B>< :8W2AL:8<, 2V4<>282H8AO 2V4 :0=4840BC@8 2V70=BV9FO[38]. # ;5:A8G=><C A:;04V B5:ABC, =0?8A0=>3> A5@1AL:8< 02B>@><, 7=0E>4OBL 2V4ABC?8 2V4 =>@< A5@1AL:>W @540:FVW F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28 =0 :>@8ABL WW C:@0W=AL:>W @540:FVW[39]. A>1;82> C206=> A5@1AL:V :=86=8:8 AB028;8AO 4> >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78 8W2AL:>W CAV, 7>:@5<0 8@8;0 "C@>2AL:>3> (?><. 1182 @>:C), B2>@8 O:>3> 1C;8 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=V C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V XIII AB. >G8=0NG8 7 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XIII 9 4> ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVI AB. 2 VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>3> B0 A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4V2 <>6=0 B0:>6 2V4HC:0B8 G8<0;> 0=0;>3V9. 030BV 4>AO3=5==O A5@54=L>2VG=>W :C;LBC@8 #:@0W=8- CAV B0 !5@1VW, >;30@VW, 0:54>=VW >?8=8;8AO ?5@54 703@>7>N 7=8I5==O 7 1>:C 702>9>2=8:V2 <>=3>;>-B0B0@AL:8E =0 AE>4V B0 ?V7=VH5 >A<0=AL:8E - =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C ?V24=V.  F8< ?5@V>4>< 4>A;V4=8:8 ?>2'O7CNBL 28=8:=5==O 9 ?>H8@5==O 35@>WG=>3> 5?>AC, O:89 2 C:@0W=AL:><C B0 A5@1AL:><C D>;L:;>@V @>728202AO 70 C<>2, I> <0;8 1030B> A?V;L=>3>[40]. !?>@V4=5=VABL C:@0W=AL:8E 4C< V A5@1AL:8E N=0FL:8E ?VA5=L, ?><VG5=0 I5 4>A;V4=8:0<8 XIX AB., >FV=NTBLAO O: >4=5 V7 A2V4G5=L 4CE>2=>W B0 5B=VG=>W A?V;L=>ABV 42>E =0@>4V2, :>B@0 4VAB0;0 A2>T 2V4>1@065==O 2 =0@>4=V9 :C;LBC@V, 7>:@5<0 2 CA=><C 5?>AV. 572060NG8 =0 2B>@3=5==O 702>9>2=8:V2 =0 A;>2'O=AL:V 75<;V, :C;LBC@=V 72'O7:8 =5 BV;L:8 =5 ?@8?8=O;8AO, 0 =02?0:8, ?>A8;N20;8AL. @> F5 A2V4G8BL V=B5=A82=VABL A?V;:C20=L, ?>G8=0NG8 7 A5@548=8 XIV AB., :>;8 1030B> >A2VG5=8E A5@1V2 V 1>;30@ 5<V3@C20;> =0 A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4, :C;LBC@0 O:>3>, >A;01;5=0 B@820;8< B0B0@>-<>=3>;LAL:8< O@<><, ?@89<0;0 4>AO3=5==O ;VB5@0BC@8 B0 <8AB5FB20 ?V245==8E A;>2'O=. 024O:8 F8< 72'O7:0< C:@0W=AL:0 B0 <>A:>2AL:0 :C;LBC@8 71030GC20;8AO =>28<8 AB8;L>28<8 9 B5<0B8G=8<8 O28I0<8, 7=09><8;8AO 7 @V7=8<8 4>AO3=5==O<8 70EV4=>W ;VB5@0BC@8, I> ?@8E>48;0 =0 A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4 G5@57 ?V245==8E A;>2'O=. !CBBT2V 7<V=8 ?@>AB56CNBLAO C <>2V, ?@02>?8AV, 3@0DVG=8E >A>1;82>ABOE, >@=0<5=B8FV, AB8;V, 7<VABV :=83. 0 7<V=C CAB02C 9 =0?V2CAB02C, O:8<8 28:>=C20;8AO @C:>?8A8, ?@8E>48BL =>289 =0?V2CAB02, 70<VABL B20@8==>3> >@=0<5=BC - 35><5B@8G=89, V=>4V - @>A;8==89. 7 A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 70?>78GCTBLAO AB8;L "?;5BV==O A;>25A", C O:><C ?V7=VH5 @CAL:V 02B>@8 =02VBL ?5@528IC20;8 A5@1AL:8E[41].  #:@0W=C 25;8:8< ?>B>:>< VH;0 ;VB5@0BC@0 A5@1V2, 7>:@5<0 ?@0FV !028, !B5D0=0 5@2>25=G0=>3>, ><5=BV0=0, $5>4>AVO, 0@EVT?8A:>?0 0=8;0, V=H8E 02B>@V2, C BV< G8A;V 9 2V70=BV9AL:8E C ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E ?5@5:;040E. &V ?5@5:;048 2V4V3@0;8 7=0G=C @>;L C @>728B:C ?8A5<=>ABV, D>@<C20==V ?>5B8:8, 71030G5==V AN65B0<8 V B5<0<8 @CAL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. :@5<V B2>@8, ?@8<V@><, " ><0= ?@> "@>N", ";5:A0=4@840", 1C;8 2V4><V I5 2 8W2AL:V9 CAV, :C48 2>=8 2 %-% AB. ?@89H;8 V7 70EV4=>T@>?59AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. # XIV AB. FV B2>@8 7=>2C 7'O2;ONBLAO 2 #:@0W=V, 0;5 265 2 A5@1AL:V9 B0 E>@20BAL:V9 B@0=AD>@<0FVW - O: "@8BG0 ?@> :>@>;V2", "!5@1AL:0 ;5:A0=4@VO" B>I>. !5@1AL:V 25@AVW F8E A2VBAL:8E B2>@V2, =0?8A0=8E C AB8;V ;8F0@AL:8E @><0=V2 7 ;N1>2=>N V=B@83>N, =0 28A>:>5<>FV9=V9 =>BV, 2V4?>2V40;8 4CE>2V G0AC, =>28< B5=45=FVO< C ;VB5@0BC@V. >:07>2>, I> ?>@O4 V7 A5@1AL:8<8 2 B>9 G0A 1C;8 2V4><V 9 V=HV 25@AVW F8E B5:ABV2 C 1V;>@CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:8E ?5@5:;040E, :>B@V ?>E>48;8 2V4 B2>@V2 VB0;V9AL:>3> A5@54=L>2VG=>3> ?>5B0 2V4>-45->;C<=8, 45 ;8F0@AL:89 5;5<5=B I5 1V;LH ?>A8;5=89, I> 7030;>< V<?>=C20;> B>4VH=V9 G8B0FL:V9 0C48B>@VW[42]. 0A8G5=V 0;53>@8:>N, <5B0D>@8:>N, ?5@5:;04=V B2>@8 A5@54=L>2VG=>W 4>18 7 G0A>< C2V9H;8 2 C:@0W=AL:5 ;VB5@0BC@=5 10@>:>, O:5 A2>T@V4=> A8=B57C20;> A5@54=L>2VG=C :C;LBC@C, I> 9H;0 7V A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?V24=O, 2 BV< G8A;V 9 V7 !5@1VW. # 4CE>2=><C B0 ?>;VB8G=><C 68BBV 8T20 7=0G=C @>;L 2V4V3@020;8 28EV4FV 7 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E 45@602. >:07>2>N, 7>:@5<0, T 4VO;L=VABL @83>@VO &0<1;0:0 V 8?@8O=0, O:V 1C;8 :8W2AL:8<8 <8B@>?>;8B0<8 9 70;8H8;8 ?><VB=89 A;V4 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V XV AB.[43]. # @57C;LB0BV ?;V4=8E 72'O7:V2 =0 XV AB. 2 #:@0W=V AD>@<C20;0AO V 7@>A;0 A0<>1CB=O :C;LBC@0, O:0 7 G0A>< ?>G0;0 ?>ABC?>2> A?@02;OB8 72>@>B=89 2?;82 =0 @>728B>: ;VB5@0BC@8 B0 <8AB5FB20 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@>4V2 ?@02>A;02=>3> :>;0, I> ?5@51C20;8 ?V4 >A<0=AL:8< 3=>1;5==O<. 572060NG8 =0 @5?@5AVW 7 1>:C 702>9>2=8:V2, 72'O7:8 V7 A;>2'O=0<8 0;:0= =5 ?@8?8=O;8AO. #A2V4><;5==O VA=C20==O 402=VE 72'O7:V2 7 "T48=>2V@=8<" AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8< A2VB>< 68;> C A2V4><>ABV 3@><04AL:>ABV, =048E0;> =0 >?V@ >A<0=AL:><C 3=>1;5==N. 0 A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4 VH;8 ?@>G0=8, 45;530FVW, :>B@V 22060;8 70 >1>2'O7>: 2V42V40B8 8W2 O: 402=V9 4CE>2=89 F5=B@ ?@02>A;02'O.  =8< ?>2'O7C20;8AO =04VW =0 ?V4B@8<:C 9 70E8AB =5 BV;L:8 C A2V4><>ABV >A2VG5=8E, F5@:>2=8E :V;, 0 9 C =0@>4=8E <0A0E. "0:V ?5@5:>=0==O 1C;8 >4=8< V7 206;828E AB8<C;V2, I> =8<8 :5@C20;8AO <0A8 A5@1AL:>3> =0A5;5==O, O:V, @OBCNG8AL 2V4 >A<0=AL:>3> O@<0, HC:0;8 ?@8BC;:C =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE. :@5<V D0:B8 40NBL ?V4AB028 4;O ?@8?CI5=L, I> A5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW =0 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V B0 40;V 2V41C20;8AO I5 4> WE=VE ?5@H8E, 40B>20=8E XVII-XVIII AB. D0:BV2, ?@> I> 9B8<5BLAO C =0ABC?=8E @>74V;0E. !;V48 B0:8E ?@>=8:=5=L 4VAB0;8 2V4>1@065==O =5 ;8H5 2 B>?>=V<VW, 0 9 C :C;LBC@V. 8=8:=5==O 45O:8E =>28E AB8;L>28E O28I 2 0@EVB5:BC@=8E 0=A0<1;OE 0;8G8=8 B0 >;8=V, >:@5<V 5;5<5=B8 2 ;VB5@0BC@V 9 D>;L:;>@V, I> <0NBL 10;:0=AL:5 ?>E>465==O 01> 6 ?>4V1=V 4> 0=0;>3VG=8E O28I C A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V, - F5 ;8H5 45O:V D@03<5=B8 I5 =5 @5AB02@>20=>W D@5A:8 C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2 %V-%V AB. 0 "B5<=V <VAFO" FVTW 4>18 725@B0;8 C203C I5 A;02VAB8 <8=C;>3> AB>;VBBO, 2V47=0G0NG8 >:@5<V D0:B8, I> ?>B@51CNBL ?>A;V4>2=>3> V ?>3;81;5=>3> 282G5==O. > B0:8E =0;560BL, 7>:@5<0, 7304:8 ?@> B5, I> A5@18 1@0;8 CG0ABL C @V7=8E VAB>@8G=8E ?>4VOE, :>B@V 2V41C20;8AO =0 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE C ;8B>2AL:>-?>;LAL:89 ?5@V>4. "0:, !284@8309;C 2 1>W @>BL1V V7 !8387<C=4>< =04020;8 4>?><>3C "@0:CH0=8", 2 O:8E 210G0NBL 28EV4FV2 V7 75<;V 0HAL:>W, B>1B> !5@1VW[44]. # 1>OE 7 B0B0@0<8 ?V4 !;CFL:>< =0 ?>G0B:C XVI AB. B0:>6 1@0;8 CG0ABL "@0F8", B>1B> A5@18, O:V, ?>:840NG8 70E>?;5=V BC@:0<8 75<;V, 2;820;8AO 2 C:@0W=AL:V 71@>9=V A8;8, AB020;8 :>70:0<8. >=8, O: ?@8?CA:0NBL, A;C68;8 C 2V9AL:0E, 70E8I0NG8 :>@4>=8 2V4 B0B0@AL:8E =0A:>:V2. "0:, 2 >4=><C 7 ?8A5<=8E A2V4G5=L 1610 @>:C 7304CNBLAO "3094C:8", O:V 1@0;8 CG0ABL C 70E8ABV C:@0W=AL:8E <VAB 2V4 B0B0@[45]. V4ABC?0NG8 ?5@54 BC@:0<8, A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV I5 4> :V=FO XVII AB., :>;8 2V41C20;8AO "25;8:V ?5@5A5;5==O", 709<0;8 75<;V =0 A?CABV;8E =044C=09AL:8E =878=0E, O:V :>;8AL 2E>48;8 4> C3>@AL:8E 2>;>4V=L. "CB 70A=>2C20;8AO <>=0AB8@V, O:V 2?@>4>26 AB>;VBL 1C;8 3>;>2=8<8 >A5@54:0<8 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8 B0 <8AB5FB20. &V <>=0AB8@V =0;03>46C20;8 9 2V4=>2;N20;8 402=V 72'O7:8 7 8T2>< B0 V=H8<8 F5=B@0<8 C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8. @8 <>=0AB8@OE B0 42>@0E A5@1AL:8E 2>;>40@V2 7>A5@546C20;8AL >A2VG5=V ;N48, O:V ?@8E>48;8 V 7 #:@0W=8. "0:, ?@8 42>@V A5@1AL:>W 48=0ABVW @0=:>28G59, O:0 >G>;N20;0 >?V@ BC@:0<, 718@0;8AO ;N48, ?>2'O70=V V7 :=86=>N 4VO;L=VABN. !5@54 A5@1AL:8E :=86=8:V2 BCB ?5@51C20;8 9 28EV4FV 7 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L. 5O:V 7 =8E 7024O:8 A2>W9 4VO;L=>ABV C2V9H;8 2 VAB>@VN A5@1AL:>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W ;VB5@0BC@8. &5, 7>:@5<0, =4@V9 CA8= 7 0;8G8=8, 4O: ;8A59 V7 0<'O=5FL->4V;LAL:0, 0A8;L 8:>;LAL:89 V7 0:0@?0BBO[46]. "0:8E, E>G V @>7@V7=5=8E, D0:BV2 1C;> 1 28O2;5=> 7=0G=> 1V;LH5 ?@8 2V4?>2V4=><C 4>A;V465==V I5 =54>AB0B=L> 282G5=>3> ?5@V>4C %VI-%VII AB. >=8 T 206;828<8 O: A2V4G5==O B>3>, I> H;OE 7 #:@0W=8 4> D@CH:>3>@AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2 C >T2>48=V, 45 =0ABC?=>3> AB>;VBBO 28=8:0B8<5 A5@1AL:5 10@>:>, 1C2 7=0=89 2 #:@0W=V 7402=0, O: V A5@10< 1C2 2V4><89 H;OE 4> 8T20. 5 2B@0G02 A2>3> 7=0G5==O V B0:89 402=V9 >A5@54>: C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 4CE>2=8E B0 :C;LBC@=8E A?V;:C20=L, O: D>=, E>G0 9>3> G5@57 >A<0=AL:5 2B>@3=5==O 1C;> 2V4AVG5=> 2V4 A;>2'O=AL:8E 75<5;L. /: V 2 @0==L><C A5@54=L>2VGGV, BCB ?5@51C20;8 28EV4FV 7 8T20 B0 V=H8E C:@0W=AL:8E <VAB. 0 F5 2:07CNBL 7304:8 ?@> "@CA8=V2", O:V 709<0;8AO :=86=>N 4VO;L=VABN[47], =572060NG8 =0 <0B5@V0;L=V B@C4=>IV, A:@CB=VABL V7 ?V4B@8<:>N, I> B@048FV9=> =04E>48;0 7 :>;8AL <>3CB=VE A;>2'O=AL:8E 45@602. 48= V7 A:VBV2 =0 D>=V, ?>@CG 7 2V4><8< A5@1AL:8< <>=0AB8@5< %8;O=40@ 70A=C202 0WAV9 5;8G:>2AL:89, I> 1C2 @>4>< V7 >;B028. V4><>, I> =0 D>=V ?5@51C202 20= 8H5=AL:89. V4 G0A A2>TW ?>4>@>6V =0 D>= 1580 @>:C 2V= 2V42V402 !5@1VN B0 0:54>=VN, ?>1C202 2 E@84V, 45 AB02 A2V4:>< 6>@AB>:>3> =0A8;;O, I> 9>3> >A<0=8 2G8=8;8 =04 A;>2'O=AL:8< =0A5;5==O<. @065==O 2V4 ?>10G5=>3> ?>7=0G8;8AO =0 B2>@0E 2V4><>3> ?>;5<VAB0, ?8A0=8E =0 D>=V. "0< 65 ?@0FN202 V !0<V9;> 0:0G8G, O:>3> 2V4><89 A5@1AL:89 <54VT2VAB . 04>9G8G =07820T 28EV4F5< 7 #:@0W=8. V= C2V9H>2 2 VAB>@VN A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 O: ?5@H89 ?5@5:;040G B2>@C "03=VB 4CE>2=89" =0 A5@1AL:C :=86=C <>2C. " 02@8W; !2OB>3>@5FL, V !0<V9;> 0:0G8G 1C;8 C@>465=FV 0;>W CAV, C:@0W=FV. @> 0:0G8G0, VT@><>=0E0, 3>2>@8;8, I> 2V= "7 CAV", "2V4 CAL:>W 75<;V", "@CA8= @>4><", "@CA", - AB25@46CT . 04>9G8G, 707=0G0NG8, I> !.0:0G8G B0:>6 ?5@5:;02 4;O A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2 =0 D>=V 2V4><89 B2V@ .0;OB>2AL:>3> "5AVO ?@0248289" (8W2, 1669), O:89 C XVII-XVIII AB. :>@8ABC202AO 25;8:>N ?>?C;O@=VABN C A5@1V2[48]. 0720=V V<5=0 V D0:B8 40;5:> =5 28G5@?CNBL CAVE O28I C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:>3> A?V;:C20==O 2?@>4>26 XV-XVII AB, ?5@V>4C, O:89 ?>B@51CT >:@5<>3> VAB>@8:>-0@EV2=>3> 4>A;V465==O. >ABC?>2> :C;LBC@=89 >1<V= <V6 ?V24=5< AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>W 25@B8:0;V - 8T2>< 9 H8@H5 - C:@0W=AL:8<8 >A5@54:0< ;VB5@0BC@8 V <8AB5FB20, 7 >4=>3> 1>:C, B0 A;>2'O=AL:8< ?V24=5<, 7>:@5<0 F5=B@0<8 A5@1AL:>W 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8 C >T2>48=V 9 H8@H5 - ?> 2AVE >A5@54:0E A5@1AL:>W 4V0A?>@8, 7 4@C3>3>, =018@02 4540;V 1V;LH>W 48=0<V:8. 0 <56V %VII-%VII AB. V 2?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII AB., ?VA;O 2V4><8E ?5@H>3> 9 4@C3>3> ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E 2?;82V2, 0 B>G=VH5, ?VA;O 157?5@5@2=>3> 270T<>>1<V=C :C;LBC@=8<8 =0410==O<8, 2V41C20TBLAO <>3CB=V9 72>@>B=89 2?;82 C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 =0 A5@1AL:C, 2 @57C;LB0BV O:>3> C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V B0 <8AB5FB2V 28=8:0T V @>72820TBLAO B0:5 =>25 O28I5, O: A5@1AL:89 20@V0=B 10@>:>. ;V4=VABL V B@820;VABL F8E 72'O7:V2 ?>OA=NNBLAO O: 402=L>N B@048FVTN :C;LBC@=>3> 270T<>>1<V=C (=5<>218 70 70:>=>< A?>;CG5==O AC48=), B0: V :>=:@5B=8<8 VAB>@8G=8<8 C<>20<8 @>728B:C B>3>G0A=>W A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8. AB>@8G=V ?@8G8=8 ?>A8;5==O C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2 %V-%V AB. C2 <5G =04 =0<8, 0 =8=V A?040T, >3> V7 <VAFO A202>;O @CH0T. 070@ 0@0=>28G. >ABC?>25 7030@10==O 0;:0= ?@8725;> 4> ?04V==O A5@1AL:>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W 45@6028, ?5@542VA=8:>< O:>3> 1C;0 ?5@5<>30 >A<0=V2 C 18B2V =0 @VGFV 0@8FV (1371), I> ?VA;O =5W 4> BB><0=AL:>W V<?5@VW C2V9H;8 359AL:0 B0 0@40@AL:0 0:54>=VO. 0ABC?=0 ?>@07:0 A5@1V2 C 18B2V =0 >A>2V< ?>;V (1389) 725;0 :>;8H=N <>3CB=N 45@602C 4> AB0BCAC 20A0;C. 56V A5@1AL:>W =570;56=>ABV 2V4AC=C;8AO =0 ?V2=VG, 45 F5=B@>< 45@6028 AB02 T;3@04, 0;5 7 ?04V==O< >AB0==L>3> 10ABV>=C - <VAB0 !<545@520 (1459) !5@1VO >AB0B>G=> ?>B@0?8;0 2 BC@5FL:5 O@<>, O:5 70BO3=C;>AO =5 =0 >4=5 AB>;VBBO. "@820;5 ?5@51C20==O ?V4 GC6>75<=8< 3=>1;5==O< AC?@>2>46C20;>AO 1030B>2V:>2>N 1>@>BL1>N 70 =0FV>=0;L=5 2872>;5==O. 0965 :>65= 0=B8>A<0=AL:89 28ABC? T2@>?59AL:8E 45@602 28:;8:02 A?0;0E8 ?>2AB0=L =0 0;:0=0E. 4=8< V7 =091V;LH <0A>28E 1C;> ?>2AB0==O A5@1V2 ?V4 G0A 02AB@>-BC@5FL:>W 2V9=8 1699 @>:V2, :>;8 02AB@V9AL:V 2V9AL:0 709=O;8 T;3@04, 4V9H;8 4> !:>?;T, ?>AB0282H8 ?V4 703@>7C BC@5FL:5 ?0=C20==O 2 F8E :@0OE. ;5 ?>40;LH89 @>728B>: 2>T==8E 4V9 ?@8<CA82 2AB@VN 2V4ABC?0B8, 0 F5 A?@8G8=O;> =5<8=CGC @>7?;0BC =04 A5@1AL:8< =0A5;5==O<. "C@:8 =5 ?@>I0;8 "@09W" - B0: V<5=C20;8AO A;>2'O=AL:V =878 - 1C=BC V A>N7=8FB20 7 02AB@V9FO<8. 0ABC?0NG8, 2>=8 =8I8;8 2A5 =0 A2>T<C H;OEC. 48= V7 >G5284FV2 ?8A02, I> "...;NB89 AB@0E 9 1V40 B>4V 1C;8! 0BV@ >4 4VB59 2V4@820;8 V 10BL:0 2V4 A8=0". >;>4L ?>;>=8;8, 0 AB0@8E C1820;8.  B>4V ;N48 =0 A515 ?@87820;8 A<5@BL, O:0 1C;0 :@0I>N 2V4 68BBO ?V4 BC@:>< V B0B0@8=><[49]. 0A8 A;>2'O=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O 1C;8 7<CH5=V ?>:840B8 @V4=V <VAFO V 2V4ABC?0B8 @07>< 7 02AB@V9FO<8. "0: 2V41C20;0AO B@03VG=0 V 2>4=>G0A 5?>E0;L=0 ?>4VO 2 VAB>@VW A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C, 2V4><0 ?V4 =072>N "A5>15" (?5@5A5;5==O). >;>2=8< =0?@O<>< <V3@0FV9, O:V 1690 @>:C AO30NBL 0?>35N, 1C;8 ?V245==>C3>@AL:V 75<;V, 70;8H5=V G5@57 BC@5FL:C 703@>7C C3>@AL:8<8 D5>40;0<8 V ?@8T4=0=V 4> V<?5@VW 01A1C@3V2. &V ?5@5A5;5==O 2V4?>2V40;8 V=B5@5A0< >DVFV9=>3> V4=O. 2AB@V9AL:0 45@6020, O:0 ?>ABV9=> 2>N20;0, <0;0 ?>B@51C C ABV9:8E, 28?@>1C20=8E C 1>@>BL1V 7 >A<0=0<8 A5@1AL:8E 2>W=0E, I> 2ABC?0;8 4> 02AB@V9AL:>3> 2V9AL:0, A?>4V20NG8AL 74>1CB8 >1VFO=89 V4=5< AB0BCA ?@82V;59>20=>3> =0@>4C[50]. 0FV:02;5=89 C 70E8ABV A2>WE :>@4>=V2 7 "C@5GG8=>N, 02AB@V9AL:89 42V@ AB2>@N202 V7 ?5@5A5;5=FV2 ?@8:>@4>==V ?>A5;5==O ?V4 =072>N V9AL:>289 :>@4>= (>X=0 :@0X=0, >X=0 3@0=8F0). ;O CB@8<0==O FVTW A2>T@V4=>W ":070@<8" =5 ?>B@V1=V 1C;8 25;8:V :>HB8. 0>E>GCNG8 A5@1V2 2AV;O:8<8 >1VFO=:0<8, V45=L >1C<>2;N202, I> ?@82V;5W <0B8<CBL A8;C BV;L:8 ?V4 G0A 2>T==8E 4V9. 8EV4 A5@1V2 7-?V4 BC@5FL:>3> O@<0 =5 ?@8=VA W< 6040=>3> 2872>;5==O. @89=OBV 4> A:;04C 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028, 2>=8 ?5@5B2>@8;8AO =0 >1'T:B ?5@5A;V4C20=L. #@O4 2AB@VW 30;L<C202 2V4@>465==O =0FV>=0;L=8E <5=H>AB59 V 7@>AB0==O WE=L>W =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV. )>4> A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 2V45=AL:0 04<V=VAB@0FVO 4VO;0 73V4=> V7 A?5FV0;L=> @>7@>1;5=8< ?;0=><. "!;V4 ?>1>N20B8AO, - ?8A0;>AO 2 >4=V9 V7 V=AB@C:FV9 C65 B>4V, :>;8 A5@18 @07>< 7 02AB@V9AL:8<8 2V9AL:0<8 =01;860;8AO 4> <56 2AB@VW, - I>1 F59 =0@>4 =5 73C@BC202AO, 1> 9 B0:, @>7 'T4=0=89, <0T =5?@81>@:0=89 =>@>2 V @>18BL I> 7023>4=>, 0 G>3> 265 >GV:C20B8 2V4 =L>3>, :>;8 2 707=0G5=V 75<;V ?5@5A5;8BLAO; =5<0T AC<=V2C, I> B>4V 9>3> 1C45 =5<>6;82> B@8<0B8 2 ?>:>@V 9 2>;>4VB8 =8<, >A:V;L:8 1C=B0< =5 1C;> 1 :V=FO V :@0N, 1> :>;8 2>=8 >1'T4=0NBLAO, B> ?5@5B2>@OBLAO C 25;8G57=C A8;C"[51]. 0;L<CNG8 ?@>F5A :>=A>;V40FVW A5@1V2, 2V45=AL:89 42V@ ?@03=C2 H;OE>< C=VW ?>ABC?>2> ?5@5B2>@8B8 ?5@5A5;5=FV2 C 45=0FV>=0;V7>20=C <0AC. !B0=>28I5 A5@1V2 CA:;04=N20;>AO 9 B8<, B> C3>@AL:V D5>40;8 27030;V =5 287=020;8 ?5@5A5;5=FV2, 22060;8 WE 701@>40<8, I> 70E>?8;8 WE=V 75<;V. >7?0;NNG8 G20@8 <V6 A5@10<8 B0 C3>@FO<8, =0FL:>2CNG8 A5@1AL:8E A>;40BV2 =0 C3>@AL:8E ?>2AB0=FV2, 01A1C@38 2>4=>G0A 4>72>;O;8 =V<5FL:8< :>;>=VAB0< 70A5;OB8 75<;V, >1VFO=V A5@10<. @> AB0=>28I5 A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C ?V4 2;04>N BC@:V2 B0 02AB@V9FV2 >48= V7 ;VB>?8AFV2 C 1696 @>FV ?8A02: " B0:0 265 A:>@1>B0, 1V40 9 7;84=V =0AB0;8, O:8E =5 1C;> =V:>;8...  2 F8E 75<;OE C 70=5?04V 1C;8 C3>@FV, A5@18, 1>;30@8 V 35@F53>28=FV, 06 4> A0<>3> !>;C=0 B0 >=AB0=B8=>?>;O 2AV E@8AB8O=8. !5@10< 65 =093V@H5 1C;> - V 3>;>4, V ?>;>=, V ?><AB0, V @C9=C20==O... 09?>30=VH5 1C;> B8< 1V4>;0E0<, O:V 1;C:0;8 7 <VAFO =0 <VAF5 2 75<;OE C3>@AL:8E B0 =V<5FL:8E, - V 7 1>:C =V<FV2, V 7 1>:C A0<8E ?A524>E@8AB8O= ?5@5A;V4C20=8< V 3C48<8<, O:V =5=0284V;8 WE, 28A<VN20;8 V AE87<0B0<8 =07820;8"[52]. 02VBL =02:>;8H=O ?@8@>40 1C;0 GC60 A5@1AL:8< ?5@5A5;5=FO<. >=8 ?@89H;8 7 3>@8AB>W <VAF52>ABV ?V245==>W !5@1VW, 45 709<0;8AO 7451V;LH>3> A:>B0@AB2><. 0 =>28E <VAFOE 1C;0 ?CAB5;L=0 @V2=8=0, 4> O:>W 2>=8 728:0;8 7 25;8:8<8 B@C4=>I0<8 9 B><C =5 1060;8 709<0B8AO =5728G=>N 4;O =8E A?@02>N - >1@>1VB:>< 75<;V. >4NGV 75<;V 4>23> ;560;8 =5>@0=V. ;84=V ?5@5A;V4C20;8 ?5@5A5;5=FV2 <0965 ?V2AB>;VBBO, B0 >A>1;82> BO6:8<8 1C;8 ?5@HV 45AOB8;VBBO XVIII AB., I> WE ?>7=0G0;8 AB8EV9=V ;8E0 9 3>;>4". >GC20NG8 A515 283=0=FO<8, A5@>8 A?>G0B:C 25;8 2 >A=>2=><C :>G>289 A?>AV1 68BBO. C;8 2>=8, 70 A;>20<8 2V4><>3> A5@1AL:>3> VAB>@8:0 .!:5@;8G0, O:> VC45W, 157 ?>ABV9=>3> <5H:0==O, 70<>@4>20=V E2>@>10<8 3>;>4><, 3=0=V 02AB@V9AL:8<8 2V9AL:>28<8 2;0ABO<8, C3>@AL:8<8 6C?0=0<8 B0 T7CWBAL:8<8 <VAV>=5@0<8. >A8BL 4>23> BV 2BV:0GV BC;8;8AO 2 @V7=8E 75<;O=:0E, =5<>2 48:V :>GV2=8:8, 157 ?>ABV9=>3> <5H:0==O V 70=OBL"[54]. "V;L:8 2>T==V 4VW 2AB@VW 45I> ?>;V?HC20;8 AB0=>28I5 A5@1V2, O:V A?;0GC20;8 A2>W "?@82V;5W", ?@>;820NG8 :@>2 C 18B20E V7 ?@CAA0<8, 1020@FO<8, D@0=FC70<8, BC@:0<8 B0 2AV<0 V=H8<8, 7 :8< 2AB@V9AL:0 45@6020 2?@>4>26 45AOB8;VBL 25;0 157?5@5@2=V 2V9=8. 530@0748 A5@1V2 =5 28G5@?C20;8AO A:@CB=8< <0B5@V0;L=8< AB0=>28I5<. OBCNG8AO 2V4 <CAC;L<0=, O:V ?@03=C;8 =025@=CB8 A;>2'O= C A2>N 2V@C, A5@18 >?8=8;8AO ?5@54 0;LB5@=0B82>N: ?@89=OB8 C=VN 7 :0B>;8F87<>< 01> 70;8H8B8AO C ?@02>A;02'W. )5 A5@54=L>2VG=0 !5@1VO ?@825@B0;0 C203C 8<C, O:89 28ABC?02 70 >1'T4=0==O ?V245==8E A;>2'O= C ;>=V :0B>;8FL:>W F5@:28. V7=V ?@>?>78FVW 8<C I>4> C=VW =04E>48;8 4> A5@1AL:8E 2>;>40@V2 I5 7 XIII AB., B0 >A>1;82> FO V=VFV0B820 0:B82V7C20;0AO ?VA;O "@845=BAL:>3> A>1>@C. 0A=>20=0 1622 @>:C C 8<V >=3@530FVO 7 ?@>?030=48 2V@8 V7 A0<>3> ?>G0B:C A2>TW 4VO;L=>ABV 25;8:C C203C ?@84V;O;0 A5@10<. 8:>@8AB>2CNG8 <VAV>=5@V2, O:V 7>A5@546C20;8AO 2 C1@>2=8:C, 0BV:0= A?V;:C202AO G5@57 C=VN 7 >:@5<8<8 ?@02>A;02=8<8 >A5@54:0<8 C ?@804@V0B8G=8E <VAB0E '>@=>3>@VW. >;8 7=0G=V <0A8 A5@1AL:>3> =0A5;5==O 2=0A;V4>: ?5@5A5;5=L ?>G0;8 04<V=VAB@0B82=5 ?V4;O30B8 >DVFV9=><C V4=N, 2V= @>73>@=C2 4VO;L=VABL "I>4> A?0AV==O 4CH AE87<0B8:V2", O:V HC:0;8 ?>@OBC=:C 2V4 <CAC;L<0=AL:>W 703@>78. 0B>;8FL:89 :;V@ @>7@>182 A?5FV0;L=89 ?;0= =025@=5==O 2 C=VN A5@1V2, AB@0B53VN "B8E>3> 9 ?>ABC?>2>3> 7'T4=0==O B>3>... =0@>4C 7 @8<AL:>N F5@:2>N". &L><C A;C68;8 A0<0 F5@:20, 04<V=VAB@0FVO, ;VB5@0BC@0, <8AB5FB2>, O:V ?>H8@N20;8AO =0 <VAFO 7>A5@5465==O A5@1AL:>3> =0A5;5==O, I> C=8:;> BC@5FL:>3> O@<0 01> 6 @OBC20;>AO 2V4 =L>3>, 70A5;ONG8 =>2V 75<;V. !5@18, O:V >?8=8;8AO =0 B5@8B>@VW =8=VH=L>W >T2>48=8, ?>B@0?8;8 ?V4 04<V=VAB@0B82=5 ?V4?>@O4:C20==O V4=O; BV, I> CB2>@N20;8 V9AL:>289 :>@4>=, >E>@>=ONG8 02AB@V9AL:V <56V =0 B5@8B>@VW %>@20BVW, ?5@51C20;8 ?V4 :>=B@>;5< 03@510 B0 8<C. # 1718 @>FV, :>;8 2AB@VO >:C?C20;0 T;3@04, BC48 ?@81C;8 :0B>;8FL:V <VAV>=5@8 @V7=8E >@45=V2. "0:8< G8=><, CAN !5@1VN, =5 70E>?;5=C >A<0=0<8, 70?>;>=82 :0B>;8FL:89 :;V@, O:89 "2> A;02C >68N V 4;O CBVE8 A?0AV==O 4CH A5@1AL:8E" ?@03=C2 70;CG8B8 A5@1V2 4> C=VW, I> <0;> ?>;VB8G=89 ?V4B5:AB, >A:V;L:8 @5;V3V9=0 T4=VABL 30@0=BC20;0 1 V ?>;VB8G=C AB01V;L=VABL[55]. @03=CG8 @5;V3V9=5 0A8<V;N20B8 A5@1V2, 02AB@V9AL:89 C@O4 =5 28?04:>2> 7>A5@546C202 3>;>2=C C203C =0 F5@:2V. /: V C:@0W=FV, A5@18 >B>B>6=N20;8 70E8AB ?@02>A;02'O V7 70E8AB>< =0@>4=>ABV, B><C 3@><04AL:5 B0 :C;LBC@=5 68BBO 7>A5@546C20;>AO =02:>;> F5@:28. #?@>4>26 XVIII AB. 4;O A5@1V2 V G>@=>3>@FV2 I> 68;8 2 C<>20E ?0=C20==O V=H>2V@=>3> B0 V=H><>2=>3> A2VBC, ?>=OBBO "?@02>A;02=89" B0 "=0FV>=0;L=89" =5@V4:> 7;820;8AO. 0 287=0G5==O< N3>A;02AL:>3> VAB>@8:0 .5B@>28G0, "?@02>A;02=0 F5@:20... 7 WW >1@O40<8, I> 7@>A;8AO 7 =0@>4=8<8 728G0O<8, 74020;0AO A5@1AL:><C A5;O=8=>2V 0=B8?>4>< A:;04=8E ACA?V;L=>-?>;VB8G=8E C<>2. >@8ABCNG8AO ?52=>N 02B>=><VTN, 2>=0 70B@8<C20;0 45=0FV>=0;V70FVN A5@1AL:>3> =0A5;5==O"[56]. @02>A;02'O 768;>AO 7 CO2;5==O< ?@> 2V4<V==VABL A5@1V2 2V4 V=H>2V@=>3>, GC6>75<=>3> A2VBC B0 CA2V4><;5==O< B>3> I> 2V@0 T F5<5=BCNG>N A8;>N A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20[57]. &5@:>2=5 ?8B0==O 1C;> 0:BC0;L=8< V 7 >3;O4C =0 ?@8G8=8 04<V=VAB@0B82=>3> ?0=C20==O. )5 ?V4 >A<0=0<8, ?VA;O ?04V==O A5@54=L>2VG=>W 48=0ABVW :>@>;V2 >A=>2=8< ?>;VB8G=8< ?@54AB02=8:>< A5@1V2 1C2 ?0B@V0@E. G>;NNG8 ?5@5A5;5==O =0 B5@8B>@VN 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028, 2V= 28:>=C202 BC A0<C DC=:FVN V ?5@54 >DVFV9=8< V4=5<. AB0==V9 1C2 70FV:02;5=89 C B><C, I>1 >A>10, O:0 AB>WBL =0 G>;V A5@1AL:>W F5@:28, 2V4?>2V40;0 ?>;VB8G=8< V=B5@5A0< 2AB@VW. 0=4840BC@8 F5@:>2=>W 25@EV2:8 1C;8 >1'T:B>< ?>ABV9=>W C2038 02AB@V9AL:>3> 42>@C. V41C@N20=V V4=5<, ?@54AB02=8:8 F5@:>2=>W 2;048 !5@1VW ?5@51C20;8 C 157?5@5@2=8E G20@0E, I> ?>7=0G0;>AO =0 AB0=>28IV =0@>4=8E <0A, 30;L<C20;> @>728B>: ?@>3@5A82=8E V459 B0 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO. !5@1AL:0 F5@:20 7 WW <0;>>A2VG5=8<, 0 V=>4V 9 7>2AV< =5?8AL<5==8< :;V@>< 1C;0 B0:8< A0<8< 5:A?;C0B0B>@>< =0@>4C, O: V C3>@AL:V B0 02AB@V9AL:V D5>40;8. #A5 F5 28:;8:0;> >1C@5==O A>FV0;L=8E =87V2 B0 ?>H8@5==O 0=B8?0BVW 4> F5@:>2=8:V2. !B0=>28I5 CA:;04=N20;>AO I5 9 B8<, I> A0<0 F5@:20 1C;0 >1'T:B>< ?5@5A;V4C20=L 7 1>:C T7CWBV2 V CA2V4><;N20;0 <>6;82VABL ;V:2V40FVW A2>WE ?@02, >GV:CNG8 "?>2=>W 703815;V ?@02>A;02'O", :>B@0 25;0 4> 703@>78 2B@0B8B8 =0FV>=0;L=C =570;56=VABL[58]. ?8=82H8AL C :@8B8G=V9 A8BC0FVW, ?@54AB02=8:8 ?@>3@5A82=8E :V; A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C @>7C<V;8, I> ?>25@=5==O =0 70E>?;5=V >A<0=0<8 75<;V =5<0T. >B@V1=> 1C;> <>1V;V7C20B8 2AV 7CA8;;O =0 715@565==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV. A:V;L:8 O: >48= V7 0@3C<5=BV2 =0 :>@8ABL 70;CG5==O A5@1V2 4> C=VW :0B>;8FL:V F5@:>2=8:8 28AC20;8 B25@465==O ?@> =5?@840B=VABL A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28 V :C;LBC@8 28A;>2;N20B8 !;>2> >65, ?@> 1V4=VABL A5@1AL:>W VAB>@VW, 1C;> :>=G5 =5>1EV4=> ?@>45<>=AB@C20B8 2VBG87=O=C :C;LBC@C. 4=0: I> <>3;8 ?@>B8AB028B8 ":>GV2=8:8" 1;8A:>2V 9 @>7:>HV ?V7=L>10@>:>2>3> V4=O G8 8<C? B@0B0 45@602=>W =570;56=>ABV, B@820;5 ?5@51C20==O ?V4 2;04>N >A<0=V2 A?@8G8=8;8 V7>;OFVN A5@1V2 2V4 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>3> :C;LBC@=>3> @>728B:C. 0<'OB=8:8 AB0@>402=L>W A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, 70;8H5=V =0 7030@10=8E BC@:0<8 75<;OE, ?>ABC?>2> 70=5?040;8.  E>G0 A5@1AL:0 F5@:20, >45@602H8 C 1557 @>FV ?@02> =0 A0<>ABV9=VABL, ?@03=C;0 2V4=>28B8 @5?@575=B0B82=VABL :C;LBC@8, >AB0==O 265 =5 <>3;0 ?V4=OB8AO 4> @V2=O :>;8H=L>3> @>7:2VBC. >=C<5=B0;L=0 0@EVB5:BC@0 !5@1VW, 1030B0 2 ?5@V>4 A5@54=L>2VGGO, =5 <0NG8 =>28E 70<>2=8:V2, 283;O40;0 A:@><=>. VB5@0BC@0 V <8AB5FB2>, 20@VNNG8 70AB0@V;V B@048FVW, =5 71030GC20;8AO =>28<8 D>@<0<8 B0 7<VAB><. 7 70E>?;5=8E >A<0=0<8 75<5;L A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV 289H;8 ?@0:B8G=> 7 ?>@>6=V<8 @C:0<8. '8<0;> A5@1AL:8E ;VB5@0BC@=8E B0 <8AB5FL:8E ?0<'OB>: A5@54=L>2VG=>W 4>18 73>@V;> C 2>3=V BC@5FL:>W =020;8 01> 6 1C;> @>73@01>20=> G8 7@C9=>20=>. ?8=82H8AL C <560E 1030B>W, 28A>:>@>728=CB>W :0B>;8FL:>W 45@6028, A5@1AL:5 =0A5;5==O ?5@5B2>@8;>AO =0 >1'T:B 3;C7C20=L G5@57 2V4ACB=VABL F5=B@V2 :C;LBC@8, 2;0A=8E H:V; B0 4@C:0@5=L, E@0<V2, =02VBL G5@57 =5@5?@575=B0B82=89 283;O4 G5=FV2. 0 B0:8E C<>2 ?@>B8AB>OB8 <>3CB=L><C ?@>?030=48ABAL:><C 0?0@0B>2V 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028 2;0A=8<8 A8;0<8 A5@18 =5 <>3;8. "8< G0A>< >GV:C20B8 4>?><>38 157?>A5@54=L> 7 402=VE >A5@54:V2 2VBG87=O=>W :C;LBC@8 1C;> 157?5@A?5:B82=>. #AO !5@1VO, :@V< T;3@040, O:89 715@V302 ?52=C 02B>=><VN, ?5@51C20;0 ?V4 2;04>N 702>9>2=8:V2. "525;8G:0 '>@=>3>@VO, - 2V47=0G02 .!:5@;8G, - 157 ?5@5?>G8=:C 1>@>;0AO 70 A2>N =570;56=VABL V7 BC@:0<8; C >A=VW B0 5@F53>28=V =5 70;8H8;>AO 9 A;V4C 2V4 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO, 0 402=O !5@1VO, ?>O@<;5=0 V A?0;5=0, A?CAB>H5=0 ?VA;O 42>E 25;8:8E ?5@5A5;5=L =0@>4C, 1C;0 C 2V4G094CH=><C AB0=>28IV. 48=5, I> <>3;> 1CB8 >7=0:>N 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C, @>7?>G0;>AO B>4V, :>;8 45:V;L:0 A>B5=L B8AOG CBV:0GV2 >?8=8;8AO A5@54 ?CAB5;L=8E @V2=8= ?V245==>W #3>@I8=8. BV A5@18 9 70?>G0B:C20;8 :C;LBC@=5 68BBO =>2>3> B8?C, V FV;8E ?V2B>@0 AB>;VBBO BCB 4C<0;>AO 9 ?8A0;>AO 70 25AL A5@1AL:89 =0@>4"[59]. 0;03>465==O FL>3> ?@>F5AC 2V41C20;>AO 70 157?>A5@54=L>W CG0ABV #:@0W=8. 5@54 703@>7>N =0FV>=0;L=>W B0 @5;V3V9=>W 0A8<V;OFVW 3>AB@> 2V4GC20;0AO ?>B@510 2 A>;V40@870FVW 7 ?@02>A;02=8< A;>2'O=AL:8< AE>4><. !5@18, >?8=82H8AL C :@8B8G=V9 A8BC0FVW <>6;82>W 2B@0B8 >AB0==VE 70;8H:V2 =0FV>=0;L=>W =570;56=>ABV, O:V 240;>AO 715@53B8 ?V4 2;04>N >A<0=V2 V =0 O:V B5?5@ 707VE0;0 2AB@VO, ?>:;040;8 25;8:V =04VW =0 4>?><>3C 7V AE>4C. >AV9AL:0 45@6020, O:0 =0?@8:V=FV XVII - =0 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. @>7H8@N20;0 A2>W <56V, ?>3;8=0NG8 9 75<;V #:@0W=8, <0;0 A2>W ?>;VB8G=V V=B5@5A8 =0 0;:0=0E. 50;V7CNG8 WE, 2>=0 A?8@0;0AO =0 B@048FV9=V ?@>@>AV9AL:V =0AB@>W A;>2'O=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O 0;:0=. 570;56=> 2V4 V=B5@5AV2 F0@87<C, ?>78FVO >AV9AL:>W 45@6028 A?@89<0;0AO O: 2V4<V==0 2V4 @50:FV9=>W ?>;VB8:8 >A<0=V2 01> V=H8E T2@>?59AL:8E 45@602 C FL><C @53V>=V. /: 707=0G02 =V<5FL:89 DV;>A>D, 4;O E@8AB8O=AL:8E ?V440=8E >@B8 F5 1C;> ?@>AB> C2VG=5==O< WE=L>3> 3=>1;5==O "C@5GG8=>N.  ?>:8 2>=8 ;8H0;8AO ?V4 O@<>< BC@5FL:>3> ?0=C20==O, 2>=8 <CA8;8 10G8B8 C 3;02V 3@5:>-?@02>A;02=>W F5@:28, O: ?>25;8B5;V HVAB45AOB8 <V;L9>=V2 ?@02>A;02=8E, E>G :8< 18 2V= 1C2 2 V=H8E 2V4=>H5==OE, A2>3> ?@8@>4=>3> 2872>;8B5;O V ?>:@>28B5;O[60]. >4=>G0A >AVO 28:>@8AB>2C20;0 A2V9 02B>@8B5B A5@54 ?@02>A;02=8E ?V440=8E-A;>2'O= C AC?5@=8FB2V 7 2AB@V9AL:>N V<?5@VTN, 28ABC?0NG8 V BCB C @>;V "70E8A=8:0". :B82=VABL ?>;VB8:8, I> WW >AV9AL:0 V<?5@VO ?@>2>48;0 2 FL><C =0?@O<V, ?@>BO3>< XVIII AB. 7@>AB0;0, WW A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N 1C;> 74V9A=5==O :C;LBC@=>3> 2?;82C, I> ?>OA=NTBLAO 9 157?>A5@54=V<8 V=VFV0B820<8 7 1>:C >@30=V70B>@V2 =0FV>=0;L=>3> 2V4@>465==O =0 0;:0=0E. !5@18 =5>4=>@07>2> 725@B0;8 C203C >AVW =0 @5?@5AVW 7 1>:C 2AB@V8AL:>W 45@6028, O:0 28<030;0 2V4 =8E ?@89=OB8 C=VN, V ?V4:@5A;N20;8 ?@8 FL><C, I> ?5@5A;V4C20=L 707=0T =5 BV;L:8 F5@:20, 0 9 C25AL A5@1AL:89 =0@>4. >=8 4><030;8AO 2V4 @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C ?5@H 70 2A5 4CE>2=>W ?V4B@8<:8, >@30=V70FVW :C;LBC@=8E >A5@54:V2, O:V 1 A?@8O;8 ?V4=5A5==N WE=L>W =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV. /: 707=0G0;>AO 2 >4=><C 7 ;8ABV2 A5@1V2 4> @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C, ?5@H>G5@3>25 70240==O ?>;O30;> 2 B><C, I>1 4>?><>3B8 W< 289B8 7 "38?BC =57=0==O", B>1B> A?@8OB8 @>728B:>2V :C;LBC@8: ">B@51CT<> BV;L:8 4>?><>38 C ?@>A2VB=8FB2V, B>1B> 2 >71@>T==V =0H8E 4CH 704;O A?@>B82C 2>@>30< =0H8<... ;NB8< 72V@O<", O:V =0<030NBLAO "704CH8B8 2 =0A CAV =0HV ?>GCBBO, A?V9<0B8 =0A C B5=5B0... V 7@>18B8 =0A ?V4;53;8<8 @8<AL:>3> :>ABL>;C"[61]. >AV9AL:89 C@O4, <0NG8 =0 C207V ?5@A?5:B82C ?@>=8:=5==O =0 0;:0=8 G5@57 A5@1AL:5 ?>A5@54=8FB2>, =5 2V4<>2;O2 C ?V4B@8<FV, 0;5 9 =5 28O2;O2 >A>1;82>W 0:B82=>ABV - >AB0==O =0AB0=5 ?V7=VH5, C XIX AB. &5=B@>< 4CE>2=>W 4>?><>38 A5@10< D0:B8G=> AB02 8W2 7 9>3> :C;LBC@=8<8 >A5@54:0<8. >=8 1@0;8 157?>A5@54=N CG0ABL C D>@<C20==V A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 XVIII AB., AB2>@5==V ?0<'OB>: ;VB5@0BC@8 B0 <8AB5FB20, ?>7=0G5=8E >A>1;82>ABO<8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. !CG0A=V N3>A;02AL:V 4>A;V4=8:8 E0@0:B5@87CNBL @>728B>: A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 7 ?>G0B:C V 4> 70-80-E @>:V2 XVIII AB. O: "C:@0W=AL:89 2?;82"[62] 01> O: "C:@0W=AL:89 ?5@V>4"[63], ?@>BO3>< O:>3> A5@18 4>AO3;8 7=0G=8E 74>1CB:V2, 72V;L=ONG8AL 2V4 70AB0@V;8E :0=>=V2 A5@54=L>2VGGO V AB2>@NNG8 107C 4;O @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>, :C;LBC@=>-<8AB5FL:8E =0?@O<V2 V AB8;V2 =0ABC?=8E AB>;VBL. #:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:V :C;LBC@=>-VAB>@8G=V 72'O7:8 XVIII AB. 1C;8 ?@>4>265==O< 7030;L=>3> :C;LBC@=>3> >1<V=C <V6 ?V245==8<8 B0 AEV4=8<8 A;>2'O=0<8, I> <02 402=N B@048FVN. @8G8=8 ?;V4=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E :>=B0:BV2 C 30;C7V :C;LBC@8 7C<>2;N20;8AO =87:>N >1AB028=, A5@54 O:8E =0A0<?5@54 A;V4 725@=CB8 C203C =0 ?52=C AE>6VABL VAB>@8G=8E C<>2, 70 O:8E @>72820;8AO :C;LBC@0 A5@1V2 >T2>48=8 B0 C:@0W=AL:0 :C;LBC@0 XVII AB. 03@>70 =0FV>=0;L=V9 =570;56=>ABV O: C:@0W=FV2, B0: V A5@1V2 28E>48;0 7 1>:C <>3CB=VE :0B>;8FL:8E 45@602, 7 BVTN @V7=8F5N, I> >4=><C =0@>4>2V 703@>6C20;0 >;LI0, V=H><C - 01A1C@7L:0 V<?5@VO. &8E 03@5A>@V2 ?>7=0G0;0 AE>6VABL C ?>HC:0E D>@< 45=0FV>=0;V70FVW, C 28:>@8AB0==V F5@:28 O: 70A>1C ?>;VB8G=>3> 2?;82C =0 A;>2'O=. #:@0W=FV B0 A5@18 2V4GC20;8 703@>7C V 7 1>:C <03><5B0=AB20. 18420 =0@>48 1C;8 @>7:>;>BV 2 B5@8B>@V0;L=><C 2V4=>H5==V, I> 7C<>28;> =5@V2=><V@=VABL @>728B:C C @V7=8E @53V>=0E. /:I> 2 #:@0W=V, 7=0G=0 G0AB8=0 O:>W ?5@51C20;0 ?V4 ?0=AL:>N >;LI5N, ?@>2V4=8< F5=B@>< =0C:>2>W B0 :C;LBC@=>W 4C<:8 1C2 8W2, B> 2 !5@1VW, I> 7=0E>48;0AO ?V4 >A<0=AL:8< O@<><, "4C<0;>AO 9 ?8A0;>AO 70 25AL =0@>4" 2 04<V=VAB@0B82=><C F5=B@V >T2>48=8 - 0@;>20FV. =0;>3VW ?@>AB56CNBLAO V 2 35>3@0DVG=><C D0:B>@V, C =5ABV9:>ABV 9 =5287=0G5=>ABV :>@4>=V2, O:V ?>ABV9=> 7<VIC20;8AO. &V <56V 2>4=>G0A 28ABC?0;8 V :>@4>=0<8 5B=VG=>W, @5;V3V9=>W :>=D@>=B0FVW "<8 - 2>=8", O:0 AB8<C;N20;0 @>728B>: =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV, 3>B>2=>ABV 4> 70E8ABC 2;0A=>W :C;LBC@8 V ?>@>46C20;0 ?@03=5==O 4> A>;V40@870FVW 7 5B=VG=> A?>@V4=5=8<, =04V9=8< 70E8A=8:><. "><C 9 A5@54 A5@1V2, V A5@54 C:@0W=FV2 ?>1CBC202 <VD ?@> B5, I> =V18B> >AVO A?@><>6=0 7@>7C<VB8 :@8B8G=VABL WE=L>3> AB0=>28I0 V ?@89B8 =0 4>?><>3C. /: ?52=V 25@AB28 2 #:@0W=V 2 A5@548=V XVII AB., B0: V A5@18 C XVIII AB. ?>2'O7C20;8 2;0A=C VAB>@8G=C 4>;N 7 >AVTN, A?>4V20NG8AO =0 WW ?V4B@8<:C. !B@C:BC@0 A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20, I> ?5@51C20;> 2 <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028, ?52=>N <V@>N 1C;0 1;87L:>N 4> A>FV0;L=>3> A:;04C #:@0W=8 XVII AB. 0 75<;V >T2>48=8 ?5@5A5;O;>AO 7451V;LH>3> <VAL:5 =0A5;5==O - @5<VA=8:8, B>@3>2FV, 0 ?>@O4 7 =8< V A5;O=AB2>. @54AB02=8:0<8 ?0=V2=8E 25@AB2 1C;> 4CE>25=AB2> B0 2V9AL:>2V, :>B@V A;C68;8 2 02AB@V9AL:><C 2V9AL:C. !5;O=AB2>, <VI0=8, 4@V1=V @5<VA=8:8 B0 B>@3>2FV @07>< V7 70<>6=8<8 3>@>4O=0<8 ?V4B@8<C20;8 4VO;L=VABL F5@:28, I> 04<V=VAB@0B82=> ?@575=BC20;0 A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2. !?>AV1 68BBO A5@1V2, O:V CB2>@N20;8 V9AL:>289 :>@4>=, 45I> =0304C202 AB0=>28I5 C:@0W=AL:>3> :>70FB20. 0 F5 725@B02 C203C .!:5@;8G, :>B@89 ?8A02, I> 68BBO A5@1V2 "?@8=09<=V 2 ?5@HV 45AOB8;VBBO XVIII AB. 1030B> 2 G><C A:840;>AO =0 :>70FL:5 0?>@>66O"[64]. !0<0 0B<>AD5@0 ACA?V;L=>3> 68BBO A5@1V2 2V47=0G0;0AO 48=0<V7<><, 1C@E;82VABN, =5A?>:>T<. 52=0 ?>4V1=VABL <V6 C:@0W=FO<8 B0 A5@10<8 28O28;0AO V C AB02;5==V >:@5<8E :V; 4> C=VW. # A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV A?@89<0;8 :0B>;8F87< O: ?>AO30==O =0 =570;56=VABL V 1C;8 3>B>2V 4> 70E8ABC A2>WE =0FV>=0;L=8E B@048FV9, >B>B>6=NNG8 WE V7 ?@02>A;02'O<. VA;O ?5@H8E 2B@CG0=L T7CWBV2 A5@18, 2V4GC20NG8 703@>7C 2B@0B8 =0V>=0;L=>W =570;56=>ABV, ?@03=C;8 >@30=V7>20=> 9 FV;5A?@O<>20=> 28ABC?8B8 ?@>B8 C=VW. /: V C:@0W=FV, >4=VTN 7 3>;>2=8E D>@< 70E8ABC 2>=8 22060;8 >@30=V70FVN H:V;, 28E>20=FV O:8E 1C;8 1 740B=V ?>H8@N20B8 7=0==O, ?V4=>A8B8 2VBG87=O=C :C;LBC@C, ?@>B8AB>OB8 4VO< 0=B8A;>2'O=AL:>W ?@>?030=48. 02545=V D0:B>@8, O:V 7=0G=>N <V@>N 7C<>28;8 5D5:B82=VABL :C;LBC@=>-VAB>@8G=8E 72'O7:V2 <V6 A5@10<8 B0 #:@0W=>N :>B@V <0;8 <VAF5 C XVIII AB., A?@8O;8 71;865==N A5@1AL:8E 4VOGV2 F5@:28 B0 :C;LBC@8 7 #:@0W=>N, I> 1C;> O28I5< 70:>=><V@=8<. 0 A;>20<8 .028G0, 157 :=83 V 4@C:0@5=L, 157 H:V; A5@1AL:0 :C;LBC@0 ?>28==0 1C;0 A?8@0B8AO =0 =091;86G>3> "?@8@>4=>3>" A>N7=8:0 2 BV9 1>@>BL1V - =0 ;VB5@0BC@C #:@0W=8, O:0 265 25;0 ?>4V1=C 1>@>BL1C 7 >DVFV9=>N T7CWBAL:>N ?@>?030=4>N 2 >;LIV ?@>BO3>< XVII AB. V <0;0 @>728=5=C ?>;5<VG=C ;VB5@0BC@C, =5>1EV4=C 4;O BVTW 1>@>BL18"[65]. C;LBC@=0 4>?><>30 7 #:@0W=8 =04E>48;0 4> A5@1V2 42><0 H;OE0<8.  @V7=8E C:@0W=AL:8E F5=B@V2 C A5@1AL:V <VAB0 ?@81C20;8 :=86:8, WE0;8 2G8B5;V, ?8AL<5==8:8, EC4>6=8:8, B5>;>38 B>I>; A5@18 7V A2>3> 1>:C 9H;8 2 #:@0W=C ?> 7=0==O, O:V ?>BV< ?>H8@N20;8 2 A515 =0 10BL:V2I8=V. &O "VAB>@8G=0 B@0A0" :C;LBC@=>3> 270T<>>1<V=C, I> DC=:FV>=C20;0 I5 7 402=VE G0AV2, :>;8 2V41C20;8AO B0: 720=V ?5@H89 B0 4@C389 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:V 2?;828, C XVII-XVIII AB. AB0;0 :0=0;>< 72>@>B=>3> 2?;82C. >;L :8W2AL:8E F5=B@V2 C @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 %V-%V( AB. 852>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO ?>G0B>: H:V;L=8FB20 %>G5<> H:>;8 B0:V, O: C 8T2V... V:5=BVT >20=>28G. #B2>@5==O 1615 @>:C 8W2AL:>W 10BAL:>W H:>;8, @>4>=0G0;L=8FV 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW, 7=0<5=C20;> ?>G0B>: 28I>W >A2VB8 =5 BV;L:8 4;O #:@0W=8, 0 9 4;OB8E =0@>4V2@>728B>: ;VB5@0BC@8 9 <8AB5FB20 O:8E ?@>BO3>< %VII-%V AB. 1C2 BVA=> ?>2'O70=89 7 8T2><[1]. 4=8< 7 OA:@028E ?@>O2V2 B0:>3> A?V2@>1VB=8FB20 AB0;> =0;03>465==O A5@10<8 >A2VB8 70 7@07:0<8 28:;040==O C :8W2AL:8E H:>;0E, I> >7=0G0;> 4;O =8E, 70 287=0==O< ACG0A=8:V2, 28EV4 7 "38?BC =5>A2VG5=>ABV". ?8=82H8AL C A5@54>28IV, 45 2 C<>20E AC?5@=8FB20 ?@>B5AB0=B87<C V :>=B@@5D>@<0FVW 28@>18;0AO :C;LBC@0 28A>:>3> @V2=O, A5@18 ?>28==V 1C;8 01> ?@89=OB8 2A5, I> W< =02'O7C20;8, 01> 6 ?@>B8AB028B8 FL><C 2V4?>2V4=89 @V25=L 7=0=L. 4=0: B>9 0@A5=0;, I> 9>3> 2>=8 28=5A;8 ?VA;O 28A=06;82>W 1>@>BL18 7 BC@:0<8, 1C2 =5A?@><>6=89 2:;NG8B8AL C ?@>B8AB>O==O. "5@5A0465=V 2 V=HC :@0W=C, ?5@5<VI5=V 2 V=H5 ACA?V;LAB2>, 2V4GC;8 =5?8AL<5==V, 0;5 :<VB;82V A5@18, :5@>20=V 74>@>28< V=AB8=:B>< A0<>715@565==O, I> 1V;LHVABL WE=VE 1V4 ?>E>48BL 2V4 =5>A2VG5=>ABV...  4>23> I5 3>;>2=0 <0A0 A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C ?5@51C20;0 2 <>@>:C =57=0==O, 0 =04 =5N ?V4=>A8;0AO ;8H5 :C?:0 >A2VG5=8E V 2G5=8E A5@1V2, O:V 74>1C;8 A2>W 7=0==O 7024O:8 A?@024V =04;N4AL:8< 7CA8;;O<. / 27030;V =5 7=0N V=H>3> ?@8:;04C B0:>3> AB@04=8FL:>3> V =0?>;53;82>3> 74>1C20==O 7=0=L, O: C A5@1V2 ?@>BO3>< XVIII AB.", - ?8A02 2V4><89 N3>A;02AL:89 4>A;V4=8: . 04>9G8G[2]. 0 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. C =5G8A;5==8E H:>;0E A5@1V2, 28:;040==O 25;>AO 70 7@07:>< A5@54=L>2VG=8E 3@5FL:8E H:V;, 45 =02G0;8 07V2 3@0<>B=>ABV: G8B0;8 402=L>A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>N, ?8A0;8 =0 B>=:8E 4>I5G:0E, C:@8B8E H0@>< 2>A:C. @>3@0<0 1C;0 >1<565=>N, 1@0:C20;> 1C:20@V2, 3@0<0B8:. (:>;8 DC=:FV>=C20;8 =5A8AB5<0B8G=> - =5 28AB0G0;> 2G8B5;V2, B0 9 CG=V 2V42V4C20;8 FV =02G0;L=V 70:;048 =5>E>G5. 8:;040G0<8 1C;8 A2OI5=8:8 01> >DVF5@8 A5@1AL:>3> 2V9AL:0, =5@V4:> 9 A0<V =0?V2>A2VG5=V. 5>@30=V70FVO V ?>40;LH89 @>728B>: A8AB5<8 >A2VB8 AB0;8 4;O A5@1V2 ?5@H>G5@3>28< 70240==O<. (:>;8 @>7C<V;8AO O: A2>3> @>4C 10ABV>=8 =570;56=>ABV =0@>4C, 70E8ABC 9>3> 2V4 0A8<V;OFVW 70 C<>2 :0B>;8FL:>3> >B>G5==O. 09206;82VH8< 22060;>AO 282G5==O <>28 - I>1 "=0@>4 =0@5HBV 7<V3 2;0A=8<8, 0 =5 GC68<8 2CAB0<8 703>2>@8B8"[3]. 0 ?@8:;04 A;C68;0 A8AB5<0 >A2VB8, 7>@VT=B>20=0 =0 H8@>:V 25@AB28 =0A5;5==O, 0 =5 ;8H5 =0 A>FV0;L=V 25@E8. "0:C A8AB5<C 70?@>2046C20;8 1@0BAB20 2 #:@0W=V. >@>BL1C A5@1V2 70 ?@>A2VBC 2 ?5@HV 45AOB8;VBBO ?VA;O ?5@5A5;5==O =0 75<;V 2AB@V9AL:>W V<?5@VW >G>;N20;8 ?@54AB02=8:8 ?@02>A;02=>3> 4CE>25=AB20. ><VB=C @>;L C :C;LBC@=>?>;VB8G=><C 68BBV >T2>48=8 2V4V3@020;8 =0@>4=>-F5@:>2=V A>1>@8 - A2>T@V4=V 2VG0, =0 O:8E >18@0;>AO :5@V2=8FB2>, @>72'O7C20;8AO 206;82V ?8B0==O 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO[4]. 0 F8E A>1>@0E =5 @07 3>2>@8;>AO, I> ?>B@V1=> 70A=C20B8 2;0A=V 4@C:0@=V V H:>;8, 0 1712 @>:C A>1>@ ?@>A82 A2>WE 4CE>2=8E ?0AB8@V2 725@=CB8 C203C =0 B5, "O: <8, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 V=H8E =0@>4V2, 0=V H:V;, 0=V =02G0==O =5 <0T<>"[5]. 0@5HBV, 1725 @>:C A>1>@ C <VABV 0@;>20FV 287=02 =5>1EV4=VABL ?>2AN4=>3> 70A=C20==O =0FV>=0;L=8E H:V;. ;5 =0 2AV ?@>E0==O I>4> FL>3> 02AB@V9AL:V G8=>2=8:8 01> 2V4?>2V40;8 2V4<>2>N, 0@3C<5=BCNG8 WW =V18B> 4>AB0B=L>N :V;L:VABN VA=CNG8E C=V0BAL:8E H:V;, 01> 6 AB028;8 C<>2C >1>2'O7:>2>3> 28:;040==O :0B>;8F87<C 2 A5@1AL:8E H:>;0E. 5 1060NG8 9B8 =0 :><?@><VA8, A5@18 210G0;8 T48=89 ?>@OBC=>: C 4>?><>7V 7V A;>2'O=AL:>3> AE>4C. 5 @07 2>=8 725@B0;8AO 4> @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C. "5 BV;5A=>W, 0 4CH52=>W ?@>A8<> 4>?><>38 - 71C4C20B8 H:>;8... C4L 65 4;O =0A 4@C38< >9A5T< V 2872>;8 =0A 7 38?BC =5>A2VG5=>ABV..., 1> 7=0==O 4>@>3>FV==VHV 2V4 CAVE 1030BAB2", - 3>2>@8;>AO 2 >4=><C 7 ;8ABV2 A5@1V2 4> 5B@0 [6]. #65 2 ?5@HV @>:8 ?VA;O ?5@5A5;5==O A5@1AL:V 5=BC7V0AB8 H:V;L=>W A?@028 >?8@0;8AO =0 4>A2V4 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. 8AL<5==8: 8?@8O= 0G0=8=, =5 704>2>;L=ONG8AL ?5@5?8AC20==O< A5@1AL:8E A5@54=L>2VG=8E @C:>?8AV2, ?V43>BC202 1717 @>:C "C:20@" 70 :8W2AL:8<8 B0 <>A:>2AL:8<8 7@07:0<8. 0ABC?=>3> @>:C A5@18 725@=C;8AO 4> 5B5@1C@30 7 ?@>E0==O< =04VA;0B8 W< :=86:8 4;O ?>B@51 =02G0==O. >AB@> 2V4GC20;0AO 9 2V4ACB=VABL :20;VDV:>20=8E CG8B5;V2. 0?@>A8B8 WE V7 >AVW V AB0;> 3>;>2=8< 70240==O< B@L>E ?@54AB02=8:V2 A5@1AL:>3> ?@>A2VB=8FL:>3> @CEC - <8B@>?>;8BV2 .5B@>28G0, .>20=>28G0 V .5=04>28G0, 7 4VO;L=VABN O:8E ?>2'O70=0 AB>;VB=O 1>@>BL10 A5@1V2 70 >A2VBC. >AV9AL:89 C@O4, 70FV:02;5=89 C 7<VF=5==V A2>WE ?>78FV9 =0 0;:0=0E, C 1722 @>FV 28402 =0:07 "0@;00<C, 0@EVT?8A:>?C 8W2AL:><C V 0;8FL:><C ?@> 2V4@O465==O 2G8B5;V2 4> !5@1VW[7] 0 @5:><5=40FVTN $.@>:>?>28G0 !8=>4 2V4@O482 4> T;3@040 ?5@5:;040G0 0:A8<0 !C2>@>20. 57010@>< 2V= ?@81C2 BC48 V 1726 @>:C >@30=V7C202 "A;>2'O=AL:C H:>;C", 4;O CG=V2 O:>W ?@82V7 400 ?@8<V@=8:V2 1C:20@O $.@>:>?>28G0 V 100 - 3@0<0B8:8 .!<>B@8FL:>3>. >3> ?5@HV :@>:8 =0 75<;OE >T2>48=8 1C;8 =5;53:8<8. 2AB@V9AL:0 04<V=VAB@0FVO ?>AB028;0AO 4> .!C2>@>20 2>@>65, =0<030;0AO 27OB8 9>3> ?V4 :>=B@>;L, G0AB8=C ?@82575=8E =8< @5G59 1C;> :>=DVA:>20=>. "0 9 :>=A5@20B82=V :>;0 A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 06 =VO: =5 70E>?;N20;8AL V45O<8 .5B@>28G0 ?@> 70A=C20==O H:V; V 7CAB@V;8 2G8B5;O =5;N1'O7=>. C65 25;8:8< 1C2 @>7@82 <V6 7030;L=>N ?V43>B>2;5=VABN CG=V2 V B8< @V2=5<, I> 9>3> ?5@5410G0;8 ?V4@CG=8:8 !<>B@8FL:>3> V @>:>?>28G0. .!C2>@>2 70:;8:02 1CB8 "B5@?5;82>4CE8<8", I>1 "CGV==O ?@8<=>6C20B8", 0;5 <0@=>[8].  @V7=8E ?@8G8= H:>;C ?5@5=>A8;8 B> 4> T;3@040, B> 4> 0@;>20F0, 4VO;0 2>=0 =5A8AB5<0B8G=>, 0 B8E =5G8A;5==8E CG=V2, :>B@V 2V42V4C20;8 70=OBBO, =02VBL "?@82A5;N4=>" 28A<VN20;8, O: A:0@682AO !8=>4>2V .!C2>@>2. #G8B5;L 7 ?5A8<V7<>< :>=AB0BC202, I> =0682 G8<0;> 2>@>3V2, 7CA8;;O 9>3> <0@=V, 4> B>3> I5 9 =07@V2 :>=D;V:B V7 A5@1AL:8< :5@V2=8FB2><. !8=>4 D0:B8G=> =5 >?V:C202AO 4>;5N A2>3> ?>A;0=FO, O:89 4540;V 1V;LH5 B5@?V2 =5AB0B:8 V 707=0202 ?5@5A;V4C20=L. 1730 @>:C ?><5@ .5B@>28G, V=VFV0B>@ ?@>A2VB=8FL:>W A?@028. # A2>T<C 70?>2VBV 2V= 725@B02AO 4> A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C, 70:;8:0NG8 "715@V30B8 9 ?V4B@8<C20B8 H:V;L=C A?@02C", ?5@5:>=CNG8, I> >A2VB0 "?@8=5A5 >GV:C20=V ?;>48 V 1C4CBL 2>=8 A>;>4H8<8 9 2V4 <54C, 9 2V4 A>B"[9]. "8< G0A>< .!C2>@>2, 2B@0B82H8 7V A<5@BN .5B@>28G0 >AB0==N ?V4B@8<:C, ?@8?8=OT 28:;040==O. # F59 4@0<0B8G=89 <><5=B ?>B@V1=0 4>?><>30 "=04V9H;0 7 8T20, 7 9>3> :045<VW, O:0 =0 B>9 G0A 1C;0 F5=B@>< ?@>A2VB8 4;O 2AL>3> ?@02>A;02=>3> A;>2'O=AB20"[10]. (:V;L=C A?@02C 27O2 4> A2>WE @C: <8B@>?>;8B .>20=>28G - ;N48=0 5=5@3V9=0, 7 ?5@54>28<8 ?>3;O40<8. @03=CG8 2825AB8 =0@>4 7 <>@>:C =5>A2VG5=>ABV, 2V= 40T =0 =0@>4=><C A>1>@V :;OB2C, I> @VHCG5 ?V4B@8<C20B8<5 H:>;8. ><C B0:>6 4>25;>AO 7VB:=CB8AO 7 G8A;5==8<8 B@C4=>I0<8 9 ?5@5H:>40<8, I> WE AB028;8 O: G8=>2=8:8 7 V4=O, B0: V @50:FV9=89 A5@1AL:89 :;V@. ;5 ;N48=0 2>;L>20, .>20=>28G 4>;02 >?>78FVN. 0 ?>G0B:C 30-E @>:V2 =0 >4=><C V7 A>1>@V2 2V= ?@>2V2 CE20;C ?@> 70A=C20==O H:V; =>2>3> 7@07:0. H;>AO ?@> "DV;>A>DAL:V H:>;8", 2 O:8E 18 =02G0;8AO "A?>A>1>< B0:8< A0<8<, O: V 2 8T2V". >1@5 >1V7=0=89 V7 B8<, O: G8=82AO >?V@ C=VW 2 #:@0W=V, .>20=>28G 2 >4=><C 7 4>:C<5=BV2 7304CT V 1@0BAB20, I> WE <@VO2 10G8B8 2 A515 =0 10BL:V2I8=V.  FVTN <5B>N 2V= =0?@02;OT >140@>20=C <>;>4L 4> 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW V 725@B0TBLAO 4> $.@>:>?>28G0 7 ?@>E0==O< 2V4@O48B8 70<VABL .!C2>@>20 V=H>3> 2G8B5;O 7 8T20. >4=>G0A 2V= HC:0T 157?>A5@54=VE :>=B0:BV2 7 8T2>->38;O=AL:>N 0:045<VTN. 1731 @>:C 4> 8T20 2V41C20T ?>2V@5=89 .>20=>28G0 7 ;8AB><, 45 OA:@02> 7<0;L>20=> BO6:5 AB0=>28I5 A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C, >1AB>NTBLAO =5>1EV4=VABL <0B8 2;0A=V H:>;8, ?>4V1=V 4> :8W2AL:8E, 0 B0:>6 28A;>2;NTBLAO ?@>E0==O =5 ><8=0B8 C203>N A5@1AL:8E A?C45W2, O:V =02G0NBLAO 2 :045<VW[11]. 0ABC?=>3> @>:C 2 ;8ABV >A>18AB> 4> 0D0W;0 01>@>2AL:>3> .>20=>28G ?@>A8BL =0?@028B8 "7V A2>TW A;02=>W :045<VW 4> !5@1VW 2 =02G0==V :=86=><C 2?@02=8E G8A;>< 45AOBL G>;>2V:" 4;O >@30=V70FVW H:V; 70 :8W2AL:8< 7@07:><[12]. 1VFONG8 70157?5G8B8 :8W2AL:8E CG8B5;V2 CAV< =5>1EV4=8<, 2V= 28A;>2;NT 3>B>2=VABL @>74V;8B8 7 =8<8 "7V A2>3> AB>;C E;V1 =0ACI=89"[13]. %0@0:B5@=>, I> .>20=>28G ?@>A82 =5 2V4@O460B8 :>3>AL =0:07><, 0 4V1@0B8 B0:8E 28:;040GV2, :>B@V 70 2;0A=8< 1060==O< 70E>BV;8 1 ?>WE0B8 4;O ?>H8@5==O >A2VB8[14]. .01>@>2AL:89 V7 @>7C<V==O< ?>AB0282AO 4> :;>?>B0=L . >20=>28G0 V =0:0702 7'OAC20B8 "C 2AVE :8W2AL:8E H:>;0E... G8 =5 706040T EB> ?>WE0B8 4> A5@1AL:>W :@0W=8 4;O =02G0==O 4VB59[15].  B8< G0A>< .>20=>28G C B@02=V 1733 @V7:C 7=>2C 2V4@O460T =0 15@538 =V?@0 A2>3> ?@54AB02=8:0 .!B>9:>20, I>1 B>9 402 CG8B5;O<, O:V ?>3>4OBLAO ?@8WE0B8, ?>B@V1=C V=D>@<0FVN ?@> A5@1AL:89 =0@>4, 9>3> AB0=>28I5 ?5@54 703@>7>N C=VW, <5BC 70?@>H5==O, C<>28 ?@0FV B>I>. &V ?>HC:8 =5 ;8H8;8AO 157 2V43C:C. V;L:VABL 1060NG8E A5@54 28E>20=FV2 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW =02VBL ?5@528I8;0 G8A;>, 707=0G5=5 2 ;8ABV .>20=>28G0, 0 >48= V7 4>1@>2>;LFV2, !8=5AV9 0;CFL:89, CAC?5@5G =51060==N :5@V2=8FB20 2V4?CAB8B8 9>3> (2V= 1C2 ?>B@V1=89 4;O 28:;040==O 2 :045<VW) ?>402AO 4> A5@1V2 =02VBL "157 ?0H?>@B0"[16]. 0?@8:V=FV ;VB0 1733 @>:C 7 1;03>A;>2V==O .01>@>2AL:>3> 3@C?0 C:@0W=AL:8E CG8B5;V2 C AC?@>2>4V .!B>9:>20 28WE0;0 7 8T20. V1@0=> WE 1C;> 7 :@0I8E 28E>20=FV2; F5 70A2V4GCT, 7>:@5<0, B>9 D0:B, I> 45O:V 7 =8E, ?>25@=C2H8AO 73>4>< =0 10BL:V2I8=C, 2V4V3@0;8 =5 >AB0==N @>;L C @>728B:C 2VBG87=O=>W :C;LBC@8. >65= V7 =8E A?5FV0;V7C202AO 2 BV9 G8 BV9 30;C7V, 0;5 2 @07V ?>B@518 2>=8 <>3;8 ?V4<V=OB8 >48= >4=>3>. !.0;CFL:89, O:89 28WE02 45I> @0=VH5, <02 A>;V4=89 4>A2V4 28:;040==O C ABV=0E :045<VW[17]. > ?@81CBBO 3@C?8 2G8B5;V2 2V= C65 28:>=C202 >1>2'O7:8 @5:B>@0 :0@;>20FL:8E H:V;. <'O 5B@0 04C=>2AL:>3> 7304CTBLAO C A?8A:0E A;CE0GV2 >AB0==VE :C@AV2 :045<VW: 2V= 28:;0402 DV;>A>DVN, ?VWB8:C 9 A8=B0:A8A, 0 ?VA;O ?>25@=5==O 4> 8T20 0:B82=> 2:;NG82AO C ?@>A2VB=8FL:C A?@02C, >1V9<02 28A>:V ?>A048, 220602AO 02B>@8B5B=8< ?@54AB02=8:>< A2>3> D0EC[18]. 5>@3V9 (C<;O: G8B02 B5>;>3VN, 0 F59 ?@54<5B, O: ?@028;>, 2V2 @5:B>@ :045<VW, :>;8 6 9>3> 4>@CG0;8 A?C45O<, B> - =0974V1=VH8<. "@>E8< ;8<>2AL:89 7 25;8:8< CA?VE>< 2V2 @8B>@8:C, O:0, 70 A2V4G5==O<8 ACG0A=8:V2, :>@8ABC20;0AO >A>1;82>N ?>?C;O@=VABN 2 A5@1AL:8E H:>;0E[19]. V7=V ?@54<5B8, 2V4?>2V4=> 4> ?@>3@0<8 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, 28:;040;8 "8<>DV9 520=4>2AL:89, 20= 8=0FL:89 B0 V=HV 28E>20=FV :045<VW. 09OA:@02VH>N ?>AB0BBN A5@54 =8E 1C2 8E09;> (0=CW;) >70G8=AL:89. # 6>2B=V 1733 @>:C 45AOBL :8W2AL:8E CG8B5;V2 ?@81C;8 4> 0@;>20F0, 4> =8E ?@8T4=0;8AO 9 A5@18 - 28E>20=FV 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW: 5>@3V9 82>9=>2, 8:>;0 8:>;0T28G B0 5B@> 09:>2[20]. &O 3@C?0 <03VAB@V2, 70 >FV=:>N .@G8G0, 1C;0 A?@026=L>N "<0;>N 0:045<VTN", :>B@0 @>7?>G0;0 1>@>BL1C 70 ?@>A2VBC[21]. .>20=>28G, E>G0 9 1C2 BO6:> E2>@89, 7CAB@V2 ?>A;0=FV2 8T20 >A>18AB> V 2;0HBC202 W< B5?;89 ?@89><. V6 ?@81C;8<8 <03VAB@0<8 B0 A5@1AL:8< "?>:@>28B5;5< E@0<V2 0;;048" (B0: 70 B@048FVTN 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW 2G8B5;V 25;8G0;8 A2>3> ?0B@>=0) =0;03>48;8AO AB>AC=:8 270T<=>W 4>2V@8 V @>7C<V==O. .>20=>28G =0;56=> >FV=82 ?>4286=8FL:C ?@0FN :8W2AL:8E CG8B5;V2, 0 2>=8 9>3> 70E>?;5==O H:>;0<8, 9>3> >?V:C20==O >A2VB>N, 2V4GCB=5 =0 :>6=><C :@BFV - 2V4 =0:07V2 ?@> 2V4@O465==O CG=V2 C H:>;C 4> 28B@0B =0 ?V43>B>2:C 9 >1;04=0==O :;0AV2[22]. #:@0W=AL:V D0EV2FV A?@0248;8 A?>4V20==O A5@1AL:>3> ?@>A2VB8B5;O, @57C;LB0B8 WE=L>W 4VO;L=>ABV 4VAB0;8 25;L<8 28A>:C >FV=:C. '5@57 420 @>:8 ?VA;O WE=L>3> ?@81CBBO .>20=>28G ?8A02 .01>@>2AL:><C, I> :8W2AL:V 2G8B5;V "V 2 =02G0==V 2?@02=V, V 4>1@>78G;82V, V 2 =0?CGC20==V CG=V2 AB0@0==V 9 >E>GV"[23]. V A2>3> 1>:C .>70G8=AL:89 V .04C=>2AL:89 ?>2V4><;O;8 .01>@>2AL:>3>, I> 4;O =8E AB2>@5=> C<>28, I>18 "157 1C4L-O:8E ?5@5?>= AVOB8" 7=0==O A5@54 A5@1V2[24]. 8W2AL:V ?>A;0=FV ?>GC20;8 A515 2?52=5=> I5 9 B><C, I> A8BC0FVO, 2 O:V9 2>=8 >?8=8;8AO, 1030B> 2 G><C 1C;0 ?>4V1=>N 4> A>FV0;L=>-?>;VB8G=>W 0B<>AD5@8 2 #:@0W=V, V4 =8E G5:0;8 B>3>, I> =0 WE=V9 10BL:V2I8=V <0;> 265 402=N B@048FVN, - ?@>B81>@AB20 7 C=VTN H;OE>< @>728B:C =0FV>=0;L=>W :C;LBC@8. A:V;L:8 ?5@H0 A?@>10 70A=C20==O H:V; A5@54 A5@1V2 =5 240;0AO, ":8O=0<, - :>=AB0BCT .@G8G, - 4>2>48;>AO 2A5 @>7?>G8=0B8 7=>2C... 091CB=VE CG=V2 B@510 1C;> 2V4?>2V4=> ?V43>BC20B8.., 018 2AV BV 4VB8 2V4GC;8, I> 2>=8 >?8=8;8AO ?5@54 1@0<>N 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW"[25]. >?5@54=O H:>;0 .!C2>@>20 1C;0 ?>G0B:>2>N A;>2'O=AL:>N, :8O=8 6 >@30=V7C20;8 A;>2'O=>-;0B8=AL:C. >18@0;8AO =0974V1=VHV CG=V, ?@> I> A2V4G8BL 725@=5==O .>20=>28G0 4> 3@><04AL:>ABV, 2 O:><C 2V= 70:;8:02 =0?@02;OB8 4> 0@;>20F0 =091V;LH "3V4=8E V >E>G8E" A;CE0GV2, ?V4:@5A;NNG8, I> =02G0B8<CBL WE ">A>1;82V <03VAB@8"[26]. 8O=8 28:;040;8 A?>G0B:C BV;L:8 2 0@;>20FV, 0;5 =57010@>< @>74V;8;8AO ?> 2AVE 3>;>2=8E F5=B@0E 2AB@VW, #3>@I8=8, %>@20BVW, 45 <5H:0;8 A5@18, 70A=>2CNG8 =>2V H:>;8 V7 A8AB5<>N =02G0==O "B0:>N, O: C 8T2V". :@V< 0@;>20F0 B0 T;3@040, B0:V H:>;8 DC=:FV>=C20;8 2 <VAB0E >289 !04, @04, C48<, 0940<?5:, !5=B-=4@5O, (84 B0 V=. 5:B>@>< F8E H:V; A?>G0B:C 1C2 !.0;CFL:89. >;8 2V=, ?> 70:V=G5==V C3>48, ?>25@B02AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C, .>20=>28G 2V4?CAB82 9>3> "G5A=> 7 =03>@>4>N 3@>H8<0 B0 V=H8<8 @5G0<8", =0:0702 70157?5G8B8 9><C ?@>BO3>< ?>4>@>6V 2AV;O:C 4>?><>3C, 0 2 4>:C<5=B0E 707=0G82, O:C 25;8:C :>@8ABL F59 CG8B5;L "=0@>4C =0H><C ?@02>A;02=><C 7@>182"[27]. V7=VH5 C A2>T<C 70?>2VBV .>20=>28G 730402 !.0;CFL:>3> O: =04728G09=> 74V1=>3> 2G8B5;O A;>2'O=AL:>W B0 ;0B8=AL:>W <>2. VA;O !.0;CFL:>3> @5:B>@>< 1C;> ?@87=0G5=> .>70G8=AL:>3>; 2V= 28:;0402 A8=B0:A8A, ;0B8=AL:C <>2C, ?>5B8:C B0 @8B>@8:C. AB0==L><C ?@54<5B>2V ?@84V;O;0AO >A>1;820 C2030, >A:V;L:8 >@0B>@AL:5 <8AB5FB2> 1C;> 206;82>N D>@<>N ?>H8@5==O =0FV>=0;L=8E V459. :@V< B>3>, 28:;040;0AO 45:;0<0FVO. &V B0 V=HV ?@54<5B8 282G0;8 =5 BV;L:8 70 ?V4@CG=8:0<8, ?@82575=8<8 7 8T20, 0 9 70 B8<8 :C@A0<8, I> WE C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V A?5FV0;L=> ?@83>BC20;8, >@VT=BCNG8AL =0 <VAF52C 0C48B>@VN. > B>3> 6 CG8B5;V 7=09><8;8 CG=V2 7 :C;LBC@>N B0 <>2>N #:@0W=8, @>7?>2V40;8 ?@> A2V9 =0@>4 B>I>. >;8 73040B8 ?>?C;O@=VABL V 02B>@8B5B 8T20 B0 9>3> :045<VW A5@54 A5@1V2, B> <>6=0 CO28B8, O:5 2@065==O A?@02;O;8 =0 A5@1AL:8E A;CE0GV2 (0 A5@54 =8E 1C;8 O: ?V4;VB:8, B0: V <>;>4L 2V:>< 2V4 20 4> 0 @>:V2) ;5:FVW :8W2AL:8E <03VAB@V2. ;NAB@0FVTN <>6CBL A;C68B8 A?>3048 >20=0 0WG0, >4=>3> 7 =09>A2VG5=VH8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 XVIII AB., ?>A;V4>2=>3> ?@8E8;L=8:0 :8W2AL:>W A8AB5<8 >A2VB8, 7 O:>N 2V= C?5@H5 ?>7=09><82AO =0 ;5:FVOE .>70G8=AL:>3>, 0 ?@>4>2682 WW C ABV=0E 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW. . 0WG V7 70E>?;5==O< ?8A02 ?@> B5, O: C:@0W=AL:V <03VAB@8 25;8 <>;>4L "06 4> 1@0< DV;>A>DVW"[28]. =0==O, ?@8=5A5=V 28:;040G0<8 7 8T20, ?@86820;8AO H284:>, 7=0E>48;8 G8<0;> ?@8E8;L=8:V2, =04B> A5@54 <>;>4V, ?><V6 O:>N B@0?;O;8AO 9 >140@>20=V, 24OG=V A2>W< =0AB02=8:0< ;N48. @>B5 3>AB@> =530B82=>N 1C;0 @50:FVO 7 1>:C :>=A5@20B82=8E, 0;5 2?;82>28E A5@1AL:8E :V;. 5>A2VG5=5 4CE>25=AB2> AB0=>28;> >4=C 7 =09<VF=VH8E >?>78FV9 ?5@54>28< V45O< 9 CAV;O:5 30;L<C20;> ?>H8@5==O >A2VB8. 093>;>2=VH>N ?@8G8=>N 1C2 AB@0E ?5@54 <>;>4>N 35=5@0FVTN, O:0 7 G0A>< <>3;0 28B8A=CB8 =5?8AL<5==89 :;V@ 7 :5@V2=8E ?>78FV9. >;>2=8< F5=B@>< :>=B0:BV2 7 #:@0W=>N ?>ABC?>2> AB020;8 A0<5 =>2>70A=>20=V H:>;8, 0 =5 <>=0AB8@V, O: 1C;> @0=VH5, V F5 28:;8:0;> C <>=0EV2 7074@VABL. 540@5<=> ?@> 7074@VABL O: ?@> 7;>, I> 702060T >A2VBV, 3>2>@82 C A2>W9 ""@0354>:><54WW" .>70G8=AL:89, 0 9>3> 2V440=89 CG5=L . 0WG B0: ?8A02 ?@> =54@C3V2 H:>;8 .>70G8=AL:>3>: "&V 7074@VA=8:8 - ?@842>@=89 :;V@ ?0B@V0@E0 - 265 2 ;VB0E, 0;5 2>=8 - FV;:>28BV =52V3;0A8, ;54L C<VNBL G8B0B8 9 ?8A0B8. !B@0H=8< V =59<>2V@=8< 74020;>AO W< B5, I> 4VB8 2<V;8 ?@028;L=> V G8B0B8, V ?8A0B8, V :@0I5 70 =8E A?V20B8, B8<-B> 2>=8 BV;L:8 9 <@VO;8 ?@> B5, O: 18 FN >1=04V9;82C <>;>4L ?>25@=CB8 4> ?>?5@54=L>3> AB0=C =5>A2VG5=>ABV, 018 BV;L:8 W< A0<8< >B0:>W, <>2;O2, 30=L18 =5 707=020B8"[29]. &5@:>2=8:8 2AV;O:> ?0?;N68;8 28E>20=FV2 H:V; V 4><030;8AO A:>@>G5==O :>HBV2 =0 >A2VBC. #=0A;V4>: FL>3> 2AV AB0@0==O .>20=>28G0 ?>;V?H8B8 <0B5@V0;L=5 AB0=>28I5 2G8B5;V2 @>7H8@8B8 <5@56C H:V; =5 4VAB020;8 ?V4B@8<:8 2 ?0B@V0@E0 B0 9>3> 04<V=VAB@0FVW. >2>70A=>20=V H:>;8 1C;8 4C65 1V4=V, ?@8<VI5==O =5 <>3;8 2<VAB8B8 2AVE 1060NG8E. 0 70204V 70;CG5==N CG=V2 4> H:V; AB020;0 B0:>6 V=5@B=VABL ?52=8E :V; ACA?V;LAB20, O:V 2V44020;8 ?5@5203C 5;5<5=B0@=><C =02G0==N C AB0@8E H:>;0E V =5 28O2;O;8 V=B5@5AC 4> @V7=>1VG=>W A8AB5<0B87>20=>W @>7C<>2>W ?@0FV 70 =>2>N ?@>3@0<>N. >=0AB8@V 06 =VO: =5 ?@03=C;8, I>1 <>;>4L 1C;0 >A2VG5=>N "?>-:8W2AL:8", 2V4:;8:0;8 CG=V2, O:8E A0<V 6 V =0?@028;8 =0 =02G0==O, 9 CAV;O:> G8=8;8 >?V@ H:>;0<. "V;L:8 7024O:8 2B@CG0==N .>20=>28G0 24020;>AO V=>4V ?>25@=CB8 B>3> G8 B>3> CG=O 4> H:>;8. >H8@5==O >A2VB8 ?5@5410G0;>AO =5 BV;L:8 A5@54 4CE>25=AB20, 0 9 A5@54 2V9AL:>28E, O: F5 ?@0:B8:C20;>AO 2 #:@0W=V (45, O: 2V4><>, 4> 1@0BAB20 70?8AC20;8AO FV;8< :>70FL:8< ?>;:>< =0 G>;V 7 35BL<0=><), V A5@54 V=H8E 25@AB2 ACA?V;LAB20. &V ?;0=8 .>20=>28G0 =5 A:@V7L 7CAB@VG0;8 @>7C<V==O. >:@5<0, >DVF5@8 A5@1AL:>3> 2V9AL:0 22060;8, I> :0@'T@C ;53H5 74>1CB8 C V4=V A;C61>N, 0=V6 71030G5==O< 7=0=L. &5 0;53>@8G=> 28@0782 C ""@0354>:><54VW" V .>70G8=AL:89: 48A:CAVO <V6 0@A>< B0 5;;>=>N (4> ?5@H>3> ?@8T4=CTBLAO 074@VABL, 4> 4@C3>W - 0;;0A, 1>3 <C4@>ABV) 70:V=GCTBLAO 283=0==O< <C4@>ABV. ">@65AB2CNBL A8;0, ?8E0, =5>A2VG5=VABL, 0 074@VABL, V=B@830=8 (4CE>25=AB2>) ;8F5<V@=> ?>OA=NNBL: "C;8 2 =0A... V 2;048:8, V 5:70@E8 25;8:V, V ?>?V2 <8 <0;8 4>A8BL... V =VEB> 7 =8E =5 =02G02AO, B> =0I> 9 =0< >B0 <C4@VABL?!"[30]. 0 ?5@5H:>4V 7CA8;;O< ?@>A2VB8B5;V2 AB0202 V @>71@0B B8E A5@1AL:8E 4VOGV2, >4 O:8E 70;560;0 4>;O C:@0W=AL:8E CG8B5;V2. >=0AB8@V 4540;V <5=H5 72060;8 =0 BO6:> E2>@>3> .>20=>28G0, <0B5@V0;L=> =5 ?V4B@8<C20;8 2G8B5;V2, O:V B5@?V;8 =5AB0B:8. <8@0NG8, .>20=>28G 70?>2V402 >70G8=AL:><C =5 :840B8 H:V;, ?@>O28B8 B5@?V==O 9 4>25AB8 25;8:5 4V;> 4> :V=FO. 572060NG8 =0 A:@CB=V >1AB028=8, :8O=8 =5 7@046C20;8 H:V;L=>W A?@028, 0;5 ?VA;O .>20=>28G0, O:89 ?><5@ C G5@2=V 1737 @>:C, B0:>3> 5=BC7V0AB0 >A2VB8 265 =5 1C;>. C48 1 =5 725@B0;8AO :8W2AL:V 2G8B5;V, I>1 @>72820B8 >A2VBC 40;V, 2>=8 =5 <0;8 ?V4B@8<:8. !B0=>28I5 ?>3V@HC20;>AO I5 9 B8<, I> :>=A5@20B82=0 F5@:>2=0 25@EV2:0 7C<V;0 >?;5AB8 A2>W<8 V=B@830<8 ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=VT (0:015=BC - ;N48=C, 2V4 O:>W 70;560;0 ?>40;LH0 4>;O H:V;.  :>;8 2G8B5;V 725@=C;8AO 4> =L>3> 70<VABL ?V4B@8<0B8 WE B>9 =542>7=0G=> =0BO:=C2, I> 2>=8 1V;LH5 =5 ?>B@V1=V V <>6CBL ?>25@B0B8AO 4> A2>TW :@0W=8 )>?@0240, <03VAB@8 >45@60;8 A2V4>FB2> ?@> "AB0@0==VABL V AC<;V==VABL". )> 6 4> ?@87=0G5=>W >20=>28G5< C 70?>2VBV =03>@>48, WW 0@EVT@5W ?@82;0A=8;8[31]. 2AB@V9AL:C 04<V=VAB@0FVN, O:V9 4VO;L=VABL CG8B5;V2 7 #:@0W=8 1C;0 =0G5 AV;L 2 >FV, FV;:>< 2;0HB>2C202 B0:89 ?>2>@>B - =524>27V H:>;C 2 0@;>20FV 70:@8;8, CG=V "7 ?;0G5< @>7V9H;8AO ?> A2>WE 4><V2:0E, 0 30@=> 71C4>20=89 0@=0A @>7?02AO V GC4>289 :2VBCG89 A04 1C;> 7=8I5=>"[32]. >?@8 <0B5@V0;L=C A:@CBC, ?5@5A;V4C20==O, =5A?@8OB;82V >1AB028=8 (703>AB@5==O 02AB@>-BC@5FL:8E 2V4=>A8=, 3>;>4, 5?V45<VW), =5 2AV C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V 2V4@07C ?>:8=C;8 !5@1VN. .>70G8=AL:89 ?>402AO 4> %>@20BVW 4;O 4>?><>38 A5@1AL:8< ?5@5A5;5=FO<, A;V4>< 70 =8< BC48 2V41C2 V .04C=>2AL:89. .0AB>28FL:89 ?>WE02 =0 ?V2=VG !5@1VW 4> <VAB0 >60@520F0, 45 02AB@V9FV 0:B82V7C20;8 A2>N @5;V3V9=C 4VO;L=VABL. # T;3@04V 45O:89 G0A 28:;0402 ?8AL<5=8: !.">4>@AL:89[33]. ;5 FVTW 4VO;L=>ABV =VEB> =5 AC1A84C202, CG8B5;V =5 <0;8 :>HBV2 =02VBL =0 E0@GC20==O.  40;V 70;8H02AO BCB .8=0FL:89 - 9>3> V<'O 7CAB@VG0TBLAO 1752 @>:C A5@54 V<5= A5@1AL:8E ?@>D5A>@V2 C=V25@A8B5BC 2 5HBV[34]. .>70G8=AL:89 73>4>< 70A=C202 :>;53VC< C >2><C !04V V 1C2 9>3> ?@5D5:B>< 06 4> 1738 @>:C, :>;8 2V4@O465=0 A2>3> G0AC .>20=>28G5< A5@1AL:0 <>;>4L, 7025@H82H8 =02G0==O, ?>G0;0 ?>25@B0B8AO 7 8T20 V <>6=0 1C;> ?5@540B8 A?@02C >A2VB8 2 =04V9=V @C:8.  FL>3> G0AC @>7?>G8=0TBLAO =0ABC?=89 5B0? 1>@>BL18 ?5@54>2>W A5@1AL:>W V=B5;V35=FVW 70 >A2VBC, O:89 B@820T 7 40E ?> 70-V @>:8 XVIII AB. 8E>20=5FL 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW 8>=8AV9 >20:>28G, O:><C .>70G8=AL:89 ?5@5402 :5@C20==O :>;53VC<>< C >2><C !04V, ?>A;V4>2=> 2V4AB>N202 72'O7:8 7 8T2><[35]. 024O:8 9>3> 7CA8;;O< :>;53VC< AO3=C2 @V2=O DV;>A>DAL:>3> >A2VB=L>3> 70:;04C, ?@>3@0<0 28:;040==O 2 O:><C 1C;0 1;87L:>N 4> BVTW, 70 :>B@>N A0< ?@5D5:B =02G02AO C 8W2AL:V9 0:045<VW. 5;8:>3> CA?VEC 2 >@30=V70FVW >A2VB8 1C;> 4>AO3=CB> V 7024O:8 5=5@3V9=V9 4VO;L=>ABV 02;0 5=04>28G0 (1699-1768), O:89 3V4=> ?@>4>26C202 A?@02C .>20=>28G0. 0 =0@>4=><C A>1>@V 1748 @>:C 2V= 4>182AO @VH5==O ?@> 70A=C20==O 2A5=0@>4=>3> D>=4C ?V4B@8<:8 H:V; V ?@89=OBBO 70:>=C, 2V4?>2V4=> 4> O:>3> 6>4=5 A;C61>25 ?@>AC20==O AB0;> =5<>6;828< 157 =0;56=>W >A2VB8. .5=04>28G A?8@02AO =0 >A2VG5=8E A5@1V2, O:8E 1C;> 265 G8<0;> - 9 BV, I> ?>25@=C;8AO 7 8T20, V 2VE>20=FV "H:V; >70G8=AL:>3>" (2>=8 B0:>6 V<5=C20;8AO <03VAB@0<8, O:, =0?@8:;04, . 0WG). #:@0W=AL:V ?@>A2VB8B5;V 9 40;V ?@81C20;8 AN48 7 2;0A=>W V=VFV0B828. 0 60;L, =5 2AV WE=V V<5=0 =0< 2V4><V. !5@54 B8E, C3> 2G8B5;N202 C A5@1V2, 7304CNBLAO >0== CA, "8<>DV9 CA, ">48= <03VAB@ @CA8=", !8<5>= %@8AB8O=8=. @> >AB0==L>3> 2V4><>, I> 2V= 74>1C2 >A2VBC C !B>:3>;L<V, <02 =04728G09=89 02B>@8B5B C A5@1V2, 1C2 ?@57845=B>< :>=A8AB>@VW >4=>3> 7 @53V>=V2 V 28AC202AO "=0@>4=8< :0=4840B><" =0 2V4?>2V40;L=C ?>A04C 2 C48<V. >;8 6 1745 @>:C 2V= 28@VH82 ?>25@=CB8AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C, A5@18 ?@>A8;8 9>3> ;8H8B8AO 4;O 40;LH>3> ?>H8@5==O 7=0=L A5@54 "1V4=>W V =5>A2VG5=>W =0FVW =0H>W"[36]. V4><> B0:>6, I> 1747 @>:C 4> A5@1V2 ?@81C;8 "?@89=OBV 7 25;8:>N @04VABN" 2G8B5;V, "<09AB5@=V 2 ;0B8=AL:V9, =V<5FL:V9 V A;>2'O=AL:V9 <>20E"[37]. :@V< =8E, 28:;040;8 !.">4>@AL:89 (T;3@04), .0AB>25FL:89 (>60@520F), !.G5;LAL:89 ("@0=AV;L20=VO). # @V7=8E <VAB0E ?@0FN20;8 .8E09;>2AL:89, .@860=V2AL:89. "0:V ?@>A2VB=8FL:V ?0;><=8FB20 4> A5@1V2 B@820;8 V 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. &5 70A2V4GCNBL >:@5<V 7304:8, O:, =0?@8:;04, ?@> "@CAL:>3> <03VAB@0" .8A8;V2AL:>3>, I> ?@0FN202 C A5@1V2 1762 @>:C[38]. 0 2V4?>2V4=8E 0@EV2=8E 4>A;V465=L F59 ?5@5;V:, ?>70 AC<=V2><, ?>?>2=82AO 1 =>28<8 V<5=0<8. 3040=V B0 V=HV 2G8B5;V ?@0FN20;8 V 2 H:>;0E, 70A=>20=8E .5=04>28G5< 1749 @>:C A?>G0B:C 2 0@;>20FV, 0 73>4>< V 2 V=H8E <VAB0E. (:>;8 4VO;8 2?@>4>26 4204FOB8 @>:V2 V =07820;8AO ">:@>2>->3>@>48G=8<8", >A:V;L:8 =02G0==O 2 =8E @>7?>G8=0;>AO "=0 >:@>2C" (14 6>2B=O 70 =>28< AB8;5<). &O =0720 28=8:;0 B0:>6 =5 157 @>;V 8T20, 45 :C;LB >:@>28 1C2 4C65 ?>H8@5=89 (70C2068<> ?@8=03V4=5, I> 45O:V B@048FVW ?5@H8E A5@1AL:8E H:V; ?5@59=O2 73>4>< V T;3@04AL:89 C=V25@A8B5B, 45 70=OBBO @>7?>G8=0;8AO 15 6>2B=O). @>3@0<8 28:;040==O 2 ">:@>2>->3>@>48G=8E" H:>;0E 1C;8 >@VT=B>20=V =0 :8W2AL:V 7@07:8; G0AB>, O: V 2 :045<VW, ?@>2>48;8AO "48H?CB8", 282G0;0AO 0=B8G=0 ;VB5@0BC@0, =5 701C20;8 V ?@> B50B@. V4@CG=8:8 B0:>6 1C;8 BV A0<V, I> 9 C 8T2V. A>1;82>N ?>?C;O@=VABN 9 =040;V :>@8ABC20;8AO .!<>B@8FL:89 B0 $.@>:>?>28G. @84V;ONG8 25;8:C C203C B50B@>2V .5=04>28G C F8@:C;O@V 1753 @>:C 28<0302, I>1 "<>;>48< 70@048 1V;LH>W 5A5@FVW" ?>:07C20;8 :><54VW. 0 28AB020E 1C2 ?@8ACB=V9 V A0< ?>:@>28B5;L H:V;. B65, ?@>4>26C20;>AO 2A5 B5, I> 70?>G0B:C202 .>70G8=AL:89, ""@0354>:><54VN" O:>3> CG=V A5@1AL:8E H:V; 28AB02;O;8 C?@>4>26 XVIII AB. >28< C 4VO;L=>ABV F8E H:V; 1C;> B5, I> 2>=8 ?>ABC?>2> =01C20;8 7=0G5==O A2>T@V4=8E F5=B@V2 >A2VB8 =0 0;:0=0E, "CB C65 28E>2C20;8AO CG=V =5 BV;L:8 7 >T2>48=8, 0 9 7 V=H8E A5@1AL:8E ?>A5;5=L C %>@20BVW, 0;<0FVW, >A=VW, 7 ?>O@<;5=8E >A<0=0<8 <VAB !5@1VW, >;30@VW, 0:54>=VW, ;10=VW B0 V=.[39]. 1768 @>:C, ?VA;O A<5@BV .5=04>28G0, A5@1AL:V H:>;8 >G>;82 .%@0=8A;02;T28G, O:89 B0:>6 =02G02AO 2 >AVW. 204FOB8;VB=O 4VO;L=VABL A5@1AL:8E H:V; AB0;0 206;828< 5B0?>< C 1>@>BL1V 70 >@30=V70FVN >A2VB8. 572060NG8 =0 ?5@5?>=8 >DVFV9=>3> V4=O, A5@18 >B@8<0;8 =>2C, DC=40<5=B0;L=C, @53C;O@=> 4VNGC >A2VB=N A8AB5<C. !VOGV 7=0=L 7 #:@0W=8 ?@8=5A;8 A5@10< 2A51VG=C >A2VBC T2@>?59AL:>3> @V2=O - 2V4 0=B8G=>W A?04I8=8 4> =09=>2VH>W B>3>G0A=>W :C;LBC@8. 8:;040==O 42>E <>2 2V4:@820;> <>6;82>ABV 4;O 157?>A5@54=L>W :><C=V:0FVW 7 42><0 3>;>2=8<8 465@5;0<8 :C;LBC@8: A;>2'O=AL:8<8 - G5@57 "@CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:C" <>2C V 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8<8 - G5@57 ;0B8=L. # F8E H:>;0E D>@<C202AO =>289 B8? V=B5;V35=FVW. >@CG V7 0E0@VT @D5;V=8<, >A8B5T< 1@04>28G5<, 4VO;L=VABL O:8E, B0: G8 V=0:H5 ?>2'O70=0 7 :C;LBC@>N #:@0W=8, AB>O2 C65 7304C20=89 >20= 0WG, :>B@89 702648 ?8H02AO B8<, I> 1C2 CG=5< "H:V; :>;8H=VE :0@;>20FL:8E >70G8=AL:>3>"[40]. >3> "?5@H>3> A5@10 7 28I>N >A2VB>N", =07820;8 "A5@1AL:8< ;0B>CAB><", 0 287=0G5==O "2G5=89, O: 0WG" >7=0G0;> =0928IC >FV=:C 4;O >A2VG5=>W <>;>4V. &V 4VOGV B0 WE=V ?>A;V4>2=8:8 AB0;8 3>;>2=8<8 =>AVO<8 =>2>W A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 70 4>18 WW ?5@5E>4C 2V4 A5@54=L>2VGGO 4> 10@>:>; 7024O:8 W< A5@1AL:0 :C;LBC@0 2:;NG0;0AL C 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:89 :C;LBC@=89 ?@>F5A. @>4>26CNG8 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. >1AB>N20B8 A2>T ?@02> =0 7=0==O, A5@1AL:V ?@>A2VB8B5;V B8< A0<8< >45@60;8 <>3CB=N 71@>N 4;O 1>@>BL18 ?@>B8 =0FV>=0;L=8E CB8A:V2. 0?@8:V=FV XVIII AB. A5@18, 7024O:8 A?V;L=8< 7CA8;;O<, 4>18;8AO, 7@5HB>N, CB2>@5==O 2 0@;>20FV 3V<=07VW, O:0 265 4VO;0 157?5@5@2=>[41]. 0965 AB>;VB=N 1>@>BL1C 70 >A2VBC A5@1AL:89 =0@>4 283@02 7=0G=>N <V@>N 7024O:8 ?V4B@8<FV 7 8T20. # H:>;0E =0 7@07:0E C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 28E>2C20;8AO FV;V 35=5@0FVW A5@1AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2, C BV< G8A;V 9 35=5@0FVO ?>G0B:C XIX AB., 4> O:>W =0;5602 C: 0@0468G. !2>W ?5@HV :@>:8 C =0CFV A5@1AL:89 4VOG @>182, 240NG8AO 4> <>28, AB2>@5=>W B0:>6 V 7CA8;;O<8 :8W2AL:8E <03VAB@V2. >AV9AL:0 =0C:0 72>48;0 F59 ?5@V>4 4> "@>AV9AL:>3> 2?;82C", E>G0 I5 .$@0=:>, :@8B8:CNG8 .C;0:>2AL:>3> 70 7>A5@5465=VABL ;8H5 =0 4VO;L=>ABV .!C2>@>20, 70C206C202, I> B>9 701C20T "4@C3C WW 4>1C, :>;8 2G8B5;O<8 1C;8 28E>20=FV 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW...  2;0A=5 BV @>74V;8 <>3;8 18 <0B8 4;O =0A =091V;LHC 20@BVABL"[42]. !5@1AL:V CG=V 2 8T2V / ?>:8=C2 10BL:V2I8=C 70@048 =02G0==O... 7 ;8AB0 A5@1AL:>3> CG=O. ">G>289" E0@0:B5@ :8W2AL:>W V=B5;V35=FVW, 48=0<V7< C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, CG0ABL >AB0==L>3> C ?@>F5AV B2>@5==O :C;LBC@ ACAV4=VE =0@>4V2 28O28;8AO =5 ;8H5 C 4CE>2=><C 5:A?>@BV 7 #:@0W=8. > 8T20 BO3=C;8AO 7 CAVE :@0W2 ?@02>A;02=>-A;>2'O=AL:>3> A2VBC, 9 F5 4VAB0;> 2V4>1@065==O V 2 :><?;5:AV G8A;5==8E O28I C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2 XVIII AB. 5 BV;L:8 C:@0W=AL:V :C;LBC@=V B0 F5@:>2=V 4VOGV 9H;8 4> AB@>W2, =5ACG8 W< =0410==O 2VBG87=O=>3> 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO, 0 9 A5@18 9H;8 =0 AEV4, HC:0NG8 B0< 4CE>2=>W 71@>W V ?@8BC;:C, O:>3> =5 7=0E>48;8 2 A515 =0 10BL:V2I8=V. 2>@>B=89 72'O7>: 74V9A=N202AO =0 42>E, FV;:>< @V7=8E 70 @57C;LB0B>< V ?@8G8=0<8, @V2=OE - V=B5;5:BC0;L=><C B0 ?>;VB8G=><C. V4 ?5@HV< <0T<> =0 C207V =02G0==O A5@1AL:8E CG=V2 2 #:@0W=V, 4@C389 ?>2'O70=89 7 <0A>28<8 A5@1AL:8<8 <V3@0FVO<8 2 #:@0W=C A5@548=8 XVIII AB. 5@H89 :0=0; AB0=>28BL A:;04>2C G0AB8=C C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 270T<8= O: 2V4>1@065==O V=B5;5:BC0;L=>3> ?>@>7C<V==O B0 A>;V40@870FVW. @C389 1C2 ?>2'O70=89 V7 7>2=VH=L>-?>;VB8G=8<8 D0:B>@0<8 @>AV9AL:>3> 2B@CG0==O 2 B5@8B>@V0;L=C B0 ?>;VB8G=C AD5@C #:@0W=8, O:C ?>ABC?>2> ?V4:>@O;0 >AVO. ;O 74V9A=5==O A2>WE ?>;VB8G=8E 704C<V2 @>AV9AL:89 C@O4 28:>@8AB>2C202 A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2, A?@O<>2CNG8 WE ?@>B8 70?>@>7L:>3> :>70FB20. V7=V 70 ?@8G8=0<8 B0 =0A;V4:0<8, FV 42V AD5@8 72>@>B=>3> A5@1AL:>-C:@0W=AL:>3> 72'O7:C BVA=> ?>2'O70=V <V6 A>1>N V 2V4:@820NBL FV;C =87:C ?@>1;5<. >:@5<0, F5 - ?@>1;5<0 2V4>1@065==O D>@< 270T<=>W B>;5@0=B=>ABV B0 270T<>?V7=0==O - =0 "28A>:><C" 9 "=87>2><C" @V2=OE, @V7=8E ?>;VB8G=8E B0 :C;LBC@=8E =0A;V4:V2. /:I> =0 @V2=V 4CE>2=>3> A?V2@>1VB=8FB20 <V6 A5@1AL:8<8 B0 C:@0W=AL:8<8 F5@:>2=8<8 VT@0@E0<8 A?>AB5@V30T<> 270T<>@>7C<V==O 9 ?V4B@8<:C, I> T @57C;LB0B>< C:@0W=AL:>W ?>;VB8:8 I>4> A5@1AL:8E ?@>1;5< B0 70?8BV2, B> @>AV9AL:0 V=VFV0B820 ?@872>48BL 4> :>=D;V:B=8E A8BC0FV9 2 C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 2V4=>A8=0E, I>, 7>:@5<0, ?@>O28;>AO 2 157?>A5@54=V9 CG0ABV A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 C ;V:2V40FVW 0?>@>66O (?@> F5 9B8<5BLAO 40;V). >=D@>=B0FVO ?>H8@NTBLAO =0 =87>25, 0 =5 =0 V=B5;5:BC0;L=5 A5@54>28I5 9 4VAB0T 2V4>1@065==O C =0@>4=V9 :C;LBC@V. /: C65 707=0G0;>AO, C:@0W=AL:V =02G0;L=V 70:;048, ?5@H 70 2A5 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO, AB020;8 4;O A5@1V2 B8<, G8< 4;O C:@0W=AL:8E A;CE0GV2 1C;8 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V C=V25@A8B5B8. 02G0==O 2 C=V25@A8B5B0E 0E>4C, =572060NG8 =0 WE=N :0B>;8FL:C A?@O<>20=VABL, 1C;> =>@<>N =02G0;L=>3> ?@>F5AC 2 8W2AL:V9 0:045<VW. /:I> C:@0W=AL:V A?C45W 9H;8 =0 0EV4, 1C4CG8 ?@02>A;02=8<8, B> 4;O A5@1V2 @5;V3V9=0 287=0G5=VABL <0;0 1V;LH ?@8=F8?>25 7=0G5==O, 9 G5@57 F5 :C;LB 8T20, O: F5=B@C ?@02>A;02'O V >A2VB8, =5 230A02 =0 0;:0=0E 2?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII AB. !0<5 2 8T2V 2V41C20;>AO 4CE>2=5 71;865==O A;>2'O= V =5A;>2'O=, O:V ?@O<C20;8 AN48 7 CAL>3> ?@>AB>@C ?@02>A;02=>W 2V@8. !5@1AL:0 <V3@0FVO 1C;0 A5@54 =097=0G=VH8E, >A:V;L:8 8W2, O: F5=B@ =091V;LH >A2VG5=8E ?@02>A;02=8E 1>3>A;>2V2, :>B@8< :>;8AL 1C;8 DV=8 B0 ;5:A0=4@VO, 20182 A5@1AL:C <>;>4L[43]. 5>3@0DVO A5@1AL:8E ">A2VB=VE" <V3@0FV9 2 #:@0W=C 1C;0 4>A8BL H8@>:>N, A5@18 ?@81C20;8 4> 8T20 7 CAVE :@0W= V @53V>=V2 A2>TW 4V0A?>@8 - 7 5=5FV0=AL:>W @5A?C1;V:8, 0;<0FVW, %>@20BVW, 2AB@VW, #3>@I8=8, @5FVW B>I>. "0:, A5@54 CG=V2 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW 7304CNBLAO >ABO=B8= !5:C@, A5@1, ?V440=89 5=5FV0=AL:>W @5A?C1;V:8; >20= >F=528G 7 #3>@I8=8; A>;C=AL:89 0@EV<0=4@8B 0@B5=V9, I> ?>E>482 V7 '>@=>3>@VW, B0 V=. >BV:, O:89 VH>2 402=L>N VAB>@8G=>N B@0A>N 0;:0=8 - 8W2, =5 ?@8?8=O2AO 2?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII AB. 9 1C2 >A>1;82> ?>6202;5=89 ?@03=5==O< ?@81CB8 2 #:@0W=C "70@048 :@0I>3> =02G0==O" (>A8B59 1@04>28G). :@V< B8E, 4;O :>3> 3>;>2=>N <>B820FVTN 1C;8 ?>HC:8 7=0=L, 4> C:@0W=AL:8E =02G0;L=8E 70:;04V2 ?@81C20;8 9 CBV:0GV 2V4 BC@5FL:>3> ?>=52>;5==O, B0:V O: !B5?0= 8E0V;>28G, :>B@>3> ?@82V7 4> 8T20 9>3> 1@0B 5B0@, <>B82CNG8 A2>T ?@>E0==O ?@> ?@8BC;>: BC@5FL:8<8 ?5@5A;V4C20==O<8, 2V4 O:8E 7038=C;0 2AO 9>3> @>48=0[44]. '8<0;> ?0;><=8:V2 ?@03=C;8 ?>10G8B8 A;02=>72VA=V "A;>2'O=AL:V DV=8" V ?>25@=CB8AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C. (C:0GV 7=0=L 1C;8 @V7=V 70 2V:>< - 2V4 <>;>4V 4> ?>E8;8E ;N459. !>FV0;L=89 AB0BCA WE B0:>6 1C2 =5>4=>@V4=89: 4> 8T20 9H;8 :>;8H=V CG=V "H:V; >70G8=AL:>3>", ?@54AB02=8:8 4CE>25=AB20 G8 A2VBAL:V >A>18. 5O:V 7 =8E C65 <0;8 >A2VBC, 0;5 F5 AB>ACTBLAO 2 >A=>2=><C ?>:>;V==O 50-60-E @>:V2, O:5 ?@81C20;> 4> 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, 74>1C2H8 ?>?5@54=V 7=0==O =0 10BL:V2I8=V; ?@8W748;8 9 A;CE0GV 157 ?V43>B>2:8, A?>4V20NG8AL >B@8<0B8 7=0==O 157?>A5@54=L> 2 #:@0W=V. 09G0ABVH5 ?@81C20;8 7 ?>?5@54=V<8 @5:><5=40FVO<8 ?@54AB02=8:8 1030B8E 25@AB2 - 4VB8 4CE>25=AL:>W 25@EV2:8, 70<>6=8E 3>@>4O=, >A:V;L:8 >A2VB0 2 5;VB0@=8E F5=B@0E >1VFO;0 25;8:V ?5@A?5:B828. 304C20=89 <8B@>?>;8B V:5=BVT >20=>28G 1733 @>:C 2V4@O482 4> 8T20 "2 ?>CG5=VT A;>2'O=>-;0B8=A:>3> O7K:0" A2>3> "1@0B0 @V4=>3>" /:>20 >20=>28G0, 4> O:>3> 7 G0A>< ?@8T4=02AO "?@>B>?>?0 1T;3@04AL:>3> 8@8;V2 A8=" >20= >?>2[45]. ">3> A0<>3> @>:C <8B@>?>;8B 2V4@O482 4> 8T20 A2>3> ?>2V@5=>3> C 48?;><0B8G=8E A?@020E .!B>9:>20. 8>=8AV9 >20:>28G, B0:>6 2V4@O465=89 70 @5:><5=40FVTN .>20=>28G0, O: >48= V7 ?5@H8E 28E>20=FV2 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, ?>25@=C2H8AO 80 10BL:V2I8=C, B0:>6 2V4@O4602 4> 8T20 =091V;LH >140@>20=C <>;>4L, 7>:@5<0 V7 A2>TW @>48=8 - A09N >20:>28G0 (=02G02AO 7 1750-3> ?> 1755 @V:), :>B@>3> @5:><5=4C202 T?8A:>? 0G:AL:89 VAA0@V>=. 1787 @>:C 2V4><89 A2>TN ?0B@V>B8G=>N 4VO;L=VABN 0@EV<0=4@8B V7 0;<0FVW !8<5>= 2:>28G 70?8A02 4> 8W2AL:>3> 3@5FL:>3> :>@?CAC A2>3> 12-;VB=L>3> 1@0B0 >20=0. !>FV0;L=89 AB0BCA =5 >1<56C202AO ;8H5 5;VB>N, 4> 8T20 ?@81C20;8 9 28EV4FV 7 1V4=8E 25@AB2, O:V 70A2V4G8;8 A2>N >140@>20=VABL, 0;5 =5 <>3;8 74>1CB8 =0;56=C >A2VBC =0 10BL:V2I8=V. "0:, C 1754-1755 @>:0E A5@54 A5@1AL:8E CG=V2 7304CTBLAO 0A8;L (B5D:0 V7 A5;0 @8G>20 2 #3>@I8=V, :>B@89 V<5=C202 A515 2 4>:C<5=B0E ":>70FL:8< A8=><"[46]. 0@:> 5;8G B0: <>B82C202 A2>T :;>?>B0==O 4> @5:B>@0 ?@> ?@89>< =0 ABC4VN20==O: "...5 7=0E>4OG8 B0< (2 #3>@I8=V - ..) 6>4=>W H:>;8, 2 O:V9 18 <>6=0 1C;> 2V4?>2V4=> 4> A2>3> ?0;:>3> 1060==O 282G8B8 1>3>A;>2'O 2;0A=>W 2V@8, O ?>:8=C2 <>N 10BL:V2I8=C 70@048 A2>3> T48=>3> ?@54<5B0 =02G0==O.  :045<VW 0H>3> @5>A2OI5=AB20 FO 1>3>A;>2AL:0 =0C:0 ?5@51C20T C @>7:2VBV..."'[47]. >18@0;8AO 4> 8T20 @V7=8<8 H;OE0<8 V 70A>10<8, 4>;0NG8 701>@>=8 02AB@V9AL:>3> G8 C3>@AL:>3> C@O4V2, - V7 B>@3>2FO<8, 45;530FVO<8 01> A0<>BC6:8, B@0=A?>@B>< 01> ?VH:8. 09;53H5 1C;> B8<, EB> <02 2V4?>2V4=V @5:><5=40FVW 9 >@30=V7>20=89 70AV1 B@0=A?>@BC20==O. ;5 T G8<0;> ?@8:;04V2, :>;8 1060==O ?>10G8B8 8W2 B0 =02G0B8AO C =L><C ?5@5206C20;> <0B5@V0;L=V 9 B5E=VG=V B@C4=>IV 1V4=8E A?C45W2. 5 2AV A;CE0GV <0;8 7<>3C 70:V=G8B8 ?>2=89 :C@A =02G0==O.  @V7=8E ?@8G8= 2>=8 25@B0;8AO =0704, 0 ?>BV< 7=>2C 7=0E>48;8 <>6;82VABL ?@8WE0B8 4> 8T20, =02VBL C65 2 ?>E8;><C 2VFV. "0:>N 1C;0 4>;O >20=0 0WG0, O:89 ?VA;O =02G0==O 7=>2C W7482 4> 8T20, 45 <02 4>1@89 ?@89>< V ?>:@>28B5;O 2 >A>1V A2>3> :>;8H=L>3> 2G8B5;O .>70G8=AL:>3>. 5@0A8<>2V 5;8GC, O:89 ?@8WE02 06 V7 0;<0FVW, ?@>?>=C20;>AO 70;8H8B8AO A2OI5==>A;C68B5;5< C 8T2V, 0;5 2V= ?@03=C2 ?>25@=CB8AO 4>4><C V F5 1060==O ?>OA=N202 =5>1EV4=VABN A;C68B8 A2>W9 10BL:V2I8=V: "# >AVW, GC6V9 :@0W=V, 70;8H8B8AL ?>?@8 2A5 >B5, I> F5 T F0@AB2> 1;03>G5AB825, 0 =0@>4 <0;>@CAL:89 >A>1;82>, - O: V A5@1AL:89, - 3>AB8==89 4C65, O =5 <V3 4> FL>3> AE8;8B8AO[48]. @>B5 2V= 2V42V4C202 8W2 V ?V7=VH5, >A:V;L:8 BCB =02G0;8AO 9>3> @>48GV. 5>4=>@07>2> ?@8W7482 AN48 V D0=0AV9 !B>9:>2 - O: A2>T@V4=89 :C@'T@ ?@>A2VB=8FL:>W A?@028. :@V< 8T20, O: >A=>2=>3> F5=B@C 7>A5@5465==O A5@1AL:8E A?C45W2 VA=CNBL A2V4G5==O ?@> WE=T ?5@51C20==O V 2 V=H8E <VAB0E #:@0W=8, 7>:@5<0 2 '5@=V3>2V, %0@:>2V, 5@5OA;02V B>I>. 5@V4:> 2V41C20;8AO <V3@0FVW ?> @V7=8E =02G0;L=8E 70:;040E: >A2VB0 @>7?>G8=0;0AO 2 8T2V, 0 ?@>4>26C20;0AO 2 >A:2V G8 5B5@1C@7V. "0:, =0?@8:V=FV 1713 @>:C 4> '5@=V3>20 1C2 2V4@O465=5=89 VT@><>=0E A5@1AL:89 02@5=BV9, O:89 ?5@54 B8< 2G02AO 2 >A:>2AL:V9 A;>2'O=>-;0B8=AL:V9 H:>;V[49]. T@><>=0E >9A59 0=09>B>2, @>4>< V7 T;3@040, 2ABC?82 1746 @>:C 4> 5@5OA;02AL:>W A5<V=0@VW, 1748-3> ?5@52V2AO 4> 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, 7 1749-3> ?@>4>26C202 =02G0==O 2 >A:>2AL:V9 0:045<VW, 0 1752-3> ?>25@=C2AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C. # 1791 @>FV 7 52AL:>W A5<V=0@VW 2 5B5@1C@7V 4> 8W2AL:>W 4CE>2=>W 0:045<VW 1C;> ?5@52545=> A5@10 .;V0=0[50].  B0:8E ?@8:;04V2 <>6=0 =025AB8 1030B>. /: C65 7304C20;>AO, G8<0;> A5@1AL:8E 28E>20=FV2 C:@0W=AL:8E B0 @>AV9AL:8E =02G0;L=8E 70:;04V2 ?VA;O ?>25@=5==O =0 10BL:V2I8=C 7 G0A>< AB0;8 ?@>2V4=8<8 4VOG0<8 ?>;VB8G=>3>, :C;LBC@=>3> B0 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO. !5@54 =8E B0:V 2V4><V ?>AB0BV, O: 5D0@>28G, 0WG, >20:>28G, 8I528G, ;048A;02;T28G, 5B@>28G, "@;0WG, 5;8G, .;V0=0F, 8@8T2AL:89, 1@04>28G, "5:5;VO B0 V=HV, G8O >A2VB0 BVTN 01> V=H>N <V@>N 1C;0 ?>2'O70=0 7 #:@0W=>N.  ?VA;O ?>25@=5==O A5@18 ?V4B@8<C20;8 72'O7:8 7V A2>TN :>;>=VTN 2 #:@0W=V, O:0 I5 7 XVII AB. 1C;0 ?><VB=8< O28I5< V 2?;820;0 =0 V=B5=A82=VABL :C;LBC@=8E <V3@0FV9 A5@1V2 2 #:@0W=C. >:07>28< T ?@8:;04 >20=0 0WG0. )5 4> 9>3> ?@81CBBO =0 ABC4VN20==O C 8W2 @>48GV 0WG0 <5H:0;8 2 #:@0W=V, =0 I> 725@=C2 C203C .@03><0=>2: "# 5@5OA;02V 265 7402=0 G5@57 @V4 8<8B@0H>:- 0WGV2, 7 :>B@8E C XVI-XVIII AB. 1C;0 :>70FL:0 AB0@H8=0 5@5OA;02AL:>3> ?>;:C, 0 2 XIX AB. ?@>D5A>@8 A5<V=0@VW, 1C;8 72'O70=V V7 A5@1AB2><, 2 :>B@><C 0WGV 1C;8 =5 ?>A;V4=V ;N48"[51]. 5@H>N DV3C@>N A5@1AL:>3> ;VB5@0BC@=>3> 10@>:> 1C2 V >20= 0VG. 8E>45FL V7 1V4=>W @>48=8, 2V=, 70E>?;5=89 A2>W< CG8B5;5< >70G8=AL:8<, ?VH:8 28@CH82 "=0 25;8:89 H;OE, 1V;LH89 70 B8AOGC :V;><5B@V2", 018 ?@>4>268B8 =02G0==O 2 8W2AL:V9 0:045<VW. @81C2H8 1753 @>:C 4> 8T20, 0WG =02G02AO 4> 1756-3>. V42V402H8 B>3> A0<>3> @>:C >A:2C V !<>;5=AL:, 0 <>6;82>, 9 CFL:, 45 ?5@51C202 >70G8=AL:89, 2V= ?>25@=C2AO 4> 0@;>20F0 G5@57 >;LIC B0 #3>@I8=C. 0 9>3> 7V7=0==O<, C 8T2V 2V= ":@8;0 >45@602, I>1 4> ;V<?C 7;5BVB8 7<V3, 018 28@20B8 7 <>@>:C A5@1AL:5 ?;5<'O"[52]. @>B5, O: V 9>3> 2G8B5;L, :>B@89 ?V4B@8<C202 9>3> 2 8W2AL:V9 0:045<VW, 45 0WG A;CE02 5>@3VO >=8AL:>3> B0 V=H8E A2VB8;, A5@1AL:89 28E>20=5FL AB02 65@B2>N ?5@5A;V4C20=L 7 1>:C 7074@VA=8E G5=FV2. 0WGC =5 240;>AO >B@8<0B8 <VAF5 2 >:@>2>->3>@>48G=V9 H:>;V 0@;>20F0, V 2V= 7=>2C ?>WE02 4> 8T20. 1757 @>:C 2V= ?>25@B02AO 4> 0@;>20F0 G5@57 >;4>2C, 2V42V402 D>= V ;8H5 1759-3> ?>G02 28:;040B8 2 0@;>20FV, 7 1762-3> 28:;0402 C CE>2=V9 0:045<VW >2>3> !040, 0 70:V=G82 A2>T 68BBO C <>=0AB8@V >28;L, 45 1C2 ?>E>20=89 1801 @>:C 7 25;8:8<8 ?>G5ABO<8 V A;02>N =09>A2VG5=VH>W ;N48=8 A2>3> G0AC. 5 2AV A5@1AL:V CG=V ?>25@B0;8AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C, E>G VA=C20;0 4><>2;5=VABL I5 V:5=BVT >20=>28G0 7 :5@V2=8FB2>< 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW ?@> >1>2'O7:>25 ?>25@=5==O 28?CA:=8:V2, O:V 1C;8 ?>B@V1=V 4;O 4CE>2=>3> 2V4@>465==O, - =5 2AV <0;8 7<>3C, 0 V=>4V 9 1060==O ?>25@=CB8AO. 0;8H0NG8AL 2 #:@0W=V, 2>=8 2;820;8AO 2 BCB5H=T 68BBO, 9 G5@57 F5 <0T<> FV;C =87:C ?@8:;04V2 ?@8ACB=>ABV A5@1V2 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V XVII-XVIII AB. > ?@54AB02=8:V2 :C;LBC@=8E <V3@0FV9 =0;568BL /:V2 !5@18=, 3@025@ V 4@C:0@, O:89 682 V ?><5@ 2 #:@0W=V C 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. @81C2H8 4> 02@AL:>W <09AB5@=V, 2V= @07>< 7 V=H8<8 A5@10<8 =02G02AO BCB <0;O@AB20 V 70;8H82AO 2 8T2V, 45 <02 2;0A=C 4@C:0@=N. V4><89 O: <8B5FL, I> =5 287=0202 701>@>=8 @>AV9AL:>W F5=7C@8, 22545=>W I5 70 G0AV2 5B@0  I>4> V=482V4C0;L=>W B2>@G>W <0=5@8 :8W2AL:8E <8BFV2, 2V= 4@C:C202 A2>W 3@02N@8 =5 70 <>A:>2AL:8<8, 0 70 :8W2AL:8<8 7@07:0<8 9 G5@57 F5 707=0202 ?5@5A;V4C20=L 7 1>:C 2;0AB59. !0<5 2 B0:><C AB8;V 28:>=0=> 9>3> 3@02N@8 ">3>@>48FO EB8@AL:0", "!2OB0 0@20@0" B0 V=HV, 7024O:8 O:8< 2V= C2V9H>2 4> "5:A8:>=C C:@0W=AL:8E 3@025@V2"[53]. "CB 65 7=0945<> 9 V<'O >A8D0 !5@18=0, CG=O <0;O@=V 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8, ?@> 4VO;L=VABL O:>3> @>7?>2V40NBL 5BN48 7 ;02@AL:8E 71V@=8:V2 :C61CH:V2, 40B>20=8E 1749 @>:><[54]. !5@54 28:;040GV2 8W2AL:>W 4CE>2=>W 0:045<VW B0 V=H8E =02G0;L=8E 70:;04V2 7CAB@VG0NBLAO A5@18, O:V 2 >:@5<8E 28?04:0E 4>AO3;8 28A>:>3> 287=0==O. "0:, VT@><>=0E 2AB0BV9 !:5@;5B>2 ?@81C2 4> 8T20 1740 @>:C 7 0;<0FVW. G5284=>, 265 <0NG8 ?>?5@54=N >A2VBC, 2V= 1C2 =0 28A>:><C @0EC=:C C :5@V2=8FB20 V 2 1742-1743 @>:0E 28:;0402 A8=B0:A8A. 0:0@V9 5B@>28G (1734-1765), @>4>< 7 #3>@I8=8, 70:V=G82 8W2AL:C 0:045<VN V 7 G0A>< AB02 >4=8< V7 :@0I8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 ?>;5<VG=>W ;VB5@0BC@8, 32-;VB=V9 >140@>20=89 28E>20=5FL 8T20 1C2 ?><VG5=89 C >A:2V, 45 28:;0402 DV;>A>DVN C >A:>2AL:V9 0:045<VW; 7 1763 @>:C 2V= - @5:B>@ "25@AL:>W A5<V=0@VW, 0@EV<0=4@8B <>=0AB8@O. >3> ?@0FV, 70 >FV=:>N :8W2AL:>3> <8B@>?>;8B0 XIX AB., VAB>@8:0 1>3>3>A;>2'O 235=VO >;E>28B8=>20, 1C;8 A5@54 :@0I8E ?@>?>2V4=8FL:8E B2>@V2 A2>3> G0AC[55]. # %0@:V2AL:><C C=V25@A8B5BV 28:;040;8 @83>@V9 "@;0WG, D0=0AVT !B>9:>28G, ">4>@ /=:>28G-8@8T2AL:89; A2>TN ;VB5@0B>@AL:>N 4VO;L=VABN 2V4><V !>D@>=V9 ;045=>28G, 0:0@V9 5B@>28G, 5B0@ !<5WG B0 V=. !5@1AL:V CG=V, O:V ?@81C20;8 2 #:@0W=C 2 ?>HC:0E >A2VB8, =5 <>3;8 =5 A?V;:C20B8AO 7V A2>W<8 75<;O:0<8, I> 2 A5@548=V XVIII AB. ?5@5A5;O;8AO =0 B0: 720=C #:@0W=AL:C ;V=VN. "0< 28=8:0;8 ?>A5;5==O, =0728 O:8E =0304C20;8 ?@> ?>:8=CBV =0 10BL:V2I8=V <VAFO. 5O:V 7 A5@1AL:8E 28E>20=FV2 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW ?>2'O7C20;8 A2>N ?>40;LHC 4>;N V7 75<;O:0<8 C >2V9 !5@1VW G8 !;>2'O=>A5@1VW, A?>4V20NG8AO >1V9=OB8 B0< 28A>:V ?>A048. "0:V :;>?>B0==O 2V4?>2V40;8 V=B5@5A0< 04<V=VAB@0FVW A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2. 5=5@0;-<09>@ %>@20B 1C2 70FV:02;5=89 C B><C, I>1 ?5@5E>?8B8 2G5=C <>;>4L V 70;8H8B8 WW 4;O >@30=V70FVW ?5@5A5;5=FV2 B0 7<VF=5==O WE=VE ?>78FV9. !5@1AL:V G5=FV >A8D B0 A09O, O:V 1755 @>:C 70:V=G8;8 8W2AL:C 0:045<VN, ?V4 G0A 2V42V48= >2>W !5@1VW A2>TN CG5=VABN A?@028;8 =0 35=5@0;-<09>@0 4>1@5 2@065==O, 9 2V= ?>G02 :;>?>B0B8, I>1 WE BCB 70;8H8;8. %>@20B 725@=C2AO 4> !5=0BC 9 !8=>4C 2 5B5@1C@7V 7 ?@>E0==O<, I>1 B0:8E <>=0EV2, O:V G5@57 A2>N >A2VG5=VABL "C =0@>4V H0=CNBLAO" =5 2V4?@02;O;8 "4> '5A0@VW", 0 70;8H0;8 2 >2V9 !5@1VW. &5, AB25@46C202 %>@20B, ?@82018;> 1 9 V=H8E A2OI5=8:V2, ?VA;O G>3> I5 1V;LH5 A5@1AL:>3> ;N4C ?5@5A5;8;>AO 1 4> >AVW. !5=0B >AVW, O:89 74V9A=N202 A2>N 702>9>2=8FL:C ?>;VB8:C 2 #:@0W=V 9 3>BC202AO 4> A:0AC20==O 0?>@>7L:>W !VGV, =5309=> A:>@8AB02AO B0:>N ?@>?>78FVTN. #65 2 ;NB><C 1755 @>:C !8=>4 28402 :8W2AL:><C <8B@>?>;8B>2V "8<>DVN 48@5:B82C, O:>N 28<0302 @5:><5=4C20B8 2AV< A5@1AL:8< G5=FO<, I> ?@81C20;8 2 8W2 4;O =02G0==O, "70;8H0B8AO C >2V9 !5@1VW", =0304CNG8 W< =0;56=8< G8=>< 9 B5, I> 2>=8 V 2 >AV9AL:><C F0@AB2V, 2@0E>2CNG8 WE=T AB0=>28I5, 7 @5A?5:B>< CB@8<C20B8<CBLAO"[56]. "0:0 ?>;VB8:0 >7=0G0;0 ?V4@82 :C;LBC@=>-?@>A2VB=8FL:8E :><C=V:0FV9 <V6 8T2>< B0 0@;>20F5< V A?@O<>2C20;0 7CA8;;O =5 =0 4>?><>3C A5@1AL:><C 4CE>2=><C 2V4@>465==N, 0 =0 9>3> ?>A;01;5==O. >4=>G0A :8W2AL:V 4CE>2=V F5=B@8 3>BC20;8 1 :04@8 4;O A5@1AL:8E :>;>=V9, AB2>@N20=8E @>AV9AL:8< C@O4>< 2AC?5@5G C:@0W=AL:8< V=B5@5A0<. !5@1AL:V 28E>20=FV, O:V ?VA;O =02G0==O =5 ?>25@B0;8AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C, 70;8H0NG8AL C >2V9 !5@1VW, 7 G0A>< @>74V;8;8 4>;N ?5@5A5;5=FV2, I> - 7CA8;;O<8 B>3> A0<>3> @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C - 2B@0B8;8 A2>W ?@020, 1C;8 ?>7102;5=V =0FV>=0;L=>W =570;56=>ABV. "0:8< G8=><, :C;LBC@=>-?@>A2VB=8FL:V <V3@0FVW A5@1V2 2 #:@0W=C B@820;8 7 :V=FO XVII, 2?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII 9 4> ?>G0B:C XIX AB. >=8 >E>?;N20;8 H8@>:V V=B5;5:BC0;L=V :>;0 V ?>7=0G8;8AO =0 D>@<C20==V A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, >A:V;L:8 A?@8O;8 ?@>=8:=5==N 4> A5@1V2 7=0G=>W V=D>@<0FVW, I>, 7>:@5<0, 74V9A=N20;>AO G5@57 B0:C 206;82C D>@<C :><C=V:0FVW, O: :=830. =830 O: D0:B>@ ?@>3@5AC  ?CBL 28@CH09B5, :=86:8, I> G0AB> 3>@B02 O V ?5AB82,  ?CBL, <>T AO92>, V4VBL! BVE> 9 >:@0A0 <>O! =H8<, I0A;82VH8< 4CH0<, ?>682>N 1C4LB5 >4=8=V, =HV 1;065==V A5@FO =5:B0@>< 20HV< ?>WBL. !B5D0= /2>@AL:89. =830 7402=0 A;C68;0 >4=VTN 7 3>;>2=8E D>@< :C;LBC@=>3> A?V;:C20==O <V6 =0@>40<8, 2 BV< G8A;V <V6 8T2>< B0 A;>2'O=AL:8< ?V24=5<, :=83>>1<V= <V6 O:8<8 1C2 =04728G09=> ?;V4=89 I5 70 G0AV2 A5@54=L>2VGGO.  28=8:=5==O< 4@C:0@AB20 O: >4=>3> 7 =09<>3CB=VH8E 2065;V2 40;LH>3> @>728B:C ?8AL<5=3B20 V 2AL>3> 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO" (.$@0=:>)[57] F59 270T<>>1<V= 7=0G=> ?>620282AO. XVII AB. AB0;> =>28< 5B0?>< C @>728B:C :=86:>2>W A?@028 2 2@>?V. 5;8:0 ?>?C;O@=VABL 7=0=L, 10@>:>25 ?>;V3VAB5@AB2>, @>728B>: =0C:8 B0 ;VB5@0BC@8 AB8<C;N20;8 @>7H8@5==O 4@C:0@AL:>W 1078: 2V4=>2;NNBLAO 402=V F5=B@8 4@C:0@AB20, CB2>@NNBLAO =>2V. =830 <VAB8BL 1030B> V;NAB@0FV9 WW 7<VAB ?>ABC?>2> 28E>48BL 70 <56V ACB> @5;V3V9=>W B5<0B8:8, I> A?@8OT @>7H8@5==N G8B0FL:>W 0C48B>@VW. 572060NG8 =0 28A>:C FV=C, :=830 ?5@5AB0T 1CB8 =0410==O< ;8H5 :;V@C, 2>=0 =01C20T <0A>2>ABV, ?>?C;O@=>ABV. &V B0 V=HV >A>1;82>ABV ?@8B0<0==V 9 C:@0W=AL:><C 4@C:0@AB2C, >4=8< V7 <>3CB=VE >A5@54:V2 O:>3> 1C;0 70A=>20=0 1615 @>:C 8W2AL:0 02@AL:0 4@C:0@=O. !0<5 BCB 4VAB020;8 2BV;5==O C 4@C:>20=><C A;>2V 4C<:8 1030BL>E :@0I8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?8AL<5=AB20 4>18 10@>:>. V6=0@>4=5 7=0G5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> 4@C:0@AB20, >4=0:, =5 >1<56CTBLAO ;8H5 :C;LBC@=8< "5:A?>@B><", 0465 A0<5 :=830 1C;0 >4=8< V7 =09<>1V;L=VH8E 70A>1V2 @>7?>2AN465==O B8E 01> V=H8E AB8;L>28E >A>1;82>AB59, O:V 7 V;NAB@0FV9 ?5@5E>48;8 =0 ABV=>?8A8, C ?>B@5B=89, ?59706=89 682>?8A B>I>. V4V3@0NG8 25;8:C @>;L O: 70AV1 :><C=V:0FVW, ?>H8@5==O :C;LBC@8 V 7=0=L, :=830 2 C<>20E =0FV>=0;L=>-2872>;L=>3> @CEC B0 @5;V3V9=>W :>=D@>=B0FVW <0;0 9 28@07=> V45>;>3VG=5 7=0G5==O. 52=>N <V@>N 2>=0 1C;0 7=0@O44O< V45>;>3VG=>3> ?@>B8AB>O==O V A2>T@V4=8< ?>;V3>=><, =0 O:><C AB8:0;8AO V=B5@5A8 @5;V3V9, 45@602, =0@>4V2. '5@57 F5 >:@5<V :=838, :>B@V 28ABC?0;8 28@07=8:0<8 1C@E;82>W 10@>:>2>W 4>18, <0;8 9 "10@>:>2C 4>;N": WE 701>@>=O;8, ?5@5A;V4C20;8, A?0;N20;8, 0;5 2>=8 7'O2;O;8AO 7=>2C, =572060NG8 =0 B5, I> G0A>< =0;560;8 4> "V=45:AC 701>@>=5=8E :=83", A:;045=>3> 7 B8E 01> B8E ?>;VB8G=8E ?@8G8=. !5@54 <0A>28E (4;O A2>3> G0AC) G8B0GV2 C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 1C2 V A5@1AL:89 G8B0G, 4;O O:>3> >7=09><;5==O 7 :C;LBC@=8<8 =0410==O<8 A;>2'O=AL:>3> AE>4C 1C;> G8 =5 T48=>N <>6;82VABN A?V;:C20==O 7 :>=D5AV9=> B>B>6=>N :C;LBC@>N. 4=8< V7 206;828E ?>AB0G0;L=8:V2 :=86>: 4;O A5@1V2 1C;0 8W2AL:0 02@AL:0 4@C:0@=O, :>B@0 70157?5GC20;0 A5@1V2 F8< 206;828< 4CE>2=8< =0410==O< C =09:@8B8G=VH89 V =092V4?>2V40;L=VH89 <><5=B WE=L>W VAB>@VW. @C:0@AL:0 A?@020 G>@=>3>@FV2 B0 A5@1V2 - >4=0 7 =09402=VH8E A5@54 A;>2'O= :8@8;8G=>3> ?8AL<0 V 15@5 A2V9 ?>G0B>: 7 1493 @>:C. (0 :V;L:0 45AOB8;VBL 4> B>3> 2 2@>?V 7'O28;0AO ?5@H0 4@C:>20=0 :=830.[58]) 4=0: 70A=>20=0 2 <VABV &5B8=T ('>@=>3>@VO) ?5@H0 4@C:0@=O 73>@V;0 C 2>3=V BC@5FL:>W =020;8, O: V G8<0;> V=H8E =0410=L 1030B>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W :C;LBC@8 ?V245==8E A;>2'O=.  XV AB. C G>@=>3>@FV2 B0 A5@1V2 @>7?>G8=0TBLAO 7030;L=0 :@870 4@C:0@AB20, 0 265 C XVII AB. =0@>4, O:89 >4=8< V7 ?5@H8E 2 2@>?V >?0=C202 4@C:0@AL:C A?@02C, G5@57 2V4ACB=VABL <>6;82>ABV ?@>4>26C20B8 4@C: 7<CH5=89 1C2 ?>25@=CB8AO 4> A5@54=L>2VG=8E 70A>1V2 B2>@5==O @C:>?8A=>W :=838. # B>9 G0A, :>;8 ;VB5@0BC@=89 ?@>F5A 2 2@>?V @>728202AO 70 =>28<8 AB8;L>28<8 ?@8=F8?0<8, 2 4CAV 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8, A5@18 2 C<>20E BC@5FL:>3> 3=>1;5==O ?5@5?8AC20;8 A2>WE 402=VE :=86=8:V2, 9 F5 1C;> G8 =5 T48=>N D>@<>N WE=L>3> ;VB5@0BC@=>3> VA=C20==O. V4AB0;VABL A5@1V2 AB0;0 >A>1;82> ?><VB=>N, :>;8 2>=8 ?5@5A5;8;8AO =0 =044C=09AL:V =878=8 ACG0A=>W >T2>48=8, 45 7<CH5=V 1C;8 :>@8ABC20B8AO ;8H5 2840==O<8 02AB@V9AL:>3> 4@C:C. ?8@0NG8AO 2?;82>2V B0:>W ?@>4C:FVW G5@57 B@048FV9=C >?>78FV9=VABL 4> :0B>;8FL:>W :=838, A5@1AL:V ?8AL<5==8:8 ?@03=C;8 70157?5G8B8 A2>WE G8B0GV2 ?5@5?8A0=8<8 2V4 @C:8 B2>@0<8 2VBG87=O=8E A5@54=L>2VG=8E 02B>@V2. 4=0: 0=V 70 :V;L:VABN, 0=V 70 7<VAB>< FV @C:>?8A8 =5 <>3;8 265 704>2>;L=8B8 ?>?8B =0 :=838. &5 70A2V4GC202, 7>:@5<0, B>3>G0A=89 ?8AL<5==8: !8<5>= 8I528G (1731-1795): ""0:8E 402=VE :=86>: =5 28AB0G0;> V =5 <>3;> 28AB0G0B8 C BV 40;5:V G0A8 4;O :>@8ABC20==O A5@54 CAL>3> @>7?>@>H5=>3> V G8A;5==>3> A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C, O:89 ?> @V7=8E 45@6020E ?5@51C202, 0 B8< 1V;LH5, I> 7 G0A>< 2V4 70AB0@V;>ABV B0 402=>ABV 2>=8 7>2AV< 7=>A8;8AL V 27030;V <0;> 45 715@53;8AO, G5@57 F5 9 ?>B@V1=> 1C;> 725@B0B8AO 4> @CAL:>W 75<;V V :=838, 2 O:8E =0@>4 B0: 7C1>6V2, F5@:>2=V B0 H:V;L=V, 72V4B8 74>1C20B8"[59]. V4B@8<:0 A;>2'O=AL:>3> AE>4C CO2;O;0AO T48=8< 28E>4>< 4;O A5@1V2, =0<030==O O:8E =0;03>48B8 2;0A=V 4@C:0@=V ?@>BO3>< B@820;>3> G0AC =5 <0;8 CA?VEC. 2AB@V9AL:0 2;040 01> 70;8H0;0AO 3;CE>N 4> G8A;5==8E 725@=5=L A5@1AL:8E =0@>4=8E 71>@V2, 01> 6 C:07C20;0 =0 265 VA=CNGV, C=V0BAL:V 4@C:0@=V. 4=0 7 =8E, 70A=>20=0 1751 @>:C, <0A>28<8 B8@060<8 ?@>4C:C20;0 :8@8;8G=8< 4@C:>< B5:AB8 :0B>;8FL:>3> 7<VABC. 0;03>465==O 2;0A=8E 4@C:0@5=L 4;O 2840==O B2>@V2, O:V 1 70157?5GC20;8 ?>B@518 2VBG87=O=>3> G8B0G0, 1C;> A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N 7030;L=>W :0<?0=VW >?>@C A5@1V2 4CE>2=><C 70:@V?0G5==N B0 0A8<V;OFVW C <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028. V4ACB=VABL 2;0A=8E <>6;82>AB59 2V4@>465==O 7C<>28;0 725@=5==O 4> AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>3> 4@C:0@AB20, I> 1C;> O28I5< 70:>=><V@=8<, ?@>4>265==O< 402=L>W B@048FVW :=83>>1<V=C. ;O A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 F59 ?@>F5A >7=0G02 7<VI5==O ">?>@=8E 107" 4@C:0@AB20 V7 70E>4C =0 AEV4: O:I> @0=VH5, 4> =020;8 >A<0=V2, 27V@F5< :=83>4@C:C20==O 4;O =8E 1C;0 5=5FVO, B> B5?5@, ?@>BO3>< XVIII AB. >A=>2=0 <0A0 :=86>: =04E>48;0 V7 B@L>E AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E F5=B@V2 4@C:0@AB20 - 8T20, >A:28 B0 L2>20, E>G VA=C20;8 9 V=HV 465@5;0 ?>AB0G0==O. #:@0W=AL:89 AB@C<V=L C FL><C :=86:>2><C ?>B>FV 1C2 =09A8;L=VH8<. .028G ?>OA=NT F5, 7>:@5<0, B8<, I> A5@1AL:0 :C;LBC@0, =5 <0NG8 :=83 V 4@C:0@5=L, ?@>AB> <CA8;0 A?8@0B8AO =0 #:@0W=C, I> 1C;> >1'T:B82=>N 70:>=><V@=VABN VAB>@8G=>3> @>728B:C, >A:V;L:8 #:@0W=0, O:0 I5 @0=VH5 ?5@51C20;0 2 0=0;>3VG=><C AB0=>28IV, @>728=C;0 =04728G09=> <VF=C 107C 4CE>2=>3> A?@>B82C, 7>:@5<0 :=83>28402=8GC 4VO;L=VABL B0 ?>;5<VG=C ;VB5@0BC@C[60]. 0 B>9 G0A, :>;8 28402=8G0 A?@020 2 !5@1VW 1C;0 2 70=5?04V, "?@5A;02=>T EC4>65AB2> 4@C:0@A:>5 8;8 B8?>3@0DA:>5", O: 9>3> V<5=CT CAB8=AL:89 ;VB>?8A, 2 #:@0W=V 4>AO3;> @>7:2VBC[61]. 02@AL:0 4@C:0@=O 2 8T2V, ">4=0 7 =09:@0I8E C B>3>G0A=><C :C;LBC@=><C A2VBV, A;>2'O=AL:><C V 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:><C"[62], B0 V=HV F5=B@8 4@C:C 28?CA:0;8 :=838, O:V H284:> AB020;8 2V4><V 40;5:> 70 <560<8 #:@0W=8, ?@8G><C 04@5AC20==O ?@>4C:FVW H8@>:><C :>;C =0@>4V2 1C;> A2V4><>N 4VO;L=VABN C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2. !>;V40@870FVO 7 25;8:8< A;>2'O=AL:8< A2VB><, 2V4GCBBO ?@8G5B=>ABV 4> 9>3> :C;LBC@=8E 70?8BV2 V ?@03=5==O 2 @07V ?>B@518 4>?><>3B8 =0@>40<, I> ?5@51C20;8 ?V4 GC6>75<=8< 3=>1;5==O<, 1C;8 ?@8B0<0==V "CG5=>-;VB5@0BC@=><C V 28402=8G><C 3C@B:C, AB2>@5=><C ?@8 4@C:0@=V 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8"[63]. !0<5 O: D>@<C 4CE>2=>3> T4=0==O 5B=VG=> A?>@V4=5=8E =0@>4V2, ?>T4=0=8E A?V;L=VABN =5 ;8H5 @5;V3V9=>W, 0 9 VAB>@8G=>W 4>;V, A?@89<02 :=83C C:@0W=AL:89 ?>;5<VAB 0E0@VO >?8AB5=AL:88. 0:;8:0NG8 C 2ABC?V 4> >4=>3> V7 A2>WE B2>@V2 (1624) <091CB=VE @V7=>=0FV>=0;L=8E G8B0GV2 15@53B8 :=83C, F5 "<=>3>F2VB=5 A>:@>2VI5", "4@0609H89 1VA5@", 2V= >A<8A;NT WW O: ?>40@C=>: 8T20 A;>2'O=AL:8< =0@>40<: "@VT<;VB5 53>... @>AA>25, 8 A;02O=5, 8 <0:54>=>25. !BO68B5 8 1>;30@>25, A5@1>25, 8 1>A=O=5. 1;>1K709B5 8 8AB@>25, 8;;8@8:>25, 8 40;<0B>25. !?@OI8B5 8 <>;402O=5, <C;B0=5 8 C=3@>2;0E>25. >A?@89<8B5 8 G5E>25, <>@02;O=5, 30@20B>25 8 2AO H8@>:>2;0AB=00 !0@<0BV0 2>7;N18 8 ?@8BO68"[64]. &O H8@>:0 35>3@0DVO 04@5A0BV2 :8W2AL:8E 02B>@V2, C@0EC20==O V=B5@5AV2 1030BL>E 5B=VG=8E 3@C?, C BV< G8A;V 9 =0@>4V2 =5A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O, 4;O O:8E B0:>6 ?@87=0G0;8AO 2840==O 02@AL:>W 4@C:0@=V, - =5 T48=89 ?@8:;04. V= <0T G8<0;> 0=0;>3V9 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 10@>:>2V9 :C;LBC@V, 28ABC?0NG8 >4=8< V7 ?@>O2V2 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C. 0;:0=AL:V =0@>48, O: <>6=0 AC48B8 V7 725@=5==O .>?8AB5=AL:>3>, 1C;8 A5@54 3>;>2=8E 04@5A0BV2 :8W2AL:8E 02B>@V2, :>B@8E ?>2'O7C20;8 7 ?V245==8<8 A;>2'O=0<8 O: 402=O B@048FVO :=83>>1<V=C, B0: V A?V2GCBBO A5@10< C WE=V9 1>@>BL1V 7 >A<0=AL:8< ?>=52>;5==O<. 8A>:89 @V25=L A5@1AL:>3> 4@C:0@AB20 1C2 4>1@5 2V4><89 2 #:@0W=V, ?@> I> A2V4G8BL, 7>:@5<0, ?VA;O<>20 20=0 $54>@>20 4> "?>AB>;0" (1654). >;8 6 A5@18 2V4GC;8 ?>B@51C 2 4CE>2=V9 71@>W, B> 2 8T2V 2>=8 7=09H;8 <>3CB=V9 0@A5=0;. >AB@>?>;5<VG=89 7<VAB, 28A>:89 ?0B@V>B87< C 70E8ABV =0FV>=0;L=>W B@048FVW, =0ABC?0;L=VABL, ?C1;VF8AB8G=VABL C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2 - CA5 B5 FV;:>< 2V4?>2V40;> V=B5@5A0< A5@1V2, 9 B><C :=838 9H;8 4> =8E H8@>:8< ?>B>:><, 7=0E>4OG8 G8B0GV2 V ?@8E8;L=8:V2. A>1;82>N ?>?C;O@=VABN FV :=838 :>@8ABC20;8AO I5 9 G5@57 B5, I> 02AB@V9AL:0 04<V=VAB@0FVO, ?@03=CG8 225AB8 A5@1V2 2 ><0=C, 0:B82V7C20;0 A2>N 0A8<V;OB>@AL:C 4VO;L=VABL. @0E>2CNG8 25;8:89 ?>?8B A5@1V2 =0 :=83C, V45=L 71V;LHC202 B8@06V 2840=L :8@8;8G=8< H@8DB><, 4@C:>20=8E C 8<V, 5=5FVW B0 #3>@I8=V. ;5 FV :=86:8 28:;8:0;8 2 A5@1V2 =54>2V@C, @>7FV=N20;8AO =8<8 O: :0B>;8FL:V, ";0B8=AL:V" E8B@>IV. # A2V4><>ABV A5@1AL:>3> @5F8?VT=B0 <0965 <03VG=>3> 7=0G5==O =01C20;> <VAF5 2840==O, 9 B><C :=86:8 7 8T20, L2>20 G8 >A:28, B>1B> 2V4 "T48=>2V@=8E" 1@0BV2, A?@89<0;8AO O: "A2>W", O: ":>@8A=V 4;O 4CHV", "A?0A5==V". 7 G0A>< A5@1AL:5 :5@V2=8FB2> 2840;> =0:07, O:89 7>1>2'O7C202 :C?C20B8 :=86:8 "BV;L:8 <>A:>2AL:8E 01> 6 :8T2>?5G5@AL:8E" 2840=L, :>@8ABC20==O :=830<8, 4@C:>20=8<8 2 1C4L-O:8E V=H8E <VAB0E, AC2>@> 701>@>=O;>AO[65]. 18 704>2>;L=8B8 ?>?8B =0 :=86:8, WE B@510 1C;> <0B8 G8<0;>, G5@57 F5 A5@1AL:5 :5@V2=8FB2> =5>4=>@07>2> 725@B0;>AO 4> @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C 7 ?@>E0===O< ?@> "4CE>2=C 4>?><>3C", I> ?V4B25@46CNBL ?>A;0==O <8B@>?>;8B0 .5B@>28G0 4> 5B@0  1718 B0 1721 @>:V2. >3> A?04:>T<5FL V:5=BVT >20=>28G <02 FV;89 ?;0= ?5@52575==O 7 8T20 ":=83 A;02O=A:8E, :0: ?>CG8B5;L=KE 8 F5@:>2=8E, B0: 8 75;> ?>B@51=KE H:>;L=KE"[66]. &V ?@>E0==O =5 70;8H0;8AO 157 2V4?>2V4V, V 265 =524>27V A5@18 >45@60;8 ?0@BVN :=86>: V7 "<>A:>2AL:>W 75<;V".  ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. ;VB5@0BC@0 ?>G8=0T =04E>48B8 1V;LH @53C;O@=>. "0:, 1703 @>:C =0 V<'O @A5=VT III '0@=>T28G0 1C;> =04VA;0=> 25;8:C ?>A8;:C 7 :=86:0<8, =>20 ?0@BVO =04V9H;0 7 G0A>< .5B@>28GC. 572060NG8 =0 B@C4=>IV, O:V AB>O;8 =0 H;OEC ?@>=8:=5==O :=86>: 4> A5@1V2, ?5@5A;V4C20==O 7 1>:C 02AB@V9AL:8E 2;0AB59, C3>@AL:8E D5>40;V2, :>B@V 2AV;O:> =0<030;8AO ?@8?8=8B8 ?>BV: ;VB5@0BC@8 7V AE>4C, FV :=86:8 7 =04728G09=>N H284:VABN @>7?>2AN46C20;8AO A5@54 A5@1V2, >AV40NG8 2 >A=>2=8E B>3>G0A=8E F5=B@0E ?@>A2VB8. 0?@8:V=FV 30-E @>:V2 XVIII AB. 104 :=83>AE>28I0, ?V4?>@O4:>20=8E 0@;>20FC, =0@0E>2C20;8 1146 :=86>:, 465 7 O:8E =0;560;>" 402=L>A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, 0 681 =04V9H;0 7 "@CAL:>W 75<;V". 1753 @>:C 16 1V1;V>B5: !@5<C (@53V>= C >T2>48=V) <0;8 265 852 "@CAL:V :=838" 9 ;8H5 344 - 402=L>A5@1AL:V, I> A2V4G8BL ?@> 7@>AB0==O ?>?8BC =0 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:C :=83C. A>1;82>N ?>?C;O@=VABN :>@8ABC20;8AO :=86:8 ?@>A2VB=8FL:>3>, 4840:B8G=>3> 7<VABC - 1C:20@V, 3@0<0B8:8, ;5:A8:>=8 B>I>. !5@54 CAVE :=86>:, =04VA;0=8E A5@10<, =0 ?5@H><C <VAFV 70 28:>@8AB0==O< V :V;L:VABN 1C;8 B2>@8 42>E 02B>@V2 - $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0 V 5;5BVO !<>B@8FL:>3>, =0A0<?5@54 WE=V ?>AV1=8:8 4;O H:V;. #65 1724 @>:C 2 T;3@04 =04V9H;> 400 ?@8<V@=8:V2 2V4><>3> 1C:20@O $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0 "5@2>5 CG5=VT >B@>:><" (1721). @> B5, O: 28A>:> FV=C20;8 A5@18 FN :=83C V I> 2>=0 2068;0 4;O =8E C 1>@>BL1V 70 7=0==O, 3>2>@8BL V B>9 D0:B, I> 1C:20@ ?@>BO3>< :V;L:>E @>:V2 B@8GV ?5@52840202AO - C65 A8;0<8 A5@1V2. 1726 @>:C 9>3> 1C;> ?5@54@C:>20=> 70 <560<8 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028 C 8<=8:C, 45 7 G0A>< A5@18 =0;03>48;8 4@C:0@AB2>. 0C2068<>, I> F5 ?5@52840==O C A?5FV0;L=><C ?5@5:;04V ?@87=0G0;>AO =5 BV;L:8 A5@1AL:V9 0C48B>@VW, 0 9 @C<C=0<. 0ABC?=>3>, 1727 @>:C ?>10G8;> A2VB ?5@52840==O B>3>G0A=>N @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>N, O:0 28:>=C20;0 2 A5@1V2 @>;L ;VB5@0BC@=>W, 0 1734-3> - I5 >4=5, 7@>1;5=5 265 7 =>28E @>AV9AL:8E 2840=L. C:20@ $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0 2V4V3@02 7=0G=C @>;L C @>728B:C ?@>A2VB=8FL:>W A?@028 A5@54 A5@1V2 - F5 1C2 ?5@H89 ?>AV1=8:, 70 O:8< 25;>AO =02G0==O C H:>;0E. :@V< B>3>, FO ?@0FO 1C;0 B8< ?V4@C=BO<, =0 O:><C A5@18 ?V7=VH5 281C4C20;8 2;0A=C 4840:B8G=C ;VB5@0BC@C. 8AL<5==8: 8?@8O= 0G0=8= AB2>@82 A2V9 ?5@H89 1C:20@ 1717 @>:C 70 7@07:>< "@CAL:>3> 1C:20@O" 2840==O 1701 @>:C, =07202H8 9>3> "C:20@ A;>2'O=AL:8E ?8AL<5=". V4 ?@0FV $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0 2V4HB>2EC20;8AO 9 V=HV 02B>@8 - =5 BV;L:8 0E0@VT @D5;V=, 0 =02VBL V C: 0@0468G C A2>T<C "3;O4V A5@1AL:>3> 1C:20@O" (1827). #?@>4>26 1734-1764 @>:V2 >A=>2=8<8 ?>AV1=8:0<8 A5@1V2 C H:V;L=V9 A?@02V 1C;8 :8W2AL:V, <>A:>2AL:V B0 ;L2V2AL:V 2840==O, A5@54 O:8E >A>1;828< ?>?8B>< :>@8ABC202AO 1C:20@, 28?CI5=89 C 8T2V B0 >A:2V, 06 4>:8 1767 @>:C C V4=V =5 289H>2 ?5@H89 A5@1AL:89 1C:20@, ?V43>B>2;5=89 2;0A=5 A5@1AL:8< 02B>@>< 0E0@VT @D5;V=8<. ;5 9 FO ?@0FO A?8@0;0AO =0 7304C20=V :8W2AL:V B0 <>A:>2AL:V 2840==O, =0 I> 2:07CT, 7>:@5<0, WW =0720: "5@2>T CG5=VT E>BOIK< CG8BAO :=83 ?8A<5=K !;025=A:8<8 =07K205<>5 C:20@L...", E>G0, :@V< $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0, 02B>@ 28:>@8AB>2C202 B0:>6 V=HV 465@5;0. @C3>N :=83>N, O:0 2V4V3@0;0 25;8:C @>;L C H:V;L=V9 ?V43>B>2FV A5@1V2, 1C;0 3@0<0B8:0 .!<>B@8FL:>3> 100 ?@8<V@=8:V2 O:>W ?@81C;8 4> =8E B>3> A0<>3> 1724 @>:C. @0FO C:@0W=AL:>3> <>2>7=02FO B0:>6 AB0;0 4;O A5@1V2 FV==8< V =0 4>2389 G0A T48=8< 465@5;>< C WE=VE 3@0<0B8G=8E ABC4VOE. 0 287=0==O< >G5284FO, 28E>20=FO 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW, A5@1AL:>3> ?8AL<5==8:0 XVIII AB. >20=0 0WG0, BV;L:8 7024O:8 FV9 "A;>2'O=AL:V9 3@0<0B8FV... ?>G0;0 A5@1AL:0 <>;>4L ?>-A?@026=L><C G8B0B8 V ?>-A?@026=L><C ?8A0B8"[67]. 1755 @>:C 3@0<0B8:C .!<>B@8FL:>3> 1C;> ?5@52840=> 2 8<=8:C A5@1AL:8< >@30=V70B>@>< ?@>A2VB=8FB20, 28E>20=F5< 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW 02;>< 5=04>28G5<, :>B@89 ?V4:@5A;N202, I> FO "A;>2'O=AL:0 3@0<0B8:0 ?@87=0G0TBLAO =0 :>@8ABL V 70AB>AC20==O >B@>:0< A5@1AL:8<, O:V 1060NBL 3@C=B>2=> =02G8B8AO "A;>2'O=AL:>3> 4V0;5:BC". 0 :>@8ABL ">B@>:0< A5@1AL:8<" ?>AV1=8: 5;5BVO !<>B@8FL:>3> A;C682 06 4> :V=FO XVIII AB., :>;8 7'O28;0AO ?5@H0 A5@1AL:0 3@0<0B8:0. 0720=8<8 V<5=0<8 40;5:> =5 28G5@?CTBLAO 7=09><AB2> A5@1V2 7 :@0I8<8 ?@54AB02=8:0<8 DV;>;>3VG=>W =0C:8 B0 ;VB5@0BC@8 #:@0W=8. '8<0;> C:@0W=AL:8E 2840=L ?@8:@0H0;> 1V1;V>B5:8 B0 ?@820B=V 71V@:8 T;3@040, 0@;>20F0, V=H8E <VAB B0 <>=0AB8@V2, 4> B>3> 6 >:@5<V B2>@8 ?>B@0?;O;8 4> A5@1V2 =5 AB8EV9=>, 0 70 A?5FV0;L=8< =0:07>< A5@1AL:>3> :5@V2=8FB20. "0:, 1763 @>:C 1C;> 2840=> 70:>=, 70 O:8< CAV A2OI5==>A;C68B5;V ?>28==V 1C;8 <0B8 ?V4 @C:>N ?'OBL =09=5>1EV4=VH8E :=86>: @CAL:>3> ?>E>465==O, C ?@>B82=><C @07V WE >GV:C20;> ?>7102;5==O 4CE>2=>3> A0=C V 2AV;O:8E ?@02. &VTN 48@5:B82>N A5@18 =0<030;8AO 70E8AB8B8AO 2V4 4VO;L=>ABV 02AB@V9AL:>3> C@O4C, O:89 ?@03=C2 AE8;8B8 >:@5<8E A;C68B5;V2, 0 G5@57 =8E V ?@8E>60= 4> ?5@5E>4C 2 :0B>;8F87<. "><C 9 @5:><5=4C20;>AO 28:>@8AB0==O B2>@V2 @>:>?>28G0, 0;OB>2AL:>3>, /2>@AL:>3>, >;>FL:>3>, >?8=AL:>3> B0 V=H8E 02B>@V2, 4>A8BL 4>1@5 7=0=8E V H8@>:> ?@54AB02;5=8E 2 CAVE 3>;>2=8E 1V1;V>B5:0E A5@1V2. >;0NG8 25;8:V B@C4=>IV B0 F5=7C@=V ?5@5?>=8 V4=O, :=86:8 @V7=8<8 H;OE0<8 - 2V4 A?5FV0;L=8E C@O4>28E ?>A8;>: 4> ?>40@C=:V2 >:@5<8E >AV1, ?5@52575==O ?@820B=8E 1V1;V>B5: B>I> - ?>B@0?;O;8 4> A5@1V2. &V :=86:8 A?@89<0;8AO O: @5;V:2VO, O: 70?>@C:0 T4=>ABV, O: A8<2>; 4>?><>38. 572060NG8 =0 28A>:C FV=C 9 B@C4=>IV V7 ?@8410==O<, WE >E>G5 :C?C20;8, 715@V30;8 O: 1030BAB2>, G8B0;8 2 @V7=8E 25@AB20E B>3>G0A=>3> A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 - 2V4 A>FV0;L=>W 25@EV2:8 4> 728G09=8E 3>@>4O=. 4=8< V7 FV==8E A2V4G5=L B>3>, O:8<8 H;OE0<8 ?@>=8:0;8 4> A5@1V2 :=86:8, O: 4> =8E AB028;8AO G8B0GV B0 2;0A=8:8, T @V7=V =0?8A8, ?>7=0G:8 =0 B8E :=86:0E, I> 9 =8=V 715@V30NBLAO 2 1V1;V>B5:0E !5@1VW. >=8 70A2V4GCNBL, I> ?@> AB0=>28I5 A5@1V2, ?@> WE=V9 V=B5@5A 4> :=838 4>1@5 7=0;8 2 8T2V V I> VA=C202 157?>A5@54=V9 72'O7>: <V6 >:@5<8<8 ?@54AB02=8:0<8 C:@0W=AL:>W B0 A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@. 5O:V :5@V2=8:8 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, ?8AL<5==8:8 >A>18AB> =04A8;0;8 ;V45@0< A5@1AL:>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> @CEC :=86:8 V7 2;0A=>@CG=8<8 ?@8A2OB0<8, O: F5 284=>, ?@8<V@><, 7 =0?8AC =0 >4=V9 V7 :=86>: 02@AL:>W 4@C:0@=V. W =04VA;02 >0A0D @>:>2AL:89, :>B@89 1704 @>:C >G>;N202 02@C, 0 7 G0A>< AB02 @5:B>@>< 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW. "&O :=830, - =0?8A0=> =0 =V9, - 40=0... 4> 75<;V !5@1AL:>W... ?@5AB>;C ?0B@V0@E0 A5@1AL:>3> @A5=VO C GC4>B2>@=V9 02@V 8W2AL:V9 2V4 >0A0D0 @>:>2AL:>3> @>:C 1697"[68]. 0?8A =0 :=87V "2E>;>38>=" (L2V2, 1668) 70A2V4GCT, I> WW <02 C A2>W9 1V1;V>B5FV A;02=>72VA=89 >@30=V70B>@ 1>@>BL18 70 2872>;5==O A5@1V2 2V4 GC6>75<=>3> 3=>1;5==O 3@0D 6>@465 @0=:>28G (1645-1711), O:89 7038=C2 C 2'O7=8FV 02AB@V9AL:>3> C@O4C G5@57 A2>N ?0B@V>B8G=C 4VO;L=VABL V 72'O7:8 7 #:@0W=>N. 3V4=> 7 9>3> 2;0A=>@CG=8< =0?8A><, 2V= 40@C202 WW 1709 @>:C >4=V9 V7 1V1;V>B5:, @>7B0H>20=V9 ?>1;87C T;3@040. 4=0 7 :=86>: ?>B@0?8;0 4> 1V1;V>B5:8 @CH54>;C, 206;82>3> F5=B@C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, 7024O:8 ?@5D5:BC 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW 0D0W;C 01>@>2AL:><C, 7 9>3> ?@8A2OB>N: "@542>48B5;N 2AVE A5@1V2 V 1>;30@... @A5=VN '0@=>T28GC G5@57 <8B@VO 0@0A:528G0... 40N 7 8T20 2 40@... 1741 @.". 0?8A, 7@>1;5=89 =0ABC?=>3> @>:C =0 FV9 A0<V9 :=87V, 70A2V4GCT, I> A5@1AL:89 04@5A0B WW >45@602 V 265 1743 @>:C =04VA;02 .01>@>2AL:><C >48= 7 :@0I8E 7@07:V2 B>3>G0A=>W A5@1AL:>W :=86:>2>W 3@0DV:8 - "!B5<0B>3@0DVN" %.5D0@>28G0 7 ?@8A2OB>N :8W2AL:><C 04@5A0B>2V: "...O: 70?>@C:0 ?0<'OBV V 4>1@>W 4> =L>3> 2>;V"[69]. '8<0;> :=86>: ?>B@0?;O;> G5@57 @V7=8E A5@1AL:8E V G>@=>3>@AL:8E <0=4@V2=8:V2 B0 45;530FVW, :>B@V 4>A8BL G0AB> ?>4>@>6C20;8 4> 8T20, >A:28 9 5B5@1C@30, ?@82>7OG8 72V4B8 FV;V 1V1;V>B5:8, O:V ?>BV< >AV40;8 C :=83>AE>28I0E, C@>G8AB> ?5@54020;8AO <>=0AB8@O<, I> 702648 2V47=0G0;>AO O: 206;820 ?>4VO. "V, EB> ?@82>782 ?@820B=V 1V1;V>B5:8, B0:>6 V7 3>@4VABN :>=AB0BC20;8 F59 @57C;LB0B ?>W74:8 4> >AVW, O:, A:06V<>, 0=B5;59<>= %@0=8A;02;T28G, :>B@89 707=0G02, I> 7 >AVW "7V A;02=>N 1V1;V>B5:>N 2 <VAB> C<C ?@81C2"[70]. 5;8:0 70A;C30 C AB2>@5==V :=86:>2>3> D>=4C =0;568BL V B8< A5@1AL:8< CG=O<, O:V =02G0;8AO 2 8T2V. 5@V2=8FB2> 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW, 2@0E>2CNG8 WE=V A:@><=V <0B5@V0;L=V <>6;82>ABV, 4>72>;O;> 28EV4FO< "V7 A5@1AL:>W 75<;V 718@0B8 A5@54 :8O= :>HB8, ?>40@C=:8 B0 ?>65@B2C20==O 4;O ?@8410==O :=86>: =0 :>@8ABL ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E 1@0BV2, ?@8G><C 2 G8A;V ?5@H8E 4>A8BL A>;V4=C =0 B>9 G0A AC<C - 10 :0@1>20=FV2 - 2=VA ?@5D5:B :045<VW 0D0W; 01>@>2AL:89[71]. 4=8< V7 ?@8:;04V2 @57C;LB0B82=>ABV ?5@51C20==O 2 8@2V  <>6=0 1C;> ?@8410B8 25;8:C 1V1;V>B5:C, T 4VO;L=VABL >20=0 0WG0, O:89, ?>25@=C2H8AL V7 8T20, 45 =02G02AO 7 1753-3> ?> 1756 @V:, ?@82V7 V7 A>1>N "25;8:C :V;L:VABL :=86>: V @C:>?8AV2, :>=A?5:BV2 ?@>G8B0=8E B2>@V2"[72]. 1758 @>:C 2V= 7=>2C ?><0=4@C202 4> 8T20 V 7=>2C ?>25@=C2AO 72V4B8 =5 157 :=86>:. !5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV, I> 70;8H8;8AO 2 #:@0W=V, 70A=C202H8 B0< >2C !5@1VN, =5 701C20;8 ?@> A2>WE A?V22VBG87=8:V2, =04A8;0NG8 W< 7 ?5@H>N =03>4>N O: =09FV==VH89 40@ B5, 2 G><C 2>=8 2V4GC20;8 =091V;LHC ?>B@51C, - :=83C. 4=0 7 :=86>: 1V1;V>B5:8 2 @CH54>;V <0T, =0?@8:;04, B0:C ?>7=0G:C: "&N :=83C ?>40@C202 O, ?>;:>2=8: 02@8;> 8;>@04>28G... @CH54>;C 2 :2VB=V 1752 @, 7 V68=0 2 0;>@>AVW"[73]. 5 BV;L:8 A5@18 A?5FV0;L=> 9H;8 4> 8T20 ?> 7=0==O B0 :=86:8, 0 9 V7 8T20 4> !5@1VW <0=4@C20;> G8<0;> ?@>A2VB8B5;V2, O:V =5A;8 7 A>1>N :=86:8, ?@8G><C =5 702648 4CE>2=>3> 7<VABC. 4=0 7 :=86>:, I> 715@V30TBLAO C 0@>4=V9 1V1;V>B5FV T;3@040, <0T B0:89 70?8A: "# 15@57=V <VAOFV 1795 @. ?@89H>2 4> =0A... D0=0AV9 !028G... V 1C2 C =0A FV;C 78<C. >;8 6 2V4'W64602, B> 70 FN =0HC 4>1@>78G;82VABL ?>40@C202 =0< 5 :=86>: ?@>?>2V459 ;0B>=0, V <8 9>3> =03>@>48;8 V 2V4?CAB8;8 7 =0H>3> <>=0AB8@O.  2V41C2 2V= C A2>N 2VBG87=C 2 >AVN, 4> 8T20..."[74]. 0;8H0;8 A2>W ?V4@CG=8:8, :>=A?5:B8, @C:>?8A8 9 BV C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V, :>B@V ?@81C20;8 4;O =02G0==O A5@1AL:8E CG=V2, O:, A:06V<>, 8E09;> >70G8=AL:89. # 1V1;V>B5FV, 70;8H5=V9 =8< C A5@1V2, 1C;8 ?@82575=V 7 8T20 ;0B8=><>2=V @8B>@8:8, ?V4@CG=8:8 7 >@0B>@AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, I> 715@V30NBLAO =8=V 2 1V1;V>B5:0E T;3@040 B0 <VAB0 >289 !04[75]. 07=0G8<> ?@8?;3V4=>, I> F59 :=86:>289 >1<V= 2V41C202AO =5 ;8H5 ?@>BO3>< XVIII AB., 0 9 7=0G=> @0=VH5, ?@> I> B0:>6 3>2>@OBL >:@5<V =0?8A8 =0 :=86:0E. >=8 70A2V4GCNBL, I> 2 #:@0W=V FV:028;8AO B>3>G0A=>N A5@1AL:>N ;VB5@0BC@>N V =02VBL 1@0;8 ?52=C CG0ABL C WW AB2>@5==V. "0:, =0 >4=><C 7 @C:>?8AV2, I> 715@V30NBLAO C D>=40E !5@1AL:>W :045<VW =0C: B0 <8AB5FB20, 1490 @>:C 1C;> ?>7=0G5=>, I> 02B>@ 9>3> - ";8A59, 48O: 7 >4V;LAL:>3> 0<'O=FO" V I> ?8A02 2V= "=0 @VGFV C=0W C <VABV !;0=:0<5=V 2 1C48=:C... G>;>2V:0 =0 V<'O 5B@>, @81>;>20... 70 G0AV2 45A?>B0 A5@1AL:>3> .@VO..."[76]. =H89 70?8A =0 @C:>?8AV 1574 @>:C 3>2>@8BL ?@> B5, I> V 2 #:@0W=V >E>G5 G8B0;8 :=86:8 ?@> A5@1AL:C VAB>@VN. &5 2;0A=>@CG=> 70A2V4GCT >48= 7 G8B0GV2, "@01 >689 @83>@V9 .@0H:>", O:89 ":C?82 FN :=83C ?@> A5@1AL:8E :>@>;V2.., O: V EB> A2>T 68BBO ?@>2>482; V :C?82 2V4 ?>?0 20=0 7 <VAB0 %>B8=0..."[77]. :@5<V =0?8A8 A2V4G0BL ?@> B5, O:>N H0=>N V ?>203>N A5@54 A5@1V2 :>@8ABC20;8AO BV <VAB0, 72V4:8 =04E>48;8 01> 72V4:8 ?@8=>A8;8 7 25;8:8<8 B@C4=>I0<8 :=86:8 4;O 7030;L=>3> :>@8ABC20==O. =86:8 FV B8BC;CNBLAO "1>65AB25==8<8", "A2OB8<8 V A?0A5==8<8", 0 "0;0 CAVO", 45 WE B>9 01> B>9 ?0;><=8: ?@84102, 25;8G0TBLAO "1;03>G5AB82>N" V B.V=., I> 9 70?8A0=>, 7>:@5<0, =0 >4=V9 V7 :=86>: 070@O 0@0=>28G0, B2>@8 O:>3> :>@8ABC20;8AO 25;8:>N ?>?C;O@=VABN C A5@1V2. A:V;L:8 =0 H;OEC 4> 10BL:V2I8=8 FV==89, 0;5 =5157?5G=89 "40@" <02 ?>4>;0B8 @V7=V ?5@5?>=8, 018 ?@>9B8 =5?><VG5=8<, B> I0A;825 ?@81CBBO V7 :=83>N A?@89<0;>AO ;54L =5 O: ?>4283, ?@> I> B0:>6 3>2>@OBL =0?8A8 @V7=8E @>:V2. /:, ?@8<V@><, B0:89: "=83C FN... O 7 25;8:>N BC@1>B>N 7 F0@AB2CNG>3> >3>< 15@565=>3> 3@040 8T20... ?@8=VA 1759 @>:C, 0 =8=V 6 1775 @>:C... :=83C 40@CN..."[78]. @>7C<V;>, I> 70 =04728G09=> 206:8E C<>2 240;5 ?@81CBBO 7 :=83>N A?@89<0;>AO O: 482>, O: CG0ABL 28I8E A8;, B>6 V ?8A0;>AO 2 4CAV G0AC, I> FO :=830 "?@8=5A5=0 7 0;>W CAV >6>N 1;03>40BBN V @5G8AB>W >3><0B5@V, B@C4>;N1VT< 0D0W;0 @>:C 1643"[79]. 1695 @>:C =0 >4=V9 V7 :=86>:, I> 715@V30NBLAO 2 1V1;V>B5:0E !@5<C, 1C;> 707=0G5=>: "&N A2OBC V 1>65AB25==C :=83C, 3;03>;5<C ""@8>4 F25B=89" 7 1>3>A?0A0T<>3> 3@040 ;2>20 (L2>20 - ..)... C A2V9 <>=0AB8@ 020=8FN... =0 :>@8ABC20==O, 1@0B0< =0 :>@8ABL 4CH52=C, V ?@> =0A =0 7304:C" ?@8=5A;8 B@8 A5@18[80]. 0 V=HV9 :=86FV >48= 7 ?0;><=8:V2 ?>7=0G02, I> ?@8=VA WW "7V A;02=>3> 3@040 8T20 ;VB0 1715"[81]. &V B0 V=HV 70?8A8 70A2V4GCNBL 25;8:C 4>2V@C A5@1AL:>W 3@><04AL:>ABV 4> 8T20 O: F5=B@C 4CE>2=>3> ?>@OBC=:C, I> ?@> =L>3> ?8A0;8 7 25;8:8< ?VTB5B><. =830 7 8T20, 7 #:@0W=8 A?@89<0;0AO O: I>AL "1>65AB25==5", O: 40@C=>: <>3CB=L>3> A?V21@0B0, A>N7 7 O:8< >7=0G02 715@565==O 2;0A=>W =0@>4=>ABV.  >3;O4C =0 25;8:89 ?>?8B =0 :=838, ?@03=5==O ?@8410B8 WE 70 1C4L-O:C FV=C, >@30=V7>20=8< ?@>4065< :=86>: ?>G0;8 709<0B8AO @>AV9AL:V :C?FV. V7=8<8 H;OE0<8 2>=8 ?@>=8:0;8 G5@57 #:@0W=C =0 0;:0=8 7 2>70<8 :=86>: B0 @V7=8E @5G59 :C;LBC@=>3> 268B:C. "0@>4 7CAB@VG02 WE 7 >A>1;828< B5?;>< V 3>AB8==VABN, =078202 WE "<>A:>28", "<>A:0;V", "<>A:>2VB8" V :C?C202 WE=V "4CH5?>;57=K5" 9 "4CH5A?0A8B5;L=K5" :=838 >E>G5 V 1030B>... "0:8E 2V4><8E =02VBL =0 ?@V728I5 "<>A:>2V2" 1C;> ?> "C@5GG8=V B0 #3>@I8=V G8<0;>", - ?8H5 >48= V7 A5@1AL:8E VAB>@8:V2[82]. A>1;82> 2V4><>N 1C;0 B>@3>25;L=0 :><?0=VO "'>B8@8 <>A:>28", >@30=V7>20=0 @>AV9AL:8< B>@3>2F5< !5@3VT< CBC@;V=8<.  >1>70<8, O:V 1C;> =020=B065=> :=86:0<8 B0 @V7=8<8 @5G0<8, I> <0;8 ?>?8B A5@54 A5@1V2, "<>A:>28" <0=4@C20;8 4> 2AB@V9AL:>W <>=0@EVW G5@57 8W2, >;8=L, 0;8G8=C. 48= V7 :0@020=V2 ?>BV< G5@57 >;402VN 9H>2 4> 1>;30@, 0 4@C389 G5@57 L2V2 4> #3>@I8=8, 45 =0@5HBV "H8@>:> @>7?@>4020;8AO :=86:8 A5@54 ?@02>A;02=8E ?> FV;V9 <>=0@EVW"[83].  G0A>< A5@18 V A>1V 2:;NG8;8AO C ?@8410==O :=86>: 70 :>@4>=><, ?@>40NG8 WE ?>BV< C A515 =0 10BL:V2I8=V. !2>T@V4=8< A2V4G5==O< B>3>, O: H0=C20;8 B0:8E ;N459, T 5?VB0DVO =0 ?>E>20==V >4=>3> V7 A5@1AL:8E B>@3>2FV2 XVIII AB., :>B@89 CA5 A2>T 68BBO 709<02AO FVTN A?@02>N: > GC68E :@0OE A2VBC 2V= 40;5:> E>482  72V4B8 4;O [=0A] 2V= :=838 ?@82>782, C2 C >A:2V 2V=, %5@A>=V 9 5B5@1C@7V,  8T2V, /A0E, CE0@5HBV V =0 @VGFV C7V[84]. &59 =0?8A =0 <>38;V ?>AB0G0;L=8:0 :=86>:, ?>E>20=>3> ?V4 ABV=0<8 >4=>3> 7 <>=0AB8@V2, 2V41820T V 35>3@0DVN H;OEV2, O:8<8 9H;8 4> A5@1V2 :=86:8. /: 284=> V7 ?5@5@0E>20=8E BCB <VAFL ?@8410==O :=86>:, >:@V< AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E, VA=C20;8 9 V=HV F5=B@8 :=83>4@C:C20==O, ?5@H 70 2A5 2 @C<C=AL:8E 75<;OE. &V:02>, I> V F59, @C<C=AL:89 :0=0; B0:>6 A2>T@V4=> ?>2'O70=89 7 8T2><. "0:, C XVII AB. 2>T2>40 0BVO 0A0@010 28@VH82 70A=C20B8 2 8<=8:C 4@C:0@=N, :=830<8 O:>W :>@8ABC20;8AO 1 =0@>48 >;402VW, >AVW, >;30@VW, !5@1VW, 5@F53>28=8, $@0:VW, 0:54>=VW 06 4> !2OB>W >@8 2 @5FVW.  FVTN <5B>N 2V= 2V4@O482 4> 8T20 ?> =5>1EV4=5 >1;04=0==O ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E 4@C:0@V2 5:B0@VO B0 5;5BVO 0:54>=AL:>3>. 524>27V 2>=8 ?>25@=C;8AO 7 V=25=B0@5<, 7 ?'OBL<0 2840<8 H@8DBC 3>;>2=5 - 7 :20;VDV:>20=8< 4@C:0@5< V7 8T20. 07>< 7 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8<8 :>;530<8 2 8<=8:C ?@0FN20;8 C:@0W=FV 20= V=>B>28G, O:89 C 4>:C<5=B0E V<5=C202 A515 "4@C:0@5<" (A5@18 28:>@8AB>2CNBL A;>2> "HB0<?0@") B0 "8<>DV9 ;5:A0=4@>28G[85]. 840==O :=86>: 2V41C20;>AO BCB C BVA=><C 72'O7:C 7 8T2>< B0 9>3> 4@C:>20=>N ?@>4C:FVTN: >:@5<V :8W2AL:V G8 <>A:>2AL:V 2840==O ?5@54@C:>2C20;8 2V4?>2V4=V< B8@065< 4;O 10;:0=AL:8E =0@>4V2. !0<5 C 8<=8:C 4@C:C20;8AO :=838, O:8E =5 28AB0G0;> 4;O ?>B@51 >A2VB8, ?5@H 70 2A5 3@0<0B8:0 5;5BVO !<>B@8FL:>3> B0 1C:20@ $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0, :>B@V, O: C65 707=0G0;>AO, 1C;> BCB :V;L:0 @07V ?5@52840=>.  4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. 4@C:0@=O C 8<=8:C ?>G0;0 284020B8 9 A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2. =86:8 C:@0W=AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 ?>B@0?;O;8 4> A5@1V2 V 157?>A5@54=L> G5@57 5=5FVN. # 72'O7:C 7 B8<, I> V45=L 22V2 701>@>=C =0 5:A?>@B :=86>: V7 >AVW, 1768 @>:C 3@5: 70 ?>E>465==O< 8<8B@V9 $5>4>AV9 70A=C202 C 5=5FVW 4@C:0@=N V =0;03>482 28?CA: :=86>: :8@8;8G=8< H@8DB><, I> 9>3> >45@602 1758 @>:C 7 >A:28.  >3;O4C =0 A<0:8 A5@1AL:8E G8B0GV2, O:V 4>2V@O;8 BV;L:8 :8W2AL:8< B0 <>A:>2AL:8< 2840==O<, C AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E :=830E, O:V ?5@5284020;8AO C 25=5FV0=AL:V9 4@C:0@=V, 707=0G0;>AO <VAF5 ?5@H>3> 2840==O ?5@54@C:C. 1764 @>:C C 5=5FVW 1C;> ?5@52840=> "@B>4>:A V@<>;>3VN" 5B@0 >38;8, 0 1764-3> - "A0;B8@", ?5@54@C:>20=89 7 2840==O 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8 1733 @>:C, O:5 ?5@5284020;>AO C 5=5FVW I5 9 C 1780-C B0 1790 @>:0E[86]. 0 :8W2AL:8<8 V <>A:>2AL:8<8 2840==O<8 4@C:C20;8AO 9 V=HV :=86:8 -" =02VBL B>4V, :>;8 A5@1AL:V 02B>@8 ?>G0;8 ?C1;V:C20B8 C 5=5FVW 2;0A=V ?@0FV. )>1 ?5@5:@8B8 F59 :0=0;, B0 9 7030;>< 7C?8=8B8 ?>BV: :=86>: 7 #:@0W=8 B0 >AVW, 02AB@V9AL:89 C@O4, O:89 G8=82 G8A;5==V ?5@5H:>48 70A=C20==N A5@10<8 2;0A=>W 4@C:0@=V 2 <560E 2AB@VW, 7<CH5=89 1C2 ?VB8 =0 :><?@><VA. >7C<VNG8, I> ?@>F5A :=83>4@C:C20==O 4;O A5@1V2 C65 =5 7C?8=8B8, V45=L 28@VH82 C7OB8 9>3> C 2;0A=V @C:8. 1769 @>:C =V<5FL:89 4@C:0@ C@F15: >45@602 =0:07 "4@C:C20B8 :=838 3@5FL:>N, A5@1AL:>N, @C<C=AL:>N, 2V@<5=AL:>N <>20<8", 018 BV;L:8 ?5@5>@VT=BC20B8 A5@1V2 =0 2V45=AL:V 2840==O. 0ABC?=>3> @>:C A5@1V2 1C;> >DVFV9=> ?>V=D>@<>20=> ?@> 70A=C20==O "A5@1AL:>W 4@C:0@=V" =0 G>;V 7 C@F15:>< V >AB0B>G=C 701>@>=C :C?V2;V :=86>: V7 8T20, L2>20, >A:28, 8<=8:0 B0 5=5FVW, 0 =57010@>< 289H>2 =0:07 ?@> :>=DVA:0FVN 2AVTW ;VB5@0BC@8, =04@C:>20=>W 70 <560<8 2B@V9AL:>W <>=0@EVW. 02G0==O C H:>;0E ?>28==> 1C;> 74V9A=N20B8AO 28:;NG=> 70 :=830<8, 2840=8<8 2 4@C:0@=V C@F15:0. !5@1AL:V 02B>@8, O:V <0;8 =0<V@ >?C1;V:C20B8 A2>W @C:>?8A8, <CA8;8 ?@>E>48B8 >1>2'O7:>2C F5=7C@C =0 ?@54<5B 28O2;5==O 2 WE=VE ?@0FOE @5;V3V9=8E V459[87]. ;O B>3>, I>1 70FV:028B8 A5@1V2, 02AB@V9FV 28@VH8;8 B0:>6 ?5@54@C:>2C20B8 :8W2AL:V 2840==O, 2=0A;V4>: G>3> 1770 @>:C C V4=V 289H>2 1C:20@, 4>A;V2=> ?5@54@C:>20=89 7 2840==O 8W2AL:>W 02@AL:>W 4@C:0@=V 1751 @>:C. 1780 @>:C C V4=V 289H;0 "@<>;>3VO", ?5@54@C:>20=0 7 >4=>9<5==>W C:@0W=AL:>W :=838. 0 C:@0W=AL:5 ?>E>465==O FL>3> 2840==O 2:07CT V 10@>:>289 AB8;L 45@52>@8BV2, O:8<8 ?@>V;NAB@>20=> :=83C[88]. "A0;B8@" :8W2AL:>3> 2840==O <02 C XVIII AB. 70 <560<8 #:@0W=8 ?'OBL ?5@52840=L: >:@V< 7304C20=8E 25=5FV0=AL:8E, 2V= ?5@54@C:>2C202AO C V4=V 2 1779-C B0 1888 @>:0E[89]. 4=0: FV 70E>48 V4=O =5 4VAB0;8 ?V4B@8<:8 V 4>2V@8 2 A5@1V2, :>B@V 210G0;8 2 =8E ?>;VB8G=V ?@>2>:0FVW. 2AB@V9AL:V ?5@52840==O :8W2AL:8E :=83 ?>?C;O@=>ABV 2 A5@1V2 =5 <0;8, 0 ?@>?>78FVW V4=O I>4> A?V2@>1VB=8FB20 =8<8 =5 ?@89<0;8AO. @8<V@><, >20= 0WG 2V4<>282AO 2V4 ?>A048 F5=7>@0 4@C:0@=V G5@57 A2>W ?@>C:@0W=AL:V ?5@5:>=0==O. VI> =5 <>3;> 70BL<0@8B8 <03VG=>3> 7=0G5==O :=86>: 7V A;>2'O=AL:>3> AE>4C, O:V, ?>?@8 ?>;VB8G=V @5?@5AVW, ?@>=8:0;8 4> A5@1V2 :>=B@010=4>N V H284:> @>7:C?>2C20;8AL. :@V< 2V45=AL:>3>, VA=C20;8 B0:>6 V V=HV F5=B@8 4@C:C 7 :8@8;8G=8< H@8DB><, 0;5 2>=8 <0;8 C=V0BAL:5 A?@O<C20==O. 4=0: A5@1AL:0 F5@:20 =0<030;0AO =5 ?@8?8=OB8 72'O7:V2 7 T48=>2V@=8<" 8T2><. "5O:V.., - 7304C202 ?8AL<5==8: !.8I528G, - ?@03=C;8, E>G0 =5@V4:> 7 @878:>< 4;O A515, ?V4?V;L=>, 70 28A>:8<8 FV=0<8, =09@V7=><0=VB=VH8<8 A?>A>10<8 ?@8410B8 :=86:8 7 >AVW, =04@C:>20=V 2 8T2V B0 >A:2V"[90]. 0 A2V4G5==O< B>3> A0<>3> 02B>@0, F8<8 :=86:0<8 FV:028;8AO =5 BV;L:8 ?@02>A;02=V :>;0 G8B0GV2, 0 9 BV, I> ?@89=O;8 C=VN. 5 2V4<>2;ONG8AO 2V4 2;0A=8E ?>78FV9, A5@18 =5 ?@8?8=O;8 28<030B8 4>72>;C =0 70A=C20==O 2VBG87=O=8E 4@C:0@5=L, 0 B0:>6 701>@>=8 0=C;OFVW =0 ?@8410==O ":=86>: 2V4 =0H8E T48=>2V@=8E 1@0BV2 , O: 707=0G0;>AO 2 >4=><C 7 ;8ABV2. ;5 V45=L C?@>4>26 2AL>3> XVIII AB. 2V4<>2;O2 C F8E ?@>E0==OE 01> 2 :@0I><C @07V AB0282 C<>2C >1>2'O7:>2>3> 4@C:C20==O C=V0BAL:8E 2840=L, V ?@>BO3>< FV;>3> AB>;VBBO A5@18 >?8@0;8AO FL><C, =0<030NG8AL CAV<0 H;OE0<8 >45@6C20B8 :=838 7 >AVW. "V;L:8 1792 @>:C, ?VA;O A<5@BV C@F15:0 9>3> 4@C:0@=N 28:C?82 A5@1AL:89 >@30=V70B>@ ?@>A2VB8 !.>20:>28G. "0: 2>=0 AB0;0 A5@1AL:>N 9 BCB ?>G0;8 284020B8AO 2VBG87=O=V 02B>@8 ;5 G5@57 <0B5@V0;L=V CA:;04=5==O 1796 @>:C 4@C:0@=N 1C;> ?5@540=> C=V25@A8B5B>2V 2 C48<V, O:89 06 4> 30-E @>:V2 XIX AB. 220602AO ?@>2V4=8< F5=B@>< A5@1AL:>3> :=83>4@C:C20==O. "@048FV9=89 72'O7>: 7 C:@0W=AL:>N ;VB5@0BC@>N =5 ?@8?8=O2AO V BCB, I>, 7>:@5<0, ?V4B25@46CT ?C1;V:0FVO C 1798 @>FV ""@0354>:><54VW" .>70G8=AL:>3> C ?5@5@>1FV . 0WG0[91]. "VA=89 72'O7>: A5@1V2 7 >A5@54:0<8 :=83>4@C:C20==O 2 #:@0W=V <02 4;O @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 XVIII AB. =5 5?V7>48G=5 7=0G5==O. :@V< B>3>, I> C:@0W=AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 A;C68;0 <>3CB=V< 7=0@O44O< C 1>@>BL1V 7 =0FV>=0;L=8<8 ?>=52>;N20G0<8, 2>=0 AB0;0 B8< D0:B>@><, O:89 ACBBT2> 2?;8202 =0 AB2>@5==O A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W :C;LBC@8 10@>:>2>3> AB8;N V ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28, :>B@>N A5@18 :>@8ABC20;8AO 06 4> @5D>@< C:0 0@0468G0 2 ?5@H8E 45AOB8;VBBOE XIX AB. $>@<C20==O ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28  @V4=V9 :@0W=V, > :=83>, B0:>N =V:>;8 =5 7=0=0, >2C A;>2'O=AL:C <VAB8H B8 =0 A2>WE AB>@V=:0E. 20= #652VVG, A;>2'O=8= 5D>@<0B>@AL:V9 4VO;L=>ABV C:0 0@0468G0 ?5@54C202 ?5@V>4, ?V4 G0A O:>3> ?0=C20;0 :=86=0 @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:0, ?V7=VH5 A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:0 <>20, I> 1C;0 A2>T@V4=8< ?@><V6=8< 5B0?>< <V6 :=86=>N A5@1AL:>N <>2>N 4>18 A5@54=L>2VGGO (IX-XVII AB.) B0 =>2>N ;VB5@0BC@=>N <>2>N XIX AB. @89=OBBO :=86=>W <>28 1C;> VAB>@8G=> 7C<>2;5=5 >1AB028=0<8 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. V AB0=>28;> "T48=C <>6;82VABL 715@565==O =0FV>=0;L=>W B0 @5;V3V9=>W A0<>1CB=>ABV A5@1V2"[92]. @>1;5<0 C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E <>2=8E 72'O7:V2 =5 T =>2>N, 0;5, =0 60;L, 2>=0 =5 AB0;0 >1'T:B>< A?5FV0;L=>3> 4>A;8465==O. %>G0 =0 =5>1EV4=>ABV B0:>3> 4>A;V465==O =03>;>HC20;8 >:@5<8 A;02VAB8, 287=0G0NG8 E0@0:B5@ F8E 72'O7:V2 O: "2?;82 C:@0W=AL:>W A;>25A=>W :C;LBC@8 =0 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:C"[93]. .5;T7=O:, 7>:@5<0, 2:070;0 =0 35>3@0DVN FL>3> 2?;82C :0=0;8 B0 ?@>O28 9>3> ?@>=8:=5==O[94]. .3>A;02AL:V =0C:>2FV, =0 60;L, I5 =5 4>A;V46CNBL <>2=C :C;LBC@C C A2VB;V 10@>:>2>W 5AB5B8:8, @>73;O40NG8 WW O: @57C;LB0B "@>AV9AL:>3> 2?;82C". >10 10@>:> ?>AV40T >A>1;825 <VAF5 C @>728B:C A;>2'O=AL<>2>7=02AB20, 7>:@5<0 C:@0W=AL:>3>[95]. @>F5A 10@>:870FVW, O:89 >E>?;NT A5@54=L>2VG=V ?0<'OB:8 4CE>2=>W B0 <0B5@V0;L=>W :C;LBC@8, ?>H8@NTBLAO V =0 :=86=C <>2C. V41C20TBLAO :@870 402=L>A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28, O:0 707=0T 2 F59 ?5@V>4 ACBBT28E 7<V=.  #:@0W=V A?>AB5@V30TBLAO "?@>F5A AB8;VAB8G=>3> CA:;04=5==O" AB@C:BC@8 402=L>A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28, @>728B>: B8?>2> 10@>:>28E D>@< V AB8;VAB8G=8E 70A>1V2. /:I> 725@=CB8AO 4> 7>2=VH=L>W VAB>@VW, B> F5 "10@>:>25 21@0==O", C 40=><C @07V "A;>2'O=AL:V 2V75@C=:>2V @878", ?@89H;> C =>289 F5=B@ - 4> >A:28 7 8T20 B0 V;L=>, 7 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W H:>;8, :C48 2>=> ?>B@0?8;> @07>< V7 ;0B8=AL:>N >A2VG5=VABN, =5ACG8 2 A>1V @8A8 VB0;V9AL:>3> B0 VA?0=AL:>3> barocca agudeza (10@28AB>3> 10@>:>), :>B@5 ?@89H;> =0 7<V=C 5=5A0=AC[96]. >@V2=O;L=5 282G5==O 2 H8@>:><C 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:><C :>=B5:ABV "10@>:>2>3> ?5@V>4C F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28" (..>;5=8I52-CBC7>2) C 9>3> C:@0W=AL:><C 20@V0=BV ?>28==> AB0B8 >1'T:B>< >:@5<>3> 4>A;V465==O[97]. !5@1AL:0 :C;LBC@0 XVIII AB. 1C;0 >4=8< 7 04@5A0BV2 ?>H8@5==O FL>3> AB8;N, >A:V;L:8 "A;>2'O=AL:C <>2C" BCB A?@89<0;8 O: 70AV1 A>;V40@870FVW V7 ?@02>A;02=8< A2VB><. ;5 4;O >@30=V70FVW <>2=>3> 68BBO =5>1EV4=> 1C;> <0B8 2V4?>2V4=V :C;LBC@=V >A5@54:8, I> WE A5@18 2 C<>20E ?5@5A5;5==O 70A=C20B8 =5 <>3;8. "# @>728B:C B5=45=FV9 <>2=>3> 68BBO 2 WE =0C:>2><C >13@C=BC20==V, ?>A8;5==V 9 A?@O<C20==V 206;825 <VAF5 =0;568BL, 7>:@5<0, =02G0;L=8< V =0C:>28< 70:;040< (@>7@O4:0 =0H0 ..), I> 4VO;8 2 VAB>@VW :>6=>3> =0@>4C.  VAB>@8G=><C ?@>F5AV AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@>4V2 V WE=VE ;VB5@0BC@=8E <>2, >A>1;82> 2 VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, 2840B=5 <VAF5 ?>AV40T 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO, WW =02G0;L=0 V =0C:>20 4VO;L=VABL (1632-1819)"[98]  WW2AL:>N 0:045<VTN, O: ?>:070=> 28I5, ?>2'O70=5 V 70A=C20==O ?>4V1=8E 70:;04V2 C A5@1V2, ?5@H 70 2A5 H:V;, O:V AB0;8 206;828<8 >A5@54:0<8 :C;LBC@=>3>, 2 BV< G8A;V 9 <>2=>3>, 68BBO. A>1;825 <VAF5 C ?@>3@0<0E "H:V; >70G8=AL:>3>" 709<0;> 28:;040==O <>2, I> 70A2V4GCNBL V A0<V =0728 H:V;. <V=8 2 F8E =0720E A2>T@V4=> 2V41820NBL 52>;NFVN C AB02;5==V A5@1AL:>W 3@><04AL:>ABV 4> <>2 "A2>WE" V "GC68E", I> B0:>6 <0T ?52=V 0=0;>3VW 7 :C;LBC@=8< 68BBO< A;>2'O=AL:>3> AE>4C. /: V 2 #:@0W=V, 45 A?>G0B:C 45O:V >A2VG5=V ;N48 22060;8 ;0B8=C "?>@>465==O< 48O2>;0", A5@18 A?5@HC B56 ?>2=VABN 70?5@5GC20;8 1C4L-O:5 A?V;:C20==O 7 =5N, 0A>FVNNG8 WW 7V A2>W<8 V459=8<8 2>@>30<8 - 2V45=AL:8<8 T7CWB0<8. (0@0E0==O 2V4 ;0B8=8 ?@825;> A5@1V2 4> 3;>@8DV:0FVW @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28. 7 ?@81CBBO< 1733 @>:C ":8W2AL:8E <03VAB@V2" A5@18 ?VA;O "A;>2'O=AL:>W" H:>;8 !C2>@>20 ?@89<0NBL ";0B8=>-A;>2'O=AL:V" H:>;8 >70G8=AL:>3>. (:>;8 1C;8 =5 T48=8< 465@5;>< ?>H8@5==O <>28, G8<0;C @>;L 2V4V3@020;8 9 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:V 2840==O, 02B>@8B5B=VHV 4;O A5@1V2 A0<5 7024O:8 WE=V9 <>2V, >A:V;L:8, O: C65 707=0G0;>AO, 02AB@V9AL:89 C@O4, ?@03=CG8 74>1CB8 ?@8E8;L=VABL A5@1AL:>W 0C48B>@VW, 4@C:C202 :=86:8 ?@>:0B>;8FL:>3> 7<VABC <>2>N, 1;87L:>N 4> =0@>4=>W <>28 A5@1V2. AB0==V, 2V4<>2;ONG8AL 2V4 2;0A=>W <>28, >E>GVH5 725@B0;8AO 4> "@CAL:>W", E>G0 2>=0 1C;0 W< <5=H 7@>7C<V;>N. >H8@N20;8 FN <>2C V A5@1AL:V 28E>20=FV 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW. 5@5>@VT=B0FVW A5@1AL:>3> >A2VG5=>3> ACA?V;LAB20 =0 :=86=C <>2C AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 A?@8O;8 V :>=:@5B=V 70E>48 A5@1AL:>3> :5@V2=8FB20, ?5@H 70 2A5 4CE>25=AB20. # 1732 @>FV <8B@>?>;8B .>20=>28G >DVFV9=> C70:>=82 FN <>2C, 0 =0ABC?=>3> @>:C ?V4B25@482 A2V9 45:@5B, 70 O:8< 28:;040==O C H:>;0E <0;> 25AB8AO BV;L:8 "ACI>N B0 VAB8==>N <>2>N A;>2'O=AL:>N :=86=>N". !;C610 2 F5@:20E ?>28==0 1C;0 74V9A=N20B8AO BV;L:8 70 "@CAL:8<8 :=830<8"[99]. 57010@><, >A:V;L:8 F5@:20 28ABC?0;0 3>;>2=8< >@30=V70B>@>< :C;LBC@=>3> 68BBO, "A;>2'O=AL:89 4V0;5:B" ?>G02 ?@>=8:0B8 2 ;VB5@0BC@C, 2 CAV AD5@8 ACA?V;L=>3> 68BBO; 1C4L-O:0 V=H0 <>20, 2 BV< G8A;V 9 =0@>4=0, AC2>@> 701>@>=O;0AO. ">3>, EB> =5 4>B@8<C202AO F8E V=AB@C:FV9, >GV:C20;8 "=5<8;VABL V 6>@AB>:5 ?>:0@0==O[100] #O2;5==O A5@1V2 ?@> "A;>2'O=AL:89 4V0;5:B" A?>G0B:C 1C;8 =5GVB:8<8. 2060;>AO, I> 2AO "T48=>2V@=0 >AVO" @>7<>2;OT >4=VTN "A?@026=L>N", "A;>2'O=AL:>N" <>2>N. /:I> 3@5FL:0 - <>20 ?@02>A;02'O, B> @CAL:0 - A?V;L=0, A;>2'O=AL:0, "=0H0"[101]. 0 ?5@5:>=0==O< >20=0 0WG0, F5 1C;0 <>20 "4@52=O, A;>2'O=AL:0, 4;O 2AVE A?V;L=0, I> V<5=C20;0AO F5@:>2=0"[102]. "5@<V=>;>3VO FVTW <>28 2 A5@1V2 B0:>6 D>@<C20;0AO =5 157 7=09><AB20 7V AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>7=02G>N 4C<:>N. 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 E>@20BV2 A5@18 =5 26820;8 ?>H8@5=>3> =0 70E>4V B5@<V=0 "@CA8=AL:0" ("@CB5=AL:0"), =07820NG8 <>2C "A;>2'O=AL:>N", O: V C:@0W=AL:V 3@0<0B8:8, :>B@V ?V4 FVTN =072>N @>7C<V;8 C:@0W=AL:C :=86=86=C <>2C %V-%V AB., I> V;NAB@CT, 7>:@5<0, "@0<0B8:0 A;>2'O=AL:0" 20=0 #6528G0. ">6 A5@18, >@VT=BCNG8AL =0 A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4, A2>N :=86=C <>2C =07820;8 A?>G0B:C "@CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>N", 0 ?V7=VH5, :>;8 ?>A8;8;0AO B5=45=FVO 4> 26820==O =0@>4=>W <>28, - "A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:>N". /: <8 265 7304C20;8, 2 CB25@465==V C:@0W=AL:>W <>2>7=02G>W 4C<:8 2 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V 25;8:C @>;L 2V4V3@0;0 "@0<0B8:0" .!<>B@8FL:>3>. >=0 1C;0 ?5@H>N H:V;L=>N 3@0<0B8:>N A5@1V2, 4020;0 CO2;5==O ?@> <>2C, I> 28:;040;0AO 2 8T2V, AB0;0 DC=40<5=B><, =0 O:><C 72>48;>AO A5@1AL:5 <>2>7=02AB2> =0ABC?=8E G0AV2. 02575=0 C 20-E @>:0E XVIII AB. 4;O 28:;040==O C H:>;0E, FO 3@0<0B8:0 707=0;0 A5@1AL:>3> ?5@52840==O 1755 @>:C "=0AB>O=VT<, ?@8;560=VT< 8 864825=VT< 02;0 5=04>28G0". "@0<0B8:0" 704>2>;L=O;0 ?>B@518 A5@1AL:>W H:>;8 06 4> :V=FO XVIII AB. 0 WW >A=>2V C 1793 @>FV =0?8A02 3@0<0B8:C !B5D0= CO=>2AL:89, 0 =0ABC?=>3> @>:C - 2@0< @07>28G. AB0==V9 7=0G=> A?@8O2 70:@V?;5==N 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28, O:C 2V= @53;0<5=BC202 A2>W<8 ?>1C4>20=8<8 =0 "@0<0B8FV" .!<>B@8FL:>3> ?@0FO<8 " C:>2>4AB2> : A;025=A:>9 3@0<0B8FK" (V45=L, 1794, ?5@52840=0 2 C48<V C 1880 V 1821 @>:0E) B0 " C:>2>4AB2> : A;025=A:><C ?@02>GB5=VN 9 ?@02>?8A0=VN" (C48<, 1797). &V ?@0FV 4><V=C20;8 C A5@1AL:V9 <>2>7=02GV9 =0CFV 06 4> @5D>@< .0@0468G0, O:89, AB2>@NNG8 "8A<5=8FC A5@1A:>3> T78:0" (1814), 2V4HB>2EC202AO 2V4 3@0<0B8:8 .@07>28G0. "0:8< G8=><, "@0<0B8:0 . !<>B@8FL:>3> V<?;VF8B=> 1C;0 ?@8ACB=O V 2 ?5@H8E <>2>7=02G8E 4>A;V465==OE A5@1AL:>3> @5D>@<0B>@0. '5@57 3@0<0B8:C !<>B@8FL:>3>, I> 1C;0 >A=>2=8< ?CBV2=8:>< A5@1AL:>W 3@0<0B8G=>W B@048FVW 06 4> ?5@H8E 45AOB8;8BL XIX AB. A5@18 ?@89=O;8 72545==O ?@028; F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28 :8W2AL:>W @540:FVW, O:0 V ;O3;0 2 >A=>2C WE=L>W :=86=>W <>28 XVIII AB. (284:><C ?>H8@5==N FVTW <>28 A?@8O;0 V =04728G09=0 ?>?C;O@=VABL 2V@HC20==O. !8AB5<0 25@A8DV:0FVW, 70?>78G5=0 7 C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8, 1C;0 @>7@0E>20=0 =0 BC <>2C, O:0 28:;040;0AO C 8W2AL:V9 0:045<VW, B>6, AB2>@NNG8 ?>57VN 70 C:@0W=AL:8<8 7@07:0<8, A5@18 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 9 C:@0W=AL:C :=86=C <>2C. CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:0 <>20 =5 >1<56C20;0AO ;8H5 :=86=>N AD5@>N, 2>=0 4>A8BL 0:B82=> ?>1CBC20;0 157?>A5@54=L> C 3@><04O=AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V. :@V< B>3>, I> F5 1C;0 >DVFV9=> 22545=0 2 F5@:>2=89 ?>1CB A0:@0;L=0, >1>2'O7:>20 <>20, O: 70AV1 ?>;VB8G=>3> ?@>B8AB>O==O 2>=0 :>@8ABC20;0AO =04728G09=>N ?>?C;O@=VABN A5@54 >A2VG5=8E 3>@>4O=. 0 FN <>2C VA=C20;0 A?@026=O <>40. >;>4VB8, @>7<>2;OB8 =5N 1C;> ?@5AB86=>, 0465 F5 1C;0 <>20 28I8E 25@AB2, =5N ?8A0;8 =09>A2VG5=VHV ;N48 B0:V O: . 0WG, .1@04>28G, .!B5D0=>28G-5=F;>28G B0 2V4><V 3@><04AL:V 4VOGV. CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:0 <>20 1C;0 "2@>G8AB>N V ?0B5B8G=>N, ;N18;0 01AB@0:B=V C7030;L=NNGV ?>=OBBO", 4020;0 <>6;82VABL 45<>=AB@C20B8 A2>N 2G5=VABL[103]. # 72'O7:C 7 B8<, I> 28I8< 28O2>< >A2VG5=>ABV C 3@><04AL:8E :>;0E 22060;>AO "2<V==O A;>2'O=AB2C20B8, B>1B> =0<030B8AO @>7<>2;OB8 :=86=>N <>2>N - AC<VHHN :=86=>W B0 =0@>4=>W, O:C V @CAL:V ;N48 =5 702648 <>3;8 @>7C<VB8", 2AV ?@03=C;8 O:=09:@0I5 >2>;>4VB8 FVTN <>2>N, 0 B><C =0<030;8AO ?@8410B8 :=86:8 7V A;>2'O=AL:>3> AE>4C[104]. 0E>?;5==O F5 1C;> B0:8< A8;L=8<, I> B@0?;O;8AO 28?04:8, :>;8 >:@5<V ?0<'OB:8 A5@54=L>2VG=>W ;VB5@0BC@8 ?5@5284020;8AO =5 <>2>N >@83V=0;C, 0 @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>N, ?@8 FL><C A;>20 <VAF52>3> ?>E>465==O ?5@5:;040;8 2V4?>2V4=8<8 @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:8<8 ;5:A5<0<8. 02VBL =0@>4=V ?VA=V 45O:V ?8AL<5==8:8, O:, ?@8<V@><, .@D5;V=, 70?8AC20;8 =5 =0@>4=>N, 0 <>4=>N :=86=>N <>2>N. "0:5 ?>H8@5==O @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28 2V41C20;>AO I5 9 B><C, I> C A2V4><>ABV 1C2 68289 B@048FV9=89 :C;LBC@=89 >1<V= <V6 A;>2'O=AL:8< ?V24=5< B0 AE>4><, <>20 O:8E <0;0 A?V;L=C >A=>2C. :@V< B>3>, 2 1V1;V>B5:0E >T2>48=8 715@V30;>AO G8<0;> :=86>: V7 8T20, L2>20, >A:28, 7<VAB O:8E 1C2 A?V272CG=89 =0FV>=0;L=8< V=B5@5A0< A5@1V2. '5@57 F5 ?@>B8AB>O==O :=86=V9 <>2V, =02VBL O:I> 2>=0 V 28B8A:C20;0 =0@>4=C, 1C;> =5<>6;828<. &VTN <>2>N ?8A0;8 B0:V 7030;L=>287=0=V C A5@1V2 02B>@8B5B8, O: .0@0=>28G, .!<>B@8FL:89, .0;OB>28G, $.@>:>?>28G, V=HV 02B>@8, G8W B2>@8 :>@8ABC20;8AO =04728G09=>N ?>?C;O@=VABN V =048E0;8 =0 AB2>@5==O 0=0;>3VG=8E ?@0FL. !5@1AL:8< ?>;5<VAB0< 1C;5 ;53H5 A;V4C20B8 <>2V C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2, 70?>78GC20B8 WE=V AB8;VAB8G=V 70A>18. B65, 2 @57C;LB0BV =0;03>465==O ?@O<8E :>=B0:BV2 7 #:@0W=>N, 70A=C20==O H:V;, ?@8W74C 2G8B5;V2, 28:>@8AB0==O :=86>:, C6820==O >DVFV9=8E 70E>4V2 B>I> 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V 7 ?5@H8E 45AOB8;VBL XVIII AB. =0 7<V=C AB0@>A;>2'O=AL:V9 <>2V A5@1AL:>W @540:FVW ?@8E>48BL @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:0 <>20, C D>@<C20==V O:>W 206;82C @>;L 2V4V3@0;8 C:@0W=AL:0 :=86=0 <>20 B0 C:@0W=AL:0 <>2>7=02G0 B@048FVO XVII-XVIII AB. # AB02;5==V 4> FVTW <>28 A5@54 4>A;V4=8:V2 ?V7=VH8E G0AV2 =5@V4:> 72CG0;8 =530B82=V =>B8, 0;5 ?@8 FL><C =5 2@0E>2C20;0AO A?5F8DV:0 10@>:>2>W 4>18, O:C =5 <>6=0 >FV=N20B8, 28E>4OG8 V7 :@8B5@VW2, I> WE 70AB>A>2CNBL 4> :C;LBC@8 XIX AB. &O <>20, O: >48= V7 28O2V2 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C, 70E>?;5==O "A;>2'O=AL:>N" <>2>N, 28:>=C20;0 I5 9 206;82C V45>;>3VG=C DC=:FVN C @5;V3V9=8E :>=D@>=B0FVOE. @89=OBBO FVTW <>28, 70 287=0==O< .!:5@;8G0, "1C;> T48=>N <>6;82VABN 715@565==O =0FV>=0;L=>W B0 @5;V3V9=>W A0<>1CB=>ABV A5@1V2"[105]. :@V< B>3>, FO <>20 4020;0 <>6;82VABL =0;03>48B8 :>=B0:B8 7 :C;LBC@>N 28A>:>3> @V2=O: 72'O7CNG8AL V7 8T2><, A5@18 G5@57 <>2C ?V4:;NG0;8AO 4> F5=B@C 7 4>A8BL @>728=5=>N 4;O A2>3> G0AC <>2>7=02G>N =0C:>N, 0 B0:>6 4> >4=VTW 7 =09@>728=5=VH8E A;>2'O=AL:8E ;VB5@0BC@=8E <>2. 024O:8 FL><C 2V41C202AO ?@8A:>@5=89 ?@>F5A @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8, <>28, :C;LBC@8 2 FV;><C. 0 FV9 <>2V 107C20;8AO 2AV =092V4><VHV A5@1AL:V ?8AL<5==8:8 O: XVII AB. (.!B5D0=>28G-5=F;>28G, . 0G0=8=, .5;5B8T28G), B0: V =0ABC?=>3> G0AC (.5=04>28G, !.820=>28G, %.5D0@>28G, .!BC45=5G:8, . 0WG, .@D5;V= B0 V=HV). ?;82 C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28 2V4GC20TBLAO 06 4> :V=FO XVIII AB. V= ?><VB=89 V 2 ;5:A8FV ?5@H>W A5@1AL:>W 3075B8 "!5@1A:VO =>28=5", I> ?>G0;0 28E>48B8 14 15@57=O 1791 @>:C C V4=V. 0ABC?=89, A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:89 =0?@O< C ;VB5@0BC@V, O:89 B@8202 06 4> XIX AB. (. 0WG, ."@;0WG, .578;>28G, .@07>28G, .!>;0@8G, .CH8F:8 B>I>), B0:>6 1C2 ?>7=0G5=89 2?;82>< <>2=8E 72'O7:V2 7V AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>N :C;LBC@>N. @> B5, O:8< 1C2 :C;LBC@=>-?>;VB8G=89 5D5:B ?5@5E>4C =0 @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:C <>2C, 3>2>@8BL, 7>:@5<0, B>9 D0:B, I> 02AB@V9AL:C 2;04C, :>B@0 C206=> A;V4:C20;0 70 :C;LBC@=8< @>728B:>< A5@1V2, =04728G09=> 70=5?>:>W;> H284:5 ?>H8@5==O @CAL:>3> 2?;82C V 2>=0 268;0 @O4 70E>4V2, 018 7>@VT=BC20B8 A5@1V2 =0 =V<5FL:C <>2C. ;5 >AB0==V 2AV<0 A8;0<8 B@8<0;8AO 70 72'O7>: 7V AE>4>< V ?@>4>26C20;8 0:B82=> 70AB>A>2C20B8 @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:C <>2C 2 04<V=VAB@0B82=V9 AD5@V, ;VB5@0BC@V, 3@><04AL:><C 68BBV, @>7C<VNG8 F5 O: "I8B ?@>B8 0A8<V;OFVW, O: <>2C, 7 4>?><>3>N O:>W 715@V30;8AO =0@>4=VABL V T4=VABL A5@1V2 ?V4 02AB@V9AL:>N 2;04>N"[106].  E>G0 2 >AB0==V 45AOB8;VBBO XVIII AB, 2=0A;V4>: @5D>@< >DVFV9=>3> V4=O, A5@1AL:C :C;LBC@C 1C;> A8;><VFL A?@O<>20=> =0 02AB@V9AL:V 465@5;0, 7C?8=8B8 "@CAL:89 =0?@O<" 28O28;>AO =5<>6;828<, V A0<5 7 B0:>N, A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:>N <>2>N ;VB5@0BC@0 A5@1V2 2E>48;0 C XIX AB. 5>3@0DVO ?>H8@5==O :=86=>W <>28 =5 >1<56C20;0AO ;8H5 =8=VH=L>N >T2>48=>N. &O <>20 4>AO30;0 V '>@=>3>@VW, WW 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 ?@>2V4=V ?@54AB02=8:8 ;VB5@0BC@8, 2:;NG0NG8 =092V4><VH>3> 7 =8E .5B@>28G0-T3>H0. ;5, =572060NG8 =0 A2>T H284:5 ?>H8@5==O, @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:0 <>20 ?@86820;0AO =5 157 B@C4=>IV2. &5 1C;0 2A5 6 B0:8 AE>;0AB8G=0, HBCG=0 <>20, =5 7@>7C<V;0 A5@10<, 206:0 V 4;O CG=V2, V 4;O 2G8B5;V2. 2060NG8, I> 2>=8 @>7<>2;ONBL "@CAL:>N", A5@18 A?>=B0==> 2=>A8;8 2 <>2C =0FV>=0;L=V 5;5<5=B8, 2=0A;V4>: G>3> D>@<C202AO :>=3;><5@0B, =5 7@>7C<V;89 O: A5@10<, B0: V @CAL:8< CG8B5;O<. :@V< B>3>, FO <>20 7CAB@VG0;0 =5?@8O7=L 7 1>:C :>=A5@20B82=>W G0AB8=8 4CE>25=AB20, :>B@0 2>@>65 AB028;0AO 4> ?@>A2VB8. '5@57 A:;04=VABL, =57@>7C<V;VABL :=86=>W <>28, =04B> G5@57 =5B8?>289 4;O A5@1AL:>W 28<>28 =03>;>A, 1030B> CG=V2 B0: V =5 =02G8;8AO ?8A0B8 V @>7<>2;OB8 =5N. 091V;LH8< =54>;V:>< :=86=>W <>28 1C;> B5, I> 2>=0 30;L<C20;0 ?@>F5A @>728B:C <>28 =0FV>=0;L=>W. &5 1C;> >4=VTN 7 ?@8G8= =530B82=>3> AB02;5==O 4> "@CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?5@V>4C 2 VAB>@VW A5@1AL:>W <>28 7 1>:C 4>A;V4=8:V2 <8=C;8E G0AV2. # 45O:8E 4>A;V465==OE, >4=0:, 707=0G0;>AO, I> 72'O7>: 7 C:@0W=AL:>N :C;LBC@>N A?@8O2 ?@>4>265==N ?@>F5AC A5:C;O@870FVW A5@1AL:>W <>28, 0;5 FV 70C2065==O, =0 60;L, =5 4VAB0;8 ?>40;LH>3> @>728B:C. .028G ?8H5: "@03=5==O 4> ?>?C;O@870FVW ;VB5@0BC@8 C =09H8@H8E <0A0E H;OE>< AB2>@5==O WW =0 =0@>4=V9 <>2V, 2V4GCB=5 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVII V ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB., 2B@0G0TBLAO B0:>6 V7 22545==O< C:@0W=AL:>W D>@<C;8 B0:>3> A0<>3> ?@03=5==O. 0T <VAF5 70<V=0 =0@>4=>W <>28 @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:8< 20@V0=B><, 70?>78G5=8< 7 C:@0W=AL:>W B0 @>AV9AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 XVII AB., 45 ?V4 53V4>N ?@02>A;02=>W F5@:28 2V41C20TBLAO 0=0;>3VG=89 ?@>F5A 70A2>T==O <5B>4V2 T7CWBAL:>W ?@>?030=48 V ?>?C;O@870FVW 2V@8 =0@>4=>N, 2AV< 4>ABC?=>N <>2>N. 4=0:, =0 A5@1AL:><C B5@5=V 42V <>28 ;8H5 C<>2=> <0;8 >4=0:>2C DC=:FVN. CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:0 <>20, ?> ACBV, >7=0G0;0 4;O A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 =>289 2V4EV4 2V4 ?@03=5==O ?>?C;O@87C20B8 ;VB5@0BC@C B0 @5;V3VN, >A:V;L:8 1C;0 I5 1V;LH =57@>7C<V;>N 70 >1;8H5=C 2 V<'O B8E A0<8E ?@8=F8?V2 A5@1AL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28"[107]. >3>46CNG8AL 7 F8< B25@465==O<, 707=0G8<>, I> ?5@5EV4 =0 :=86=C <>2C A;>2'O=AL:>3> AE>4C 1C2 68BBT2> =5>1EV4=89 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V 2 C<>20E 1>@>BL18 7 0A8<V;OB>@AL:>N ?>;VB8:>N V4=O. DVFV9=> C70:>=NNG8 FN <>2C, A5@18 A?@024V 2V4AB020;8 2V4 B8E ?@>F5AV2 45<>:@0B870FVW, I> 2V41C20;8AO C AEV4=8E A;>2'O=. ;5, ?@8;CG0NG8AO 4> <>2=>W ?@0:B8:8, I> 4><V=C20;0 2 8T2V, >7=09><;NNG8AL V7 <>2=>N :>=F5?FVTN 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, A5@18 =5 <>3;8 =5 70A2>WB8 =87:8 =>28E O28I, :>B@V B0:>6 2V4?>2V40;8 WE=V< V=B5@5A0<. !?5FV0;L=5 ?>@V2=O;L=5 4>A;V465==O 40;> 1 <>6;82VABL 28O28B8 G8<0;> 0=0;>3V9 C <>2=V9 A8BC0FVW A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 XVIII AB. B0 C:@0W=AL:V9 :=86=V9 <>2V, 7>:@5<0 =0O2=VABL @V7=8E AB8;V2, BVA=5 ?5@5?;5BV==O <>28 :=86=>W B0 =0@>4=>W, ?>ABC?>25 AB25@465==O >AB0==L>W 2 ;VB5@0BC@V B>I>. >2=0 :>=F5?FVO 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW ?5@5410G0;0 O: >48= V7 70A>1V2 70E8ABC ?@5AB86=>ABV <>28 "A;>2'O=AL:>W", A;>2'O=>@CAL:>W", "A;025=AL:>W" 725@=5==O V 4> @V4=>W <>28 - @CAL:>W", ":>70FL:>W", B>1B> C:@0W=AL:>W. 5>1EV4=VABL 28:>@8AB>2C20B8 "G8AB5, 26820=5 2VBG87=O=5 <>2;5==O" 2V4?>2V40;0 B0:>6 70:>=0< @8B>@8:8, 10@>:>2>W 5;>:25=FVW, 73V4=> 7 O:>N >@0B>@ <0T 2@0E>2C20B8 2AV 25@AB28 0C48B>@VW, 2:;NG0NG8 9 A>FV0;L=V =878. # 8W2AL:V9 0:045<VW ">A=>2=C G0AB8=C ?@>D5AC@8 V A;CE0GV2 A:;040;8 C:@0W=FV. >=8 2=>A8;8 2 0:045<VN @V7=><0=VB=C V OA:@02C AB8EVN <>28 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, 9>3> CA=>@>7<>2=5 V ?VA5==5 <8AB5FB2>. ><?>=5=B8 C:@0W=AL:>W =0@>4=>@>7<>2=>W <>28 BVA=> ?5@5?;VB0;8AO 7 :=86=>N 28CG:>N, B@048FVTN, AB2>@NNG8 =>2C O:VABL ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28, E>G F59 ?@>F5A A2>TW 28@VH0;L=>W AB04VW @>728B:C 4>AO30T 2 :V=FV XVIII - =0 ?>G0B:C XIX AB."[108]. '8<0;C @>;L C 71;865==V H:8;L=>W 0:045<VG=>W ?VWB8:8 7 =0@>4=8< 68BBO< 2V4V3@02 $.@>:>?>28G, 7024O:8 G><C C:@0W=V7<8 ?@>=8:;8 =02VBL 4> @8B>@8:, =0?8A0=8E ;0B8=>N[109]. "0:8< G8=><, <>2=V :>=B0:B8 A5@1V2 7 #:@0W=>N 2V41C20;8AO B>4V, :>;8 ?@>F5A 45<>:@0B870FVW, 2 FV;><C ?@8B0<0==89 C:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:>, ?5@51C202 C AB04VW ?V4=5A5==O. !5@1AL:V CG=V, I> =02G0;8AO 2 8T2V, O: V C:@0W=AL:V <03VAB@8, I> 28:;040;8 A5@54 A5@1V2, =5 <>3;8 =5 70?>78G8B8 B@048FVW H0=>1;82>3> AB02;5==O 4> =0@>4=>W <>28, ?@03=5==O 28:;040B8 7@>7C<V;>, 9 G5@57 F5 F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:0 V :=86=0 <>28 A?@>IC20;8AO, 4>2>48;8AO 4> @V2=O @>7<>2=>3>. &L><C, O: 707=0G0;>AO, 7=0G=>N <V@>N A?@8O;0 =04728G09=0 ?>?C;O@=VABL C A5@1V2 $.@>:>?>28G0, "5@2>5 CG5=VT >B@>:0<" O:>3> B@8GV ?5@5284020;>AO V A;C68;> 7@07:>< 4;O AB2>@5==O ?5@H8E A5@1AL:8E 1C:20@V2. A>1;82> 28A>:> FV=C20;8 A5@1AL:V >@30=V70B>@8 ?@>A2VB8 "CE>2=89 @53;0<5=B" (1721) $.@>:>?>28G0, O:89, 70 287=0==O< .@G8G0, 1C2 4;O A5@1V2 "4@C38< A2OB8< ?8A0==O<", ?@>3@0<=8< 4>:C<5=B>< C 1>@>BL1V 70 715@565==O A2>TW @5;V3VW. @> B5, O:>3> 7=0G5==O A5@18 =04020;8 1C4L-O:8< 2V4><>ABO< ?@> $.@>:>?>28G0, 3>2>@8BL, 7>:@5<0, V B>9 D0:B, I> 2 ?5@HV9 A5@1AL:V9 3075BV 1768 @>:C 1C;> =5309=> ?5@54@C:>20=> <0B5@V0;8 ?@> 68BBO 2840B=>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> ?@>A2VB8B5;O, 4C<:8 :>B@>3> 1C;8 28@07=> ?@8ACB=V 2 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@=V9 V =0C:>2V9 ?@0:B8FV 06 4> 60-E @>:V2 XIX AB. >2=C :>=F5?FVN $.@>:>?>28G0 70?@>2046C20;8 C ?@0:B8:C A5@54 A5@1V2 !.">4>@AL:89, .>70G8=AL:89, V=HV 2G8B5;V. %>G0 :8W2AL:V <03VAB@8 28:;040;8 ?5@H 70 2A5 <>28, :>B@V ?@0:B8:C20;8AO 2 WE=V9 0:045<VW, B>1B> A;>2'O=>-@CAL:C, ;0B8=C B>I>, 2>=8 28O2;O;8 V=B5@5A V 4> B>3>G0A=>W A5@1AL:>W <>28 - O: :=86=>W, B0: V =0@>4=>W. @81CBBO 2G8B5;V2 2=>A8;> ?52=C OA=VABL V C ?5@A?5:B828 ?>40;LH>3> @>728B:C @CAL:>A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28. !5@18 10G8;8, I> :8O=8 ?8A0;8 =5 =0 BV9 <>2V, O:0 ?>1CBC20;0 2 =8E V O:C 2>=8 22060;8 7030;L=>A;>2'O=AL:>N. !B020;> 7@>7C<V;8<, I> @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:0 <>20, :>B@C A5@18 22060;8 <>2>N 2AVTW >AVW, =5 AB0=>28BL A>1>N I>AL T48=5 V I> 2>=0 7>2AV< =5 B0:0, O:>N :>@8ABC20;8AO A5@18. #:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V ?>:07C20;8, I> =5>1>2'O7:>2> 4>B@8<C20B8AL >4=VTW <>28, I> <>6=0 2V4ABC?0B8 2V4 =5W =0 :>@8ABL <VAF52>W. 8O2;ONG8 B>;5@0=B=VABL 4> @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28, @>7C<VNG8 WW O: ?@03=5==O 4> A>;V40@870FVW A5@1V2 V7 AEV4=8< A;>2'O=AB2><, 2G8B5;V =5 70?5@5GC20;8 <>6;82>ABV 725@=5==O 4> A5@1AL:>W =0FV>=0;L=>W <>28, I> 1C;> 2 4CAV B@048FVW' WE=L>W 0:045<VW. 4=>G0A=> 2>=8 2=>A8;8 2 A5@1AL:C <>2C C:@0W=V7<8, I> WE A5@1AL:V CG=V A?@89<0;8 157 B@C4=>IV2. "#:@0W=AL:0 <>20 1;86G0 A5@1AL:>-E>@20BAL:V9, 0=V6 @>AV9AL:0", - AB25@46CT .028G[110]. #:@0W=V7<8 ?@>=8:0;8 V 2 <>2C A5@1AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2. &L><C A?@8O;8 V C:@0W=AL:V :=86:8, 70 7@07:0<8 O:8E ?8A0;8 A5@18 (>A>1;82> ?>57VN), V B2>@8 C:@0W=AL:8E CG8B5;V2, =0A0<?5@54 .>70G8=AL:>3>, ?@87=0G5=V 4;O A5@1V2. /: ?>:070;0 ..5;T7=O:, C ?@0FOE >AB0==L>3>, I> 28=8:;8 2 A5@1AL:89 ?5@V>4, ?@8ACB=L> G8<0;> A;V2, 2;0AB828E C:@0W=AL:V9 =0@>4=V9 <>2V[111]. >A;V4=8FO :>=AB0BCT I> .>70G8=AL:89 B0 9>3> :>;538 "28E>20;8 =0 7@07:0E ACG0A=>W W< <>28 V ;VB5@0BC@8 25;8:C :V;L:VABL A5@1AL:8E CG8B5;V2 B0 A2OI5=8:V2"[112]. @> ?>H8@5==O C:@0W=AL:>W =0@>4=>W ;5:A8:8 A2V4G0BL C:@0W=V7<8 C B2>@0E <0965 2AVE ?@>2V4=8E A5@1AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 XVIII AB. "0:, C 2V@H0E ""@5=>4VO", "0;>206=>5 ?@825BAB285" (1757) 0E0@VT @D5;V=0 7=0945=> =5B8?>2V 4;O A5@1AL:>W <>28 A;>20 "HG0ABVT", "HG0ABVO", "73810;>", "1540 ?> 2AN48", "68B8", "A28B8", "1>", "2AV", "48E0B", "2AC48" B>I>[113].  02B>1V>3@0DVW "82>B 8 ?@8:;NG5=VO" (1783) >A8B59 1@04>28G 287=0T, I> ?>G8=02 >A2VBC 7 :8W2AL:8E :=86>:, <>20 O:8E 7CAB@VG0TBLAO C 707=0G5=><C B2>@V ("I>", "?@8:;04", "B>;<0G8B8 B0 V=.). "5 A0<5 AB>ACTBLAO <>28 !8<5>=0 8I528G0, :>B@89 1752 @>:C ?5@5A5;82AO 2 #:@0W=C, ?@> I> ?>40T G8<0;> FV:028E 2V4><>AB59 C A2>WE "5<C0@0E". >A;V4=8:8 725@B0;8 C203C =0 ?@8ACB=VABL "GVB:> 28@065=8E C:@0W=AL:8E ;5:A8G=8E 5;5<5=BV2 C <>2V >20=0 0WG0". >=8 =5 4C65 G8A;5==V, 0;5 "2V41820NBL A0<5 <>2=V 2?;828 :8W2AL:>W <>2=>W V ;VB5@0BC@=>W H:>;8"[114]. >>48=>:V C:@0W=V7<8 7CAB@VG0NBLAO 2 A5@1AL:V9 4V;>2V9 <>2V, 7>:@5<0 2 ;8AB0E A5@1AL:>3> :5@V2=8FB20 4> @5:B>@0 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW .01>@>2AL:>3>, 45 <VAB8;>AO ?@>E0==O 4>?><>3B8 C 70A=C20==V H:V; "=0 B0:89 65 =0G8=, O:> 2 8T25"[115].  >4=><C V7 725@=5=L A5@1AL:>3> :5@V2=8FB20 4> =0@>4C 3>2>@8BLAO ?@> =5>1EV4=VABL <0B8 "1@0BAB20", B>1B> CAB0=>28 4;O ?>H8@5==O 7=0=L.  .!C2>@>2, I> ?@81C2 V7 >AVW, V @>AV9AL:V B>@3>2FV :=86:0<8 V<5=C20;8AO =5B8?>28<8 4;O A5@1AL:>W <>28 A;>20<8 "<>A:0;L", "<>A:0;V"[116]. #:@0W=V7<8 B@0?;ONBLAO =02VBL C ;VB5@0BC@=V9 :C;LBC@V 10@>:> ?@804@V0B8G=8E <VAB ACG0A=>W '>@=>3>@VW. "0:, ?>5B 20= =BC= 5=048G (V7 <VAB0 >:0 >B>@AL:0 =5?>40;V: 2V4 C1@>2=8:0) 7304CT ":0=B8" - 60=@, 70?>78G5=89, 70 B25@465==O< 4>A;V4=8:V2, 7 C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8[117]. # :0=B0E >4=VTW 7 9>3> 4@0< 7CAB@VG0NBLAO, :@V< F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:>W ;5:A8:8 ("A?0A8B5;L", ">B:C?8B5;L"), E>@20BAL:V (":@86"), 0 B0:>6 C:@0W=AL:V ("AB8=5", "38=5", "?0=C") A;>20[118]. #:@0W=AL:V :=86:8, <>20, 7=0==O, >B65, ?@>AB8@0;8AO V 4> 4@V0B8:8. @8:;04>< ?@>=8:=5==O C:@0W=AL:>W @>7<>2=>W ;5:A8:8 C :=86=C T ""@0354>:><54VO" .>70G8=AL:>3>, <>20 O:>W <VAB8BL @V7=V =0H0@C20==O C:@0W=V7<V2, A5@1V7<V2, I> 28O2;OTBLAO 2 ;5:A8FV, D>=5B8FV, <>@D>;>3VW[119]. > B0:8E =0;560BL, ?@8<V@><, =5B8?>2V 4;O A5@1V2 ?@8:;048, O: "AB@028"'[120], "70I> >?>7=0AB5[121], =5I0AB;820[122], 1>30B89[123] , "GCB8", ";NB89", =0 <VAFV  2V4GC20TBLAO ?@8ACB=VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> @5D;5:AC  (OB): "3@8E8", "2AV", "=V"'[124], I> 210G0TBLAO V C 2V4?>2V4=>ABV @8<, B0:8E O:: 4OB8 - 2840B8, 3=20 - =5C2B;820, @07C<B8 - ?@83;0A8B8, @07;8G=8E - 2G=8E, F2B8[125] C B8?>28E 725@=5==OE: "@5A;02=0 !5@1VT" (=5 !@18X>); "2" 70<VABL "C": "<;040 F0@0 218H0"[126]. >6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> V =0720 2 A5@1AL:><C 20@V0=BV ""@054>:><548X0" 2V41820T 2B@0BC C:@0W=AL:>3> "3". 02545=V ?@8:;048 40;5:> =5 28G5@?CNBL D0:BV2 ?>H8@5==O C:@0W=AL:>W <>2=>W :C;LBC@8 A5@54 A5@1V2 C?@>4>26 XVIII AB. :@5<5 4>A;V465==O 7=0G=> @>7H8@8;> 1 =0HV 7=0==O ?@> <56V 2?;82C. ;5 9 2V4><V ?@8:;048 4>A8BL 28@07=> 3>2>@OBL ?@> B5, I> 2 A5@1V2, =572060NG8 =0 F5@:>2=C 701>@>=C, ?>ABC?>2> CB25@46C20;>AO ?5@5:>=0==O 2 =5>1EV4=>ABV 28:>@8AB0==O 2;0A=>W =0@>4=>W <>28. V4B@8<:C, :>=:@5B=V ?@8:;048, B5>@5B8G=V B0 ?@0:B8G=V >A=>28 B0:>3> 28:>@8AB0==O A5@10< 4020;8 C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V. B65, :>=B0:B8 7 8T2><, >:@V< B>3>, I> A?@8G8=8;8 ?>H8@5==O :=86=>W <>28, 7>:@5<0 F5@:>2=>@CAL:>W C :8W2AL:V9 @540:FVW, >4=>G0A=> ?@8A:>@N20;8 V=H89 ?@>F5A - 45<>:@0B870FVW <>28, A?@8O;8 ?>ABC?>2><C 72V;L=5==N 2V4 B>3> AC@68:0, O:8< A5@18 @>7<>2;O;8, 22060NG8, I> F5 @CAL:0 <>20. 0 287=0==O< .@G8G0, C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V 7@>18;8 203><89 2=5A>: C A?@02C 715@565==O =0@>4=>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28 2 A5@1V2, A?@8O;8 ?>A;01;5==N B8A:C BVTW A;>2'O=AL:>W :=86=>W <>28, ?>ABC?>2><C 2:;NG5==N C ?@>F5A A5:C;O@870FVW, 0=0;>3VG=89 4> B>3>, I> 2V41C202AO 2 =8E =0 10BL:V2I8=V[127]. 4=8< V7 ?@8:;04V2 A?V2VA=C20==O :=86=>-?8A5<=>W B0 =0@>4=>W <>2 C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V T B2>@GVABL 02@8;0 !B5D0=>28G0-5=F;>28G0. V4><89 ?@54AB02=8: A5@1AL:>3> ;VB5@0BC@=>3> 10@>:>, 2V= 1C2 4>A8BL >1V7=0=89 7 C:@0W=AL:>N ?>;5<VG=>N ;VB5@0BC@>N. ">=:> 2V4GC20NG8 A?5F8DV:C 10@>:>2>W 5;>:25=FVW, 5=F;>28G ?@03=C2 1CB8 7@>7C<V;8< CAV< 25@AB20< ACA?V;LAB20 V, =572060NG8 =0 701>@>=C F5@:>2=8:V2, 0:B82=> 28:>@8AB>2C202 =0@>4=C <>2C. &L>3> 2V= =02G02AO 2 C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2, O:8E ?;V4=> ?5@5:;0402.  CAVE 9>3> ?5@5:;04V2 =091V;LH 1;87L:89 4> A5@1AL:>W =0@>4=>W <>28 "5G 4CE>2=89" .0@0=>28G0, I> 9>3> 2V= 7@>182 1736 @>:C 4;O 2;0A=8E ?@>?>2V459. 0 287=0==O< 5=F;>28G0, 2V= ?@03=C2 "=0 ?@>AB> C@07C<835;L=>5 7=0=VT A@1A:>5 70 A5;O=T 8 ?@>ABK5 ;N45... =0 A@1A:8 T78: @048 @07C<5=V0 ?@>AB8< G;>25:><... ?@>ABK< 480;5:B><... 0@EVT?8A:>?0 070@0 0@0=>28G0" ?5@5:;0AB8[128]. # ?5@54<>2V A5@1AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: 0:F5=BC202 =0 =5>1EV4=>ABV 2@0E>2C20B8 E0@0:B5@ 0C48B>@VW, >:@5<> 28:>@8AB>2C20B8 <>2C A0:@0;L=C B0 ?@>ABC, I> 2 FV;><C 2V4?>2V40;> :>=F5?FVO< 10@>:>2>W 4>18, :>;8 "28A>:5" 10@>:> 2V4@V7=O;>AO 2V4 10@>:> "=87>2>3>": " A5 65 24><> 1C48, O:> =5 2A0 ?@>AB0 ACB, ?>=565 O65 :J >3C 3;03>;NB A5 AV0 ?> ?8A0=VN :=86=>< 2<I5=> 5AB, 0 O:5 : ;N45< AV0 ?> ?@>ABC"[129]. 0 4C<:C ..">;AB>3>, AC465==O 5=F;>28G0 1;87L:V 4> CO2;5=L ?V245==>@CAL:8E (C:@0W=AL:8E) :=86=8:V2 XVII AB., I> @>7@V7=O;8 "A;>2'O=>-@CAL:C" <>2C V "?@>ABC" <>2C V :>@8ABC20;8AO =5@V4:> V >4=VTN, 9 4@C3>N. !5@1AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: ?>2B>@NT 2 V=H8E C<>20E C:@0W=AL:C <>2=C A8BC0FVN XVII AB. 7 28:>@8AB0==O< "A;>2'O=AL:>W" B0 "?@>AB>W" <>28[130]. "8< A0<8< 5=F;>28G A?@8O2 ?>H8@5==N 70A>1V2 C:@0W=AL:>W >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V. 024O:8 FL><C 28=8:0;8 B0:V =>2V O28I0, :>;8 =5 BV;L:8 C:@0W=AL:0 ?>;5<VG=0 ?@>70, 0 9 A5@54=L>2VG=V 1>3>A;>2AL:V ?@>?>2V4V 7CA8;;O<8 5=F;>28G0 C?5@H5 2 A5@1AL:V9 ?@0:B8FV ?5@5:;040;8AO ?@>AB>N <>2>N. # FV;><C .!B5D0=>28G-5=F;>28G 2V4V3@02 ?><VB=C @>;L C ?>?C;O@870FVW C:@0W=AL:>W <>2=>W ?@0:B8:8 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V XVIII AB., C D>@<C20==V CO2;5=L ?@> @V7=V B8?8 ?8A5<=>W <>28. =0==O ?@> F59 ?@>F5A C A5@1V2 7=0G=> @>7H8@82 18 @5B5;L=89 DV;>;>3VG=89 0=0;V7 B5:ABV2 5=F;>28G0, O:V =5>1EV4=> ?>@V2=N20B8 7 2V4?>2V4=8<8 C:@0W=AL:8<8 >@83V=0;0<8. 4V9A=5==O FL>3> CA:;04=NTBLAO G5@57 2V4ACB=VABL ?C1;V:0FV9 B2>@V2 ?8AL<5==8:0, O:V =09G0ABVH5 70;8H0;8AO 2 @C:>?8A0E. A=CNGV 2840==O ?5@5:;045=> ACG0A=>N A5@1AL:>N <>2>N, V B><C 2>=8 =5 40NBL 0CB5=B8G=>3> CO2;5==O ?@> <>2C >@83V=0;C. "5=45=FVO 4> 26820==O =0@>4=>W <>28 4540;V A8;L=VH5 28O2;OT A515 7 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB., >A>1;82> 2 <VAL:V9 ;V@8FV, O:0 G5@57 ?>?C;O@=VABL H284:> 72V;L=OTBLAO 2V4 @CAL:>A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28 =0 :>@8ABL <VAF52>W. 0@>4=0 AB8EVO 2@820TBLAO V 2 ?5@HC A5@1AL:C 10@>:>2C ?>5<C "V9 <VO 7 @;0<8" (1791) . 0WG0, V 2 <5<C0@=C ?@>7C, 7>:@5<0 .1@04>28G0, O:89 A2>T :@54> 287=0G82 O: =5>1EV4=VABL ?>?C;O@870FVW @V4=>W <>28: "5=8 T 4>2>;=> CBHT=V0, 40NG8 ?@8:;04 CG5=8< <>53> =0@>40, 40 A@1A:8 ?>G8=N =0 I0<?C I> 4>1@> 874020B8, I5B0 40 B>;8:8 <=>3>G8A;5=8 =0@>4 >AB05 157 :=83 =0 A2><5 T78:C"[131]. "8< A0<8< .1@04>28G, O:><C 1C;0 4>A8BL 1;87L:>N <>2=0 :>=F5?FVO 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, I> 70A2V4GCNBL V C:@0W=V7<8 C =02545=><C 28A;>2;5==V, 28ABC?82 ?>?5@54=8:>< ?5@5:>=0=L .0@0468G0. @03=5==O 4> =0@>4=>W <>28 1C;> 70:>=><V@=8< O28I5<, >4=8< 7 5B0?V2 A5:C;O@870FVW :C;LBC@8, 0;5 2 A5@1AL:V9 A8BC0FVW =0 H;OEC 4> T4=0==O CA=>W B0 :=86=>W <>2 VA=C20;> G8<0;> ?5@5H:>4. 0 4>A8BL <0;>W <>6;82>ABV 74V9A=N20B8 4@C: 2;0A=8<8 A8;0<8 :=86:8, ?@87=0G5=V 4;O =0@>4C V =0?8A0=V 9>3> <>2>N, =09G0ABVH5 B0: V 70;8H0;8AO 2 @C:>?8A0E, I> =0928@07=VH5 V;NAB@CT 4>;O .!B5D0=>28G0-5=F;>28G0, ?@>3@5A82=V ?@03=5==O O:>3> =5 7=0E>48;8 ?V4B@8<:8 V @>7C<V==O A5@54 F5@:>2=8:V2. :@V< B>3>, VA=C20;0 4>A8BL <VF=0 :>=:C@5=FVO 7 1>:C :=86>:, =04@C:>20=8E =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C AE>4V. 030;>< 206:> 1C;> ?5@51>@>B8 AB8EVN @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28, B0: <VF=> 2>=0 C2V9H;0 C A2V4><VABL >A2VG5=>W ?C1;V:8 XVIII AB. 8AL<5==8:8 I5 =5 <>3;8 >AB0B>G=> 72V;L=8B8AO 2V4 A;>2'O=87<V2, I> V;NAB@CNBL ?>3;O48 . 0WG0. 8E>20=5FL .>70G8=AL:>3> B0 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, 2V=, >4=0:, =5 7<V3 ?5@59=OB8AO 7=0G5==O< =0@>4=>W <>28. 8ABC?0NG8 ?@>B8 =5W, 0WG C 4CAV 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C AB25@46C202, I> A;>2'O=AL:0 <>20 - "=09482=VH0", "=09G8ABVH0", =097@>7C<V;VH0 2AV< A;>2'O=0<. # FL><C 2V= :5@C202AO O: VAB>@8:>-:C;LBC@=8<8 <>B820<8 (B@048FVTN 402=VE 72'O7:V2 7 @CAL:>N :C;LBC@>N), B0: V =0FV>=0;L=>-?>;VB8G=8<8 (=5>1EV4=VABN ?@>B8AB>O==O 02AB@V9AL:V9 5:A?0=AVW).  2A5 6, =572060NG8 =0 4><V=0FVN :=86=>W <>28, =0@>4=0 <>20 ?@>=8:0;0 C B2>@8 ?8AL<5==8:V2 - ?>1>@=8:V2 O: ?5@H>W, B0: V 4@C3>W. 5=F;>28G, =0?@8:;04, =02G02AO >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78 7 C:@0W=AL:8E :=86>:, 0;5 28A;>2;N202 A2>W 4C<:8 7 ?><VB=>N ?@8ACB=VABN A5@1AL:>W <>28. 0WG 1C2 2V440=89 :=86=>-:8W2AL:><C B8?C, 0;5 C B2>@0E, ?@87=0G5=8E 4;O =0@>4C, 725@B02AO 4> @>7<>2=>W ;5:A8:8. "0: ?>ABC?>2> 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V CB25@46C20;>AO A?V2VA=C20==O @V7=8E AB8;V2, B8?V2 <>2, :=86=>-:8W2AL:0 B0 :=86=>-<>A:>2AL:0 VA=C20;8 ?>@CG V7 :=86=>-A5@1AL:>N B0 =0@>4=>N <>20<8. # FL><C A?>AB5@V30TBLAO I5 >4=0 0=0;>3VO 7 C:@0W=AL:>N ;VB5@0BC@=>N <>2>N, AB@>:0B>N C AB8;L>2><C 2V4=>H5==V. # B2>@0E >4=8E A5@1AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 <>20 1C;0 ?>7=0G5=0 1V;LH8< 2?;82>< @CAL:>A;>2'O=AL:>W, C B2>@0E V=H8E - @>7<>2=>W <>28 <VAB0 01> 6 1;87L:VABN 4> 682>W =0@>4=>W <>28. @8ACB=VABL :=86=>W B0 =0@>4=>W <>2, O: A2>T@V4=89 1V;V=32V7<, 71030GC20;0 ;VB5@0BC@C. "A>1;82> 25;8:5 A2VB>3;O4=5 7=0G5==O <0T @CE 4C<:8 =0 <56V <>2, :>;8 2>=0 725@B0TBLAO B> 4> A;>20 >4=VTW, B> 4> A;>20 V=H>W <>28"[132]. /: V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ?8A5<=V9 <>2V XVI-XVII AB., 45 A;>2'O=>-@CAL:0 B0 :=86=0 <>28 A?V2VA=C20;8 V 270T<>4VO;8 7 "?@>AB>N", "@CAL:>N , "4V0;5:B>< @CAL:8<", C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V ?>4V1=0 ?@0:B8:0 A?>AB5@V30TBLAO I5 C XVII AB., :>;8 ?8AL<5==8:8 7 2V4><>3> F5=B@C 0H:0 725@B0;8AO 4> @V7=8E B8?V2 <>28, =07820NG8 =0@>4=C <>2C "A@1A:8 578:", "?@>AB8 48O;5:B", "A@1A:8 ?@>AB8 578:". 572060NG8 =0 F5@:>2=C 701>@>=C V 2B>@3=5==O @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28, B0:0 ?@0:B8:0 B@820;0 V ?@>BO3>< XVIII AB., 0;5 265 70 C:@0W=AL:8< 7@07:><. 540;V 1V;LH5 ?@>=8:=5==O C :=86=C V ?>2AO:45==C <>2C 28I8E 25@AB2 ACA?V;LAB20 ?@>AB>=0@>4=>W ;5:A8:8 ?@8725;> 4> D>@<C20==O C 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:>W <>28 O: AC<VHV @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W B0 <>28 A5@1AL:>3> 3@><04O=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20[133]. &O <>20 >1A;C3>2C20;0 ;VB5@0BC@C B0 >A2VG5=V :>;0 <VAL:>3> =0A5;5==O >T2>48=8 C :V=FV XVIII - =0 ?>G0B:C XIX AB. %>G0 2>=0 1C;0 40;5:>N 2V4 G8AB>W =0@>4=>W <>28, WW 28=8:=5==O AB0;> :@>:>< C?5@54 - 4> @5D>@< .0@0468G0. !;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:0 <>20 ?52=>N <V@>N 2V4?>2V40;0 02AB@V9AL:V9 ?>;VB8FV. 10G0NG8 C 7<VF=5==V @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28 703@>7C 2;0A=8< V=B5@5A0<, >DVFV9=89 V45=L ?@03=C2 7030;L<C20B8 ?@>F5A WW ?>H8@5==O V 73>45= 1C2 ?VB8 =0 :><?@><VA, ?V4B@8<CNG8 @>728B>: ?8A5<=>W <>28 A5@1V2 =0 =0FV>=0;L=V9 >A=>2V. 1779 @>:C 02AB@V9AL:0 V<?5@0B@8FO 0@VO-"5@57VO =0:070;0 701>@>=8B8 2 A5@1AL:8E H:>;0E 28:>@8AB0==O :=86>: :8@8;8G=>3> 4@C:C V 28:;040==O @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>N. ;5 FV 70E>48 28:;8:0;8 >1C@5==O V ?@>B5AB 2 CAVE 25@AB20E B>3>G0A=>3> A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20. '5@57 B5 02AB@V9AL:V 2;0ABV 7<CH5=V 1C;8 1785 @>:C 2V4:>@83C20B8 A2>N 701>@>=C. 8@8;8G=5 4@C:C20==O 4>72>;O;>AO, 0;5 A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:>N <>2>N. "0:5 @VH5==O 2V4?>2V40;> V=B5@5A0< ?0=V2=8E 25@AB2 7 >1>E 1>:V2: V45=L 1C2 704>2>;5=89 B8<, I> ?52=>N <V@>N 28B8A=C2 "@CAL:C" <>2C, A5@1AL:0 F5@:20 - B8<, I> =0@>4=0 <>20 =5 70?0=C20;0 9 :=86=0 ?@>4>26CT CB@8<C20B8 A2>W ?>78FVW. "0:V 2V4><V ?@>A2VB8B5;V, O: .@D5;V=, ./=:>28G, .!>;0@8G, .1@04>28G B0 V=HV 28ABC?0;8 70 22545==O =0@>4=>W <>28, 0;5 C A2>WE B2>@0E V =040;V :>@8ABC20;8AO <>2>N >A2VG5=8E 25@AB2 - A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:>N.  A0< .0@0468G ?>G8=02 D>@<C20B8AO C FL><C, A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:><C <>2=><C A5@54>28IV. ;5, E>G0 A2>W ?5@HV 70E>?;5==O =0@>4=>N ?>57VTN, 2 O:V9 9>3> >A>1;82> ?@8201;N20;0 <>20, 28A;>2;N202 I5 <>2>N <8=C;>3> AB>;VBBO, =07820NG8 70?8A0=V ?VA=V "2TG=> 1;03> V C:@0H5=VT =0H5", 2V= C?52=5=> 2V2 :C;LBC@C 4> =0@>4=>W <>28. 4=0: =0 H;OEC 4> FL>3> AB>O;8 G8A;5==V ?5@5H:>48. 5@5:>=0==O 2 B><C, I> <>20, O:>N A5@18 :>@8ABC20;8AO ?@>BO3>< FV;>3> XVIII AB., T <>2>N "7030;L=>A;>2'O=AL:>N", <>2>N T4=0==O 7 >AVTN, ?@02>A;02'O<, 1C;> B0:8< A8;L=8<, I> 2V4EV4 2V4 FVTW <>28 220602AO G8<AL =5<8A;8<8<, >B>B>6=N202AO V7 7@04=8FB2><. !0<5 B0: V 1C;> >FV=5=> ?5@HV :@>:8 @5D>@<0B>@AL:>W 4VO;L=>ABV .0@0468G0. "/ ;8H5 B5 A?>2V4CN, I> G8< 1V;LH5 <8 2V440;OT<>AO 2V4 A;>2'O=AB20, B8< 1V;LH5 ?@>40T<>AO", - AB25@46C202 2V4><89 G>@=>3>@AL:89 ?>5B V 4VOG ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XIX AB. .5B@>28G-T3>H, <0NG8 =0 C207V 2V4EV4 2V4 A;>2'O=>-A5@1AL:>W <>28[134].  C:>< =5 ?>3>46C20;8AO I5 9 B><C, I> 9>3> @5D>@<8 =51060=> 71V30;8AO V7 ?@03=5==O< 02AB@V9AL:8E 2;0AB59 701>@>=8B8 A5@1AL:>-A;>2'O=AL:C <>2C V 225AB8 A0<5 =0@>4=C, 018 >AB0B>G=> ?5@5@20B8 72'O7>: 7 @CAL:>N >A=>2>N, 2V4 O:>W A5@18 2V4HB>2EC20;8AO C ?@>B81>@AB2V 7 02AB@V9AL:>N 4><V=0FVTN. '5@57 F5 ?@>B8 C:0 28ABC?8;8 2V4><V ?@54AB02=8:8 :C;LBC@8, 28E>20=V C "A;>2'O=AL:><C" 4CAV, ?5@H 70 2A5 ?8AL<5==8:8, O:V 3@C?C20;8AO =02:>;> =0902B>@8B5B=VH>3> :C;LBC@=>-=0C:>2>3> >A5@54:C 0B8FV A5@1AL:>W. >=8 728=C20GC20;8 0@0468G0 C 2V4ABC?=8FB2V, AB25@46CNG8, I> 2V= 7@046CT =0FV>=0;L=V 70A048, ?@02>A;02'O 2 FV;><C. !0< . 0WG, =0928I89 02B>@8B5B =0C:8 :V=FO XVIII - ?>G0B:C XIX AB., =5 ?@89<02 =>2>22545=L V, O: ?8A02 .0@0468G /.@8<C, "4C65 ;0O2 =0HV =0@>4=V ?VA=V", =5 ?@8?CA:0NG8 =02VBL V <>6;82>ABV B>3>, I>1 WE=O <>20 AB0;0 >A=>2>N ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28[135]. "0:5 >B>B>6=5==O GC6>W "A;>2'O=AL:>W" <>28 7 V45TN A;>2'O=AL:>W A>;V40@870FVW <0T 0=0;>3VW 2 VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W <>28, =0 I> 725@=C2 C203C I5 20= $@0=:>: "=0;>3VO <V6 B8< @>72>T< A5@1AL:>3> ;VB5@0BC@=>3> O78:0 V @>72>T< ?>3;O4V2 =0 ;VB5@0BC@=89 O78: C =0A, >A>1;82> C 30;8FL:8E B.72. <>A:2>DV;V2, =5 @07 C65 1C;0 707=0GC20=0... "0 10! )> C A5@1V2 1C;> ?>4V1=>N 45<>:@0B87<C B0 =0BC@0;L=>3> @>72>N, A5 2 0;8G8=V, =0 4C<FV B8E <>A:>2AL:8E A;>2'O=>;N1FV2 1C;> 1 ?>4V1=>N "A5?0@0B87<C" B0 >3 7=0T O:V9 "V=B@838"[136]. 4=0: V 2 A5@1V2 B0:V ?5@5:>=0==O 1C;8 0=0E@>=V7<><. # AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E ;VB5@0BC@0E, =0 O:V >@VT=BC20;8AO A5@1AL:V ?8AL<5==8:8 - ?@>B82=8:8 @5D>@< C:0, H284:> 9 CA?VH=> 74V9A=N202AO ?@>F5A 72V;L=5==O 2V4 :=86=>W <>28, I> =0 #:@0W=V =0928@07=VH5 V;NAB@C20;0 B2>@GVABL ".(52G5=:0, :>B@>3> =5 28?04:>2> ?>@V2=N20;8 7 .0@0468G5<. !5@1AL:89 @5D>@<0B>@ A?@O<>2C202 :C;LBC@C 4> =0FV>=0;L=8E 465@5;, 0;5 F59 ?@>F5A ?52=>N <V@>N 2V41C202AO V 2 <>2=><C @>728B:C ?>?5@54=L>3> ?5@V>4C, I> 1C;> O28I5< 70:>=><V@=8<, E0@0:B5@=8< 4;O VAB>@VW ;VB5@0BC@=8E <>2 CAVE A;>2'O=AL:8E B0 V=H8E T2@>?59AL:8E :@0W=. 5D>@<8 .0@0468G0 =5 >7=0G0;8 ?>2=>3> @>7@82C 7 4>AO3=5==O<8 ?>?5@54=L>W <>2=>W :C;LBC@8. 5:A8G=89 D>=4 XVIII AB. ?52=>N <V@>N ?@>4>26C202 68B8 2 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V =0ABC?=8E AB>;VBL[137]. @>4>26C20;8AO, 0;5 C =>2V9 D>@<V, C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:V :C;LBC@=V :>=B0:B8, 7024O:8 O:8< A5@18, ?5@H 70 2A5 G5@57 B2>@GVABL ".)52G5=:0, 1;86G5 ?>7=09><8;8AO 7 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N. >@V2=O;L=5 282G5==O VAB>@VW @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W B0 C:@0W=AL:>W <>2, C BV< G8A;V 9 >:@5<8E 4V0;5:BV2, CA5 I5 70;8H0TBLAO 0:BC0;L=8<. 5 <>6=0 22060B8 28G5@?0=>N V ?@>1;5<C C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E <>2=8E :>=B0:BV2 XVIII AB. >A;V46CNG8 FV 72'O7:8, A;V4 2@0E>2C20B8 2AN A:;04=VABL A?V;:C20==O A5@1V2 7 ;VB5@0BC@=><>2=>N A8BC0FVTN 2 >AVW, I> 1C;0 4>A8BL =5>4=>@V4=>N[138]. &5 1C;> =5 ?@>AB> 70A2>T==O F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:>W <>28 2 @CAL:V9 @540:FVW[139]. /: 707=0G0T ACG0A=89 ;V=32VAB .28G, "C FV9 A:;04=V9 AC<VHV ?>@O4 V7 @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:8< B0 A5@1AL:8< ?5@51C20;8 V 2;0A=5 @>AV9AL:V 5;5<5=B8"[140]. !:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N F8E :>=B0:BV2 1C;0 C:@0W=AL:0 <>2=0 :C;LBC@0, I> 4>A8BL 28@07=> ?V4B25@46CT B2>@GVABL 1030BL>E A5@1AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 XVIII AB. >2C F8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 ?>B@V1=>, O: A;CH=> 707=0G0;0 ..5;T7=O:, 282G0B8 2 :>=B5:ABV B@L>E <>2 A5@1AL:>W, C:@0W=AL:>W B0 @>AV9AL:>W, 2@0E>2CNG8 7=0G5==O 402=L>C:@0W=AL:8E 465@5;[141]. # ?>40;LH><C A;V4 74V9A=8B8 @C=B>2=89 0=0;V7 B5:ABV2 A5@1AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 2V4 "@0G0=" (:V=5FL XVII AB.) 4> 0WG0 B0 1@04>28G0 (?>G0B>: XIX AB.), I> 40;> 1 <>6;82VABL 28O28B8 A?V22V4=>H5==O @V7=8E <>2=8E AB@C:BC@, WE=N 4>;N V CG0ABL C @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28, 03>;>A8<> I5 @07, I> <>2=V :>=B0:B8 A5@1V2 7 #:@0W=>N =5 BV;L:8 ?@825;8 4> ?>H8@5==O :=86=>W F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:>V <>28 :8W2AL:>W @540:FVW, 0 9 A?@8O;8 ?@8A:>@5==N ?@>F5AC 45<>:@0B870FVW <>28. '8 =5 =09206;82VH0 @>;L C FL><C =0;560;0 C:@0W=AL:8< CG8B5;O<, O:V 7@>18;8 203><89 2=5A>: C 715@565==O =0@>4=>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28 A5@1V2, 2>4=>G0A A?@8ONG8 ?>A;01;5==N B8A:C A;>2'O=AL:>W :=86=>W <>28. 0 <>2V :8W2AL:8E CG8B5;V2, C:@0W=AL:8E :=86>:, I> 2;820;8AO C A5@1AL:5 4CE>2=5 68BBO, 28E>2C20;8AO =>2V 35=5@0FVW <8BFV2, O:V AB2>@N20;8 ;VB5@0BC@C =>2>3> B8?C. VB5@0BC@=0 :C;LBC@0 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:> 5@H0 A5@1AL:0 4@0<0 @5A;02=0 !5@1VT, EB> B515 25;8G0T? 8E09;> >70G8=AL:89. #:@0V=AL:>-A5@1AL:V 72'O7:8 40NBL <>6;82VABL ?>4828B8AO V77>2=V =0 45O:V >A>1;82>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, 7>:@5<0 7'OAC20B8 465@5;0 B0 ?@8=F8?8 ?>1C4>28 ;VB5@0BC@=8E V <8AB5FL:8E B2>@V2. 4V9A=5=V A?>AB5@565==O 2:07CNBL =0 ?@8ACB=VABL A5@54=L>2VG=>W B@048FVW, ?>T4=0=>W 7 =0@>4=>N :C;LBC@>N, O:0 ?5@5>A<8A;NTBLAO 2 4CAV 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8. >:07>28< ?@8:;04>< B0:>3> A8=B57C 28ABC?0NBL >:@5<V 7@07:8 C:@0W=AL:>W H:V;L=>W 4@0<8. > =8E =0;568BL V ?5@H0 A5@1AL:0 4@0<0 ""@0354>:><54VO", =0?8A0=0 8E09;>< >70G8=AL:8<, :>B@89 A2>W< B2>@>< V 4VO;L=VABN ?>:;02 ?>G0B>: B50B@0;L=><C 68BBN C A5@1V2. /: V 2 V=H8E =0@>4V2, 28=8:=5==N A5@1AL:>3> ?@>D5AV9=>3> B50B@C ?5@54C20;> ?>1CBC20==O D>;L:;>@=>W 4@0<8, B@048FVW, O:>W =0 0;:0=0E <0NBL 3;81>:5 :>@V==O[1]. !5@1AL:89 =0FV>=0;L=89 B50B@ D>@<C202AO 2 C<>20E 2872>;L=>W 2V9=8 XIX AB. :>;8 AF5=0 A;C68;0 "?>;VB8G=>N B@81C=>N". # 45O:8E :C;LBC@0E, =0?@8:;04 >;LIV B0 #:@0W=8, B0:C DC=:FVN 28:>=C202 I5 H:V;L=89 B50B@ XVII-XVIII AB. 572060NG8 =0 9>3> C<>2=VABL, 2V= 1C2 >4=8< V7 3>;>2=8E 28@07=8:V2 B50B@0;L=>W :C;LBC@8 A2>TW 4>18, "=5>1EV4=>N AE>48=:>N" =0 H;OEC 4> 28=8:=5==O ?@>D5AV9=>3> B50B@C XIX AB.[2]. !0<5 B0:>N AE>48=:>N AB0;0 V A5@1AL:0 H:V;L=0 4@0<0 - ?5@H89 V T48=89 B50B@0;L=89 60=@, I> DC=:FV>=C202 C?@>4>26 XVIII AB. V7=V D>@<8 10@>:>2>W 4@0<8 ?@>=8:0;8 C ?@02>A;02=5 A5@54>28I5 N3>A;>2'O= >?>A5@54:>20=> - G5@57 C1@>2=8: V 8W2, 0 F5 40T ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8 ?@> DC=:FV>=C20==O B0:>W 4@0<8 C ?V245==><C V ?V2=VG=><C @53V>=0E[3]. 0 ?V24=V, C ?@804@V0B8G=8E G>@=>3>@AL:8E 75<;OE, ?>H8@N20;8AO D>@<8 1030B>W 4C1@>2=8FL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. !CAV4=V 7 C1@>2=8:>< G>@=>3>@AL:V <VAB5G:0 70?>78GC20;8 @V7=V D>@<8 ?0@0B50B@C, B0:V O: 4V0;>38, ?0AVW, >@0B>@VC<8, @8B>@8G=V AF5=8 @5;V3V9=>3> 7<VABC. >?C;O@=V 2 XVII AB, C V<5GG8=V B0 B0;VW, 2>=8 ?>B@0?;O;8 72V4B8 4> C1@>2=8:0, ?V2=VG=>W %>@20BVW V 40;V, C74>26 4@V0B8:8, 4> <VAB, 45 <5H:0;> =0A5;5==O :0B>;8FL:>W :>=D5AVW 01> C=V0B8. >ABC?>2> FV D>@<8 ?>B@0?;O;8 C ?@02>A;02=5 A5@54>28I5, ?5@5>A<8A;N20;8AO 2V4?>2V4=> 4> =0FV>=0;L=>W VAB>@VW (?@8:;04>< <>65 1CB8 >@0B>@V9 "V9 =0 >A>2>" G>@=>3>@AL:>3> 02B>@0 .<0T28G0), ?@>B5 1C;8 >1<565=V, 0 G0A>< 27030;V =52V4><V =0 A5@1AL:><C B0 G>@=>3>@AL:><C :>=B8=5=BV. (:V;L=0 4@0<0 28=8:;0 2 ?V2=VG=><C @53V>=V - C 0@;>20FV, :C48 WW 70=5A;8 C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V V7 8T20 V 45 2>=0 1C;0 =04728G09=> ?>?C;O@=>N 2?@>4>26 FV;>3> XVIII AB. 2B>@>< ?5@H>W A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8, O: C65 707=0G0;>AO 28I5, 1C2 8E09;> >70G8=AL:89, 68BBT289 H;OE O:>3> T B8?>28< ?@8:;04>< 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V, >:@5A;NT VAB>@8G=V <0@H@CB8 <V6A;>2'O=AL:8E 72'O7:V2, I> A?@8O;8 D>@<C20==N 10@>:>. ">G>289 E0@0:B5@ V=B5;V35=FVW", ?@8B0<0==89 402=L>:8W2AL:V9 B@048FVW, 1C2 OA:@02> 28@065=89 V 2 ?8AL<5==8:V2 :8T2>-<>38;O=AL:>3> :>;0. 8E>2=V ?@8=F8?8, 3C<0=VAB8G=V 70A048 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, WW 2=CB@VH=T 68BBO AB8<C;N20;8 ?@03=5==O <>;>4V ?>?>2=N20B8 7=0==O 70 :>@4>=><. ;0A=8< :>HB><, =572060NG8 =0 1V4=VABL, 1030B> :8T2><>38;O= ?@>BO3>< XVII- XVIII AB. =02G0;>AO "=0 1;03> VBG87=8" 2 C=V25@A8B5B0E V<5GG8=8, B0;VW, $@0=FVW, =3;VW. !5@54 B0:8E 28E>20=FV2 1C2, =0?@8:;04, $5>D0= @>:>?>28G, :>B@89 C A2>WE 2V@H0E 3>2>@82 ?@> ?>:;8: 4>@V3 B0 GC68E 75<5;L. 0NG8 17 @>:V2, 2V= ?>:8=C2 8W2, =02G02AO 2 >;LIV, 8<V, 45 A2>W<8 74V1=>ABO<8 ?@825@=C2 C203C =0AB02=8:V2. @>?>78FVW 70;8H8B8AO 2 8<V 2V= 2V4E8;O2, ?@03=CG8 ?>25@=CB8AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C. 0 :>@4>=>< :8W2AL:V A?C45W =5 BV;L:8 @>7H8@N20;8 A2>W 7=0==O 0 9 =5@V4:> 2:;NG0;8AO 2 :C;LBC@=5 68BBO V=H8E =0@>4V2. "><C 7=0G5==O B2>@G>ABV >:@5<8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 ;VB5@0BC@8 B0 <8AB5FB20 4>18 10@>:> V=>4V 28E>48BL 70 <56V >4=VTW =0FV>=0;L=>W :C;LBC@8, 28ABC?0NG8 A2>T@V4=>N V;NAB@0FVTN 270T<>?@>=8:=5==O, A8=B57C :C;LBC@ @V7=8E 5B=>AV2, I> T B8?>2>N @8A>N 10@>:>. &5 >A>1;82> ?@8B0<0==> ?8AL<5==8:0< :8T2>-<>38;O=AL:>3> :>;0, 4> O:>3> =0;5602 V 8E09;> >70G8=AL:89. # 9>3> 4VO;L=>ABV =5<>2 AD>:CAC20;0AO B0:0 >A>1;82VABL 10@>:>, O: ?>;V:C;LBC@87<. %0@0:B5@ B2>@G>ABV <8BFO 1C2 7C<>2;5=89 9>3> =0;56=VABN 2>4=>G0A 4> :V;L:>E :C;LBC@, 0465 C:@0W=AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: 1C2 ?>-@V7=><C ?>2'O70=89 V7 A5@1AL:>N, 1V;>@CAL:>N, ?>;LAL:>N B0 @>AV9AL:>N B@048FVO<8. @>B5 2 >A=>2V 9>3> 4VO;L=>ABV ;560;8 ?@8=F8?8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, 2V4:@8B>3> 4;O :C;LBC@ V=H8E =0@>4V2: ?5@5:>=0==O I>4> A;>2'O=AL:>W A>;V40@=>ABV, 2V@0 C 7=0==O O: 70AV1 4CE>2=>3> 2V4@>465==O =0@>4C. 8BBT289 H;OE V B2>@GVABL 02B>@0 ?5@H>W A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8 8E09;0 >70G8=AL:>3> 7<0;N202 C DC=40<5=B0;L=V9 <>=>3@0DVW A5@1AL:89 VAB>@8: :C;LBC@8 ;0AB8<8@ @G8G. /: A2V4G8BL 9>3> 4>A;V465==O, .>70G8=AL:89 =0@>482AO 1699 (01> 1700) @>:C C <VAB5G:C /<?V;L.  1718-3> =02G02AO C >A:>2AL:V9 A;>2'O=>-3@5:>-;0B8=AL:V9 0:045<VW, 0 7 1720-3> - "2 CG8;8I0E ;0B8=AL:8E :8W2AL:8E CG82AO @5B5;L=> V @>7C<=>". V4 G0A =02G0==O C 8T2>->38;O=AL:V9 0:045<VW >70G8=AL:89, 70 2;0A=8< 2V7=0==O<, 1030B> <0=4@C202 C A;>2'O=AL:8E 75<;OE B0 5@<0=VW, 45 7=09><82AO 7 G5AL:>N, A;>20FL:>N, ?>;LAL:>N :C;LBC@0<8, 282G02 =V<5FL:C <>2C. "# !5@1VW, @>0FVW, &5A0@VW 1C2H8, 5B5@1C@3 V >A:2C 2V42V402H8... A59 <C6", O: 2V47=0G0;>AO =0 9>3> ?>@B@5BV, I> =5 715@V3AO, ?@03=C2 =5 ;8H5 71030B8B8 2VBG87=O=C :C;LBC@C, 0 9 ?@>?03C20B8 WW 4>AO3=5==O. 5@51C20NG8 C V<5GG8=V, 2V=, :5@CNG8AO ?0B@V>B8G=8<8 ?>GCBBO<8, 2ABC?02 C ?>;5<V:C, :>;8 9H;>AO ?@> :C;LBC@C 9>3> 10BL:V2I8=8; 283>;>HC202 ?@>?>2V4V 7 VAB>@VW B0 @5;V3VW #:@0W=8, 70E8I02 ?@02>A;02'O, 725;8GC202 <8=C;5 A;>2'O=AB20. >2>@OG8 ?@> 8W2, >70G8=AL:89 =03>;>HC202 =0 ?@O<><C 72'O7:C ACG0A=>W 9><C :C;LBC@8 7V A?04I8=>N 8W2AL:>W CAV, 7304C202 ?@> 8T2>-8E09;V2AL:89 7>;>B>25@E89 A>1>@, O:89 "71C4C202 @>:C 1102 8E09;> !2OB>?>;:, A8= 7OA;020, >=C: /@>A;020 B0 ?@02=C: A2. >;>48<8@0"[4]. &O 45B0;L T ?>:07>2>N, O: ;8H5 >4=0 7 @8A B8?>2>3> VAB>@87<C, >1>2'O7:>2>W 0?5;OFVW 4> <8=C;>3>, I> 1C;> =>@<>N 10@>:>2>W A2V4><>ABV V AB0;> 206;828< ?@8=F8?>< B2>@G>ABV .>70G8=AL:>3>. >25@=C2H8AO 4> 8T20, >70G8=AL:89 ?@>4>2682 =02G0==O, 1C2 287=0=89 >4=8< V7 :@0I8E A;CE0GV2 :045<VW. !0<5 9><C 1C;> 4>2V@5=> ?>H8@N20B8 7=0==O A5@54 A5@1V2 T;3@04AL:>-0@;>20FL:>W <8B@>?>;VW. VA;O 0@;>20F0 C:@0W=AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: 1C2 C %>@20BVW, 45 B0:>6 7=0E>48;8AO A5@1AL:V ?>A5;5==O, 2V42V402 V45=L V =57010@>< ?>25@=C2AO 4> 8T20, :C48 9>3> I5 1735 @>:C 70?@>HC202 0D0W; 01>@>2AL:89, =04VA;02H8 9><C ";N157=>5 ?8AL<>" 7 ?@>?>78FVTN 2ABC?8B8 4> 28:;040FL:>3> A:;04C :045<VW[5]. @>?>78FVO >7=0G0;0 28A>:5 287=0==O. BV< 70?@>H5==O >70G8=AL:89 ?@89=O2 45I> ?V7=VH5, :>;8 28:>=02 A2>N <VAVN =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C ?V24=V. # 8T2V 2V= >A5;82AO C 84C18FL:><C <>=0AB8@V V 7 25@5A=O 1739 @>:C ?>G02 28:;040B8 DV;>A>DVN, ?@0FNNG8 @07>< 7 B0:8<8 2V4><8<8 ?@54AB02=8:0<8 C:@0W=AL:>W =0C:>2>W 4C<:8, O: !V;L25AB@ OA:>@>=AL:89, !V;L25AB@ C;O?:0 B0 V=. # 4>:C<5=B0E 2V= V<5=CTBLAO O: ":045<VW 8W2AL:>W ?@5D5:B, CG8B5;L DV;>A>DVW", B>1B> ?@>@5:B>@. "8< G0A>< V=>4V, AC4OG8 7 0@EV2=8E 465@5;, 2V= 28:>=C202 DC=:FVW @5:B>@0. .>70G8=AL:89 28:;0402 C 8T2V 4> 1745 @>:C, <0NG8 @5?CB0FVN ;N48=8 45<>:@0B8G=8E ?5@5:>=0=L, 3C<0==>3> V A?@0254;82>3> =0AB02=8:0. > =L>3> 725@B0;8AO V7 A:0@30<8, ?@>E0;8 @>7AC48B8 2 AC?5@5G:0E, HC:0;8 ?V4B@8<:8, 4>?><>38. 1V9<0NG8 28A>:C ?>A04C, >70G8=AL:89 =5 701C202 V ?@> A5@1AL:8E CG=V2, I> ?@81C20;8 4> 8T20 =02G0B8AO, ?V4B@8<C202 WE <>@0;L=> V <0B5@V0;L=>[6]. 8W2 B0 :045<VO =5 1C;8 >AB0==V< 5B0?>< ?@>A2VB=8FL:>W 4VO;L=>ABV >70G8=AL:>3>. >3> 2V4@O48;8 =0 1V;>@CAL:V 75<;V 4;O 28:>=0==O BVTW A0<>W @>;V, I> 9 A5@54 A5@1V2, - 70E8ABC 2VBG87=O=>W ?@02>A;02=>W B@048FVW 2V4 ?>AO30=L ACAV4V2. # !>DVW 8W2AL:V9 C:@0W=AL:89 ?@>A2VB8B5;L 1C2 ?@>3>;>H5=89 0@EV<0=4@8B>< !;CFL:8< V 265 7 1748 @>:C 28ABC?02 C @>;V =0<VA=8:0 8W2AL:>W <8B@>?>;VW C 8B>2AL:><C :=O7V2AB2V. "0:C ?>A04C 4>2V@O;8 BV;L:8 4VOG0<, O:V A515 >A>1;82> 70@5:><5=4C20;8 ?>?5@54=V<8 70A;C30<8: @>1>B0 FO >7=0G0;0 =5 ?@>AB> ?V428I5==O 2 A0=V, 0 =>289 5B0? 2V4?>2V40;L=>W 4VO;L=>ABV. 5@54 >70G8=AL:8< AB>O;> A:;04=5 70240==O >@30=V7C20B8 4CE>2=5 68BBO B0:8< G8=><, 018 ?@>B8AB>OB8 ?>;LAL:8< ?@5B5=7VO<. >7B0H>20=89 =5?>40;V: 2V4 V=AL:0, !;CFL: 1C2 A2>3> @>4C D>@?>AB>< ?@02>A;02'O, <VAF5< 7VB:=5==O ?>;VB8G=8E B0 @5;V3V9=8E V=B5@5AV2. >70G8=AL:89 >?8=82AO BCB C A8BC0FVW, ?>4V1=V9 4> BVTW, 7 O:>N 2V= 7CAB@V2AO C A5@1AL:><C 0@;>20FV. V4 =L>3> 28<030;>AO G8<0;> ?>;VB8G=>3> B0:BC, 3=CG:>ABV C 28@VH5==V ?8B0=L, O:V 1 <>3;8 ?5@5@>AB8 2 H8@>:V @5;V3V9=>-=0FV>=0;L=V :>=D;V:B8. @>0=0;V7>20=V .@G8G5< 0@EV2=V 4>:C<5=B8 70A2V4GCNBL, I> >70G8=AL:89 7 BVTN A0<>N ?>A;V4>2=VABN, I> 9 70 G0AV2 A2>3> ?5@51C20==O A5@54 A5@1V2, 7>A5@546C202 C203C =0 @>728B:>2V 9 ?V4=5A5==V 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8. 8B>=G5=>, 48?;><0B8G=5 2V= >1AB>N202 V=B5@5A8 2;0A=>3> =0@>4C B0 9>3> @5;V3VW 2V4 7>2=VH=VE 707VE0=L. V;>@CAL:89 ?5@V>4 1C2 70:;NG=8< C ?@>A2VB=8FL:V9 4VO;L=>ABV .>70G8=AL:>3>. V= ?><5@ 4(15) A5@?=O 1755 @>:C V 1C2 ?>E>20=89, 73V4=> V7 70?>2VB><, "=0 F28=B0@V C @EV<0=4@VW !;CFL:V9 - O: ;N48=0, I> "68;0 G5A=>, :5@C20;0 2<V;> V AC<;V==> 28:>=C20;0 A2>W >1>2'O7:8"[7]. V4 G0A ?5@51C20==O =0 1V;>@CAL:V9 75<;V C:@0W=AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: 7@>182 A2V9 2=5A>: C 1V;>@CAL:C :=86=VABL, =0?8A02H8 =525;8:V 70 >1AO3>< B2>@8 ?@> :C;LBC@C B0 VAB>@VN :@0N. 0;56=VABL >70G8=AL:>3> 10@>:>2V9 :C;LBC@V 28O2;OTBLAO =5 BV;L:8 C 9>3> A;>2'O=AL:><C ?0B@V>B87<V, 0 9 2 >A>1;82>ABOE ;VB5@0BC@=>W A?04I8=8. "5:AB8, I> 715@53;8AO, 3>2>@OBL ?@> =L>3> O: ?@> >4=>3> V7 ?@54AB02=8:V2 :8W2AL:>W DV;>A>DAL:>W H:>;8 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. B0 O: ?@> ?8AL<5==8:0 :>B@89 28O282 A515 2 @V7=8E 60=@0E ;VB5@0BC@=>W :C;LBC@8. V= ?8A02 4@0<8, ?0=53V@8:8, 45:;0<0FVW, ">@0FVW" B0 "48A?CB8" 2V@HV, B@0:B0B8 B>I>[9]. ><C 4>@CG0;8 3>BC20B8 B50B@0;V7>20=V 28AB028, ?@8A2OG5=V 28A>:>?>AB02;5=8< 3>ABO< :045<VW, - "0=53V@8: F0@8FV ;87025BV 5B@V2=V", "?8A "@VC<D0;L=8E 2>@VB C 8T2V" (1744), 4@0<C ";03>CB@>1VT 0@:0 2@5;VO " (1745) B0 V=. %>G0 ?8AL<5==8: 70;8H82 ?><VB=89 A;V4 C A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@0E, 9>3> A?04I8=0 B@820;89 G0A 70;8H0;0AO <0965 701CB>N. 87=0NG8 2=5A>: >70G8=AL:>3> 2 VAB>@VN A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, 4>A;V4=8:8, ?@>B5, 22060;8 EC4>6=V9 @V25=L 9>3> 4@0<8 =528A>:8<. =0G5==O .>70G8=AL:>3> O: >4=>3> 7 :@0I8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 C:@0W=AL:>W DV;>A>DAL:>W 4C<:8 @>7:@8B> 2 4>A;V465==OE 7 VAB>@VW DV;>A>DVW 2 #:@0W=V. !5@1AL:89 ?5@V>4 B2>@G>ABV .>70G8=AL:>3> O: ?8AL<5==8:0 0=0;V7C202 .028G 091V;LH0 70A;C30 C 282G5==V 9>3> 68BBO 9 B2>@G>ABV =0;568BL .@G8GC, O:89 ?VA;O B@820;8E 0@EV2=8E 4>A;V465=L AB2>@82 DC=40<5=B0;L=C <>=>3@0DVN, 402 V=B5;5:BC0;L=89 V B2>@G89 ?>@B@5B ?8AL<5==8:0, ?@>0=0;V7C202 9>3> ;VB5@0BC@=C A?04I8=C C 7030;L=>A;>2'O=AL:><C B0 =0FV>=0;L=><C :>=B5:AB0E. .@G8G @5:>=AB@CN202 ?5@HC A5@1AL:C 4@0<C, ?>25@=C2H8 C:@0W=AL:><C @5?5@BC0@>2V 2B@0G5=89 B2V@, ?@>B5 =5 @>73;O40T ?8AL<5==8:0 O: ?@54AB02=8:0 10@>:>, E>G0 I5 !..0A;>2 70C20682, I> ""@0354>:><54VO", O: B8?>20 H:V;L=0 4@0<0 XVIII AB., <0T ?52=V @8A8 AB8;N 10@>:>. > B0:8E 2V= 2V4=>A8BL =0O2=VABL ?5@A>=06V2 7 0=B8G=>W <VD>;>3VW, 0;53>@8G=V DV3C@8, I> A8<2>;V7CNBL BV 01> V=HV O28I0, B>1B> >1<56CT 10@>:>2VABL 4@0<8 ;8H5 =0O2=VABN E0@0:B5@=8E >1@07V2.  B>G:8 7>@C 10@>:> 4@0<C 0=0;V7C202 .028G, ?@>B5, O: A;CH=> 70C20682 .@G8G, 4@0<0 >70G8=AL:>3> 2A5 I5 ?>B@51CT ?>40;LH>3> 282G5==O. 5@CG8 4> C2038 28A=>2:8 B0 A?>AB5@565==O ?>?5@54=8:V2, @>73;O=5<> ""@0354>:><54VN", ?5@H 70 2A5 O: B2V@ 10@>:>, 2@0E>2CNG8 @>;L C:@0W=AL:>W, A5@1AL:>W B0 T2@>?59AL:>W B@048FVW, A8=B57CNG8 O:V >70G8=AL:89 AB2>@N202 4@0<C. /: 707=0G0;>AO 28I5, >70G8=AL:89 ?@81C2 4> A5@1V2 C 4>A8BL 1C@E;82V V =5A?>:V9=V G0A8. BV;NNG8 C 68BBO :C;LBC@=>-?@>A2VB=8FL:C ?@>3@0<C <8B@>?>;8B0 V:5=BVT >20=>28G0 :8W2AL:89 <03VAB@ =5 28?04:>2> 725@=C2AO 4> 60=@C H:V;L=>W 4@0<8. >3> ""@0354>:><54VO", =0?8A0=0 V ?>AB02;5=0 ?V4 G0A ?5@51C20==O <V6 A5@10<8 2 1733-1737 @>:0E, 1C;0 =5 BV;L:8 A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N H:V;L=>3> =02G0==O, 0 9 ?>;VB8G=8< 28ABC?><. @03=CG8 ?5@5:>=0B8 A2>N 0C48B>@VN 2 =5>1EV4=>ABV ?>H8@5==O 7=0=L, >70G8=AL:89 <02 >1@0B8 B0:V 70A>18 ?5@540G8 V459=>3> 7<VABC, O:V 1C;8 1 7@>7C<V;8<8 V ?5@5:>=;828<8 4;O 2AVE 3;O40GV2 - 2V4 A>FV0;L=8E 25@EV2 4> =87V2. !5@54 9>3> 0C48B>@VW 1C;8 =5 ;8H5 ?@8E8;L=8:8 "H:V; >70G8=AL:>3>", 0 9 :>=A5@20B82=89 :;V@, O:89 ?V41C@N202 ?@>B8 H:V;L=8FB20 <8B@>?>;8B0 9 ?0B@V0@E0, 2V4 :>B@8E 70;560;0 4>;O :8W2AL:8E ?>A;0=FV2. #:@0W=AL:89 <8B5FL 7=0E>48BL @VH5==O O: 28B>=G5=89 48?;><0B, O:89 B>=:> 2V4GC20T 0C48B>@VN.  >A=>2C B2>@C 2V= :;045 >4=C 7 =094@0<0B8G=VH8E ?>4V9 - 703815;L A5@1AL:>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W 45@6028. VD ?@> 45@602C, O:0 7038=C;0, 1C2 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=89 C B>3>G0A=><C A5@1AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V. 25@B0NG8AL 4> VAB>@VW, 02B>@ =0<0302AO H;OE>< VAB>@8G=8E 0=0;>3V9 ?V4:@5A;8B8 :@8B8G=VABL A8BC0FVW V 2>4=>G0A ?>2'O70B8 <8=C;5 V7 ACG0A=VABN. 8>:@5<;NNG8 B@03VG=C ;V=VN, 28=OB:>2V ?>4VW, 02B>@ 28ABC?82 O: A?@026=V9 ?@54AB02=8: 10@>:>2>3> A2VB>A?@89=OBBO; 9>3> B@03V7< =5 BV;L:8 1C2 40=8=>N 70:>=0< 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>W B@048FVW 10@>:>, 0 9 71V302AO 7 :>=:@5B=8<8 VAB>@8G=8<8 >1AB028=0<8. !B@0640==O =0@>4C 9 2VBG87=8 <8BFV A;>20 2BV;N20;8 2 045:20B=8E D>@<0E. #:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:> ?>@O4 V7 2V4GCBBO< B@03V7<C, 4@0<0B87<C 1C;8 ?@8B0<0==V 68BBTAB25@46CNGV =0AB@>W B0 =02VBL V :><VG=5 =0G0;>. &V ;V=VW .>70G8=AL:89 @>72820T =0 A5@1AL:><C B;V. >3> ""@0354>:><54VO" A?>2=5=0 2V@8 C A2VB;5 7025@H5==O ?>4V9, C B@VC<D @>7C<C: ?'TAV ?@8B0<0==V ?@>A2VB8B5;LAL:V @8A8. 25@=5==O 4> <8=C;>3> O: B;0 4;O 7>1@065==O 0:BC0;L=8E ?@>1;5< ACG0A=>ABV, ?0B@V>B8G=0 A?@O<>20=VABL, ?>;VB8G=0 7;>1>45==VABL A?>@V4=NNBL 4@0<C >70G8=AL:>3> 7 2VBG87=O=>N B@048FVTN. 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:>3> H:V;L=>3> B50B@C 2 O:><C 4><V=C20;0 @5;V3V9=>-4840:B8G=0 DC=:FVO, A;>2'O=AL:89 B50B@, 7>:@5<0 C:@0W=AL:89, 2 A8;C VAB>@8G=8E >1AB028= <CA82 @VHCG5 2B@CG0B8AO 2 68BBO. !0<5 B0:89 B8? B50B@C <091CB=V9 02B>@ ?5@H>W A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8 10G82 C A515 =0 10BL:V2I8=V. # D>@<C20==V >70G8=AL:>3>-4@0<0BC@30 >A>1;825 7=0G5==O <0;8 20-V @>:8 XVIII AB., :>;8 ?> #:@0W=V ?@>:>B8;0AO E28;O A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?0B@V>B87<C, I> ?>7=0G8;>AO V =0 B50B@V. @81C2H8 1727 @>:C 4> 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW, >70G8=AL:89 =5 <V3 =5 10G8B8 BCB 2V4><>W 4@0<8 28:;040G0 ?>5B8:8 $5>D0=0 "@>D8<>28G0 "8;VABL >68O #:@0W=C", @5?@575=B>20=C 2 H:>;0E :8W2AL:8E 1728 ;VB0". >6;82>, F59 B2V@ ?>A;C682 9><C >4=VTN 7 <>45;59, :>B@C 2V= ?V7=VH5 70AB>AC202 4> A5@1AL:>3> <0B5@V0;C. 25@=5==O 4> <8=C;>3> #:@0W=8, 7>1@065==O 70E8A=8:0, ?>:@>28B5;O, 7 O:8< ?>2'O7C20;8AO =04VW =0 :@0I5, - FV 4><V=0=B8 "8;>ABV..." 4VAB0;8 2V4>1@065==O C B2>@V >70G8=AL:>3>, ?@> I> 9B8<5BLAO 40;V. 0?8A0=0 1729 @>:C ""@0354>:><54VO" !8;L25AB@0 OA:>@>=AL:>3> B0:>6 <0T A>FV0;L=>?A8E>;>3VG=C A?@O<>20=VABL V B0:>6 CA;02;NT 70E8A=8:0 #:@0W=8. 0@5HBV, 4@0<0 $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0 ";048<8@", I> =5 AE>48;0 7V AF5=8 H:V;L=>3> B50B@C 8T20, 1C;0 ?@8:;04>< 28:>@8AB0==O <8=C;>3> O: DC=40<5=BC, =0 :>B@><C 72>48;0AO 10@>:>20 1C4>20. "5, I> B50B@ >70G8=AL:>3> 1C2 ?@>9=OB89 ?@>A5@1AL:8<8 A8<?0BVO<8, B0:>6 2V4?>2V40;> 4CE>2V, 7030;L=V9 V459=V9 A?@O<>20=>ABV 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW. # 20-E @>:0E, :>;8 >70G8=AL:89 =02G02AO 2 8T2V, BCB ?0=C20;0 0B<>AD5@0 A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?0B@V>B87<C, I> B0:>6 4VAB0;> 2BV;5==O =0 AF5=V. !5@54 28:;040GV2 .>70G8=AL:>3>, 2V4><8E A2>W<8 ;VB5@0BC@=8<8, <>@0;L=8<8 ?5@5:>=0==O<8, 2 O:8E A>;V40@=VABL 7 ?>O@<;5=8<8 A;>2'O=0<8 =0 0;:0=0E ?>AV40;0 =5 >AB0==T <VAF5, 1C;8 >0A0D @>:>2AL:89, :>B@89 I5 1704 @>:C 2;0A=>@CG=> ?5@5402 C 40@ A5@1AL:V9 F5@:2V 20=35;VT 7V ;L2V2AL:8E 4@C:0@5=L, ;0@V>= 528FL:89, 0@;00< 0=0B>28G B0 V=HV. @>1;5<8, 7 O:8<8 7VB:=C;>AO A5@1AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2>, 1030B> 2 G><C ?5@53C:C20;8AO 7 B8<8, I> WE 45I> @0=VH5 28@VHC20;0 #:@0W=0, :>;8 @>728B:C H:V; ?@84V;O;0AO 25;8:0 C2030. B65, 02B>@ ?5@H>W A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8 <V3 157 B@C4=>IV2 70AB>AC20B8 7=0==O, 74>1CBV 2 8T2V. >4V1=> 4> @>:>?>28G0, :>B@ A?@O<>2C202 A0B8@C =0 :>=A5@20B>@V2, 2>@>3V2 7=0=L, >70G8=AL:89 7<CH5=89 1C2 25AB8 1>@>BL1C 7 >?>78FVTN, 28A<VN20B8 "=5@>7C<=8E", "7;8E", "7074@VA=8E". &V 0=0;>3VW I5 @07 ?V4B25@46CNBL 7030;L=C 70:>=><V@=VABL AB0=>2;5==O :C;LBC@8 10@>:> C 42>E =0@>4V2: ?@>3@5A82=V @5D>@<8, =>2>22545==O 7CAB@VG0;8 03@5A82=VABL :>=A5@20B82=8E F5@:>2=8:V2, '5@57 F5 <8AB5FB2> <CA8;> 1CB8 0:B82=8<, =0ABC?0;L=8<. !0<5 =0 B0:V9 ?>78FVW AB>O2 >70G8=AL:89. 0A=>2CNG8AL =0 2VBG87=O=8E B@048FVOE, 45<>=AB@C202 A5@10< ?@8:;04 ?>;VB8G=>W A?@O<>20=>ABV ?C1;VF8AB8G=>3> B50B@C. &59 B50B@ 1C2 A2>T@V4=8< 475@:0;>< ACG0A=>ABV, :>B@5 D>:CAC20;> <8=C;5 V 4020;> ?@>5:FVN C <091CB=T. B65, A5@54=L>2VG=89 DC=40<5=B C 4@0<V >70G8=AL:>3> 4VAB0202 :>=:@5B=5 FV;5A?@O<>20=5 >13@C=BC20==O, I> ?>7=0G8;>AO 9 =0 1C4>2V 4@0<8, 2 O:V9 GVB:> 284V;5=> 42V G0AB8=8 - <8=C;V V ACG0A=V 02B>@>2V ?>4VW. 5:>=AB@C9>20=0 .@G8G5< ""@0354>:><54VO" (>@83V=0; 2B@0G5=>) <0T 420 0=B8?@>;>38, ?@>;>3, 12 4V9 B0 5?V;>3. A:V;L:8 B5:AB 4@0<8 ?C1;V:C202AO ;8H5 C FL><C 20@V0=BV, 4>FV;L=> AB8A;> 28:;0AB8 WW 7<VAB. # ?5@HV9 4VW !B5D0=, F0@ A5@1AL:89, @>7?>2V40T ?@> 35=50;>3VN 48=0ABVW, 3>2>@8BL ?@> ?@03=5==O A2>WE ?>?5@54=8:V2 7<VF=8B8 <>3CB=VABL 45@6028. "8< A0<8< 02B>@ =5=0G5 "2:;NG0TBLAO" 2 VAB>@VN. # 4CAV A2>3> G0AC 2V= 725@B0TBLAO 4> VAB>@8G=>W 0;53>@VW - >1@07C !5@1VW (0=0;>3VG=> 4> B>3>, O: 4> >1@07V2 #:@0W=8 G8 >AVW 725@B0NBLAO C A2>WE B2>@0E 2VBG87=O=V 02B>@8). ;53>@8G=> ?@54AB02;5=0 !5@1VO 4O:CT F0@52V 70 9>3> 4VO;L=VABL, A?@O<>20=C =0 @>7:2VB 45@6028. 0ABC?=0 4VO ?@54AB02;OT A5@1AL:>3> 2>;>40@O C 7>2AV< ?>E8;><C 2VFV. V= @>7<V@:>2CT, :><C ?5@540B8 :>@>=C 4> ?>2=>;VBBO ?@5AB>;>=0A;V4=8:0 #@>H0. 8@VH5=> B8<G0A>2> 4>@CG8B8 ?@02;V==O 45@602>N >4=><C 7 =01;865=8E D5>40;V2 - C:0H8=C, :>B@89 40T :;OB2C 28:>=0B8 70?>2VB F0@O. 8=0T G0A. #@>H <CA8BL ?5@59=OB8 ?@02;V==O, 0;5 C:0H8= 2V4<>2;OTBLAO 74V9A=8B8 :;OB2C V C A20@FV 7 #@>H5< 21820T <>;>4>3> F0@528G0, ?>BV< 38=5 9 A0< - 9>3> 21820T 3@V<. !5@1VO 2 A:>@1>BV 2V4 B>3>, I> ?V4@V70=> ;>7C F0@AL:>W 48=0ABVW - 218B> >AB0==L>3> ?@54AB02=8:0 @>4C 5<0=8GV2. 'O2;ONBLAO !81V;8, O:V ?5@542VICNBL !5@1VW ?>@OBC=>: 2V4 ;8E0 C <091CB=L><C. 2B>@ ?5@5=>A8BL 4VN C F5 <091CB=T, O:5 4;O =L>3> T ACG0A=VABN. V= 3>2>@8BL ?@> ?5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 =0 =>2V 75<;V - 4> 2AB@VW - ?V4 ?@>2>4>< ?0B@V0@E0, O:89 ?@>A8BL ?>:@>28B5;LAB20 2 02AB@V9AL:>3> FVA0@O. 0?B>2> @>728B>: 4V9 ?5@5@820TBLAO V=B5@<54VTN ?@> 8B0@O V $0@8A5O. # =0ABC?=8E AF5=0E !5@1VO, 70A<CG5=0 A<5@BN >AB0==L>3> F0@O, 4V7=0TBLAO, I> 7'O2;OBLAO A;02=V <C6V, A?@><>6=V 2BVH8B8 WW C A:>@1>BV: 2>=8 ?@8=5ACBL W9 ?>@OBC=>: - A2VB;> 7=0=L. "0:8< @OBV2=8:><, ?5@H 70 2A5, T <8B@>?>;8B V:5=BVT >20=>28G, 157?>A5@54=V9 ?>:@>28B5;L 02B>@0 4@0<8 - 3>;>2=>3> 2BV;N20G0 ?@>A2VB=8FL:8E V459. !5@1VO A?>2=5=0 I0ABO, ?@>B5 WW @04VABL 70BL<0@NNBL 7074@VABL, 7;>AB82VABL, =5B5@?8<VABL 4> 7=0=L. >AVO<8 F8E @8A 28ABC?0NBL 0@A V 5;>=0. >=8 A?5@5G0NBLAO 7 C4@VABN, I> WW C>A>1;NT 0;0A. C4@VABL C 48A:CAVW 707=0T ?>@07:8; 7;V A8;8 ?5@5A;V4CNBL WW. >40;LH89 @>728B>: 4VW ?5@5@820TBLAO V=B5@<54VTN 7 ?@8BG5N ?@> 030G0 B0 21>3>3> 070@O. /: V 2 ?5@HV9 A8BC0FVW, F59 T20=35;LAL:89 AN65B B0:>6 =5 <V3 =5 <0B8 ?@8E>20=8E ?0@0;5;59. @0<0 7025@HCTBLAO B@VC<D>< 7=0=L, "CAV HVABL H:V; V7 !5@1VTN" CA;02;NNBL V:5=BVT >20=>28G0, =07820NG8 9>3> A?@026=V< 70E8A=8:>< 2VBG87=8. "0:89 7<VAB 4@0<8 28:;8:02 ?>482 2 >4=8E B0 70;8H82 1094C68<8 V=H8E A5@1AL:8E :@8B8:V2 =0ABC?=>3> XIX AB., :>B@V 1C;8 =528A>:>W 4C<:8 I>4> <8AB5FL:8E O:>AB59 4@0<8 (.!:5@;8G, .@CWG). @>B5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 =0 7@07>: "A;01> ?>2'O70=V <V6 A>1>N AF5=8-4V0;>38" =5 2@0E>2CNBL A?5F8DV:8 60=@C, >A>1;82>AB59 ?>5B8:8 H:V;L=>W 4@0<8. ""@0354>:><54VO" >70G8=AL:>3> <0T GVB:> ?@>4C<0=C ?>A;V4>2=VABL V ?>7=0G5=0 2AV<0 >A>1;82>ABO<8 5AB5B8:8 10@>:>2>W 4>18. # 4@0<V ?@>AB56CNBLAO FV;5A?@O<>20=5 725@B0==O 4> <8=C;>3> 7 >ACG0A=5==O< VAB>@VW, V<?;VF8B=> @50;V7>20=0 D>;L:;>@=0 ;535=40, V 2A5 F5 ?5@5>A<8A;NTBLAO =0 ?@8=F8?0E 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8. "5, I> >70G8=AL:89 =5 2030NG8AL ?>2'O7CT ?>4VW XIV AB. V ACG0A=>3> 9><C XVIII AB., AB0=>28BL B8?>2> 10@>:>289 ?@89><: <V6 ?5@H>N (VAB>@8G=>N) B0 4@C3>N (ACG0A=>N) G0AB8=0<8 02B>@ C2>48BL 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=C C 4@0<V 10@>:> G0A>2C ?0C7C. ?5;OFVO 4> <8=C;>3>, O:5 0A>FVN20;>AO V7 ACG0A=VABN, B0:>6 2V4?>2V40;0 4CE>2V G0AC, CO2;5==O< ?@> 270T<>72'O7>: CAL>3> ACI>3>. 5 <5=H 206;82>N T V :0B53>@VO EC4>6=L>3> ?@>AB>@C, 287=0G0NG8 O:89 02B>@ =0G51B> ?>T4=CT 420 9>3> B8?8 - F5 V :>=:@5B=0 !5@1VO, V 2>4=>G0A WW 01AB@0:FVO. "0:5 A?>;CG5==O 40T 9><C <>6;82VABL 2V;L=> ?5@5AC20B8 0;53>@8G=V ?5@A>=06V =0 25;8:8E G0A>28E V ?@>AB>@>28E 2V4@V7:0E. @VT=BCNG8AL =0 <8=C;5, ?@>5:BCNG8 9>3> =0 ACG0A=VABL, 02B>@ <02 7<>3C CA?VH=> 74V9A=N20B8 >A=>2=V 28<>38 B5>@5B8:V2 H:V;L=>W 4@0<8. "0:, =0 4C<:C /:>10 0A5=0, 3>;>2=5 70240==O B50B@C - 28E>20==O 3;O40G0 - <>65 @50;V7C20B8AO ;8H5 2 B><C @07V, O:I> 4@0<0BC@3 2BV;NT ?>B@V9=C VAB8=C: VAB>@8G=C ?@024C, 68BBT2C ?@024>?>4V1=VABL B0 VAB8==89 A2VB>3;O4[10]. >70G8=AL:><C 1C;8 1V;LH 1;87L:V B5>@5B8G=V @>7@>1:8 $.@>:>?>28G0 I>4> 70A>1V2 28@065==O 0:BC0;L=8E V459. "VA=89 72'O7>: 7 <8=C;8<, 282545==O =0 AF5=C 0=B8G=8E B0 1V1;V9=8E ?5@A>=06V2, 0;53>@8G=5 7>1@065==O F=>B G8 3@VEV2 - CAV FV 70A>18 A?@O<>2C20;8AO =0 4>AO3=5==O ?5@5:>=;82>ABV. A>1;825 7=0G5==O =04020;>AO "4@52=V< ?@8:;040<". D5:B VAB>@8G=8E 0=0;>3V9, O: V 725@=5==O 4> :>=:@5B=>W VAB>@8G=>W ?>4VW, GVB:> 28@065=V C >70G8=AL:>3>, 1C;8 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=V C T2@>?59AL:V9 10@>:>2V9 4@0<V. AB>@87< 1C2 >4=VTN 7 4><V=0=B 4>18 10@>:>, O:5 =5 BV;L:8 HC:0;> 2 <8=C;><C ?V4B25@465==O 2;0A=8< V450;0<, 0 9 >B>B>6=N20;>AO 7 =8<. !5@54=L>2VGGO >A<8A;N20;>AO O: A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 ACG0A=>ABV, O: ?V4B25@465==O ?@8G5B=>ABV 4> 402=L>W B@048FVW, I> =5N A;V4 ?8H0B8AO, >1AB>NNG8 WW B0 70E8I0NG8 2V4 ?>AO30=L O: 3>;>2=C 4CE>2=C FV==VABL. # 10@>:>2V9 #:@0W=V 2A5 B5, I> AB0=>28;> 4>AO3=5==O 8W2AL:>W CAV, >A<8A;N20;>AO O: A2>T, 2VBG87=O=5, =5@>7@82=> ?>2'O70=5 V7 ACG0A=VABN. !5@54=L>2VG=0 :C;LBC@0 ?@>4>26C20;0 68B8 2 C:@0W=AL:><C XVII AB., O: F5 28@07=> V;NAB@CT 10@>:870FVO A5@54=L>2VG=8E 1C4V25;L. !>DVO 8W2AL:0, 8E09;V2AL:89 7>;>B>25@E89, #A?5=AL:89, 1030B> V=H8E A>1>@V2 8T20 ?5@51C4>2C20;8AO, =01C20;8 =>2>3> 283;O4C, 24O30NG8AL C 10@>:>2V H0B8. # B@048FV9=V :0=>=VG=V 7>1@065==O V:>= 2=>A8;8AO =>2V, B8?>2> 10@>:>2V, <>B828 B0 >1@078. >@CG V7 ;8:0<8 A2OB8E <8BFV 7>1@06C20;8 ACG0A=8:V2, O: F5 10G8<> =0 V:>=V >:@>28 V7 A5;0 !C;8<V2:0 (30-V @>:8 XVIII AB.), 45 7 >3>@>48F5N B0 :8W2AL:8<8 A2OBFO<8 C 10@>:>2><C 21@0==V 7<0;L>20=> C:@0W=AL:8E 35BL<0=V2, :>70FL:8E ?>;:>2>4FV2 B0 <>A:>2AL:8E ?@028B5;V2. 0 V:>=V B>3> A0<>3> G0AC "!2.8@8;> V 5D>4V9" (A5;> =O68?V;L =0 L2V2I8=V) B0:>6 A?>AB5@V30T<> ?@03=5==O ?@54AB028B8 ACG0A=8:V2 ?@>4>26C20G0<8 402=L>3> AB0@>@CAL:>3> @>4>2>4C. 8@07=> =03>;>HCTBLAO 270T<>72'O7>: 402=L>@CAL:>W V ACG0A=>W 02B>@0< C:@0W=AL:>W VAB>@8G=>W, :C;LBC@=>W, @5;V3V9=>W B@048FV9, ?@8G><C ?>4V1=8E ?@8:;04V2 C:@0W=AL:5 10@>:>25 <8AB5FB2> <0T G8<0;>[11]. =0;>3VG=C ?@>5:FVN ACG0A=>ABV =0 A5@54=L>2VGGO V =02?0:8, 7<VI5==O AN65BV2 V <>B82V2 @V7=8E G0AV2 <>6=0 A?>AB5@V30B8 V 2 ;VB5@0BC@V, V 2 V=H8E 2840E 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8[12]. @0FNNG8 A5@54 A5@1V2, C:@0W=AL:V <8BFV 70AB>A>2C20;8 BV A0<V 70A>18 ">ACG0A=5==O" A5@54=L>2VGGO, B@0=AD>@<C20==O 9>3> 2 10@>:>2V D>@<8, WE =0928@07=VH5 45<>=AB@CNBL @>7?8A8 A5@1AL:>3> <>=0AB8@O @CH54>; (A5@548=0 XVIII AB.), 28:>=0=V C:@0W=AL:8<8 EC4>6=8:0<8 B0 WE=V<8 CG=O<8. 0?>;O30NG8 =0 35=5B8G=V9, 4CE>2=V9 =0;56=>ABV 4> <8=C;>3>, <09AB@8 C B0:89 A?>AV1 @50;V7C20;8 ?>;VB8G=C <>B820FVN, 725@B0;8AO 4> :>=:@5B=8E 04@5A0BV2, ?>4V1=> 4> B>3>, O: 2 "AB>@VW @CAV2" 02B>@ 28A;>2;N202, 7>:@5<0, ?@03=5==O C:@0W=AL:>W :>70FL:>W AB0@H8=8 2V4=>28B8 ?>;VB8G=C 02B>=><VN, >B@8<0B8 ?@82V;5W. @8 FL><C 5B5@1C@3>2V @>18;8AO =0BO:8 =0 B5, I> :>70FB2> T ?@>4>26C20G5< 4@52=L>W 1030B>W B@048FVW 8W2AL:>W CAV. =0;>3VN 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 ?@03=5==O<8 A?>AB5@V30T<> V 2 A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV, 45 F5@:20 =0?>;53;82> >1AB>N20;0 ?5@54 >DVFV9=8< V4=5<, I> 2>=0 T 3>;>2=8< V ?@O<8< A?04:>T<F5< 4@52=L>W 48=0ABVW A5@1AL:8E A5@54=L>2VG=8E ?@028B5;V2, 0 F5, =0 4C<:C A5@1AL:8E VT@0@EV2, <>3;> 1CB8 ?V4AB02>N 4;O =040==O A5@10< >A>1;828E ?@82V;5W2 C <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028. /: 707=0G0;>AO 28I5, G8A;5==V ?@8:;048 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 B0 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V XVIII AB. A2V4G0BL, I> 0:BC0;V70FVO A5@54=L>2VGGO, B5=45=FVO ?>2'O7C20B8 9>3> 7 ACG0A=VABN 1C;8 =>@<>N 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8, 2 BV< G8A;V 9 ?@02>A;02=>3> 10@>:>. "0:89 <5B>4 ?>2=VABN 2V4?>2V402 =0AB@>O< A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20, 45 V45O 2V4@>465==O <8=C;>3>, <>3CB=L>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W 45@6028 1C;0 =>@<>N :>;5:B82=>W A2V4><>ABV - 2V4 :=86=>W B@048FVW 4> D>;L:;>@C. '5@57 F5 ?8AL<5==8:, A?8@0NG8AL =0 70A>18 T2@>?59AL:>3> 10@>:>, 2VBG87=O=C B@048FVN B0 ?5@5:>=0==O 0C48B>@VW, ?>:;02 C >A=>2C B2>@C ?>4VW V7 A5@1AL:>3> A5@54=L>2VGGO. >3VG=> 28=8:0T ?8B0==O, G><C 7 CAVE >1@07V2 B0 <>B82V2 C:@0W=AL:89 02B>@ >1@02 >1@07 A0<5 B0:>3> 2>;>40@O, O: #@>H, V O:8<8 465@5;0<8 2V= :>@8ABC202AO, @5:>=AB@CNNG8 ?>4VW, ?>2'O70=V V7 A5@1AL:8< 2>;>40@5< XIV AB. @>0=0;V7>20=89 =0<8 A5@1AL:89 VAB>@V>3@0DVG=89 <0B5@V0;, O:89 C:@0W=AL:89 ?@>A2VB8B5;L <V3 28:>@8AB0B8 C 0@;>20FV, =02>48BL =0 4C<:C ?@> 72'O7>: 9>3> 7 CA=>N B@048FVTN. &5 40T ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8 ?@> =0ABC?=89 206;8289 :><?>=5=B C:@0W=AL:>3>, 0 2V4B0: V A5@1AL:>3>, 10@>:> - D>;L:;>@.  VAB>@VW :>6=>3> =0@>4C T ?52=V ?>4VW B0 ?>AB0BV, O:V C D>;L:;>@=V9 A2V4><>ABV ?>2'O7CNBLAO 7 VAB>@8G=>N 4>;5N 45@6028, 2AVTW =0FVW, 40NBL ?>HB>2E 4;O AB2>@5==O ;535=4, 4VAB0NBL H8@>:5 2V4>1@065==O 2 CA=V9 ?VA5==V9 B2>@G>ABV. /A:@0289 ?@8:;04 FL>3> 2 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V AB0=>28BL ;535=40, ?>2'O70=0 7 18B2>N =0 >A>2> 1389 @>:C, :>B@0 ?5@5B2>@8;0AO =0 A8<2>; =0FV>=0;L=>W B@0354VW - 2B@0B8 !5@1VTN =570;56=>ABV, 1030B>2V:>2>3> BC@5FL:>3> ?>=52>;5==O. %>G0 @50;L=V ?>4VW, I> 2V41C;8AO 600 @>:V2 B><C =0 >A>2>, 2V4@V7=ONBLAO 2V4 =0@>4=>3> WE B;C<0G5==O, >4=0: 1;87L:0 4> D>;L:;>@=>W V=B5@?@5B0FVW VAB>@VO B@820;89 G0A 1C;0 4><V=0=B>N 2 A5@1AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW, ?>7=0G8;0AO =0 ?8A5<=8E 465@5;0E, 2?;8=C;0 =0 @>728B>: =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV A5@1V2. 8=8:=5==O V @>728B>: :>A>2AL:>W ;535=48, WW B@0=AD>@<0FVO 2 ;VB5@0BC@V B0 <8AB5FB2V AB0=>2;OBL >A>1;8289 V=B5@5A O: 7@07>: 2?;82C D>;L:;>@=>3> <8A;5==O =0 ?@>D5AV9=C :C;LBC@C, :>B@89 <0T 0=0;>3VW 2 V=H8E A;>2'O=AL:8E B0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E B@048FVOE, C BV< G8A;V 9 C:@0W=AL:V9. @>F5A CB2>@5==O =0FV>=0;L=>W <VD>;>3VW, 2?;82C <VD>;>35< =0 :C;LBC@C ACA?V;LAB20 V ?>ABC?>2>3> 72V;L=5==O 2V4 "<VD>;>3VG=>3> <8A;5==O", O: 206;820 >7=0:0 =0FV>=0;L=>W 7@V;>ABV ACA?V;LAB20, <CA8BL AB0B8 ?@54<5B>< >:@5<>3> 4>A;V465==O 2 H8@>:><C 7030;L=>A;>2'O=AL:><C :>=B5:ABV, I> =5 2E>48BL C 70240==O FVTW ?@0FV. 8 7>A5@548<> C203C ;8H5 =0 >4=><C 7 ?@8:;04V2 @>728B:C FL>3> ?@>F5AC - B2>@G><C 28:>@8AB0==V ;535=48 ?@> 703815;L !5@1VW .>70G8=AL:8<, O:89, <09AB5@=> 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 5;5<5=B8 ;535=48, 7=0G=> 2?;8=C2 =0 ?>40;LH89 @>728B>: A5@1AL:>W =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. V =0ABC?=8E G0AV2. /: 2V47=0G0;>AO, @50;L=V ?>4VW ?>@07:8 A5@1AL:>3> 2V9AL:0 C 18B2V =0 >A>2> 28 (15) G5@2=O 1389 @>:C =5 <0;8 B>3> 7=0G5==O, O:5 FV9 ?>4VW ?V7=VH5 =04020;0 =0@>4=0 B@048FVO, - =5 2>=8 ?@8725;8 4> >AB0B>G=>W 2B@0B8 =570;56=>ABV. 8B20 =0 >A>2> AB0=>28;0 ;8H5 >48= 7 5B0?V2 ?>ABC?>2>3> 7030@10==O >A<0=0<8 0;:0=V2. $0:B8G=> !5@1VO ?5@5B2>@8;0AO =0 20A0;V2 BC@:V2, A?;0GCNG8 W< ?52=89 G0A 40=8=C. VA;O >A>2> !5@1VO I5 715@V30;0 A2>N 45@602=VABL V =02VBL C?@>4>26 :V;L:>E 45AOB8;VBL ?5@56820;0 5:>=><VG=5 B0 :C;LBC@=5 ?V4=5A5==O, >A:V;L:8 >A<0=8, 70E>?82H8 !EV4=C >;30@VN, 3>;>2=C C203C 7>A5@548;8 =0 C3>@AL:8E :>@4>=0E. "V;L:8 2 ?5@H8E 45AOB8;VBBOE XVI AB. 1V;LH0 G0AB8=0 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E 75<5;L >AB0B>G=> >?8=8;0AO ?V4 >A<0=0<8, 1521 @>:C 2?02 T;3@04, 702>9>2=8:8 703@>6C20;8 C1@>2=8:C, ?@804@V0B8G=8< <VAB0< 0;<0FVW. "C@5FL:5 ?>=52>;5==O 2V43C:=C;>AO 2 =0@>4=V9 A0<>A2V4><>ABV. 0@>4 =5 <V3 ?@8<8@8B8AO 7 >A<0=AL:8< O@<>< O: =0A;V4:>< ?5@5<>38 A8;L=VH>3> 2>@>30 V B><C ?@03=C2 40B8 =0FV>=0;L=V9 :0B0AB@>DV A2>T ?>OA=5==O. B@0B0 =570;56=>ABV B;C<0G8;0AL O: ?>:0@0==O 70 3@VE8, 2G8=5=V "2;0AB5;>N", B>1B> D5>40;0<8, I> 7@048;8 "F0@O" 2 18B2V =0 >A>2>. !0<5 FO 18B20 >A<8A;N20;0AO O: :C;L<V=0FV9=89 <><5=B B@0354VW G5@57 25;8:C :V;L:VABL 65@B2 V 4@0<0B87< ?>4V9. # =V9 7038=C;8 >18420 ?>;:>2>4FV 2V9AL:, 4>23> ?0<'OB0;8AO 35@>WG=89 2G8=>: A5@1AL:>3> "N=0:0" 8;>H0 18;8G0, I> 4>AO3 06 2>@>6>3> B01>@C, V <CG5=8FL:0 A<5@BL :=O7O 070@O %@515;O=>28G0, O:89 >G>;N202 A5@1AL:5 2V9AL:>, ?>B@0?82 C ?>;>= V 1C2 AB@0G5=89. ;>@8DV:0FVW >AB0==L>3> 7=0G=>N <V@>N A?@8O;> 9 B5, I> A5@1AL:0 F5@:20 ?@>3>;>A8;0 :=O7O A2OB8<, ?V4B@8<CNG8 9>3> :C;LB V 2 ;VB5@0BC@V. # =0@>4=V9 CO2V 070@ >A<8A;N202AO O: "4>1@89 F0@", ?@0254=8:, I> 2V4<>282AO 2V4 75<=>3> F0@AB20 =0 :>@8ABL =515A=>3> V ?>AB@06402 G5@57 ?V4ABC?=VABL A2>3> >B>G5==O. "0:><C >A<8A;5==N A?@8O;0 9 V=H0 ;535=40, ?>2'O70=0 V7 A5@1AL:8< F0@5< #@>H5<, O:89 ?><5@ ?VA;O 18B28 7 BC@:0<8, I> 2V41C;0AO 1371 @>:C 1V;O @VG:8 0@8FV. 0 ;535=4>N, >AB0==V9 ?@54AB02=8: A5@1AL:>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W 48=0ABVW 5<0=8GV2 7038=C2 2V4 @C:8 D5>40;0 C:0H8=0. 28=C20G5==O D5>40;V2 C 7@04=8FB2V ?52=>N <V@>N 7C<>2;N20;>AO 9 B8<, I> ?@>AC20==N BC@:V2 =0 0;:0=8 A?@8O;> ?>A;01;5==O F5=B@0;V7>20=>W 2;048 2 A5@1AL:V9 45@602V. VA;O A<5@BV #@>H0 :=O7N 070@N 240;>AO >1'T4=0B8 @V7=V 75<;V, ?>25@=CB8 :>;8H=N <>3CB=VABL; FN 4VO;L=VABL 1C;> ?5@5@20=> 7 9>3> A<5@BN =0 >A>2>. %>G0 VAB>@8G=V D0:B8 =5 ?V4B25@48;8 7@04=8FB20 C:0H8=0 G8 @0=:>28G0, O: V 2182AB20 #@>H0, 7 G0A>< FV ?>4VW ?>G0;8 >A<8A;N20B8AO 0;53>@8G=> - O: A8<?B><8 V ?@8G8=8 703815;V 45@6028. !0<0 ;535=40 D>@<C20;0AO ?>ABC?>2> 2?@>4>26 AB>;VBL. )> 40;V 2V4E>48;8 2 <8=C;5 ?>4VW, B> H8@H5 @>7@>AB0;0AO ;535=40, CA:;04=NNG8AL C AN65BV 9 >1@070E. 50;L=V ?>4VW 7<VHC20;8AO 7 283040=8<8, ?>AB0BL #@>H0 7;820;0AO 7 ?>AB0BBN 070@O. >A>2> B0 1V9 =0 =L><C ?5@5B2>@8;8AO =0 A8<2>;VG=5 <VAF5 V 45=L ?>T48=:C, :>;8 7CAB@V;8AO 42V 2>@>6V A8;8, 2V4 O:8E 70;560;0 4>;O =0@>4C 9 45@6028. >A>2AL:0 18B20 AB0;0 A8=>=V<>< 35@>W7<C V 7@04=8FB20. >A>2> ?>;5 =01C;> 7=0G5==O <VAFO, =0 O:><C 28@VHC20;0AO 4>;O =0@>4C, 45 7038=C2 "F0@" V ?>G0;>AO BC@5FL:5 3=>1;5==O. #A5 F5 4VAB0;> 2V4>1@065==O 2 >4=><C 7 =09:@0I8E V =092V4><VH8E F8:;V2 A5@1AL:>W 5?VG=>W ?>57VW - :>A>2AL:><C. # F5=B@V F8:;C - 1V9 1389 @>:C (2 FV;><C 6 VAB>@VO 7=0T ?@> B@8 ":>A>2AL:V 18B28"), AN65B=C >A=>2C AB0=>2;OBL 420 3>;>2=8E <>B828 - ?>4283 ?>78B82=>3> 35@>O (8;>H0 18;8G0) V 7@040 =530B82=>3> (C:0 @0=:>28G0). # ?@>F5AV @>728B:C AN65B 4>?>2=N202AO 1030BL<0 D>;L:;>@=8<8 <>B820<8 <V6=0@>4=>3> ?>E>465==O (25G5@O ?5@54 28@VH0;L=>N ?>4VTN, 2VI89 A>=, ?5@54GCBBO ?>@07:8, A:>@1>B=0 <0B8 B>I>). :@V< 7304C20=8E >A=>2=8E 35@>W2, C :>A>2AL:><C F8:;V 7CAB@VG0TBLAO 1030B> V=H8E (0=>28G !B@0E8=O, .3 >340=, 52'OBL .3>28GV2, F0@8FO 8;8FO, >A>2AL:0 4V2G8=0 B>I>).  >:@5<8E ?VA=OE, B0:8E O:, A:06V<>, "!>= F0@8FV 8;8FV", A?>AB5@V30NBLAO AB8A;V C7030;L=5==O =0@>4=>3> @>7C<V==O B@0354VW: "/: C?0;8 =0 :@09 A5@1AL:89 BC@:8, 72>N20;8 5<0=8G0 F0@AB2>, 703C18;8 ?@5G8AB>3> 070@O =0 >A>2V<, =0 H8@>:V< ?>;V. "0< B> 9 7@0482 9>3> C: @0=:>28G. %09 ?>1'T 9>3> 3>48=0 ;NB0!" (5@. .!B0@8FL:>3>)". >B82 7@04=8FB20 D5>40;V2 1C2 >A>1;82> ?>H8@5=89, I> 7C<>28;> ?>?C;O@=VABL ?VA5=L ?@> #@>H0. # =0@>4=V9 B@048FVW 9>3> 7>1@06C20;8 O: <0;>;VB=L>3> =0I04:0 ?@5AB>;C, 70 :>B@8<, 4>:8 2V= =5 4V945 ?>2=>;VBBO, CH0= 4>@CG82 4>3;O40B8 C:0H8=C. ;5 >AB0==V9, :>;8 =0AB02 G0A ?5@540B8 :>@>=C, =5 28:>=CT >1VFO=:8 V, 70<0=82H8 #@>H0 =0 ?>;N20==O, 21820T 9>3>. !<5@BL A?04:>T<FO ?@5AB>;C =0@>4 B0:>6 A?@89<02 O: >7=0:C 703815;V 45@6028 V B0:>6 ?>2'O7C202 V7 >A>28< ?>;5<.  5?VG=V9 ?VA=V @>7?>2V40TBLAO, O: =0 >A>2><C ?>;V "7CAB@V;8AO G>B8@8 B01>@8", 018 28@VH8B8, :><C =0;560B8<5 F0@AB2> A5@1AL:5. >@>;528G 0@:> 28@VHCT, I> #@>H52V, 0;5 =0I04:0 21820T C:0H8= (70 45O:8<8 20@V0=B0<8 - A;C30). >A>2AL:0 ;535=40 1C4CTBLAO =0 :><?;5:AV CO2;5=L, ?@8B0<0==8E A>FV0;L=>-CB>?VG=8< ;535=40<, ?>H8@5=8< A5@54 @V7=8E =0@>4V2, V AB0=>28BL >48= V7 B8?>28E 20@V0=BV2 B0:8E ;535=4. "CB 7=0E>48<> 4>A8BL 2V4><89 <>B82 "4>1@>3> F0@O , G0A8 ?@02;V==O O:>3> 22060;8AO "7>;>B>N 4>1>N". !<5@BL A?@0254;82>3> ?@028B5;O ?>2'O7C20;0AO 7 ?V4ABC?=8FB2>< 9>3> >B>G5==O, 7;>G8= O:>3> - 3@VE, I> 9>3> ?@8@5G5=V A?>:CBC20B8 C25AL =0@>4 V 45@6020. B@0B0 =0FV>=0;L=>W =570;56=>ABV, GC68=AL:5 ?>=52>;5==O 22060;8AO =091V;LH8< ?>:0@0==O< 70 3@VE8. %>G0 7@04=8:V2 B0:>6 1C;> ?>:0@0=> 70 WE=V 3@VE8 (V C:0H8=, V @0=:>28G 2<8@0NBL BO6:>N A<5@BN), CAO !5@1VO 9 =040;V 70;8H0;0AO ?V4 >A<0=AL:8< O@<><. ">6 =0@>4, >GV:CNG8 2872>;8B5;O, 70:;8:02 A2>WE 35@>W2 ?><AB8B8AO 70 >A>2>, 2825AB8 !5@1VN V7 ?>=52>;5==O. AB0==T <0T >A>1;825 7=0G5==O 4;O @>7C<V==O ?0D>AC ""@0354>:><54VW" >70G8=AL:>3>. >B82 2872>;8B5;O, O: V 2 FV;><C >A=>2=89 '"V=AB@C<5=B0@V9" :>A>2AL:>W ;535=48, 1C2 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=8< C B@048FVOE 1030BL>E =0@>4V2. "0:, A5@1AL:0 ;535=40 <0;0 0=0;>3VW 2 ACAV4=V9 E>@20BAL:V9 CA=V9 B2>@G>ABV, 45 ?>1CBC20;0 >?>2V4L ?@> :>@>;O 2>=8<8@0, 703815;L O:>3> B;C<0G8;0AO ?>4V1=> 4> A5@1AL:>W. %>@20BAL:0 A5@54=L>2VG=0 45@6020 2B@0B8;0 =570;56=VABL @0=VH5 70 A5@1AL:C - 1102 @>:C, ?>B@0?82H8 ?V4 C3>@AL:5 ?0=C20==O, A5@1AL:C 1C;> >AB0B>G=> 702>9>20=> 2 A5@548=V XV AB. ?VA;O ?04V==O !<545@520. 0 E>@20BAL:>N ;535=4>N, :C;L<V=0FV9=>N 2 703815;V 45@6028 B0:>6 1C;0 18B20, I> 2V41C;0AO =0 >A>2>, 0;5 265 =0 E>@20BAL:><C - ?>1;87C <VAB0 =8=, I5 2 XI AB.  2 E>@20BAL:V9 B@048FVW 2B@0B0 =570;56=>ABV B@0:BCTBLAO ?5@5206=> O: ?>:0@0==O 70 3@VE8 ?@842>@=8E, I> 7@048;8 A2>3> :>@>;O[14].  BCB B0:>6 7@04=8FB2> 2545 70 A>1>N =091V;LHC :0@C - V=>75<=5 O@<>, 2 40=><C @07V - C3>@AL:5.  G0A>< E>@20BAL:0 ;535=40 ?@> :>@>;O 2>=8<8@0 2 @V7=8E 20@V0=B0E C2V9H;0 C ?>;LAL:C B0 C3>@AL:C VAB>@V>3@0DVN. "8?>;>3VG=> FV ;535=48 1;87L:V 4> =V<5FL:8E CA=><>2=8E B2>@V2 ?@> "4>1@>3> :>@>;O" 0@;0 5;8:>3>, $@V4@VE0 0@10@>AAC, <0NBL G8<0;> ?0@0;5;59 C A;>2'O=>-=5A;>2'O=AL:><C A2VBV. &V:0289 0=0;>3 AB0=>28BL ;535=40@=0 >?>2V4L ?@> 4>;N >AB0==L>3> ?>@BC30;LAL:>3> <>=0@E0 !510ABLO=0 (1557-1578), 703815;L O:>3> C 18B2V 7 VA?0=FO<8 40;0 ?>HB>2E 4;O 28=8:=5==O ;535=48 ?@> <091CB=V9 ?@8EV4 2872>;8B5;O, I> <0;> >A>1;82C 0:BC0;L=VABL 70 G0AV2 1>@>BL18 7 VA?0=AL:8<8 ?>=52>;N20G0<8 =0 <56V XVII-XVIII AB.[15]. %0@0:B5@=>, I> ;535=48 ?@> F0@O 2872>;8B5;O ?>G8=0NBL ?>H8@N20B8AO 9 C 7030;L=>A;>2'O=AL:V9 B@048FVW, 7>:@5<0 @>AV9AL:V9. > B>3> 6 WE=O ?>1C4>20 1030B> 2 G><C <0T ?>4V1=V @8A8. "0:, C @>AV9AL:V9 ;535=4V A<5@BL "F0@O 8<8B@VO" AB0;0 =0A;V4:>< 1>O@AL:>W 7@048, 0 "F0@" 7<0;L>2CTBLAO B0:8<, "I> ?>AB@06402 70 =0@>4". 03815;L F0@O >B>B>6=N20;0AO V7 7030;L=>=0@>4=8< 3>@5<, ?>@>46C20;0 ;535=48 ?@> <091CB=V9 ?@8EV4 "2872>;8B5;O". 0@5HBV, 2 C:@0W=AL:><C D>;L:;>@V, C @V7=8E D>@<0E B0 20@V0=B0E, ?>1CBC20;8 D>;L:;>@=V B2>@8 ?@> "706C@5=C #:@0W=C", ?>=52>;5==O O:>W ?>2'O7C20;>AO 7 4VO;L=VABN :>70FL:>W AB0@H8=8, ?@8G><C B0:0 V=B5@?@5B0FVO ?>B@0?;O;0 V 4> VAB>@V>3@0DVG=8E B2>@V2[16]. B65, :>A>2AL:0 ;535=40 B8?>;>3VG=5 AB0=>28;0 A5@1AL:89 20@V0=B ?>H8@5=8E A5@54 @V7=8E =0@>4V2 A>FV0;L=>-CB>?VG=8E ;535=4, C :><?;5:AV O:8E 4><V=CT B;C<0G5==O GC68=AL:>3> O@<0 O: 7030;L=>=0@>4=>W V 7030;L=>45@602=>W B@0354VW, ?5@5=5A5==O V450;V2 C <8=C;5, ?>2'O70=5 7 "4>1@8< F0@5<" V "7>;>B>N 4>1>N" O: =0A;V4>: A>FV0;L=>W B0 ?>;VB8G=>W V450;V70FVW[17]. !?>4V20==O =0@>4C 2V4=>28B8 :>;8H=N 7>;>BC 4>1C, <0B8 4>1@>3> F0@O 7C<128;> ABV9:VABL B0:8E ;535=4. >72820NG8AL C?@>4>26 B@820;>3> G0AC, :>A>2AL:0 ;535=40 2 :V=FV XVI - =0 ?>G0B:C XVII AB. 1C;0 >AB0B>G=> AD>@<>20=0, I> 4VAB0;> 2V4>1@065==O C ?8A5<=V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, 7>:@5<0 2 "8BVW F0@O #@>H0", "8BVW F0@O 070@O" (2V4><><C 1V;LH5 O: ">2VABL ?@> 1V9 >A>2AL:89"). %0@0:B5@=>N @8A>N F8E B2>@V2 T 28@07=89 72'O7>: V7 D>;L:;>@=8< B;C<0G5==O< ?>4V9;@5B@>A?5:FVO <8=C;>3> ?5@53C:C20;0AO 7 2V4B2>@5==O< VAB>@8G=8E ?>4V9 2 CA=V9 B@048FVW. # B0:><C 283;O4V :>A>2AL:0 ;535=40 ?>1CBC20;0 2 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V =0 <56V XVII-XVIII AB., =528?04:>2> =01C2H8 >A>1;82>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV. 465 A0<5 2 F59 G0A 2V41C20NBLAO 25;8:V A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5==O, 0 2>4=>@07 V "?5@5=5A5==O" :C;LBC@=8E FV==>AB59 =0 =>2V 75<;V. &5 ?5@5=5A5==O =09G0ABVH5 74V9A=N20;>AO CA=8< H;OE><, >A:V;L:8 A0<5 CA=0 B@048FVO 1C;0 =091V;LH "B@0=A?>@B015;L=>N" ?>@V2=O=> 7 V=H8<8 FV==>ABO<8 A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, ?>:8=CB8<8 =0 702>9>20=8E >A<0=0<8 75<;OE. # ?@>B8AB02;5==V GC6><C A2VB>2V 2V41C20;0AO 0:BC0;V70FVO =0FV>=0;L=>W <VD>;>3VW, A>FV0;L=>-CB>?VG=V ;535=48 AB0=>28;8 206;825 465@5;> VAB>@V>3@0DVW, A?@O<>20=>W =0 ?V4=5A5==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV. >2>4OG8 A2>N :>;8H=N 25;8G, VA=C20==O <>3CB=L>W 45@6028 V7 2;0A=8< F0@5< , I> @07>< 7038=C;8 =0 >A>2>", =0FV>=0;L=0 A2V4><VABL A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 6828;0AO D>;L:;>@=>N B@048FVTN, A?>4V20==O< 2V4@>48B8 2B@0G5=C 25;8G, =04VO<8 =0 2872>;5==O. #?@>4>26 XVIII AB. A5@1AL:89 =0@>4 <CA82 G8=8B8 >?V@ V >A<0=AL:><C O@<C, V 02AB@V9AL:8< ?@5B5=7VO<, B><C :>A>2AL:0 ;535=40 2 CAL><C WW @>730;C65=><C :><?;5:AV AB0=>28;0 >A>1;82C 0:BC0;L=VABL V ?>1CBC20;0 2 A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV. ?8=82H8AO A0<5 2 F59 ?5@V>4 A5@54 A5@1V2, .>70G8=AL:89 =5 <V3 =5 2V4GCB8 2AL>3>, I> 1C;> 4;O =8E =094>@>6G8<. V4B0: 2 >A=>2C B2>@C 2V= :;045 >4=C 7 =094@0<0B8G=VH8E ?>4V9 !5@1VW - ?>?C;O@=C 2 B>3>G0A=><C ACA?V;LAB2V ;535=4C ?@> F0@O #@>H0 O: A:;04>2C G0AB8=C :>A>2AL:>W ;535=48. "8< A0<8< 02B>@ ?@825@B02 C203C O: 28EV4FV2 V7 ?@>AB>3> ;N4C, :>B@V 2?5@H5 10G8;8 A2>T VAB>@8G=5 <8=C;5 =0 AF5=V, B0: V 25@EV2:8, B>1B> A5@1AL:>3> :;V@C, I> @>728202 V45N ?@> F5@:2C O: ?@>4>26C20G0 402=L>W ?5@5@20=>W ;>78 5<0=8GV2. !0<5 >1@07 ">AB0==L>3>" F0@O B0 V45O I>4> 9>3> =0A;V4C20GV2 =091V;LH5 2V4?>2V40;8 704C<0< 02B>@0, B><C 2V= 7 CAVE ?5@A>=06V2 >1@02 A0<5 F59 :><?;5:A ;535=48, O:0 ?>E>465==O <0;0 D>;L:;>@=5, 0;5 V F5@:>2=>N VAB>@V>3@0DVTN 1C;0 ?@89=OB0 A0<5 2 B0:><C 283;O4V. >A;V4=8:8 ?V7=VH8E G0AV2 =5 2@0E>2C20;8 B0:>3> V45>;>3VG=>3> 7=0G5==O ;535=48 ?@> #@>H0 2 B>3>G0A=><C ACA?V;LAB2V, @>;V "D>;L:;>@=>W A2V4><>ABV" ?5@5A5;5=FV2. &5 A?@8G8=8;> 9 =54>>FV=:C 7=0G5==O B2>@C: 9>3> =07820;8 AE>;0AB8G=8<, 2V4V@20=8< 2V4 ACG0A=>ABV. %>G0 .@G8G A;CH=> =03>;>HC202 =0 =5>1EV4=>ABV A?5FV0;L=>3> ?@>G8B0==O ""@0354>:><54VW" 7 C@0EC20==O< A?5F8DV:8 4>18, B8< G0A>< V C 9>3> ?@0FV D>;L:;>@=89 0A?5:B 4@0<8 70;8H82AO ?>70 C203>N, 9 F5 =5 482=>: >A=>2=V D>;L:;>@=V 5;5<5=B8 ?@8ACB=V BCB C 283;O4V ;535=48, @50;V7>20=V V<?;VF8B=> O: @5B@>A?5:FVO <8=C;>3>. # B0:89 A?>AV1 02B>@ B8?>;>3VG=5 1C2 1;87L:89 4> VAB>@V>3@0DVG=8E 465@5;, O:8<8 <V3 :>@8ABC20B8AO, 7<0;L>2CNG8 402=> <8=C;V ?>4VW. !5@1AL:C VAB>@VN >70G8=AL:89 <V3 282G0B8, O: ?@8?CA:0T.@G8G, I5 2 8T2V, 3>BCNG8AL 2V41CB8 70 C=09 V 725@=C2H8AO ?> :>=AC;LB0FVN 4> B8E G8A;5==8E A5@1V2, O:V =02G0;8AO 2 8W2AL:V9 0:045<VW, B0 =091V;LHV <>6;82>ABV 7'O28;8AO 157?>A5@54=L> ?> ?@81CBBV 4> A5@1V2. >70 AC<=V2><, 9><C 1C;> 2V4><5 "8BVT F0@O #@>H0" 0WAVO /=520F0 (A5@548=0 XVI AB. - 1647) - =091V;LH ?>H8@5=5 A5@54 ?5@5A5;5=FV2 VAB>@V>3@0DVG=5 465@5;>. 535=4C ?@> #@>H0 ?@54AB02;5=> V C 2V4><><C ">@>;52AB2V A;>2'O=" (1601) 4C1@>2G0=8=0 02@0 @1V=0, ?5@5:;045=><C 1721 @>:C 70 =0:07>< 5B@0  V, FV;:>< V<>2V@=>, 70=5A5=>3> 4> 8T20. &8< B0 V=H8< B2>@0<, ?@8A2OG5=8< 157?>A5@54=L> >A>2AL:><C 1>N, ?@8B0<0==V D>;L:;>@=V 70?>78G5==O, I> 7030;>< E0@0:B5@=> 4;O 1030BL>E A;>2'O=AL:8E B@048FV9 10@>:>2>W 4>18, :>;8 VAB>@VO 7=0G=>N <V@>N A?8@0;0AO =0 465@5;0 CA=>3> ?>E>465==O.$>;L:;>@=0 ;535=40 ?@> :>@>;O 2>=8<8@0 2 @V7=8E >1@>1:0E ?@8ACB=O C 1030BL>E E>@20BAL:8E ?0<'OB:0E FL>3> ?5@V>4C; =0 :>A>2AL:V9 ;535=4V 1C4CT A2>N >@0B>@VN ">2VABL ?@> F0@O 070@O" .<0T28G, B2V@ O:>3> 7 G>@=>3>@AL:>3> C715@566O 4@V0B8:8 4V9H>2 4> A5@1V2 =0 C=0W, =01C2H8 ?>?C;O@=>ABV A0<5 70 G0AV2 ?5@51C20==O BCB >70G8=AL:>3>. "VA=89 72'O7>: 7 =0@>4=8<8 ;535=40<8 70A2V4GCT V C:@0W=AL:0 VAB>@8:>-;VB5@0BC@=0 ?@>70 XVII-XVIII AB.[18]. B65, =0O2=VABL A5@1AL:>W ;535=48 D>;L:;>@=>3> ?>E>465==O <>6=0 ?>OA=8B8 >A>1;82>ABO<8 B>3>G0A=>W VAB>@V>3@0DVW, ?@>B5 =5 BV;L:8 F8<. 0:>=8 10@>:>2>W 5;>:25=FVW 28<030;8 2@0EC20==O 04@5A0B0, >A>1;82>AB59 @V7=8E A>FV0;L=8E 25@AB2, B>6 C:@0W=AL:89 ?8AL<5==8:, ?5@51C20NG8 157?>A5@54=L> C A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV, =5 <V3 =5 7=0B8 CA=>W B@048FVW 9 =5 CA2V4><8B8 WW 7=0G5==O 4;O 3;O40GV2. # A8BC0FVW, :>;8 2AV F5=B@8 :C;LBC@8, <>=0AB8@V, 4@C:0@=V 70;8H8;8AO =0 70E>?;5=8E >A<0=0<8 75<;OE (4> B>3> 6, 7=0G=0 :V;L:VABL WE 7038=C;0 C ?>;C<'W A?CAB>H5=L), =0 =>28E 75<;OE B@820;89 G0A >A=>2=>N D>@<>N :C;LBC@=>3> A?V;:C20==O 1C;0 A0<5 D>;L:;>@=0 B@048FVO. # =V9 =5 <>3;0 =5 ?0=C20B8 =0FV>=0;L=0 <VD>;>3VO. !>FV0;L=>-CB>?VG=V ;535=48 1C;8 A2>T@V4=>N 4><V=0=B>N 4CE>2=>3> :;V<0BC, 2>=8 ?@>AB> "28AV;8" C ?>2VB@V. ?8=82H8AL C A5@54>28IV, 1C:20;L=> "=05;5:B@87>20=><C" D>;L:;>@=>N A2V4><VABN, >70G8=AL:89 =5 <V3 =5 2@0E>2C20B8 FVTW >A>1;82>ABV A2>3> 04@5A0B0, B>6 FV;5A?@O<>20=> >1@02 2V4?@02=>N B>G:>N 4@0<0B8G=>3> B2>@C ;535=4C. #A=V 465@5;0, 157C<>2=>, <CA8;8 AB0=>28B8 A:;04>2C 9>3> CO2;5=L ?@> <8=C;5. VA=V B0 ;535=48 ?@> #@>H0 =01C;87=0G=>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV C XVII 9 =0ABC?=><C AB>;VBBOE. @> F5 A2V4G0BL V ?8A5<=V ?0<'OB:8 BVTW 4>18 - ""@>=>HAL:89 @>4>A;>2" (A5@548=0 XVIII AB.), "AB>@VO ?@> '>@=C >@C" (1754) .5B@>28G0, ">@>B:89 2ABC? 2 VAB>@VN ?>E>465==O A;>2'O=>A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C" (1756) B0 V=. VA=V ?@> #@>H0 70?8AC20;8 C: 0@0468G B0 9>3> ?>A;V4>2=8:8 !8<0 8;CB8=>28G, >3>;N1 5B@0=>28G, V=HV 718@0GV. >70G8=AL:89 =5 <V3 =5 7=0B8 ;535=48 ?@> 070@O, 0;5 2V= >18@0T A2>W< 35@>T< A0<5 #@>H0, I>18, 2V4HB>2ECNG8AL 2V4 V45W ?@> ?5@5@20=C ;>7C, ?5@59B8 4> ACG0A=>ABV 9 ?>:070B8, EB> =0A?@024V T ?@>4>26C20G5< 402=L>W 48=0ABVW V 2 G><C <>65 7=09B8 ?>@OBC=>: !5@1VO. &N V45N ?V4:@5A;5=> 265 2 =072V B2>@C, O:89 70 45O:8<8 A?8A:0<8 V<5=C202AO "!C<=>N ?>2VABN ?@> A<5@BL >AB0==L>3> F0@O A5@1AL:>3> V ?@> 7@C9=C20==O &0@AB20 !5@1AL:>3>"[19]. "0: C65 A0<0 =0720 =03>;>HCT =0 157?>A5@54=L><C 72'O7:C B2>@C 7 ;535=4>N: =0@>4=0 V=B5@?@5B0FVO 4>;V #@>H0 01> 2>=8<8@0 70A=>2CTBLAO =0 BV9 A0<V9 V45W - ?@> ?5@5@20=C ;>7C V ">AB0==L>3>" ?@028B5;O, E>G0 70 =0ABC?=8E G0AV2 V A5@18, V E>@20B8 <0;8 A2>WE, 2VBG87=O=8E, 2>;>40@V2. V4:@5A;NNG8 2 ?5@HV9 4VW, I> 2AV ?5@5;VG5=V 2 <>=>;>7V !B5D0=0 5@2>25=G0=>3> ?@028B5;V "=0HV9 :@>2V =0;560;8"[20], 02B>@ ?>:07CT, I> V45O ">AB0==L>3>" F0@O <0T 4;O 9>3> 4@0<8 206;825 7=0G5==O. >728B>: 4VW 2 ?5@HV9, VAB>@8G=V9, G0AB8=V 4@0<8, 45 945BLAO ?@> 703815;L !5@1VW, ?>2=VABN 1C4CTBLAO =0 >A=>2=8E AN65B=8E ;V=VOE ;535=48. ;5 =0@>4=V CO2;5==O ?@> <8=C;5 V=>4V ?5@53C:CNBLAO 7 :=86=>N V=B5@?@5B0FVTN ?52=8E ?>AB0B59 G8 O28I. >G5284L, =5 157 2?;82C 68BV9=>W ;VB5@0BC@8 !B5D0= 5@2>25=G0=89 3;>@8DV:CTBLAO C 4@0<V >70G8=AL:>3>. >4=>G0A BCB 2V4GC20NBLAO V ?5@53C:8 7 =0@>4=8<8 CO2;5==O<8 ?@> F0@O O: 4>1@>3> V A?@0254;82>3>, I> ?@0282 "?@028;L=> V G5A=>"[21], >?V:C202AO 45@602>N, I>1 "=5 45@7=C2 =VEB> 265 30=L18B8 @V4 =0H A;>2'O=>A5@1AL:89"[22]. 0@>4=V CO2;5==O ?@> :>;8H=N "7>;>BC 4>1C" =5<>2 2V4;C=NNBL V 2 <>=>;>7V !5@1VW, :>B@0 I0ABO< A2>W< 7024OGCT @>7C<=><C ?@028B5;52V, O:89 V 70E8AB8BL, V @>7AC48BL, V :>6=><C 40ABL 70 9>3> <V@>N. "><C !5@1VO "2AO 2 4>AB0B:C-, V 1;03>4V9=0, <VF=0 V A8;L=0"[23].  ?>H8@5=8<8 A5@54 A;>2'O=, =04B> C :07:>2V9 B@048FVW, CO2;5==O<8 ?@> <C4@>3> AB0@VNG>3> :>@>;O, O:89 ?5@54 A<5@BN <CA8BL 28@VH8B8, :><C ?5@540B8 :>@>=C[24], ?5@53C:CTBLAO B@5BO 4VO, 2 O:V9 "!B5D0=,?@528A>:89 F0@ A5@1AL:89, 7VAB0@V2H8AO, 718@0T :=O7V2 A2>WE V @>74V;OT <V6 =8<8 ?@02;V==O F0@AB2>< A2>W<[25]. %0@0:B5@8AB8:8 >A>18 V 2G8=:C C:0H8=0 71V30NBLAO 7 9>3> E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8 C ?>1C4>20=V9 =0 =0@>4=V9 ;535=4V :=86=V9 B@048FVW. C:0H8= C >70G8=AL:>3> - B8<G0A>289 A?04:>T<5FL, :>B@><C !B5D0= ?5@540T ?@5AB>; 4> ?>2=>;VBBO #@>H0. # ""@0354>:><54VW" 7<0;L>20=> 4@0<0B8G=89 5?V7>4 7@04=8FB20 C:0H8=0 (3>;>2=89 <>B82 ;535=48), :>B@89 ?>@CHCT :;OB2C V 21820T A?@026=L>3> F0@O. /:I> A5@1AL:V 68BVO AF5=C 2182AB20 ?5@540NBL, O: V =0@>4=V ?VA=V, 45B0;V7CNG8 <VAF5 @>7?@028 (?V4 G0A ?>;N20==O, :>;8 <>;>489 A?04:>T<5FL =0E8;OTBLAO, I>1 =0?8B8AO), >70G8=AL:89 F8E 45B0;59 C=8:0T[26]. 5@54CAV< B><C, I> ?>4VW 2 VAB>@8G=V9 G0AB8=V 4@0<8 @>72820NBLAO 48=0<VG=>. B65, 02B>@>2V ?>B@V1=V =5 45B0;V, 0 <5B0D>@0, V45O ?@> 703815;L !5@1VW - O: B;> 4;O 7>1@065==O WW A?@026=VE @OBV2=8:V2. '5@57 F5 AF5=C @>7?@028 ?>40=> ;0:>=VG=>, @5<0@:>N: "C:0H8= 3>@489, 28BO3=C2H8 <5G0, 21820T #@>H0"[27]. >40;LH89 @>728B>: ?>4V9, >FV=:0 2G8=:C C:0H8=0 B0:>6 2V41820NBL 2?;82 =0 02B>@0 =0@>4=>W ;535=48; >:@5<V <VAFO 4@0<8 A2V4G0BL ?@> 28:>@8AB0==O, E>G V =57=0G=>N <V@>N, D>;L:;>@=>W AB8;VAB8:8. >=>;>3 <0B5@V, O:0 2 ?5@54GCBBV ;8E0 @>7HC:CT A8=0, <VAB8BL 28@07=> D>;L:;>@=5 B;C<0G5==O 7;>G8=C: C:0H8= ?@54AB02;5=89 <>@0;L=> @>715I5=8<, 3>@48< V 7065@;828<. 04>10 1030BAB20, @>7:>HV2 70A;V?;NNBL 9>3> V ?V4HB>2ECNBL 4> 2182AB20 F0@528G0. ;0G <0B5@V, :>B@0, 4V7=02H8AO ?@> A<5@BL A8=0, ?@>:;8=0T 2182FN, 40T ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8, I> 02B>@ =5 >1V9H>2AO 157 0A>FV0FV9 7 =0@>4=>N ?;0G>2>N B@048FVTN - 4>A8BL @>728=5=8< 60=@>< A5@1AL:>3> D>;L:;>@C. 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 V=H8E <>=>;>3V2, BCB A?>AB5@V30NBLAO V=H0 AB@C:BC@0, 1V;LH 28@065=0 @8B<VG=VABL, ?>2B>@N20==O @5D@5=V2, B8?>28E 4;O 3>;>AV=L. @5HB>N 02B>@ V A0< 707=0G0T, I> <0B8 "2V4 BO6:>W 60;>18 ?040T =0 75<;N, A?V20T ?;0GCG8"[28]. >6=0 AB@>D0 70:V=GCTBLAO ?>2B>@>< "2182 B8 A8=0 <>3> T48=>3>"; C182FN 7>1@065=> "=VG=8< 2>@>=><". ;5 D>;L:;>@=V 5;5<5=B8 2V4ABC?0NBL ?5@54 :=86=>N ;5:A8:>N, :>;8 945BLAO ?@> E0@0:B5@8AB8:C F0@52182FV ("=5=0A8B=89", "?;>B>O4=89", 3>@45;8289", "E8B@89 AB@06" B0 V=.). 5I> 1V;LH>N <V@>N D>;L:;>@=C A8<2>;V:C 28:>@8AB0=> 2 ?5@540GV A=C C:0H8=0 - >4=><C 7 =09A8;L=VH8E 7 EC4>6=L>3> ?>3;O4C <VAFL 4@0<8. 5@5A;V4C20=89 <C:0<8 A>2VABV, 2182FO @>7?>2V40T A>=, C O:><C 10G8BL A2>N A<5@BL. 0 H;OEC 4> 1@0B0 ?V4 C:0H8=>< B@8GV A?VB:=C2AO :V=L, B@8GV ?@>;5BV2 =04 =8< A5@54 1V;>3> 4=O G>@=89 2>@>=. '>@=8< 22860TBLAO 9><C A;C30 =0 ?>@>7V 1@0B>2>3> 4><C, 2 O:><C 7@04=8FL:8 ?V4=O;8 C:0H8=0 =0 <5GV, V 1C2 2V=, "O:> 254<V4L", :>B@><C "2 3@C48 <8A;825FL A8;L=89 2B8:0T :V;". V= 10G8BL A515 2 :>@G0E, =5<>2 72V@, 7018B89 =0 ?>;N20==V. @8ACB=VABL A;C38, <8A;82FO, 0A>FV0FVW 7 ?>;N20==O<, =5>GV:C20=5 7@04=8FB2> 40NBL ?V4AB028 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> 02B>@ 1C2 7=09><89 7 ?VA5==8< 7@07:>< AF5=8 2182AB20, 2V4>1@065=8< V 2 68BVW, O:5 1C;> =0?8A0=5 0WAVT<. /: V 2 =0@>4=V9 ;535=4V, C:0H8=0 70 9>3> 7;>G8= BO6:> ?>:0@0=>, 0;5 =5 2 ACB8G:0E 7 BC@:0<8, O: C :=86=8E 465@5;0E, 0 - "218B> 3@><><", I> 7=>2C 6 B0:8 AB8A;> ?>:070=> 02B>@><. !<5@BL 2V4 3@><C @>7FV=N20;0AO 2 =0@>4V O: >60 :0@0. &5 ?V4:@5A;NTBLAO V 2V4?>2V4=8< :><5=B0@5<: "#182 1> =0G5 @>4 >B@>:0 =528==>3> - 10BL:V2AL:>3> =0I04:0 V F0@AL:>3> A8=0!"[29] >AL<0 4VO - >4=0 7 =09206;82VH8E C @>728B:C AN65BC, >A:V;L:8 C7030;L=NT 7=0G5==O B@0354VW V 3>BCT ?5@5EV4 4> ACG0A=>ABV, - B0:>6 =5A5 2 A>1V @8A8 =0@>4=>3> >A<8A;5==O VAB>@VW: ?>:0@0==O 70 3@VE8 D5>40;0 =5A5 2AO !5@1VO, WW =0@>4. 1@07 A:>@1>B=>W !5@1VW, I> >?;0:CT A2>N 4>;N, 2B@0B82H8 F0@O G5@57 ?V4ABC?=VABL C:0H8=0, =5<>2 ?5@53C:CTBLAO 7 >1@07>< #:@0W=8 C :8W2AL:V9 4@0<V 10@>:>2>W 4>18, 7 402=L>@CAL:8<8 B2>@0<8 ?@> 703815;L @CAL:>W 75<;V, =0@5HBV - 7 5?VG=8<8 ?VA=O<8, 2 O:8E >?;0:CTBLAO 4>;O 2VBG87=8. !;V4CNG8 C:@0W=AL:V9 B@048FVW, I> ?52=V B@03VG=V ?>4VW ?>2'O7CT 7V A<5@BN :>=:@5B=>3> 35@>O (;535=48 ?@> !525@8=0 0;8209:0, 0:A8<0 @82>=>A0, !5<5=0 0;VO), >70G8=AL:89 B0:>6 725@B0TBLAO 4> 0=0;>3VG=>W <>45;V 2 A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V. CAB0<8 !5@1VW, :>B@0 >A<8A;NT A2>N 4>;N, 3>2>@8BL, 2;0A=5, =0@>4, O:89 C A>FV0;L=>-CB>?VG=8E ;535=40E 28:;02 A2>T @>7C<V==O <8=C;>3>. >;>AV==O !5@1VW ?>1C4>20=5 =0 >A=>2=8E <>B820E F8E ;535=4, O:V 28:;045=> C AB8A;8E, B8?>2> 10@>:>28E, D>@<0E H;OE>< ?@>B8AB02;5==O. !5@1VO 7304CT :>;8H=T (I0A;825) 68BBO V 60;VTBLAO =0 ACG0A=5 (BO6:5): "0A:V;L:8 @0=VH5 2 @04>I0E B>@65AB2C20;0, =0ABV;L:8 =8=V 2 A:>@1>B0E ?5@51C20N". V A<5@BN ">AB0==L>3> F0@O" "?5@5@20;0AL, ?5@5@20;0AL F0@AL:0 ;>70 A?@026=O", F5 - =0A;V4>: "C:0H8=>2>3> 7074@VA=>3> =>@>2C". =>2C =03>;>HCTBLAO =0 >A=>2=><C <>B82V =0@>4=>W ;535=48: =0@>4 V 45@6020 7=>AOBL ?>:0@0==O "70 3@VE8 >BV =0HV"; 2B@0B0 :>;8H=L>W 25;8GV - 28I0 D>@<0 ?>:0@0==O:"038=C;> F0@AB2> 2 !5@1VW - 7038=C;0 9 A;020 =0H0", 72V4A8 9 1V40, AB@0H=VHC 70 O:C 3>4V 9 CO28B8: "...!5@1VO 1V4=0 ?V4 BC@:V2 ?V4?0;0". ?>28B0 60;>1>N, !5@1VO >?;0:CT A2>N 4>;N, ?>2'O7CNG8 <>6;82VABL ?>@OBC=:C ;8H5 7 ?@8E>4>< 2872>;8B5;O, "F0@O 2A5G5AB82>3>, :>B@89 2865=5 A8;C BC@>: =5G5AB828E"[30]. 8:>@8AB>2CNG8 2 VAB>@8G=V9 G0AB8=V ""@0354>:><54VW" >A=>2=V AN65B=V B0 V459=V ?>=OBBO, =0 O:8E 1C4C20;0AO :>A>2AL:0 ;535=40, >70G8=AL:89 >A>1;82C C203C =040202 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=8< C BV G0A8 CO2;5==O< ?@> 2872>;8B5;O. %0@0:B5@=>, I> A0<5 FVTN 4C<:>N ?>G8=0;0AO 02B>@AL:0 @5<0@:0 (O: V <>=>;>3 !5@1VW), 0 70:V=GC20;0AO 2:07V2:>N =0 ?@>4>26C20GV2 48=0ABVW =0 ACG0A=><C 5B0?V. "8< A0<8< 02B>@ 7=>2C 6 B0:8 >@VT=BC202AO =0 A2V4><VABL A2>TW 0C48B>@VW 2V4 =87V2 4> A>FV0;L=>W 25@EV2:8. GV:C20==O 2872>;8B5;O 1C;> =04728G09=> 0:BC0;V7>20=8< C A5@1AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB., :>;8 ?VA;O @>7G0@C20==O C ?>:@>28B5;LAB2V 02AB@V9AL:>3> FVA0@O 25;8:V =04VW ?>:;040;8AO =0 ?>@OBC=>:, I> <02 ?@89B8 2V4 >AVW. !0<5 B><C BCB ?>H8@8;8AO ;535=48 ?@> "@>AV9AL:>3> F0@O", I> =V18B> ?@81C2 4;O =040==O 4>?><>38 CO@<;5=8< A5@10<. &5 1C2 >48= V7 20@V0=BV2 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=8E C BV G0A8 ;535=4 ?@> =0G51B> 682>3> F0@O, :>B@>3> ?V4ABC?=V ?@842>@=V =0<030;8AO 218B8. # D>@<V ;535=4 ?@> A0<>720=FV2 B0:V B2>@8 7'O28;8AO C >AVW, #:@0W=V, '5EVW, >;LHB59=V, 4V9H;8 4> G>@=>3>@AL:>3> C715@566O 4@V0B8:8[31]. 535=40, ?>2'O70=0 7 5B@>< III - "2872>;8B5;5<", 1C;0 2V4><0 V A5@10< >T2>48=8, I> 70A2V4GCT >4=0 7 <VAF528E E@>=V: 70 1762 @V:. # =V9 ?>2V4><;OTBLAO, I> @>AV9AL:89 F0@ ?5@5E>2CTBLAO A5@54 A;>2'O= =0 C=0W, I> 2V= ?>1C202 C 5;3@04V[32]. /: ;N48=0 >A2VG5=0, >70G8=AL:89 =5 ?>4V;O2 70E>?;5==O B0:8<8 ;535=40<8. V4HB>2ECNG8AL 2V4 V45W 2872>;8B5;O, 2V= C ?>40;LH><C @>728B:C 4@0<8, 45 945BLAO ?@> ACG0A=V 9><C ?@>1;5<8, 40T A2>T 10G5==O ?>@OBC=:C !5@1VW, 28A;>2;NNG8 B8< A0<8< 4C<:8 ?@>3@5A82=8E :V; B>3>G0A=>3> ACA?V;LAB20. /: <8 ?0<'OB0T<>, 9>3> 2V4@O482 4> A5@1V2 0D0W; 01>@>2AL:89, 2V43C:CNG8AL =0 70:;8: V:5=BVT >20=>28G0 4>?><>3B8 A5@10< C WE=L><C ?@03=5==V =0;03>48B8 A8AB5<C >A2VB8 B0:C, "O: C 8T2V". 8ABC?0NG8 ?>A;V4>2=8< ?@>2V4=8:>< FVTW ?@>3@0<8, >70G8=AL:89 ?>2>482 A515 4>A8BL B0:B>2=>. V= 10G82, I> 3>;>2=0 70A;C30 2 >@30=V70FVW >A2VB8 =0;568BL .>20=>28GC, 0;5, 2V440NG8 =0;56=5 ?@028;0<, 02B>@ =0 ?>G0B:C 2:07CT =0 ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=VT >20=>28G0 O: =0 2872>;8B5;O, I> 282V2 A5@1V2 7-?V4 BC@5FL:>3> O@<0. # B0:89 A?>AV1 ?8AL<5==8: ?V4B25@46C202 V45W, I> WE @>72820;0 A5@1AL:0 F5@:20 O: ?@>4>26C20G ?5@5@20=>W 48=0ABVW. BV< =0 FL><C >70G8=AL:89 =5 7C?8=OTBLAO, B8< 1V;LH5, I> =0720=89 <8B@>?>;8B =0 B>9 G0A C65 ?><5@. !?@026=V9 2872>;8B5;L - B>9, EB> 410T ?@> 4>1@>1CB 45@6028, B>6 =528?04:>2> I5 =0 ?>G0B:C 4@0<8 C =091V;LHC 70A;C3C !B5D0=>2V AB028BLAO 9>3> ";N1><C4@VT", 70A=C20==O <>=0AB8@V2 (A:06V<>, %8;O=40@C, A;02=>72VA=>3> F5=B@C 7=0=L =0 D>=V), 0 C DV=0;V A?>AB5@V30T<> 3;>@8DV:0FVN B>3>, EB> 70A=C202 H:>;8, - V:5=BVT >20=>28G0. 0:;NG=0, B@8=04FOB0 4VO, AB0=>28BL B@VC<D0;L=5 CA;02;5==O ?>:@>28B5;O 7=0=L, O:>3> >A?V2CNBL ?5@A>=VDV:0FVW H:V; (@0<0B8:0, !8=B0:A8A, >57VO, 8B>@8:0 B0 V=.). !0<5 2 WE=V 2CAB0 02B>@ 2:;040T 2V4?>2V4L, I> WW ?V4B25@46CT V I0A;820 2V4=8=V !5@1VO. # 4V0;>7V <V6 @5A;02=>N !5@1VTN B0 H:>;0<8 10G8<>, I> :@8248BL !5@1VN B>9, EB> "<>;>4>3> F0@O 2182, #@>H0 ?@5:@0A=>3>", 0 ?@>A;02;OT B>9, EB> "2G5==O AB25@46CT"[33]. "0:8< T .>20=>28G, :>B@><C H:>;8 A?V20NBL "<=>30O ;TB0". # B0:89 A?>AV1 02B>@ C DV=0;V ?>T4=02 ;V=VN B@0354V9=C, ?>2'O70=C V7 703815;;N ">AB0==L>3>" F0@O V CO@<;5==O< !5@1VW, 7 ?>@OBC=:><, H;OE 4> O:>3> ?>;O302 C @>728B:C 2VBG87=O=>W :C;LBC@8, :>B@C A5@18 AB2>@N20;8 70 157?>A5@54=L>W 4>?><>38 8T20. B65, ""@0354>:><54VO" >70G8=AL:>3>, AB2>@5=0 2 4CAV H:V;L=>W 4@0<8, 4>A8BL ?>?C;O@=>3> 60=@C 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW, 2V41820T 45O:V 70:>=><V@=>ABV, ?@8B0<0==V C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V FVTW 4>18. )>1 @>7?>2VAB8 ?@> ACG0A=VABL, C:@0W=AL:89 02B>@ 725@=C2AO 4> A5@54=L>2VGGO, =5 <8=0NG8 ?@8 FL><C D>;L:;>@=8E B@048FV9. $>;L:;>@87< ""@0354>:><54VW" >70G8=AL:>3> T A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N :C;LBC@8, <8A;5==O 9>3> 4>18 V :>=:@5B=> A5@1AL:>3> A5@54>28I0, O:><C 2V= 04@5AC202 A2V9 B2V@ V =0 AC<V 7=0=L O:>3> 70A=>2C202AO. @8ACB=VABL >4=>3> 7 2V430;C65=L :>A>2AL:>W ;535=48 C 9>3> B2>@V ?>OA=NTBLAO =5 BV;L:8 AB0=>28I5< B>3>G0A=>W VAB>@V>3@0DVW, I> 0A8<V;N20;0 D>;L:;>@=V 465@5;0, 0 9 FV;5A?@O<>20=>N >@VT=B0FVTN 02B>@0 =0 A2V4><VABL 0C48B>@VW V A2V4><VABN A0<>3> 02B>@0, :>B@89 2V440202 =0;56=5 =0@>4=V9 :C;LBC@V, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 WW, E>G0 9 4>A8BL AB@8<0=>, 2 ?5@540GV >:@5<8E, =091V;LH 4@0<0B8G=8E ?>4V9. # FV;><C 6 "D>;L:;>@=0 A2V4><VABL" C 283;O4V =0@>4=>W ;535=48 - 206;8289 G8==8: 4@0<8, @50;V7>20=89 V<?;VF8B=>. !0<5 =0@>4=0 ;535=40 4>?><>3;0 02B>@>2V 7@>18B8 B2V@ 3>AB@>=0?@C65=8<, 0:BC0;L=8<, 0 2V4B0: 2V4>1@078B8 V45W, 7 O:8<8 >70G8=AL:89 ?@81C2 4> A5@1V2. ""@0354>:><54VO" >70G8=AL:>3> 1C;0 >4=8< V7 G8A;5==8E 2V4>1@065=L C A2VB>2V9 ;VB5@0BC@V B0:>W ?>4VW 2 VAB>@VW A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4C, O: >A>2AL:0 18B20. 5@HC 2V4><C 4@0<C ?@> B@03VG=V ?>4VW 1C;> AB2>@5=> 2 =3;VW 1619 @>:C ACG0A=8:>< (5:A?V@0 "><0A>< >D><. 0 =5N A;V4C20;8 G8A;5==V B2>@8, =0?8A0=V N3>A;>2'O=0<8, ?>G8=0NG8 2V4 4C1@>2G0=8=0 682> 0;<>B8G0 (XVII AB.) 4> ACG0A=>ABV. >A>2AL:0 B5<0B8:0 1C;0 ?0=V2=>N C B2>@G>ABV A5@1AL:8E @><0=B8:V2 V 2 =0ABC?=V G0A8, 2V4V3@0NG8 @>;L =0FV>=0;L=>3> <VD0 - 206;82>3> D0:B>@0 D>@<C20==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV. )>4> 7=0G5==O >70G8=AL:>3>, 2>=> ?>;O30T, 7>:@5<0, 2 B><C, I> =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 V=H8E 02B>@V2 2V= B2>@82 C 157?>A5@54=L> A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV 2 =09:@8B8G=VH89 <><5=B A5@1AL:>W VAB>@VW. @830409<>, I> ?>@OBC=>: !5@1VW ?8AL<5==8: 210G02 C @>728B:>2V :C;LBC@8, G5@57 F5 9>3> B2V@, A?>2=5=89 3C<0=VAB8G=8E V459, I> 2 FV;><C ?@8B0<0==5 C:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:>, 7025@HCTBLAO >?B8<VAB8G=>. "0: C 4VO;L=>ABV >70G8=AL:>3> 2V41C;0AO A2>T@V4=0 7CAB@VG B@048FV9 - :8W2AL:>W, I> =5A;0 A;>2'O=0< 7=0==O V ?@>A2VBC, B0 A5@1AL:>W, O:0 FV 7=0==O >E>G5 ?@89=O;0. >73;O=CBV 465@5;0 B2>@C - CA=V 9 ?8A5<=V - C WE=L><C 270T<>72'O7:C 02B>@ ?5@5>A<8A;NT ?5@H 70 2A5 7 ?>3;O4C 28<>3 :C;LBC@8 9>3> G0AC, B>1B> ;VB5@0BC@=8E =>@< 10@>:>. >70G8=AL:89, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 A5@54=L>2VG=89 DC=40<5=B, 72>48BL =0 =L><C ACG0A=C :>=AB@C:FVN, 10@>:>2C 70 D>@<>N, ?@8=F8?0<8 ?>1C4>28 V AB8;5<. # A5@1V2, B0: A0<>, O: V 2 #:@0W=V, >;LIV B0 >AVW, H:V;L=89 B50B@ 28O282AO =091V;LH ?>A;V4>2=8< ?@>2V4=8:>< V 28@07=8:>< 10@>:>28E B5=45=FV9[34]. 2B>@ ?5@H>W A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8, =02G0NG8AL C V<5GG8=V, <02 7<>3C 10G8B8 :@0IV 7@07:8 FL>3> 60=@C =0 AF5=0E ?@>2V4=8E =02G0;L=8E 70:;04V2 B>3> G0AC. V= 1C2 4>AB0B=L> >1V7=0=89 V7 ?@8=F8?0<8 ?>1C4>28, 70240==O<8 9 <5B>N FVTW D>@<8 AF5=VG=>3> <8AB5FB20, 1C2 7=09><89 V7 ?@0FO<8 ?@>2V4=8E B5>@5B8:V2 B0:>W 4@0<8, 25;L<8 ?>?C;O@=>W 2 8T2V, 72V4:8 2>=0 ?>H8@N20;0AO 40;V =0 A;>2'O=AL:V ?V2=VG B0 ?V245=L. >6=0 AB25@46C20B8, I> >70G8=AL:89 ?>4V;O2 ?>3;O48 2V4><>3> =V<5FL:>3> 2G5=>3> XVII AB. /:>10 0A5=0, 0465 C 4@0<V C:@0W=AL:>3> ?8AL<5==8:0 A?>AB5@V30T<> FV;:>28BC 2V4?>2V4=VABL >4=><C 7 3>;>2=8E ?@8=F8?V2 0A5=0, :>B@89, 70?5@5GCNG8 :;0A8G=V 28<>38 T4=>ABV G0AC 9 <VAFO 4VW, =0?>;O302 BV;L:8 =0 4>B@8<C20==V T4=>ABV 4VW: >70G8=AL:89 4>45@6CTBLAO 9 B0:>3> ?>;>65==O, O: 48=0<V7< 4VW, =5>1EV4=>3>, 018 70E>?8B8 3;O40G0. 0A5= @5:><5=4C202 B0:V AF5=VG=V 5D5:B8, O: A?V28, 10;5B, ?0=B><V<0; F5 7=0E>48<> V 2 >70G8=AL:>3>.  =04B> C:@0W=AL:><C 02B>@>2V 1;87L:V B5>@5B8G=V 28:;04:8 =V<5FL:>3> 2G5=>3> 2 30;C7V 4840:B8:8. >;>2=5 70240==O 4@0<0BC@30, 70 0A5=><, ?>;O30T 2 B><C, I>1 @>7:@820B8 ?><8;:8 9 E81=V ?>;>65==O, 28:@820B8 >1<0=I8:V2, 7@820B8 <0A:8 7 ?>@>:V2, 28O2;OB8 ;N4AL:C 4C@VABL...[35]. 45>;>3VG=V 70A048 4@0<8 >70G8=AL:>3> 1;87L:V 4> 3>;>2=8E ?>;>65=L =V<5FL:>3> 2G5=>3>, 70 O:8< ?>2G0B8 A;V4 B0:, "I>1 7@>7C<V;> 1C;>, I> =5 2A5 68BBO ><0=;825 V =5 25AL A2VB >1;C4=89, 0;5 I> 1@5E=O V >1<0= ?>2'O70=V 7 FV;:>< :>=:@5B=8<8 4VOG0<8, 7 :>=:@5B=>N ?>254V=:>N :>=:@5B=>W ;N48=8, 7 40=>N :>=:@5B=>N A8BC0FVTN V 7 40=8<8 ?>4VO<8, :>B@V, 7>:@5<0, 703@>6CNBL... V 2AL><C =0H><C 68BBN"[36]. #:@0W=AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: <VF=> 70A2>W2 I5 >4=C 7 28<>3, I> WE AB028;8 B5>@5B8:8 4@0<8, - WW 72'O7>: V7 68BBO<, E>G0 2 FV;><C 10@>:>20 4@0<0 <0;0 28A>:5 ?@87=0G5==O. !CA?V;L=0 DC=:FVO 7 =091V;LH>N ?>2=>B>N 28O2;O;0AO C ?@03=5==V 7@>18B8 4@0<C :>@8A=>N. !0<5 B0:V =>B8 28@07=> 72CG0BL C >70G8=AL:>3>: 0:F5=B =0 :>@8A=>ABV, =5>1EV4=>ABV 7=0=L, H:V;, :>B@V ?>28==V =5 BV;L:8 1CB8 2>3=8I0<8 ?@>A2VB8, 0 9 AB25@46C20B8 28A>:V V45W. # FL><C ?8AL<5==8: 28ABC?0T A?@026=V< <8BF5< 10@>:>, 4;O O:>3> 206;82> =5 BV;L:8 ?>:070B8 AB0=>28I5 ACA?V;LAB20, 0 9 ?@>:><5=BC20B8 9>3>, 70:;8:0B8 4> 4VW, 2:070B8 =0 V450;. @03=5==O< 40B8 2;0A=C V=B5@?@5B0FVN :@8B8G=>3> AB0=>28I0 A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 ?@>9=OB> C25AL B2V@. 2B>@ ?>2G0T, =0AB02;OT 3;O40GV2, 40T ?>@048, 45<>=AB@CNG8 <09AB5@=VABL C <8AB5FB2V 28E>20==O, I> 1C;> >4=VTN 7 206;828E 28<>3 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8, 0 >B65 9 H:V;L=>3> B50B@C, ?@87=0G5==O O:>3> ?>;O30;> 2 B><C, I>1 "40B8 ?>@04C, O: 7<V=8B8 68BBO =0 :@0I5, ?>:070B8 ?@O<89 H;OE 4> 4>1@0, ?@8I5?8B8 A<0: 4> 74>@>2>3> 3;C74C 9 G5A=>B"[37]. &O DC=:FVO 7C<>28;0 9 B8? AN65BC ?5@H>W A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8, :>B@89 7=0G=>N <V@>N =0;568BL 4> A8AB5<8 AN65BV2 ?>;LAL:>3>, C:@0W=AL:>3>, @>AV9AL:>3> B50B@V2, F5=B@>< O:8E T <>@0;VB5. BV< C :;0A8G=><C @>7C<V==V <>@0;VB5 01> 6 <>@0;V70B>@AL:>N ?'TA>N F59 B2V@ =0720B8 =5 <>6=0, 0465 C =L><C O4@> <>@0;VB5 >1@>A;> B:0=8=>N B@0354VW ?@> 2;04C. %>G0 BCB V ?@8ACB=V E0@0:B5@=V 4;O B0:>3> B8?C 4@0< V45W ?@0254=>ABV 9 =5?@0254=>ABV, ?'TA0 =0;568BL ?5@54CAV< 4> :>;0 B2>@V2, C O:8E @>73;O40NBLAO 28A>:V B5<8 4>;V =0@>4C, 2VBG87=8. @8ACB=VABL B0:8E <>B82V2, O: 4>;O A5@54=L>2VG=>3> ?@028B5;O, V=H8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 F0@AL:>W @>48=8, =0;568BL 4> AN65BV2 28A>:>3> 10@>:>. "0:V 5;5<5=B8 AN65BC ""@0354>:><54VW", O: 70:>;>B, 2V4GCBBO >4=8< V7 ?5@A>=06V2 G>3>AL, I> ?5@542VICT B@03VG=89 DV=0;; =5704>2>;5=VABL AC?5@=8:0 2;0A=8< AB0=>28I5<; 1>@>BL10 70 2;04C, 2182AB2>; 7>1@065==O >4=>3> V7 ?@5B5=45=BV2 =0 ?@5AB>; B8@0=><, 0 V=H>3> - =528==> 218B8<, <>@0;L=V AB@0640==O, <C:8 A>2VABV 2182FV - 2AV FV >A>1;82>ABV ""@0354>:><54VW" >70G8=AL:>3> ?5@53C:CNBLAO V7 7030;L=8< T2@>?59AL:8< @5?5@BC0@>< H:V;L=8E 4@0< V 7=>2C 40NBL ?V4AB02C 3>2>@8B8 ?@> 28=OB:>2C >1V7=0=VABL 02B>@0 C ?>5B8FV B0 7<VAB>2V B0:8E 4@0<. # ?@8=F8?0E ?>1C4>28 AN65BC >70G8=AL:89 B0:>6 28:>@8AB02 3>;>2=V ?>=OBBO ?>5B8:8 H:V;L=>3> B50B@C. V= <V3 7<0;N20B8 ?>4VW 157?>A5@54=L> 01> 6 >?>A5@54:>20=>. 8AL<5==8: 2V4402 ?5@5203C 25;L<8 C;N1;5=><C 2 ?>5B8FV 10@>:> 70A>1C ?>1VG=>3> 28@065==O V45W, ?@>B5 =5 >1<5682AO ;8H5 G8<, 0 >1'T4=02 420 <5B>48. 2B>@ 725@B0TBLAO 9 4> ?>@V2=O==O - 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=>3> 70A>1C 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20. 04;O 1V;LH 5D5:B82=>3> @>7:@8BBO V459=>3> 7<VABC 2V= 28:>@8AB>2CT ?@8=F8? ?0@0;5;L=>W ?>1C4>28. !N65B ""@0354>:><54VW" 70A=>2CTBLAO =0 ?@>B8AB02;5==V, 2V4?>2V4=> 9 CAV 5;5<5=B8 AN65BC <0NBL A2>W ?0@0;5;V. &5 28O2;OTBLAO C :>=B@0ABC20==V 42>E 5?>E - A5@54=L>2VGGO V ACG0A=>ABV. !5@54=L>2VG=C !5@1VN 7>1@065=> 2 WW @>7:2VBV B0 2 <><5=B :@8B8G=>3> ?04V==O 48=0ABVW, 0 ACG0A=5 02B>@>2V A5@1AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> ?>:070=5 2 4V0?07>=V 2V4 =5287=0G5=>ABV AB0=>28I0, O:5 <56CT 7 2V4G0T< !5@1VW, 4> B@VC<DC 7=0=L, 2V@8 C <091CB=T. 8=C;5 9 4V9A=VABL 270T<=> 4>?>2=NNBL, 270T<>2V4>1@060NBL >4=5 >4=>3>. AB0=>2;NNG8 B0:89 72'O7>: <V6 42><0 G0A>28<8 AD5@0<8, >70G8=AL:89 4>AO30T FV;VA=>ABV, =572060NG8 =0, 74020;>AO 1, @>7V@20=VABL C G0AV, O: B>3> 28<030;8 70:>=8, 60=@C. 0B53>@VO G0AC 2 =L>3> 2V4V3@0T =04728G09=> 206;82C @>;L, B0:>6 A?@O<>20=C =0 @>7:@8BBO 3>;>2=>W V45W. @> 157?>A5@54=V9 72'O7>: V7 10@>:>2>N ?>5B8:>N 3>2>@8BL V FV;0 =87:0 :><?>78FV9=8E, AB8;L>28E >A>1;82>AB59 4@0<8. !0<0 =0720 B2>@C 265 <VAB8BL 3>;>2=89 ?@8=F8? 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8, =0 O:><C 107CTBLAO B2V@, - ?@>B8AB02;5==O :>=B@0AB=8E 70 E0@0:B5@>< V 7<VAB>< O28I. 3V4=> 7 28<>30<8 60=@C 4@0<0 <CA8BL ?>T4=C20B8 B@0354V9=VABL V I0A;82C :V=FV2:C, I> A?>AB5@V30T<> V C >70G8=AL:>3> - H;OE 2V4 703815;V "F0@O" 4> ?@8E>4C 2872>;8B5;O. # ?@>;>7V ?8AL<5==8: 28A;>282 A2>T @>7C<V==O B50B@0;L=>W 4VW - F5 =5 B0: 4@0<0B870FVO, O: >?>2V4L, 28@065=0 C <>=>;>30E, I> WE 3;O40G 70?@>HCTBLAO "2=OB=> ?>A;CH0B8". "0:>N, 2;0A=5, V T AF5=VG=0 ?@8@>40 H:V;L=>W 4@0<8; WW "28:;040NBL", "28O2;ONBL". "><C 5@>;L4 C 2ABC?V ?@>A8BL 3;O40G0 725@=CB8 C203C =0 B5, I> 02B>@ ?@03=5 "?>:070B8 O2AB25==>" 3;O40G52V. A=>2=5 =020=B065==O C FL><C "?>:07V" =5ACBL <>=>;>38 B0 4V0;>38, B>1B> >A>1;825 7=0G5==O =040TBLAO A;>2C O: 3>;>2=><C 28@07=8:C V45W. ;O A5@1AL:>W 0C48B>@VW "D>;L:;>@=0 A2V4><VABL", A?V;:C20==O 7 D>;L:;>@>< 1C;8 =>@<>N, B>6 V CA=89 @5G8B0B82, 2V4><89 C 5?VG=V9 B@048FVW, AB0=>282 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=5 O28I5. "><C B0:0, =5 AF5=VG=0, 0 45:;0<0B>@AL:0, 4@0<0, ?@03=5==O 02B>@0 "@>7:070B8" V "?>:070B8" 4VW =5 <>3;8 1CB8 GC68<8 ?C1;VFV, I> 2?5@H5 10G8;0 AF5=C, 0;5 728:;0 4> CA=>W EC4>6=L>W :><C=V:0FVW. @>B5 >1AO3 704C<C B0 9 >1>2'O7:>20 4840:B8G=VABL B2>@C <>3;8 ?@8725AB8 4> <>=>B>==>ABV, 3@><V74:>ABV, B>6 <8B5FL 26820T @V7=><0=VB=V 70A>18 10@>:>2>W 5;>:25=FVW, I> A?@8ONBL CB@8<C20==N C2038 3;O40G0. :@V< 4>A8BL 2V4><>3> 0C48B>@VW V=B@83CNG>3> AN65BC >70G8=AL:89 725@B0TBLAO 4> B0:8E 206;828E :><?>=5=BV2 ?>1C4>28, O: 0=B8B5B8G=VABL, 2=CB@VH=O @>7V@20=VABL, ?@>B8AB02;5==O @50;L=>ABV B0 V450;C, ?V4=5A5=>3> 9 =53V4=>3>. @8=F8? :>=B@0AB=>3> G5@3C20==O, 7>1@065==O "H284:>W 7<V=8 I0ABO V =5I0ABO" (O: ?>OA=N202 70:>=8 4@0<8 $5@48=0=4> 45 >E0A C ?VA;O<>2V 4> A2>TW B@03V:><54VW "!5;5AB8=0", 1499) ?8AL<5==8: 28B@8<CT 4>A8BL ?>A;V4>2=>[38]. >3> 4@0<0 1C4CTBLAO =0 ACB> 10@>:>28E 0=B8B570E: <8 A?>AB5@V30T<> A8<5B@8G=5 ?@>B8AB02;5==O G0AC, F=>B V ?>@>:V2, ?@>B81>@AB2> ?@O<> ?@>B8;56=8E A8;. ""@0354>:><54VO" >70G8=AL:>3> =5A5 2 A>1V >1>2'O7:>25 2BV;5==O V45W C <5B0D>@V, 2 0;53>@8G=><C 2V4>1@065==V 68BBO. #AV FV >A>1;82>ABV A?>AB5@V30NBLAO 265 2 0=B8?@>;>30E 4@0<8. 0 70:>=0<8 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8 0=B8?@>;>3 <CA8BL <VAB8B8 V=B5@?@5B0FVN 3>;>2=>W V45W, ?>OA=5==O 4@0<8, :>B@5 A;V4 ?5@540B8 7 <0:A8<0;L=8< ;0:>=V7<>< B0 5D5:B><, I>1 C@078B8 3;O40G0, 70V=B@83C20B8 9>3>. >70G8=AL:89 F5 70240==O 28@VHCT 4>A8BL CA?VH=>. >3> 420 0=B8?@>;>38 270T<=> ?@>B8AB02;5=V V 7024O:8 FL><C 2V41820NBL O: 3>;>2=C V45N B2>@C, B0: V ?@>2V4=89 :><?>78FV9=89 ?@8=F8?. 5@H89 0=B8?@>;>3, 0;53>@8G=> ?@54AB02;5=89 =V2><-NBBN O: CBV;5==O< =530B82=>3>, A8<2>;V7CT <>@>: =52V3;0AB20; 4@C389, C>A>1;5=89 8;VABN, 8@><, 7=0<5=CT 4>1@>, ?5@5<>3C @>7C<C. >70G8=AL:89, :5@CNG8AL 0=B8B57>N O: >4=8< V7 4><V=0=B=8E ?@8=F8?V2 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20, 7VHB>2ECT FV ?>=OBBO. # FL><C 2V= 2402AO 4> 25;L<8 ?>H8@5=>3> 70A>1C 4>18: @V7:0 A2VB;>-BV=L>20 :>=B@0AB=VABL - 206;8289 70AV1 682>?8AC 0@02046>, 5<1@0=4B0 - AB2>@N20;0 0B<>AD5@C 4@0<0B87<C, 2=CB@VH=L>3> =0?@C65==O. !2VB;> 2 10@>:> A8<2>;V7C20;> VAB8=C, A?@0254;82VABL, =515A=V A8;8. @>B81>@AB2> A2VB;0 9 <>@>:C A?>AB5@V30TBLAO C >70G8=AL:>3> 2?@>4>26 CAVTW 9>3> @0<8 V 2BV;NTBLAO =0 @V7=8E @V2=OE - A;>25A=><C, AF5=VG=><C V AN65B=><C, I> B0:>6 T >4=VTN 7 =>@< H:V;L=>3> B50B@C[39]. 5B0D>@8G=> 2BV;NNG8 2 0=B8?@>;>30E 3>;>2=5 30A;> B2>@C, >70G8=AL:89 =5 ?@>AB> 4>45@6C202AO 70:>=V2 60=@C. !?>2=5=V 48=0<V:8, 5:A?@5AVW, 9>3> :>@>B:V 0D>@8AB8G=V 0=B8?@>;>38 157?>A5@54=L> ?>2'O70=V 7 @50;L=8< AB0=>28I5< A5@1V2 ?VA;O WE=VE ?5@5A5;5=L. /: 70C206CT .@G8G, :>6=5 ;0:>=VG=5 A;>2>, 2=5A5=5 02B>@>< C ?5@H89 0=B8?@>;>3, <0T :>=:@5B=5 ?V4@C=BO - 3>;>4=V @>:8, 5?V45<VW, V=B@838 2V45=AL:>3> 42>@C. ;O40GV @>7C<V;8 7=0G5==O :>6=>3> A;>20, >A:V;L:8 7=5A;8 2AV <8B0@AB20 ?5@5A5;5=L, 3>=V==O 7 1>:C BC@5FL:8E B0 02AB@V9AL:8E ?5@5A;V4C20GV2. 5@59<0NG8AL WE=V< AB0=>28I5<, 02B>@ =5 >1<56C202AO ;8H5 A?V2GCBBO<. #65 =0 ?>G0B:C ?5@H>3> 0=B8?@>;>3C ?>OA=NT, I> 2AV ;8E0 - 2V4 =5CFB20, 2V4ACB=>ABV 7=0=L; 4@C389 0=B8?@>;>3 =0 ?@>B8203C ?5@H><C A?>2=5=89 A2VB;0: 2V= 2:07CT =0 H;OE 28@VH5==O ?@>1;5<, =0 28EV4 V7 <>@>:C =57=0==O. &5 - ?@>A2VB0 ("<C4@>ABL TABL 2A5E 1;03 =0G0;> 8 3;020"), O:0 >1VFOT 1030BAB2> V A;02C[40]. =B8?@>;>38 ""@0354>:><54VW" T 4>A8BL ?>:07>28<8 4;O @>7C<V==O ?@8@>48 B2>@C: 2>=8 "?@0FNNBL" =0 V45N @>A2VB=8FB20. >7C< O: 0;53>@VO 2V4><89 V 5AB5B8FV 10@>:>, 0;5 BCB C65 A?>AB5@V30T<> >G5284=89 @CE 4> ?@>A2VB=8FL:8E V459. 304C20=V 0=B8?@>;>38 ?>7=0G5=V 5<1;5<0B8G=VABN, V <>6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> 02B>@ 4C<02 ?@> DV3C@0B82=5 7>1@065==O F8E ?5@A>=06V2 =0 AF5=V. "0:, 7;> BCB ?@54AB02;5=5 =V2><-NBBN, V 420 2V@HV ?5@H>3> 0=B8?@>;>3C =5<>2 28ABC?0NBL >1>2'O7:>28< 2 5<1;5<V 452V7><. @C389 0=B8?@>;>3 5<1;5<0B8G=> ?@54AB02;5=89 8;VABN-8@>< O: C>A>1;5==O< C4@>ABV, I> C ?@02V9 @CFV B@8<0T A8<2>; 4>23>;VBBO, C ;V2V9 - A8<2>; 1030BAB20 V A;028. 0:>=VG=V, 7@>7C<V;V, =5 ?5@520=B065=V 7092>N 0B@81CB8:>N, FV 0=B8?@>;>38 =5<>2 704020;8 B>= V @8B< CAL>3> B2>@C. &59 @8B< <>6=0 AE0@0:B5@87C20B8 O: 5:A?@5A82=89, 48=0<VG=89. VW @>72820NBLAO AB@V<:>, =5=0G5 "A?>2=5=V B5E=V:8 :V=>:04@C, :V=><>=B06C" (.@G8G). VA;O @V7:8E, ?>7=0G5=8E 7<V=>N A2VB;>-BV=L>28E :>=B@0ABV2 0=B8?@>;>3V2, =5=0G5 C :0;594>A:>?V, G5@3CNBLAO ?>4VW, 5?>E8, VAB>@8G=V ?>AB0BV. &V;C =87:C A5@1AL:8E 2>;>40@V2, I> WE 73>4>< 3@0DV: %@8AB>D>@ 5D0@>28G 7<0;N202 C A2>W9 "!B5<0B>3@0DWW", >70G8=AL:89 282>48BL C <>=>;>7V A5@1AL:>3> :>@>;O !B5D0=0 5@2>25=G0=>3>. &O ?0@0;5;L V7 7>1@065==O< <8=C;>W 25;8GV T =04728G09=> 206;82>N (4>FV;L=> 73040B8 10@>:>2V @>7?8A8 <>=0AB8@O @CH54>;, 28:>=0=V C:@0W=AL:8<8 <09AB@0<8 ?VA;O >70G8=AL:>3>). >70G8=AL:89 70A2V4GCT, I> C2V9H>2 C =09206;82VHC ?@>1;5<C A5@1AL:>W V45>;>3VW - 0:BC0;V70FVN <8=C;>3>, 72'O7>: A5@54=L>2VGGO 7 4>1>N 10@>:>. >6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> ?VA;O :=86=>W B@048FVW, 45 FO B5<0, ?>2'O70=0 7 D>;L:;>@=>N B@048FVTN, 4>A8BL 28@07=> ?@54AB02;5=0, ?8AL<5==8: ?5@H8< 2V4>1@0782 WW C <8AB5FB2V, ?@8=09<=V AF5=VG=><C, ?>BV< WW ?@>4>268;8 ?@54AB02=8:8 9 >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 - C:@0W=FV 0A8;L ><0=>28G, >2 0A8;528G B0 A5@1 %@8AB>D>@ 5D0@>28G. /:I> FV <8BFV, 70;56=> 2V4 A2>3> E8ABC G8 >A2VB8, 10@>:87C20;8 A5@54=L>2VG=V >1@078, B> >70G8=AL:89 ?VH>2 40;V. V= ?@54AB0282 A5@1AL:8E 2>;>40@V2 C65 2 A2VB;V ?@>A2VB8B5;LAL:8E V459, 0:F5=BCNG8 2 WE=V9 4VO;L=>ABV ?5@H 70 2A5 ";N1><C4@VT" O: =091V;LHC 70A;C3C ?5@54 10BL:V2I8=>N. >728B>: =0ABC?=8E ?VA;O 2ABC?=>3> <>=>;>3C ?>4V9, 28A;>2;NNG8AL >4=VTN 7 @5?;V: ""@0354>:><54VW", "1568B 1KAB@>, 0:8 :>@01;L =0 <>@5"[41]. )5 =5 2AB83;8 2V4;C=0B8 70?52=5==O C:0H8=0 C 2V@=>ABV, O: C65 2 =0ABC?=V9 AF5=V 10G8<> 9>3> 2V@>;><=8<, A202V;L=8< B8@0=><. VA;O 4@0<0B8G=>W A20@:8 2V41C20TBLAO 2182AB2> A?04:>T<FO ?@5AB>;C.  ?>O2>N 715=B565=>W !5@1VW B0 218B>W 3>@5< <0B5@V F0@528G0 4@0<0B87< =03=VGCTBLAO. 8=0<V:C ?>A8;NT F0@52182FO, :>B@89 =5 7=0E>48BL A>1V <VAFO, 7<CG5=89 4>:>@0<8 A>2VABV. >3> 2@060T =0@5HBV 3@V< O: >60 ?>:0@0. 0?@C65=VABL, 48=0<V7< =5 7=86CNBLAO V 2 =0ABC?=8E 4VOE, O:V 254CBL 4> C@>G8AB>3> DV=0;C, 45 B>@65AB2CNBL A?@0254;82VABL, 2V41C20TBLAO B@VC<D 7=0=L. @0<0B87<, 2=CB@VH=N ?A8E>;>3VG=C ?>3;81;5=VABL (C <560E <>6;82>AB59 02B>@0 B0 =>@< ;VB5@0BC@8 9>3> G0AC) ?>A8;NNBL B0:>6 B0:V >1>2'O7:>2V 0B@81CB8 H:V;L=>W 4@0<8, O: ?5@54GCBBO - 1V48, 7;0, A<5@BV (C>A>1;5=5 2 >1@070E A:>@1>B=>W <0B5@V #@>H0, !5@1VW, O:0 >GV:CT B@03VG=8E 2VAB59; C:0H8=0, 3=0=>3> <C:0<8 A>2VABV B0 CA2V4><;5==O< =5<8=CG>W ?>:0@8);?@>2VI0==O <091CB=L>3> (A>= C:0H8=0 O: 70210G5==O A<5@BV;?@>@>FB20 !82V;; I>4> 2872>;5==O !5@1VW); @0?B>20 72VAB:0 (?@> A<5@BL A?04:>T<FO ?@5AB>;C; ?@> 2872>;8B5;O, 7 ?@8E>4>< :>B@>3> ?>2'O70=V A?>4V20==O !5@1VW); 482>, @0?B>20 @>72'O7:0 =0?@C65=>W A8BC0FVW (=515A=0 ?>:0@0 F0@52182FV, =04VA;0=89 7 3>@8 @OBV2=8: !5@1VW) B>I>. 8=0<VG=><C V 2>4=>G0A 5?VG=><C @>728B:>2V ?>4V9 A?@8OT V >@30=V70FVO >1@07=>W A8AB5<8. V7=>;8:VABL 35@>W2, =0 ?5@H89 ?>3;O4 E0>B8G=0, ?>OA=NTBLAO B8?>2> 10@>:>28< 70A>1>< 7<VI5==O @50;L=8E, 283040=8E B0 O78G=8FL:8E (0=B8G=8E), E@8AB8O=AL:8E B0 V=H8E >1@07V2. "0:0 "AB@>:0BVABL" C FV;><C ?@8B0<0==0 @V7=><0=VB=8< AD5@0< 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20, >A>1;82> CA=V9 >@0B>@AL:V9 ?@>7V, H:V;L=><C B50B@>2V, 0@EVB5:BC@V B>I>. !8AB5<0 >1@07V2 C >70G8=AL:>3> GVB:> ?@>4C<0=0 V ?52=>N <V@>N 7<0;L>2CT E0@0:B5@=V 25@AB28 A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 @V7=8E 5?>E. "CB V VAB>@8G=V ?>AB0BV (!B5D0=, #@>H, C:0H8=), 9 ACG0A=8:8 02B>@0 (?0B@V0@E @A5=VT, <8B@>?>;8B V:5=BVT >20=>28G), V=HV ?@54AB02=8:8 ACA?V;LAB20 ("1>O@8, 4CE>25=AB2>, 28IV 0@<V9AL:V G8=8, >A2VG5=V 3@><04O=8, V=B5;V35=FVO B>3> G0AC, G8=>2=8FB2>, 1V4=>B0. 40TBLAO 02B>@ V 4> >1>2'O7:>28E 0;53>@V9 (@0648, BG0O=VO, !;02>;N1VO, !>25B0), ?5@A>=VDV:0FV9 (!5@1VW, "H:V;": @0<0B8:8, >578AC, 8B>@8:8, !8=B0:A8AC), 1V1;V9=8E ?5@A>=06V2 (8B0@O V $0@8A5O, 030G0 V 070@O), >1@07V2 0=B8G=>W <VD>;>3VW (5;>=8, 0@A0, 0;0A0), 35@>W2 A;>2O=AL:>W <VD>;>3VW (>;E20, 5@FO), AF5=VG=8E ?5@A>=06V2 (5@>;L40, 45:;0<0B>@0, E>@C, =0@>4C, <C78:0=BV2). 304CNBLAO ?5@A>=06V, ?>B@V1=V 4;O AB2>@5==O :>;>@8BC ?@842>@=>3> 68BBO, F5@5<>=V9=>ABV (1>O@8, :=O7L, 0@EVT@5W); AN48 6 4;O AB2>@5==O V;N7VW @>7:>HV, 2@>G8AB>ABV, A0:@0;L=>ABV, 72'O7:C 7 28I8<8 A8;0<8 2E>4OBL =515A=V 0=35;8, 2VA=8:8 B>I>. "0:5 =03@><0465==O @V7=><0=VB=8E, AB@>:0B8E 70 ?>E>465==O< >1@07V2, O: ?@028;>, 7CAB@VG0;> =5@>7C<V==O C :@8B8FV ?V7=VH8E G0AV2, I> 2 FV;><C E0@0:B5@87CT AB02;5==O 4> ;VB5@0BC@=>W :C;LBC@8 10@>:>. ;NAB@0FVTN <>65 1CB8 4>;O ?>1C4>20=>W 70 70:>=0<8 >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78 ">;VB8:8" .@VO @860=8G0, A8AB5<0 >1@07V2 O:>W ?>7=0G5=0 BVTN A0<>N, I> V 2 >70G8=AL:>3>, AB@>:0BVABN, >4=0: <0T GVB:> ?@>4C<0=C :>=F5?FVN[43]. "5 A0<5 <>65<> A:070B8 V ?@> AB@C:BC@C B2>@C >70G8=AL:>3>, @>7<0WBBO ?5@A>=06V2 C O:><C 7F5<5=B>20=5 V45TN T4=>ABV ?>78B82=8E V450;V2, CAVTW =0FVW. ;5 FN T4=VABL 2V4?>2V4=> 4> ?>5B8:8 H:V;L=>3> B50B@C ?>:070=> C ?@>B8@VGGV. @8=F8?8 :>=B@0ABC, 4C0;L=>3> G;5=C20==O A2VBC, ?@>B81>@AB20 0=B8?>4V2 BCB 28ABC?0NBL >A=>2>?>;>6=8<8 2 >@30=V70FVW >1@07V2. 2B>@ 28:>@8AB>2CT FV ?@8=F8?8, 018 7 =091V;LH>N A8;>N ?>:070B8 "28I5 7=0G5==O" >4=8E >1@07V2 AB>A>2=> V=H8E. !5@54 9>3> 35@>W2 4><V=CNBL 3>;>2=V, 0 2B>@8==V A?@8ONBL 28@065==N >A=>2=>W V45W; BC A0<C DC=:FVN 28:>=CNBL >1@078 ?@54AB02=8:V2 28I8E V =87>28E 25@AB2 ACA?V;LAB20. >;>2=5 =020=B065==O C @>7:@8BBV 704C<C =5ACBL >1@078-0=B8?>48, B0:V O: !B5D0=, #@>H-C:0H8=, !>25B 1;03-@0640, 8B=8:-$0@8A59 B>I>. @8B0<0==5 10@>:>2><C A2VB>A?@89=OBBN 48E>B><VG=5 G;5=C20==O A2VBC V;NAB@CT @>7AB0=>2:0 0;53>@8G=8E ?5@A>=06V2, I> 2V4V3@0NBL @>;L C @>728B:C AN65BC. 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0, O:89 =5 22>482 C A2>N 4@0<C 0;53>@8G=V ?>AB0BV, >70G8=AL:89 0:B82=> 28:>@8AB>2CT F59 25;L<8 ?>H8@5=89 70AV1 28@065==O V45W.  4>?><>3>N 0;53>@V9 02B>@ 2V41820T 4V9A=VABL ?0@0D@07>N. "0:, <0NG8 70 :V=F52C <5BC CA;02;5==O 4VO;L=>ABV A2>3> <5F5=0B0, ?>:@>28B5;O 7=0=L, 2V= A?>G0B:C 725@B0TBLAO 4> <8=C;>3> !5@1VW, ?>BV< 4> WW ACG0A=>3> AB0=>28I0, 7>1@06CNG8 9>3> 2 0;53>@VOE, V ;8H5 ?>BV< A:;040T ?>4O:C V:5=BVT >20=>28GC. 2B>@ ?@03=C2 <0:A8<0;L=> 28:>@8AB0B8 A>FV0;L=89 A5=A 0;53>@V9 C @>7:@8BBV V45W. %>G 0;53>@8G=V >1@078 70 A2>TN ?@8@>4>N 1C;8 C<>2=8<8, 3;O40G @>7C<V2 V ;53:> @>7H8D@>2C202 WE=N ACBL, >A:V;L:8 @V7=V <>@0;L=V C>A>1;5==O B0 ?5@A>=VDV:0FVW 2:07C20;8 =0 :>=:@5B=V O28I0 B0 ACA?V;L=V ?@>1;5<8. 0 0@A>< V 5;>=>N AB>O;8 AC?@>B82=8:8 H:V;, >1<565=V 0@<V9AL:V G8=8, :>B@V 22060;8, I> ;V?H5 AB0@0==VABN 2 02AB@V9AL:><C 2V9AL:C 70A;C68B8 <8;VABL V ;0A:C 7 1>:C 2;0AB59, 0=V6 H;OE>< 4CE>2=>3> ?@>B81>@AB20 >1AB>N20B8 ?5@54 =8<8 ?@02> =0 =570;56=VABL. >70G8=AL:89 <09AB5@=> 2V4>1@0782 O: =540;5:VABL >?>78FVW, WW =52<V==O 4828B8AO 40;V 2;0A=8E V=B5@5AV2, B0: V >1<565=VABL "01AC@4=>3> 3;04V0B>@AB20" A5@1AL:8E 2>O:V2, O:V B0: V =5 >B@8<0;8 >GV:C20=8E ?@82V;5W2. 7 CAL>3> FL>3> ?8AL<5==8: AB2>@82 0;53>@8G=89 >1@07 0@A0, O:89 C>A>1;NT =5@>7C<=5 9 03@5A82=5 A5@1AL:5 2>OFB2>. # 48A?CBV <V6 0@A>< V 5;>=>N, 7 >4=>3> 1>:C, B0 0;0A>< - 7 V=H>3>, 02B>@ C<V;> 2V4>1@0782 ?@>B81>@AB2> 42>E B01>@V2, A?V22V4=>H5==O A8;, ?>:0702 ?5@5:>=0==O V @50;L=5 AB0=>28I5 ?@8E8;L=8:V2 ?@>A2VB=8FB20, :>B@V 289H;8 7 ?>;5<V:8 715=B565=V. %>G0 ;>3V:0 C4@>ABV 3C<0==0 (=0 @5?;V:C 5;>=8 "8 A2>1>4C A01;5N 1C45< 70I8I0B8" 2>=0 @57>=CT: "CGH5 157 :@>2>?@>;8B8O A5 8<O ABO60B8"[44]), ?5@5<030NBL ?@54AB02=8:8 A8;8, 2830=ONG8 C4@VABL, O:0 >1AB>NT H:>;8 :8W2AL:>3> B8?C. 2B>@ 2:07CT =0 28=C20BFV2 7;0, C>A>1;5=8E BCB 074@VABN O: >4=8< V7 =091V;LH8E ?>@>:V2. &O 0;53>@VO <0T :>=:@5B=89 ?@>B>B8? - =0?V2>A2VG5=89 :;V@, I> ?@> =L>3> >20= 0WG ?8A02: "074@VA=8:0<8 V ?5@5A;V4C20G0<8 CG=V2 1C;8 ?@842>@=V ?0B@V0@E0, B><C I> 2>=8 1C;8 B0:8<8 =52V3;0A0<8, I> ;54L <>3;8 G8B0B8 9 ?8A0B8, B><C-B> W< 284020;>AO 30=51=8<, I>18 4VB8, :>B@V C H:>;V =02G0NBLAO, :@0I8<8 70 =8E 1C;8 C 7=0==OE. "><C-B> W< E>BV;>AO, I>1 V =0@>4 C25AL C B0:><C =5CFB2V ?5@51C202, 0=V6 W< B0:C 30=L1C 7=>A8B8"[45]. @>B5 074@VABL C >70G8=AL:>3> - F5 =5 BV;L:8 :;V@, 0 9 CA5 B5, I> 1C;> V=5@B=8<, ?0A82=8< 4> 7=0=L. "0: A0<>, O: @>:>?>28G, :>B@89 C 65@FOE, O78G=8FB2V 28A<VN202 @>AV9AL:5 4CE>25=AB2>, O:5 AC?@>B828;>AO @5D>@<0< 5B@0 , >70G8=AL:89 28:@8202 :>=A5@20B87<, =540;5:VABL ?52=>W G0AB8=8 A5@1AL:>3> 4CE>25=AB20 V 2AVE 2>@>3V2 7=0=L. :@V< 0;53>@8G=8E C7030;L=5=L, :>B@V =04020;8 FL><C B2>@>2V C=V25@A0;L=>3> 7=0G5==O, I> @>18;> 9>3> 0:BC0;L=8< 2?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII AB., >70G8=AL:89 <09AB5@=> 7>1@06CT @50;L=V VAB>@8G=V ?>AB0BV. !B5D0=, "?@528A>:89 F0@ A5@1AL:89", AB0=>28BL V<?;VF8B=> @50;V7>20=C ?@>5:FVN =0 V:5=BVT >20=>28G0. V= - 5=5@3V9=89, 4V9>289, A;C68BL V45W ?@>F2VB0==O 45@6028, I> 2 FV;><C 2V4?>2V40T V450;>2V <C4@>3> ?@028B5;O, ?>B@V1=>3> 2VBG87=V. !B2>@NNG8 B0:89 >1@07, 02B>@ 28:>@8AB02 68BV9=C ;VB5@0BC@C, 2@0E>2CNG8 2>4=>G0A BV :>=:@5B=V CO2;5==O ?@> A?@0254;82>3>, 4>1@>3> 2>;>40@O, ?@> O:V 9H;>AO 28I5. >:07>2>, I> CO2;5==O ?@> B0:>3> ?@028B5;O =5<>2 ">:V;LFL>2CT" B2V@: 2V= ?>G8=0TBLAO V 70:V=GCTBLAO A0<5 B0:8<, ?>78B82=8<, >1@07>< - 2V4 !B5D0=0 4> <8B@>?>;8B0 V:5=BVT >20=>28G0 O: ?@>4>26C20G0 A?@028 !B5D0=0. AB0==L><C ?@>B8AB02;5=> C:0H8=0, >1@07 O:>3> 45I> 1V;LH5 V=482V4C0;V7>20=>, ?@54AB02;5=> 7 H8@H>N 30<>N 5<>FV9. 8 10G8<> 9>3> ?>:V@=8< >1;5A=8:><, :>B@89 70B0<C202 G5AB>;N1=V 70<8A;8, 0 ?>BV< 402 2>;N 2;0A=8< ?>@>:0<.  0?>D5>7V A2>TW 157<56=>W 2;048 C:0H8= ?>AB0T A?@026=V< C7C@?0B>@><: 5=5@3V9=89, 2V@>;><=89, :>@8AB>;N1=89, 2V= 3>B>289 =0 7;>G8=, 018 ;8H5 4><>3B8AO 2;048. >70G8=AL:89 2<VT ?>:070B8 9>3> A?>2=5=8< B@82>38, 3=0=8< 60E>< 2V4 2;0A=>3> 7;>G8=C. >A8BL 240;> ?@54AB02;5=89 4;O A2>3> G0AC C:0H8= 40202 ?V4AB028 :>=AB0BC20B8, I> C 4@0<0BC@3VG=><C 2V4=>H5==V F5 - "=091V;LH @>728=5=89 V =09?>2=VH89 >1@07 ""@0354>:><54VW" V, 157C<>2=>, >4=0 7 =09:@0I8E 02B>@AL:8E ?0@BV9 C 2AL><C C:@0W=AL:>-@>AV9AL:><C V A5@1AL:><C H:V;L=><C B50B@V"[46]. 02VBL #@>H, 7=52065=89 F0@528G, =0720=89 C ;VB5@0BC@=V9 :@8B8FV "A5@1AL:8< 0<;5B><", =5=0G5 ?5@51C20T C ?V4@O4=><C 7=0G5==V AB>A>2=> >1@07C C:0H8=0. !2>TN 15728==VABN 2V= 2V4BV=NT, ?V4:@5A;NT A8;C 7;0, 28@07=8:>< O:>3> 28ABC?0T F0@52182FO. "@03VG=0 4>;O #@>H0, 2V418B0 2 ;535=4V V 2 B0:><C 283;O4V 22545=0 C A5@54=L>2VG=C ;VB5@0BC@C, 70 4>18 10@>:> FV:028;0 =5 BV;L:8 >70G8=AL:>3>. > =5W 725@B02AO V 4C1@>2=8FL:89 VAB>@8: 02@> @1V=. # A2>T<C B2>@V ">@>;52AB2> A;>2'O=" (1601), ?@>9=OB><C V45O<8 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C, 2V= V=B5@?@5BCT 4>;N #@>H0 2 4CAV ?>?C;O@=>3> <>B82C 10@>:>2>W 4>18 - "vanitas". #@>H ?@54AB02;5=89 B8?>2>N V3@0H:>N 4>;V: AL>3>4=V 2V= =0 25@H8=V A;028, 1030BAB20, 0 702B@0 :>;5A> D>@BC=8 A:8=5 9>3> C ?@>20;;O. >70G8=AL:89, <>6;82>, 9 1C2 7=09><89 7 F8< B2>@><, O:89 70 =0:07>< 5B@0  1C;> ?5@5:;045=> 1722 @>:C 2 5B5@1C@7V. BV< 9>3> @>7C<V==O ?>AB0BV #@>H0 2V4@V7=OTBLAO 2V4 B;C<0G5==O @1V=0. #@>H C:@0W=AL:>3> 02B>@0 =5 T 28@07=8:>< >A=>2=>W V45W, 9>3> @>;L ?>;O30T 2 B><C, I>1 7 1V;LH>N A8;>N =03>;>A8B8 =0 7;>G8==>ABV C:0H8=0 "5<C "vanitas" >70G8=AL:89 A?@>5:B>2CT =5 =0 F0@528G0, 0 =0 F0@52182FN, I>1 28:@8B8 =5@>7C<=VABL V <5BCH;82VABL 9>3> A;02>;N1=>ABV. # 2CAB0E 0;53>@8G=>3> ?5@A>=060, V<5=>20=>3> !>25B 1;03, FO B5<0 72CG8BL A:>@VH O: DV;>A>DAL:0 <C4@VABL, 0=V6 O: <>4=5 @57>=C20==O 7 =03>48 H284:>?;8==>ABV. !>25B 70:;8:0T 7;>G8=FO >?0<'OB0B8AO, >A:V;L:8 B5, 4> G>3> 2V= ?@03=5, =VA5=VB=5, 1> "GB> TABL 687=L <8@0 A53>? A5 F25BCI55 C2O405B. !;>2=> 4>6452>9 ?C7K@L 8;8 A;>2=> 4K<.., A;>2=> A>= 8AG5705B. 0 8 A85 1;03>F0@AB2>20=85 =0 75<;5 A>?@O65=> A> 7;><. @0640, 7028ABL, 1>;57=8 A;CG052 @07=KE C40;OB B51O >B =515A=KE 1;03 25G=KE"[47], - ?5@5:>=CT C:0H8=0 ?5@A>=VDV:0FVO @>7C<C - !>25B 1;03, 70 O:8< 10G8<> 3C<0=VAB8G=C ?>78FVN >70G8=AL:>3>. "5<0 "vanitas" V 4>;O #@>H0 2 >70G8=AL:>3>, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 @1V=0, B@0:BCTBLAO 2 4CAV 10@>:>2>3> @0FV>=0;V7<C: 02B>@ 28:>@8AB>2CT WE, I>1 2V4BV=8B8 ?>@>: C182FV, B@03VG=5 AB0=>28I5 !5@1VW. V7=VH5 C ?@0FV >20=0 0WG0 "AB>@8O @07=KE A;O2O=A:8E =0@>4>2" (1794) F59 <>B82 =01C45 I5 1V;LH>3> 7=0G5==O, C =L><C >A>1;82> 703>AB@8BLAO <>@0;V70B>@AL:89 7<VAB, 703815;L ">AB0==L>3> F0@O" 7=>2C B;C<0G8B8<5BLAO O: ?>:0@0 70 3@VE8 D5>40;V2. 3V4=> V7 70:>=0<8 60=@C 02B>@ =5 >1<56C202AO ;8H5 ?@575=B0FVTN 28A>:8E 25@AB2 ACA?V;LAB20. # 9>3> 4@0<V 10G8<> ?@54AB02=8:V2 V "=87>28E" 25@AB2. /: C65 2V47=0G0;>AO, A>FV0;L=0 AB@C:BC@0 A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 C ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. ?52=>N <V@>N 1C;0 1;87L:>N 4> C:@0W=AL:>W. V4ACB=VABL 28I>W VT@0@EVW, =545@602=5 AB0=>28I5 ?@872>48;8 4> B>3>, I> 25@EV2:C A5@1AL:>W VT@0@EVW ?@54AB02;O;8 4CE>25=AB2> B0 2V9AL:>2V, O:V A;C68;8 2 02AB@V9AL:><C 2V9AL:C; 40;V 9H;8 1030BV B>@3>2FV 9 3>@>4O=8, 4> "=87V2" =0;560;8 4@V1=V @5<VA=8:8, B>@3>2FV, A5;O=AB2> B>I>. /: B8?>289 ?@54AB02=8: 10@>:>, >70G8=AL:89 <CA82 2@0E>2C20B8 V FN =87>2C :0B53>@VN, B>6 C 9>3> ""@0354>:><54VW", >:@V< A5@1AL:8E ?@028B5;V2 F5@:>2=>W 25@EV2:8, >DVF5@V2, ?@8ACB=V9 V =0@>4, O:>3> :>=:@5B=> ?@54AB02;5=> 2 V=B5@<54VOE. 0 ?V4AB02V 715@565=8E B5:ABV2 B0 @5:>=AB@C:FVW @G8G0 <>6=0 3>2>@8B8 ?@> 42V V=B5@<54VW, ?@>B5, O: ?@8?CA:0NBL 4>A;V4=8:8, WE <>3;> 1CB8 9 1V;LH5, =0 I>, 7>:@5<0, 2:07CT V 70C2065==O 0WG0 ?@> =0O2=VABL "=5:8E 459AB289, :>B>@K5 8AB>@88 MB>9 =5 ?@8;8G5AB2>20;8". =B5@<54VW, 73V4=> 7 =>@<0<8 H:V;L=>W 4@0<8, =0G51B> @>74V;O;8 V ?>2'O7C20;8 "28A>:V" B0 "=87L:V" B5<8, 0 >B65 9 @V7=V 25@AB28 ACA?V;LAB20. >4=>G0A 2>=8 28:>=C20;8 25;8:C :><?>78FV9=>-@8B<VG=C @>;L: ?5@5@820NG8 =0?@C65==O, 4@0<0B87<, =5=0G5 70;8H0;8 3;O40G0 C =52V4><>ABV, I>1 ?>BV< :>=B@0AB=> ?@>45<>=AB@C20B8 B@VC<D <C4@>ABV, ?5@5<>3C V459 V:5=BVT >20=>28G0. $V=0;L=0 G0AB8=0 ""@0354>:><54VW" A?>2=5=0 <06>@=8E =0AB@>W2, C =V9 28:>=CNBLAO :0=B8, 02B>@ 725@B0TBLAO 4> >4=>3> 7 =091V;LH ?>?C;O@=8E 60=@V2 10@>:> - ?0=53V@8:0, I> 2 FV;><C 2V4?>2V40T 7030;L=V9 B>=0;L=>ABV B2>@C: 0465 V A0< >1@07 V:5=BVT >20=>28G0 T ?0=53V@8G=8<. 0=53V@870FVO ?@>2V4=>W ?>AB0BV ACA?V;LAB20 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:> <0;0 ?0B@V>B8G=C A?@O<>20=VABL: >A?V2C202AO ?>;VB8G=89 G8 :C;LBC@=89 01> F5@:>2=89 ;V45@, O:89 2V4AB>N202 V=B5@5A8 10BL:V2I8=8. /: V C 2VBG87=O=V9 B@048FVW, >70G8=AL:89 70:V=GC202 A2V9 B2V@ CA;02;5==O< B>3>, EB> ?@8A2OB82 A515 A?@02V ?@>3@5AC, - <C4@>3> "2872>;8B5;O !5@1VW V:5=BVT >20=>28G0. &V 70:;NG=V 0:>@48 I5 @07 2:07CNBL =0 B5, I> 4@0<0 2 FV;><C <0T A2>N "2;0A=C <C78:C", A2V9 @8B<. :@V< 2V47=0G5=>W 48=0<VG=>ABV, 5:A?@5AVW, AB@V<:>3> G5@3C20==O AF5=, B@03VG=8E V >?B8<VAB8G=8E =>B, ?52=C @>;L 2 >@30=V70FVW <C78:0;L=>ABV B5:ABC 2V4V3@0NBL <>20, A8AB5<0 2V@HC20==O. (:V;L=0 4@0<0, =5 2B@0B82H8 72'O7:C 7 4V0;>3><, 2>4=>G0A BO6V;0 4> 45:;0<0B>@AL:>3>, 2V@H>20=>3> B2>@C. >70G8=AL:89 ?8A02 A2V9 B5:AB B8?>28< 4;O C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W ?>57VW B@8=04FOB8A:;04>28< @O4:>< 7 F57C@>N ?VA;O AL><>3> A:;04C V @8<>N 2 :V=FV :>6=>3> 42>2V@H0. V= 725@B0TBLAO V 4> V=H8E ?>5B8G=8E @>7<V@V2, 7>:@5<0 4> 2V4><>3> 2 =0@>4=V9 ?>57VW 14-A:;04=8:0, 28:>@8AB>2CT V 11- B0 12-A:;04>289 2V@H. B65, >70G8=AL:89 28ABC?02 A5@54 A5@1V2 V O: ?>5B, V O: 4@0<0BC@3 - A0<5 B0: 9>3> A?@89<0;8 A5@1AL:V CG=V B0 ?>A;V4>2=8:8, I> ?V4B25@46CT 9 VAB>@VO @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W 10@>:>2>W ?>57VW. ""@0354>:><54VO", 2V4?>2V4=> 4> 28<>3 60=@C, <0T 5?V;>3. >@>B:89, ;0:>=VG=89, 2V= ?52=>N <V@>N AB0=>28BL 7@07>: 10@>:>2>3> :>=A5?B87<C, 0;53>@8G=>ABV, I> @>7@0E>20=> =0 ?V43>B>2;5=>3> A;CE0G0. !0<5 B><C 02B>@ 0?5;NT 4> "?@5<C4@>3> A;CH0B5;O", ?5@53C:CNG8AL V7 ?@>;>3><, C O:><C ?@>A82 "2=OB=> ?>A;CH0B8". ?V;>3 <0T 420 @V2=V - >G5284=89 B0 0;53>@8G=89. V4HB>2ECNG8AL 2V4 ?>H8@5=>W A5=B5=FVW ?@> B5, I> 2A5 <0T :V=5FL, 02B>@ 3>2>@8BL ?@> 7025@H5==O A2>3> B2>@C. >4=>G0A FO 4C<:0 ?5@5E>48BL C =>2C V45N: 2A5 T H284:>?;8==8< - ;N4AL:5 68BBO, VAB>@VO =0FVW, A;020 V @>7:2VB 45@6028, >A:V;L:8 =VI> C A2VBV =5A?@><>6=5 7C?8=8B8 ?@>F5A 7=8:=5==O B>3>, I> :>;8AL 28=8:;>. 0 ?V4B25@465==O 02B>@ 725@B0TBLAO 4> ?>?C;O@=8E V >1>2'O7:>28E C 10@>:> ?>@V2=O=L :>A<>;>3VG=>3> F8:;C: A2VB0=>:, ?>;C45=L, 70EV4 A>=FO B0 9>3> =0ABC?=5 =0@>465==O, ?@8EV4 <VAOFO - 2A5 F5 @57N<CTBLAO O: A2V4G5==O B>3>, I> "=8GB> =5 TABL ?>AB>O==>, 2A5 ?@5E>4OI5". "0:8< T V 68BBO ;N4AL:5, 45 :>65= <CA8BL =5AB8 A2V9 BO30@, ?V4AC<>2CT 02B>@. ;5 >70G8=AL:89 =5 1C2 18 B8<, :8< 28ABC?02 ?5@54 A5@10<8, :>;8 1 70:V=G82 A2V9 B2V@ ;8H5 B0:8< @57>=C20==O<. V= 70:;8:0T 4> ?@0FV, 4> B2>@G>W 4VO;L=>ABV - T48=>3>, 2 G><C ;N48=0 ?>-A?@026=L><C 28O2;OT A515. >5B 7=>2C =03>;>HCT =0 <8=C;><C, O:5 <CA8BL =048E0B8, ?5@5:>=C20B8 ACG0A=8:V2 C B><C, I> 2>=8 ?@>4>26CNBL 1;03>@>4=C A?@02C A2>WE ?>?5@54=8:V2.  E>G0 A>=F5 70E>48BL, O: 70:>B8;>AO A>=F5 :>;8H=L>W 25;8GV A5@1AL:>W 45@6028, V E>G0 2 68BBV T ?;525;0, V E>G0 70 3@VE8 D5>40;V2 @>7?;0BC =5A5 =0@>4, VA=CT 28EV4, >?B8<VAB8G=0 ?5@A?5:B820. &5 - ?@0FO, =01CBBO 7=0=L, I> 28254CBL 4> A2VB;0, 4> O:>3> 70:;8:02 V 2V2 A5@1V2 WE=V9 :8W2AL:89 CG8B5;L. ?5;N20==O 4> "?@5<C4@>3> G8B0G0", =5?5@5AVG=>3>, 740B=>3> 7@>7C<VB8, :@8B8G=> A?@89=OB8 (2 5?V;>7V 02B>@ ?@>A8BL 2810G8B8 9><C <>6;82V >3@VE8 C ?>:07V <8=C;>3>), 0 <>65, 9 4><8A;8B8 4@0<C, <0;> :>=:@5B=89 04@5A0B. !?5F8DV:0 H:V;L=>W 4@0<8, ?>1C4>20=>W =0 0;53>@VOE, 0A>FV0B82=><C <8A;5==V, ?5@5410G0;0 0:B82=C A?V2CG0ABL 0C48B>@VW. >5B @>7@0E>2C202 A0<5 =0 B0:89 @V25=L ?V43>B>2:8, 0465 A5@54 3;O40GV2 1C;8 9>3> CG=V. 030B> 7 =8E, 157C<>2=>, 1C;8 CG0A=8:0<8 ?V43>B>2:8 28AB028, 1@0;8 CG0ABL C 283>B>2;5==V 45:>@0FV9, =5>1EV4=8E 0:A5AC0@V2... &5 70A2V4GCNBL, 7>:@5<0, 715@565=V @0EC=:8 >?;0B8 70 "7>;>B89" V "FC?:89" ?0?V@, ?>B@V1=89 4;O 283>B>2;5==O B50B@0;L=>3> @5:2V78BC[48]. ;5 2 FV;><C B50B@ >70G8=AL:>3> 70A=>2C202AO =0 C<>2=>ABV, A:>@VH =0 A8<2>;VAB8G=V9, 0=V6 @50;VAB8G=V9 45:>@0FVW; 4;O FL>3> 2V= 28:>@8AB>2C202 1030B>DC=:FV>=0;L=VABL 0:A5AC0@V2, A8<2>;V2 10@>:>2>3> 60=@C. 568A5@ 1C2 2>4=>G0A V 02B>@><, V ?>AB0=>2=8:><, V 0:B>@><. 07>< 7 CG=O<8 2V= 1@02 157?>A5@54=N CG0ABL C ?V43>B>2FV B0 ?>AB0=>2FV 4@0<8 - F5 71;86C20;> WE. (:V;L=0 4@0<0 =04020;0 H8@>:V <>6;82>ABV 4;O B2>@G>W D0=B07VW, E>G0 9 >1<56C20;0 V=VFV0B82C :>=:@5B=8<8 ?@028;0<8. /: ;N48=0 B2>@G0, >70G8=AL:89 7=0E>482 V 2BV;N202 A2>W V45W C E>4V ?>AB0=>2:8. %0@0:B5@=>, I> 2V= =5 40T >?8AC AF5=8, 2:07V2>: =0 45:>@ V B.V=. #AV @>7C<V;8 C<>2=VABL H:V;L=>W AF5=8, <>6;82>ABV ?5@5B2>@5==O =0 AF5=C =02:>;8H=L>3> A5@54>28I0. 8AB020 <>3;0 2V41CB8AO C ABV=0E =02G0;L=>3> 70:;04C 01> 6 ?@>AB> =510 - =0 ?;>IV <VAB0 G8 "=0 ?@8@>4V", :C48 CG=V 28W748;8 =0 20:0FVW. # 8W2AL:V9 0:045<VW G0AB> 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 =0BC@0;L=V "45:>@0FVW". 57?>A5@54=L> A5@54 ?@8@>48 2;0HB>2C20;8AL ?>?C;O@=V 45:;0<0FVW, B50B@0;V7>20=V 7<030==O C 7=0==OE. '8A;5==V 3@02N@8 ?V4B25@46CNBL 28:>@8AB0==O ?@8@>48 B>3>G0A=8<8 ?>AB0=>2=8:0<8. #AV FV >A>1;82>ABV 4020;8 ?V4AB02C 3>2>@8B8 ?@> H:V;L=89 B50B@ 4>18 10@>:> O: ?@> A2>T@V4=89 D5=><5=, ?52=>N <V@>N 1;86G89 A2>TN "A2>1>4>N B2>@G>ABV" (2 <560E 4>72>;5=8E =>@<) 4> ACG0A=>3> 5:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>3> B50B@C, 0=V6, A:06V<>, 4> 1V;LH 72'O70=>3> =>@<0<8 B50B@C :;0A8F87<C[49]. # AB@C:BC@V B5:ABC >70G8=AL:>3> =0O2=V 9 V=HV 5;5<5=B8 B8?>2> 10@>:>2>3> 0@A5=0;C. &5, 7>:@5<0, 0=B8B578, 0;53>@VW, E0@0:B5@=V <5B0D>@8 V A8<2>;8, ?0@01>;8. # FL><C ?;0=V >A>1;82> ?>:07>28<8 T 5?V7>48 1>@>BL18 70 2;04C, B0:V, I> 7<0;L>2CNBL 7;>G8=FO =0 B@>=V, B0 V=HV AF5=VG=V 5;5<5=B8, 2V47=0G5=V C ?@>F5AV 4>A;V465==O. 0 70:>=0<8 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8, 4@0<0 A8=B57CT FV 7030;L=V 5;5<5=B8 7 <VAF528<8, I> =040T W9 =0FV>=0;L=>3> :>;>@8BC. ;5<5=B8 45:;0<0FVW, ?0=53V@8:0, :0=B8, E>@, E>@5>3@0DVG=V B0 =V<V AF5=8 =01C20NBL C B2>@V 0;53>@8G=>3> E0@0:B5@C, I> 2 FV;><C B0:>6 2V4?>2V40;> H:V;L=><C B50B@>2V C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>[50]. @>B5 F5 1C;0 40;5:> =5 ?@>AB0 ?@575=B0FVO C:@0W=AL:>3> AF5=VG=>3> 4>A2V4C =0 A5@1AL:><C B5@5=V. 0A;C30 02B>@0 ?>;O30;0 2 B><C, I> 2V= C25AL 1030B89 0@A5=0; 2VBG87=O=>W 4@0<8 ?V4?>@O4:>2C202 A5@1AL:><C =0FV>=0;L=><C AN65BC, AB2>@82H8 >@83V=0;L=89 B2V@, O:89 240;> 2?8AC202AO V 2 ?>;VB8G=C, V 2 :C;LBC@=C A8BC0FVN A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20. 4=0 7 3>;>2=8E >A>1;82>AB59 C:@0W=AL:>W 4@0<8 - WW ?C1;VF8AB8G=VABL, V459=0 0:B82=VABL - 4020;0 ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8 ?@> 7@07>: ?@54AB02;5=>3> =0 A5@1AL:><C B5@5=V ":8W2AL:>3> 4CE>2=>3> 2V;L=>4C<AB20"[51]. :@V< ""@0354>:><54VW", C A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V ?>1CBC20;8 9 45O:V V=HV B2>@8. ;5<5=B8 AF5=VG=>ABV 2V47=0G82 .028G 2 >@0B>@AL:V9 ?@>7V 02@8;0 5=F;>28G0, "5;8:>?>AB=8:"(1741) O:>3> 1C4CTBLAO C 283;O4V 4V0;>3V2, :>B@V AB0=>2;OBL A2>T@V4=C ">@0B>@AL:C 4@0<C", >@0B>@VC< 7 5;5<5=B0<8 <C78:8, E>@0;L=>3> AC?@>2>4C. &5@:>2=V >@0B>@VC<8, ?@87=0G5=V 4;O @V742O=>W ;VBC@3VW ?@>?>2V4V 1C;8 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=V 2 0EV4=V9 2@>?V I5 7 XV AB. /: ?@028;>, 2>=8 @>72820;8 =>2>702VB=V AN65B8, =09G0ABVH5 ?@> 0@VN 0340;5=C, WW 7CAB@VG V7 %@8AB>< B0 V=HV ?>?C;O@=V @V742O=V AF5=8. >4V1=V >@0B>@VC<8 1C;8 4>A8BL 4>1@5 2V4><V 2 #:@0W=V, 45 2V4B2>@5==O =>2>702VB=>3> AN65BC G5@57 E@8AB8O=AL:C A8<2>;V:C T4=0;> C:@0W=AL:89 B50B@ V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8<. ;5<5=B8 28A>:>3> 7<VABC ">?CA:0;8AO" C ?@>ABV D>@<8, ?>H8@N20;8AO A5@54 V=H8E =0@>4V2, C B><C G8A;V 9 A5@54 A5@1V2[52]. 5=F;>28G, O:89 7=02 C:@0W=AL:C B0 2VBG87=O=C 3><V;5B8G=C B@048FVN, AB2>@82 I>AL 1;87L:5 4> <VAB5@VW 7 B8?>28<8 ?5@A>=060<8 "1;C4=>3> A8=0", B>@3>2FO, %@8AB0 B>I>[53]. !2V9 A0:@0;L=89 >@0B>@VC< 2V= ?@>2>482 C F5@:2V, =572060NG8 =0 >?V@, I> 9>3> B0:8< =5:0=>=VG=8< V=AF5=C20==O< G8=82 :;V@. > B>3> 6, 2V= ?8A02 <>2>N, 1;87L:>N 4> =0@>4=>W[54]. =0;>3VG=V >@0B>@VC<8 1C;8 2V4><V I5 C XVII AB. =0 ?V24=V G>@=>3>@AL:>3> @53V>=C - 2 ?@804@V0B8G=8E <VAB0E, :C48 ?@>=8:0;8 7 C1@>2=8:0 45O:V D>@<8 10@>:>[55]. V7=V D@03<5=B8 @V742O=>W 4@0<8, "AE>;0AB8G=V :><54VW", V=HV 2848 B50B@0;L=>3> 68BBO, AC4OG8 7 D@03<5=B0@=8E A2V4G5=L, ?>1CBC20;8 C ABV=0E >:@>2>->3>@>48G=8E H:V;. =0945=V C <>=0AB8@V ><8@'T B5:AB8 " 1;C4=>< AK=5", I> 2E>48;8 4> ?VA5==8:V2 XVIII AB., B;C<0G0BLAO O: 2V43>;>A:8 4@0<8 !8<5>=0 >;>FL:>3> "><54VO @8BG8 > 1;C4=>< AK=5", B0:>6 2V4><>W A5@54 A5@1V2. %>@20BAL:89 A;02VAB >A8? 040;8G 7=09H>2 V V=HV 4@0<8 T;87025B8=AL:>W 4>18, O:V 45<>=AB@C20;8 25;8:C ?>?C;O@=VABL FL>3> 60=@C 2 A5@1AL:V9 B50B@0;L=V9 B@048FVW. W ?>40;LH89 @>728B>: 1C2 B0:>6 157?>A5@54=L> ?>2'O70=89 7 C:@0W=AL:8< 10@>:>, ?5@H 70 2A5 V7 B2>@>< >70G8=AL:>3>, I> 28@07=> V;NAB@CT @57>=0=A, O:89 <0;0 4VO;L=VABL >70G8=AL:>3>-4@0<0BC@30 C?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII V ?>G0B:C =0ABC?=>3> AB>;VBBO. "2V@ >70G8=AL:>3> AB02 A2>T@V4=>N :2V=B5A5=FVTN C:@0W=AL:>3> B50B@C, >A:V;L:8 70A=>2C202AO =0 9>3> :@0I8E 7@07:0E, C BV< G8A;V 9 =0 2V4><V9 4@0<V $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0 ";048<8@". &N 4@0<C :8W2AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: ?8A02 ?VA;O ?>25@=5==O 7-70 :>@4>=C, 45 1C2 A2V4:>< B@VC<DC 7=0=L B0 =0C:8, ?0D>A>< O:>3> V A?>2=5=0 9>3> 4@0<0. >70G8=AL:89 ?@81C2 4> A5@1V2 =0 :V;L:0 45AOB8;VBL ?V7=VH5 70 =0?8A0==O FL>3> B2>@C. !2>W 7=0==O ?@> :@0IV 7@07:8 H:V;L=>W 4@0<8 >70G8=AL:89 <V3 ?>?>2=8B8 V 70 :>@4>=><, 45 =02G02AO. >3> B2V@ B0:>6 A?>2=5=89 ?5@5:>=0==O< C =5>1EV4=>ABV ?>H8@5==O ?@>A2VB8 O: =04V9=>3> 70A>1C 4CE>2=>3> 2V4@>465==O =0FVW. @0FNNG8 =04 "A5@1AL:>N B5<>N", 02B>@ A8=B57C202 74>1CBV 70 :>@4>=>< 7=0==O 7 4>A2V4>< 2VBG87=O=>3> B50B@C. &V;:>< 70:>=><V@=8< T B5, I> 9>3> 4@0<0 C =87FV A8BC0FV9 ?5@53C:CTBLAO V7 B2>@>< @>:>?>28G0, ?@>B5 2 FV;><C 9>3> A5@1AL:0 ""@0354>:><54VO" O: 2 V459=><C, B0: V 2 EC4>6=L><C ?;0=V AB0=>28BL FV;:>< A0<>ABV9=89 B2V@. =0;>3VW, O: C65 2V47=0G0;>AO, 7CAB@VG0NBLAO C =87FV O28I - ?5@H 70 2A5 C AB02;5==V 4> <8=C;>3>, :>B@5 2 >1>E 02B>@V2 28:>@8AB>2CTBLAO 4;O :>=B@0AB=>3> ?>:07C ACG0A=>ABV, C 1030B>?;0=>2>ABV B2>@V2, =0O2=>ABV :V;L:>E 4@0<0B8G=8E F5=B@V2, 42>E 0=B03>=VAB8G=8E B01>@V2, C ?>T4=0==V ?;0=C "28A>:>3>" B0 "=87>2>3>" B>I>. 4=0: CAV FV @8A8 2 FV;><C T 7030;L=>?@89=OB8<8 4;O ?>5B8:8 H:V;L=>3> B50B@C. @0<0 >70G8=AL:>3> <0T V =87:C ACBBT28E 2V47=0:, O:8E <8 =5 7=0945<> C ";048<8@V". >70G8=AL:89 0:F5=BCT =5 =0 @5;V3V9=>-DV;>A>DAL:8E, 0 =0 0;53>@8:>-?>;VB8G=8E, 5B8G=8E ?@>1;5<0E; C =L>3> =5<0T ?>T4=0==O B@L>E T4=>AB59, O:>3> 28<0302 @>:>?>28G; 2 FV;><C :><?>78FVO 4@0<8 >70G8=AL:>3> V 4@0<8 2V4><>3> :8W2AL:>3> <8BFO <0NBL ?52=V 2V4<V==>ABV. !C<'OBBO, 2V4G09 - FV E0@0:B5@=V 4;O 5<>FV9=>W 30<8 10@>:>28E B2>@V2 =0AB@>W ?@8B0<0==V 2AV< 35@>O< @>:>?>28G0. # >70G8=AL:>3> 2>=8 ;8H5 2V4BV=NNBL 4><V=CNGC 5<>FV9=C =>BC: 2V@C 2 70:V=G5==O ?>=52V@O=L !5@1VW, C B>@65AB2> @>7C<C. @8B0<0==5 ?5@HV9 G0AB8=V 4@0<8 AC<'OBBO C 4@C3V9 G0AB8=V 2@V2=>206CTBLAO >?B8<VAB8G=8<8 <06>@=8<8 B>=0<8. 40NG8AL C DV=0;V B2>@C 4> E>@5>3@0DVW, >70G8=AL:89, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 @>:>?>28G0, 2 O:>3> 65@FV "A:0GCB" =0 AF5=V, 2V4<>2;OTBLAO 2V4 :><VG=>3> 5D5:BC, 22>48BL A2>T@V4=89 10;5B 0;53>@8G=8E ?5@A>=06V2, O:V 7 10@>:>2>N ?8H=>B>N V 2@>G8ABVABN ?V4:@5A;NNBL >A=>2=C V45N. @8ACB=VABL F8E ?5@A>=06V2 B0:>6 2V4@V7=OT 4@0<C >70G8=AL:>3> 2V4 B2>@C @>:>?>28G0. B65, C:@0W=AL:89 02B>@, ?@575=BCNG8 >@83V=0;L=89 B2V@, ?>1C4>20=89 =0 :@0I8E 7@07:0E 2VBG87=O=>W B0 70@C1V6=>W B@048FVW V 240;> 70AB>A>20=89 4> ?>;VB8G=8E B0 4CE>2=8E ?@>1;5< A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB., ?5@540202 <091CB=V< A5@1AL:8< ?>A;V4>2=8:0< - 0 B0:V 7 G0A>< 7'O28;8AO - AF5=VG=89 70AV1, 4>A2V4 ?>AB0=>2:8 B0 @VH5==O 0:BC0;L=8E ?@>1;5<, 2 FV;><C "?>;VB8G=C B@81C=C", O:>N 1C;0 H:V;L=0 4@0<0. !5@1AL:89 3;O40G, E>G V 2?5@H5 10G82 =0 AF5=V 2;0A=C =0FV>=0;L=C VAB>@VN, ?A8E>;>3VG=> 1C2 3>B>289 4> B0:>3> B50B@C, O:89 DC=:FV>=C202 C ABV=0E 02AB@V9AL:8E, C3>@AL:8E, E>@20BAL:8E =02G0;L=8E 70:;04V2, :>B@V >4=0G5 1C;8 GC68<8 A5@10< G5@57 WE=V9 :0B>;8F87<. "8< G0A>< 4@0<C >70G8=AL:>3> 1C;> W< ?5@540=> V7 "A2>WE @C:". !?>2=5=C 7;>1>45==8E ?@>1;5<, ""@0354>:><54VN" A?@89=O;8 V7 70E>?;5==O<. >=0 40;0 ?>HB>2E @>728B:>2V O: A5@1AL:>3> B50B@C, B0: V ?>57VW. &5 1C2, 70 287=0==O< ACG0A=8E 4>A;V4=8:V2, A?@026=V9 B@VC<D A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, 25;8:89 :@>: C WW @>728B:C. A=CT G8<0;> ?V4B25@465=L ?>?C;O@=>ABV "B50B@C >70G8=AL:>3>", 7=0G5==O O:>3> =57010@>< 289H;> 40;5:> 70 <56V H:V;L=>W ?@>3@0<8. 030B> >A2VG5=8E ;N459 B>3>G0A=>3> ACA?V;LAB20 2>;V;8 <0B8 F59 B2V@ 70 A2>N 2;0A=VABL, 7024O:8 G><C 2V= 715@V3AO C 45:V;L:>E 20@V0=B0E. @0<C AB028;8 A0<>4VO;L=>, D@03<5=B8 45:;0<C20;8AO C H:>;0E, O:V 7 ?@8E>4>< A5@1AL:8E A;CE0GV2 8W2AL:>W 0:045<VW H284:> ?>H8@N20;8AO <0965 C 2AVE >A5@54:0E A5@1AL:8E ?>A5;5=L - 06 4> %>@20BVW. V@HV V7 ""@0354>:><54VW" G8B0;8 "C25A5;5=8O @048", 2G8;8 =0?0<'OBL, >A>1;82>N ?>?C;O@=VABN :>@8ABC20;0AO "@5A;02=0O !5@1VO...". # 40-E @>:0E FL>3> 2V@H0 @>7CGC20;8 B0 45:;0<C20;8 CG=V A5@1AL:8E H:V; !;02>=VW, >B65 B2V@ >70G8=AL:>3> ?>H8@82AO =0 E>@20BAL:V 75<;V, 45 <5H:0;8 A5@1AL:V ?>A5;5=FV. # 71V@=8:C !?8@84>=0 >20=>28G0 "2VB", I> 289H>2 C A5@548=V XVIII AB, C 2V4><><C F5=B@V :C;LBC@8 - <>=0AB8@V %>?>2>, FN ?VA=N 1C;> ?5@5D@07>20=> O: "@5A;02=0 !;02>=VO..." V 04@5A>20=> 265 V=H8<, ACG0A=8< 02B>@C ?>:@>28B5;O< H:V;, O: F5 @0=VH5 @>182 >70G8=AL:89. :@V< 2V4>1@065==O C A?8A:0E B0 CA=>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV 9>3> B2>@V2, >70G8=AL:89, O: >A=>2>?>;>6=8: VAB>@8G=>W 4@0<8 C A5@1V2, 402 ?>HB>2E @>728B:>2V A0<5 FL>3> 60=@C, I> 682 C A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V 4> 60-E @>:V2 XIX AB.[56]. V43><V= V459 >70G8=AL:>3> GCB8 C B2>@G>ABV ?8AL<5==8:V2 %VIII AB., B0:8E O: 8>=8AV9 >20:>28G, B2>@8 :>B@>3> A?>2=5=V ?0D>AC 2V@8 C 7=0==O O: <>3CB=N 71@>N ?@>B81>@AB20 7 B8<8, EB> 707VE0T =0 =570;56=VABL =0@>4C. '"@0354>:><54VO" =5 AE>48;0 7V AF5=8 V 2 H:>;0E 02;0 5=04>28G0, :>B@89 B0:>6 A?@89<02 VAB>@87< O: <>3CB=V9 70AV1 ?V4=5A5==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A0<>A2V4><>ABV[57]. 25;8G5==O <8=C;>3>, O: F5 @>182 >70G8=AL:89, "401K =5 45@7=C; C65 =8:B> ?>@8F0B8 @>4 =0H A;>25=>A5@1A:89"[58], A?>AB5@V30T<> V 2 "!B5<0B>3@0DVW" 3@025@0 %@8AB>D>@0 5D0@>28G0. /: V >70G8=AL:89, 5D0@>28G C :>=F5?FVW A2>WE 3@02N@, 28:>=0=8E C 1741-1746 @>:0E, B0 C ?>5B8G=8E :><5=B0@OE 4> =8E 0:BC0;V7CT :>;8H=N 25;8G 45@6028, I>1 V=HV =0@>48 10G8;8, "O: C =0H8E A5@1AL:8E E@8AB8O=0E 1C;8 9 F0@V, V :=O7V, 9 35@>W...". !E>6V ?@03=5==O =01;878B8 A5@54=L>2VGGO, >B>B>6=8B8 9>3> V7 ACG0A=VABN, 10@>:870FVN >1@07V2 A5@1AL:8E 2>;>40@V2, O: F5 1C;> C ?@0:B8FV C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, 10G8<> V 2 AN65B0E ABV=>?8AV2 A5@1AL:8E E@0<V2, 2 V:>=>3@0DVW 10@>:>28E V:>=>AB0AV2 >T2>48=8, 45 ?@0FN20;8 C:@0W=AL:V <09AB@8 B0 WE=V CG=V. 57C<>2=>, FV 0=0;>3VW, >:@V< =0A;V4:V2 ?@O<8E C:@0W=AL:8E 2?;82V2, 2V41820;8 7030;L=C, E0@0:B5@=C 2 FV;><C 4;O 10@>:> V 4;O A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, 270T<>?>2'O70=VABL <8=C;>3> V7 ACG0A=VABN. '8 =5 7 =091V;LH>N A8;>N 2?;82 >70G8=AL:>3>-4@0<0BC@30 28O282AO C B2>@G>ABV 9>3> CG=O >20=0 0WG0, 2 O:><C :8W2AL:89 <03VAB@ 7=09H>2 =091V;LH 2V440=>3> B0 ?>A;V4>2=>3> ?@>4>26C20G0 2;0A=8E V459. 0WG, O: 707=0G0;>AO, 1C2 CG=5< "H:V; >70G8=AL:>3>" I5 ?V4;VB:>< (2 >48=04FOBL @>:V2). >10G5=89 C H:>;V 4@0<0BC@3VG=89 B2V@ A?@0282 =0 =L>3> =5701CB=T 2@065==O, B>6 ?V7=VH5 2V=, 70 2;0A=8< 287=0==O<, 4@0<C "G0AB>:@0B=> C25A5;5=8O @048" ?5@5G8BC202, 0 265 2 ?>E8;><C 2VFV 28@VH82 >?C1;V:C20B8, I>1 "2>7>1=>28B8 ?0<OBL ?@5<C4@>3> 55 A>G8=8B5;O 8 B@C4>;N18259H53> CG8B5;O"[59]. 0WG ?@03=C2 A2>W< 2G8=:>< 2V4@>48B8 ?0<'OBL ?@> 4@0<C, :>B@0, 70 9>3> A;>20<8, "2 70125=88 ?>3@515=0 >AB0;0AL". >3> ?C1;V:0FVO B5:ABC 70A=>2C20;0AO =0 A?8A:C, I> 9>3> 2V=, 70 2;0A=8< 287=0==O<, "5I5 2 N=>AB8... ?5@5?8A0; 8 E@0=8; 53> C A51O 8 G0AB5=L:> 4;O CB5E8 A2>59 ?5@5G8BK20;"[60]. 0 60;L, F59 "N=0FL:89" A?8A>: =5 715@V3AO, ?@>B5 ?C1;V:0FVO ?V7=VH0, E>G V @5403>20=0 0WG5<, <0T 25;8:5 7=0G5==O, >A:V;L:8 40;0 ?V4AB028 4;O @5:>=AB@C:FVW 703C1;5=>3> >@83V=0;C >70G8=AL:>3>. 0 ?@8?CI5==O< .@G8G0, . 0WG <V3 4>>?@0FL>2C20B8 A2V9 B5:AB 70 G0AV2 A2>3> =02G0==O C 8T2V, 45, <>6;82>, 10G82AO V :>=AC;LBC202AO 7 02B>@><. #65 =0 AE8;V 2V:C, 1795 @>:C 2V= ?5@5@>182 ""@0354>:><54VN", 0 1798-3> 9>3> 4@0<0, "?@5G8HG5=0 8 8A?@02;5=0", 1C;0 2V44@C:>20=0 C C48<V ?V4 =072>N ""@0354VO, A8@5G ?5G0;=0O ?>25ABL > A<5@B8 ?>A;54=O30 F0@O A5@1A:03> #@>H0 OB03> 8 > ?045=88 A5@1A:03> F0@AB20". &O ?5@5@>1:0 0WG0 22060TBLAO ?5@H>N "=0FV>=0;L=>N" 4@0<>N, >A:V;L:8 =0;568BL 157?>A5@54=L> A5@1AL:><C 02B>@>2V. 0 B>9 G0A, :>;8 4@0<0 ?>10G8;0 A2VB, 0WG C65 1C2 >A>1>N 4>A8BL 2V4><>N, <0NG8 G8= 0@EV<0=4@8B0. >3> ?5@5@>1:0 - F5 =5 ?@>AB> A?8A>: C;N1;5=>3> B2>@C, 0 ?5@5>A<8A;5==O B5:ABC 73V4=> 7 G0A><. /: ;N48=0 A2>TW 4>18, 0WG ?5@5A;V4C202 ?@>A2VB8B5;LAL:C <5BC, B>6 4@0<0 >70G8=AL:>3> 7 WW 0?>;>3VTN H:V;, 7=0=L =04728G09=> 2V4?>2V40;0 B8< 28<>30<. !5@1AL:89 02B>@ =5<>2 28BO3=C2 =0 ?>25@E=N B5, I> 1C;> ?@8E>20=5 C 10@>:>2><C B2>@V, - 9>3> 4840:B8G=5 75@=>. 0WG B5?5@ 28:;NG0T 2A5 B5, I> 1C;> ?>2'O70=5 157?>A5@54=L> 7 V:5=BVT >20=>28G5<, >A:V;L:8 G0A <8=C2 V ?0=53V@8: C65 1C2 =5?>B@V15=. V= 0:F5=BC202 =0 ?>2G0;L=>ABV, ?V4A8;82 <>@0;V70B>@AL:C A?@O<>20=VABL. /: VAB>@8: 2V= 1V;LH5 FV:0282AO <8=C;8< V =0 ?5@H5 <VAF5 AB0282 9>3> <>@0;V70B>@AL:5 B;C<0G5==O: 2AV 1V48 0WG ?>OA=NT 3@VE0<8, ?@>4>26CNG8 V45N, 2V4><C =0< V7 :>A>2AL:>W ;535=48. @03=CG8 70AB5@53B8 ACG0A=8:V2 2V4 <>6;828E =573>4, @>71@0BC, 2V= =03>;>HCT =0 F=>B0E: 1@0B5@AB2V, 270T<>?>207V, 2V4?>2V40;L=>ABV 70 4>;N 10BL:V2I8=8 B>I>. 0WG ?>A;V4>2=> @>72820T 3>;>2=C V45N, 28A;>2;5=C 265 2 0=B8?@>;>30E: CAV AB@0640==O A5@1V2 - 2V4 =5>A2VG5=>ABV, =57=0==O, A0<5 >A2VB0 282545 =0@>4 =0 H;OE ?>@OBC=:C.  A?@024V, 265 =0?@8:V=FV XVIII AB. A5@1AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> ?VA;O 28A=06;82>W B@820;>W 1>@>BL18 70 >A2VBC 28E>48;> =0 T2@>?59AL:C AF5=C, 157?>A5@54=L> ?@89<0NG8 T2@>?59AL:V :C;LBC@=V =0410==O, >A:V;L:8 72'O7:8 7 #:@0W=>N A;01;8 G5@57 ?>ABC?>25 230A0==O >AB0==L>W C <560E V<?5@VW. V4=>2;5==O 0WG5< B2>@C >70G8=AL:>3> T I5 >4=8< ?V4B25@465==O< 68BBT2>ABV 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8, >:@5<V V45W O:>W =5 2B@0G0NBL 0:BC0;L=>ABV V 70 4>18 @>A2VB=8FB20. %0@0:B5@=>, I> 0WG C A2>W9 ?5@5@>1FV 2V4<>282AO 2V4 =87:8 5;5<5=BV2, 28:;NG82 CA5 B5, I> T 28@065==O< 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8, - 0=B8?@>;>38, V=B5@<54VW, B0=FV "H:V;", 28;CG82 ":><54V9=C" G0AB8=C, <>B82CNG8 A2>W 7<V=8 B8<, I> "?5G0;=>9 A59 ?>25AB8... 8 =K=5H=5<C 2@5<5=8" FV 5;5<5=B8 =5 2V4?>2V40NBL. #AN C203C 2V= 7>A5@5482 =0 ?>;VB8G=V9, V45>;>3VG=V9, <>@0;V70B>@AL:V9 A?@O<>20=>ABV. &V 7<V=8 ?>:07>2V O: ?>ABC?>20 2B@0B0 :>=B@0ABV2 V B5=45=FVO 4> V7>;OFVW 60=@V2, C@V7=><0=VB=5==O 70A04 :C;LBC@8 10@>:>2>W B0 :;0A8F8AB8G=>W. :@V< B>3>, 0WG C A8AB5<C >1@07V2 C2V2 ?5@A>=VDV:0FVN VAB>@VW, :>B@0 ?>2G0T A5@1V2, 70:;8:0NG8 WE 4> T4=>ABV. >28< >1@07>< 1C;0 V "V=L CH0=0, I> 28=8:;0, 70 ?@8?CI5==O< 4>A;V4=8:V2, ?VA;O B>3>, O: C 8T2V 2V= <V3 ?>4828B8AO ";048<8@0" @>:>?>28G0, 45 7'O2;OTBLAO CE /@>?>;:0. V7=VH5 F59 >1@07 ?5@5945 2 0=0;>3VG=C 4@0<C !.!B5D0=>28G0, AB2>@5=C =0 ?>G0B:C XIX AB. :@V< ?>2G0;L=>ABV, 0WG =03>;>HCT =0 VAB>@87<V B2>@C. /: V >70G8=AL:89, 2V= B;C<0G8BL VAB>@VN O: CG8B5;L:C ACG0A=>ABV. B65, V FO 206;820 "?@C68=0" 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8 715@V30TBLAO 2 4>1C @>A2VB=8FB20. 52=>N <V@>N :>@83CNG8 VAB>@8G=C ?5@A?5:B82C >70G8=AL:>3>, 0WG 715@V30T ?>2O70=V 7 D>;L:;>@=>N B@048FVTN 3>;>AV==O !5@1VW =04 :>;8H=V< "7>;>B8< 2V:><" ?@02;V==O CH0=0, =5 2V4<>2;OTBLAO 2V4 4><V=CNG>3> 2 10@>:> ?5@5:>=0==O ?@> H284:>?;8==VABL A;028, 1030BAB20, 2V4 70AC465==O 3>@48=V, O:V9 ?@>B8AB02;ONBLAO A<CB>: V A?>:CB0. <V=8, 74V9A=5=V 0WG5<, - 0 2>=8 B>@:=C;8AO 2 >A=>2=><C AB@C:BC@8 4@0<8, - 7@>18;8 B5:AB 1V;LH 4>ABC?=8< 4;O G8B0FL:>W ?C1;V:8, 0=V6 4;O 2V4B2>@5==O =0 AF5=V, E>G 02B>@, AC4OG8 7 9>3> :><5=B0@V2, =5 28:;NG02 <>6;82>ABV WW =>2>W ?>AB0=>2:8. %>G0 4@0<0 >70G8=AL:>3> =0;560;0 <8=C;><C V 2 =>2><C 283;O4V, 45I> ?5@5@>1;5=0, 265 =5 <>3;0 <0B8 B>3> CA?VEC, I> 70 G0AV2 02B>@0, 2>=0 9 =040;V ?@>4>26C20;0 2V4V3@020B8 7=0G=C VAB>@8:>-:C;LBC@=C @>;L, ?5@54CAV< 7024O:8 WW ?0B@V>B8G=V9 A?@O<>20=>ABV, O:0 =5 2B@0G0;0 0:BC0;L=>ABV V =0?@8:V=FV XVIII AB., :>;8 682 V B2>@82 0WG, V ?V7=VH5. 5@5@>1:0 ""@0354>:><54VW" 0WG0 AB0;0 >4=8< 7 5B0?V2 C @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W 4@0<0BC@3VW. !5@1AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: =5 BV;L:8 ?>@OBC202 B2V@ >70G8=AL:>3> 2V4 701CBBO, 0 9 C2V2 9>3> 2 :C;LBC@=89 >1V3, 7024O:8 G><C ""@0354>:><54VO" ?@>4>26C20;0 1@0B8 CG0ABL C ?V43>B>2FV =>2>3> ?5@V>4C VAB>@VW A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8. 0WG, ?> ACBV, 22>482 WW 2 @5?5@BC0@ ;VB5@0BC@8 A5=B8<5=B0;V7<C, :>;8 >A>1;82> ?>FV=>2C202AO "A5@9>7=89" B@03VG=89 B2V@, B>6 A5@1AL:V 02B>@8, AB2>@NNG8 2;0A=V ?@0FV, 2@0E>2CNG8 =>2V 28<>38, =5 <>3;8 =5 7=0B8 ?>?5@54=L>3> 5B0?C ;VB5@0BC@8, G><C A?@8O2 V 02B>@8B5B >20=0 0WG0. $@03<5=B0@=V 2V4><>ABV 70A2V4GCNBL, I> 4@0<0 2 @V7=8E 20@V0=B0E B0 >1AO7V 2A5 I5 68;0 =0 A5@1AL:V9 AF5=V :V=FO XVIII - ?>G0B:C XIX AB. V4><>, I> 1793 @>:C 2 <VABV @H0F 1C;> ?V43>B>2;5=> 28AB02C "@> 1030BC ;N48=C". . @G8G 210G0T C FL><C 2V43><V= V=B5@<54V9 V7 B2>@C >70G8=AL:>3>. 0 AF5=V "CG=V2AL:>3> B50B@C" <V6 1799 V 1802 @>:0<8 "=5>4=>@07>2>" 9H;8 28AB028 7 VAB>@VW A5@1AL:>W, :>B@V B0:>6 >FV=NNBLAO O: B0:V, I> ?>E>4OBL 7 ?5@5@>1:8 0WG0. E V 1C;> ?>:070=> =0 AF5=0E @V7=8E <VAB5G>: >T2>48=8. # ?5@H8E 45AOB8;VBBOE XIX AB., :>;8 =0 AF5=0E B0 2 <560E H:V;L=>3> B50B@C D>@<C202AO =>289 B50B@ V7 =>28< @5?5@BC0@><, H:V;L=0 4@0<0 ?@>4>26C20;0 A2>T ?>1CBC20==O. @>BO3>< 1813- 1817 @>:V2 C 42>E 2840==OE 1C;> >?C1;V:>20=> 4@0<0BC@3VG=V B5:AB8 7 5;5<5=B0<8 10@>:> "!?520=VO >B:C?;5=0 A285B0", 02B>@>< O:8E 1C2 0@:> >20=>28G. @0E>2CNG8 >A>1;82C 02B>@8B5B=VABL 0WG0 B0 H0=>1C, O:>N 1C;> 2:@8B5 9>3> V<'O V ?VA;O A<5@BV, <>6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> 9>3> ?5@5@>1:0 ""@0354>:><54VW" C @V7=8E 20@V0=B0E 9H;0 G0ABVH5, =V6 F5 70A2V4GCNBL 2V4><V =0 AL>3>4=V 4>:C<5=B8. @>B5 ?>ABC?>2> H:V;L=0 4@0<0 AE>48;0 7V AF5=8, 2B@0G0NG8 A2>W DC=:FVW. 0 45O:8<8 4>:C<5=B0<8, H:V;L=5 :5@V2=8FB2> 2840;> F8@:C;O@, O:8< 701>@>=O;> B50B@0;L=V 4V9AB20 C H:>;0E. &5 1C;> ;>3VG=5 O28I5: 28=8:;0 =>20 0C48B>@VO 7'O28;8AO =>2V 28:>=02FV, =>289 @5?5@BC0@, C O:><C ?>A8;8;0AO B5=45=FVO 4> A2VBAL:>3> 7<VABC. >20 B2>@V2 4540;V 1V;LH5 =01;86C20;0AO 4> =0@>4=>W, @>7<>2=>W, 72V;L=ONG8AL 2V4 @CAL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>3> 2?;82C. =0A;V4>: ?>H8@5==O 5AB5B8:8 A5=B8<5=B0;V7<C 28=8:0NBL ?5@5:;048 7 =V<5FL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8, ?@>B5 9 FV 70:>=><V@=V =>20FVW =5 >7=0G0NBL ?>2=>3> 28B8A:C20==O B5< B0 <>B82V2 4@0<8 >70G8=AL:>3>, O:V ?@>A;CE>2CNBLAO 2 A5@1AL:><C B50B@0;L=><C 68BBV ?5@H8E 45AOB8;VBL XIX AB, 06 4> B2>@G>ABV 2V4><>3> :><54V>3@0D0 >20=0 !B5@VW->?>28G0. >=8 ?><VB=V 9 C B2>@0E ?5@54@><0=B8:0 V:5=BVT 0WG0 (1750-1818) 7 9>3> VAB>@8G=8<8 ?@0FO<8, !B5D0=0 !B5D0=>28G0 (1805-1826), 0 B0:>6 V=H8E <8BFV2, I> ?>E>4OBL 7 >T2>48=8. 8AL<5==8: 8;>20= 840:>28G (1770-1841), O:89 7@>182 ?52=89 2=5A>: C D>@<C20==O A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>-G8B0FL:>W ?C1;V:8, A2>W VAB>@8:>-?0B@V>B8G=V B2>@8 ?8A02 =5 157 2?;82C B@048FVW >70G8=AL:>3>. # 4V0;>7V !5@1VW V7 ?B0E0<8, 70A=>20=><C =0 5;5<5=B0E AF5=VG=>ABV, 2V4GCB=89 2V43><V= >A>1;82> ?>?C;O@=>3> :0=B0 "@5A;02=0 !5@1VT". 091V;LH A5@9>7=8< ?V4B25@465==O< =0ABC?=8E 2?;82V2 "B50B@C >70G8=AL:>3>" =0 A5@1AL:5 AF5=VG=5 68BBO AB0;> AB2>@5==O ?5@H>W 157?>A5@54=L> =0FV>=0;L=>W A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8, =0?8A0=>W !B5D0=>< !B5D0=>28G5<. #65 A0<0 =0720 B2>@C 2:07CT =0 465@5;> =0BE=5==O: "!<5@BL #@>H0 ?'OB>3>, >AB0=L>3> F0@O A5@1AL:>3>". @0<0 1C;0 ?>AB02;5=0 1825-3> V 9H;0 =0 AF5=V A0<>4VO;L=>3> B50B@C 2?@>4>26 =0ABC?=>3> 1826 @>:C. >?C;O@=VABL FL>3> VAB>@8:>-?0B@V>B8G=>3> B2>@C 70A2V4GCT V B>9 D0:B, I>, =572060NG8 =0 @0==N A<5@BL <>;>4>3> 02B>@0, B5:AB 1C;> >?C1;V:>20=> 1840 @>:C, 0 ?5@52840==O 74V9A=N20;8AL 06 4> 1951-3>[61]. &N 4@0<C 1C;> AB2>@5=> 265 7 C@0EC20==O< 4>AO3=5=L B>3>G0A=>W ;VB5@0BC@8. 2B>@ 1C2 >A2VG5=>N V 28A>:>:C;LBC@=>N ;N48=>N, >1V7=0=>N V7 A2VB>2>N :;0A8:>N. @>B5 2V= =5 2V4<>2;O2AO 2V4 2VBG87=O=>W B@048FVW, =>AVO<8 O:>W 1C;8 0WG B0 9>3> 2G8B5;L. # A2>W9 @5:>=AB@C:FVW <8=C;>3> !B5D0=>28G, O: V 9>3> ?>?5@54=8:8, 240TBLAO 4> B>3> A0<>3> 70A>1C, I> 9 >70G8=AL:89:70A=>2CTBLAO =0 42>E 465@5;0E - ;535=4V D>;L:;>@=>3> ?>E>465==O B0 VAB>@V>3@0DVG=8E B2>@0E. 70T<>?@>=8:=5==O :><?>=5=BV2 CA=>3> B0 ?8A5<=>3> ?>E>465==O, I> ?>ABC?>2>, I5 4> @5D>@< C:0 0@0468G0, >E>?;N20;> A5@1AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C, GVB:> ?@>AB56CTBLAO 2 FL><C, >4=><C 7 ?5@H8E ?>7=0G5=8E D>;L:;>@87<>< B2>@V2. V4 2?;82>< 0WG0 C B2>@V !B5D0=>28G0 7'O2;OTBLAO "V=L CH0=0, ?@54AB02;5=0 265 2V4?>2V4=> 4> 28<>3 T2@>?59AL:>W 4@0<0BC@3VG=>W :;0A8:8, I> 40;> ?V4AB028 4>A;V4=8:0< ?>@V2=N20B8 F59 >1@07 V7 H5:A?V@V2AL:8< 0<;5B><, ?5@A>=060<8 (V;;5@0. @0<0 !.!B5D0=>28G0 T I5 >4=8< A2V4G5==O< @>;V 10@>:>2>W B@048FVW 2 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 ?>G0B:C XIX AB. 07>< V7 H:V;L=>N 4@0<>N 2 A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V 28=8:;> I5 >4=5, @0=VH5 =52V4><5 O28I5 - 25@B5?. V= 7'O282AO C B>9 A0<89 G0A, I> 9 H:V;L=89 B50B@, - C 30-40-E @>:0E XVIII AB., 9 F5 B0:>6 ?>2'O7CTBLAO 7 C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8<8 270T<8=0<8. 0 ?@8?CI5==O< 4>A;V4=8:V2, @V7=V D>@<8 =0@>4=>3> B50B@C, ?>4V1=>3> 4> 25@B5?C, ?>1CBC20;8 A5@54 A5@1V2, 0;5 2;0A=5 25@B5? C 9>3> A2>T@V4=V9 D>@<V B0 @5?5@BC0@V ?@89H>2 4> =8E 157?>A5@54=L> 7 #:@0W=8. !F5=VG=5 2V4>1@065==O V7420 <0T 402=N B@048FVN - 2>=> 28=8:;> I5 70 G0AV2 $@0=F8A:0 AA87AL:>3>. 7 F5@:>2=>3> @5?5@BC0@C 2>=> ?5@59H;> 4> =0@>4=>W B@048FVW, >A>1;82> ?>H8@82H8AL C XVI-XVII AB. ;820NG8AL V7 <VAF528<8 B@048FVO<8, 25@B5? 70:>=><V@=> <02 @V7=V ?>1CBC20==O 2 =0@>4=8E :C;LBC@0E 2@>?8, C BV< G8A;V 9 C :C;LBC@V #:@0W=8. V= ?CAB82 BCB 3;81>:5 :>@V==O O: >4=0 7 B8?>28E 4;O C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> D>@< 270T<>?@>=8:=5==O "28A>:>W" B0 "=87>2>W" :C;LBC@8. >H8@5==N 25@B5?0 7 #:@0W=8 4> A5@1V2 A?@8O;0 2V47=0G5=0 28I5 B8?>;>3VG=0 AE>6VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> B0 A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20. $>;L:;>@87< A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, E0@0:B5@=0 4;O A5@1AL:>3> @5F8?VT=B0 AE8;L=VABL 4> =0@>4=>W B@048FVW 1C;8 >4=VTN 7 ?@8G8= B>3>, I> =0 A5@1AL:><C B5@5=V 25@B5? ?@8682AO H284:> 9 ?;V4=>. 091V;LH 2V@>3V4=8< T ?@8?CI5==O, I> 9>3> 70=5A;8 C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V, :>B@V 9 AB0;8 02B>@0<8 ?5@H8E B5:ABV2 @5?5@BC0@C A5@1AL:>3> 25@B5?C. "0:0 B2>@GVABL C:@0W=AL:8E CG8B5;V2 1C;0 FV;:>< 70:>=><V@=>N, >A:V;L:8 "=5<>6;82> 1C;> 1CB8 ;N48=>N, AE8;L=>N 4> B50B@C, V =5 2?0AB8 2 A?>:CAC, I>1 V F59 "=0@>4=89", ABC45=BAL:89 B0 H:V;L=89 B50B@ =5 70AB>AC20B8 2 0@;>20FV V =5 A?@8OB8 9>3> ?>40;LH><C ?>H8@5==N ?> 2AV9 !5@1VW", - 70C206CT .@G8G[63]. "0: A0<>, O: V 4@0<0, 25@B5? H284:> ?>H8@N202AO V ?>1CBC202 C?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII AB., I> 70A2V4GCNBL @V7=V ?8A5<=V 465@5;0, 40B>20=V 1733, 1736, 1740 @>:0<8, 0 B0:>6 A5@548=>N B0 4@C3>N ?>;>28=>N XVIII AB. /: V 4@0<0, 25@B5? @>7?>G8=02AO C ABV=0E H:V;, ?>BV< ?5@5E>482 C =0@>4=5 A5@54>28I5. V= ?@825@B02 C203C ?@54AB02=8:V2 28A>:>W F5@:>2=>W VT@0@EVW, O:8< 157?>A5@54=L> C 25@B5?V ?@8A2OGC20;8AO ?0=53V@8:8. !5@54 B0:8E 1C;8 V:5=BV5 >20=>28G, !8<5>= '0@=>T28G, 0=C9;> /=:>28G B0 V=HV F5@:>2=8:8, O:V, AC4OG8 7 4>:C<5=B0;L=8E A2V4>FB2, AC1A84C20;8 25@B5?, I> ?>B@51C202 283>B>2;5==O A?5FV0;L=8E 45:>@0FV9. # A5@548=V XVIII AB. 70<>2;5==O =0. 25@B5? @>182 02;> 5=04>28G, C 1758 @>FV 9>3> 48282AO C <>=0AB8@V %>?>2> >A8B59 1@04>28G. A>1;82>N ?>?C;O@=VABN :>@8ABC20;8AO =0?8A0=V 4;O 25@B5?C @V742O=V 2V@HV. > =092V4><VH8E =0;568BL ""@C18, B@C18, B@C1VBL..." - ?VA=O 7 ?5@H>W A0:@0;L=>W G0AB8=8 28AB028 "(54H5 B@VT F0@V". $@03<5=B8 FL>3> B5:ABC C2V9H;8 4> 71V@>: "5>4>@0 >1@0H8=>28G0 (1763) B0 "VA=V @V7=V" (1790). =0;V7 AB8;N, <>28 B8E =51030BL>E B5:ABV2 V7 25@B5?C, I> 715@53;8AO 01> 6 1C;8 7<V=5=V C 71V@=8:0E ?V7=VH8E 2840=L, 40T ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8, I> 2>=8 =0;560;8 C:@0W=AL:8< CG8B5;O<, C BV< G8A;V 9 02B>@>2V ?5@H>W A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8. 0 A?>AB5@565==O<8 4>A;V4=8:V2, FV D@03<5=B8 B0 :><5=B0@V 4> =8E <0NBL CAV @8A8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 25@B5?C, =>4V 2>=8 28ABC?0NBL A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N H:V;L=>3> B50B@C, <0NBL 42V 4VW, AN65B O:8E <VAB8BL 1V1;V9=V B0 <8@AL:V B5<8. /: V 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 25@B5?V, FV A5@1AL:V B5:AB8 =0?8A0=V :=86=>N <>2>N, 0;5 G5@57 WE=N D>;L:;>@8AB8G=C A?@O<>20=VABL =0@>4=0 ;5:A8:0 ?@54AB02;5=0 BCB 1V;LH ?>2=>[64]. 5@B5? 2V4V3@02 ?><VB=C @>;L C 45<>:@0B870FVW A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. "@048FV9=> 2V4GC65=0 2V4 D>;L:;>@C, A5@1AL:0 :=86=VABL 7024O:8 25@B5?C A?@89<0;0 =0@>4=C :C;LBC@C - V;NAB@0FVTN T B2>@GVABL >20=0 0WG0. 0;5:89 2V4 A8<?0BV9 4> CA=>W B@048FVW, 2V= ?8A02 2V@HV 4;O 25@B5?C, ?>G8=0NG8 7 1764 @>:C. 25@B02AO 2V= 4> FL>3> 60=@C 9 ?V7=VH5 O: CG8B5;L H:>;8. @8 FL><C 0WG V 40;V =0A;V4C202 A2>T<C 2G8B5;N, 04@5ACNG8 28:>=0==O 2;0A=8E @V742O=8E 2V@HV2 A;CE0G0< CB2>@5=>W B0 :5@>20=>W =8< "0;>W ?A0;B8@AL:>W H:>;8". 0 A?>AB5@565==O< .@G8G0, 25@B5? ?>1CBC202 A5@54 A5@1V2 C?@>4>26 2AL>3> XIX AB., ?>H8@N202AO C >T2>48=V, 0 ?V7=VH5 AB02 ?>?C;O@=8< 157?>A5@54=L> 2 !5@1VW. 4V9A=5=89 0=0;V7 40T ?V4AB028 AB25@46C20B8, I> ?>G0B>: A5@1AL:>W 4@0<8 1C2 ?>7=0G5=89 AB2>@5==O< H:V;L=>3> B50B@C O: 7=0G=>3> 4>AO3=5==O A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. 0?8A0==O V ?>AB0=>2:0 ""@0354>:><54VW" 1C;8 A?@026=V< A2OB>< A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, 25;8G=8< O28I5< VAB>@8G=>3> 7=0G5==O. .>70G8=AL:89 74V9A=82 A2>T@V4=89 ?>4283 C =>2><C, =57=09><><C A5@54>28IV 70 C<>2 4C65 =5A?@8OB;828E 4;O B2>@G>ABV. ;5 C:@0W=AL:89 02B>@ 7<V3, 4>;0NG8 B@C4=>IV, =0?8A0B8 B2V@, O:89 <02 7=0G=89 2?;82 =0 ?>40;LH89 @>728B>: A5@1AL:>3> B50B@0;L=>3> 68BBO B0 ;VB5@0BC@8. VO;L=VABL >70G8=AL:>3> AB0=>28BL >48= 7 OA:@028E ?@8:;04V2 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C. !;C6V==N V45W 2V4@>465==O B0 ?V4=5A5==O A;>2'O=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 2 V=>=0FV>=0;L=><C A5@54>28IV ?@8A2OGCT A515 <8B5FL, I> ?@8E>48BL V77>2=V. >4V1=8< ?@8:;04>< T 68BBO V B2>@GVABL V=H>3> ?@54AB02=8:0 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C - E>@20B0 .@VO @860=8G0, :>B@89, =572060NG8 =0 B@820;5 V 28A=06;825 70A;0==O 4> !81V@C, ?@0FN202 =0 V45N ?@>3@5AC C A;>2'O=AL:><C A5@54>28IV, F5=B@ O:>3> 210G02 C >A:>2AL:><C F0@AB2V[65]. >70G8=AL:89, ?5@51C20NG8 2 GC6><C A5@54>28IV, B0:>6 CAV A2>W 7=0==O ?@8A2OB82 V45W 4CE>2=>3> @>728B:C A?>@V4=5=>3> A;>2'O=AL:>3> =0@>4C. 024O:8 >70G8=AL:><C A5@1AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> >B@8<0;> >4=5 7 =091V;LH8E 702>N20=L 4>18: "=09B50B@0;L=VH89 7 CAVE B50B@V2"[66] - 10@>:>289 B50B@ 2 9>3> C:@0W=AL:V9 V=B5@?@5B0FVW. 0@<>=V9=VABL, ?>A;V4>2=VABL, 7 O:8<8 C:@0W=AL:0 H:V;L=0 4@0<0 C2V9H;0 2 A5@1AL:C B@048FVN, 1C;8 O28I5< 70:>=><V@=8<. :@V< 2V47=0G5=8E ?> E>4C 4>A;V465==O 0=0;>3V9 C @>728B:C C:@0W=AL:>W B0 A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@, 28O28;0AO 70:>=><V@=VABL, 70 O:>N AB0=>2;5==O =0FV>=0;L=>3> B50B@C 2 =0@>4V2 V245==>-!EV4=>W 2@>?8 E0@0:B5@87CTBLAO 270T<>2?;82>< V 270T<>71030G5==O<[67]. "0:89 ?@>F5A ?5@5E@5A=8E 2?;82V2 1C2 A2>T@V4=>N =>@<>N, V A5@1AL:89 ?@8:;04 I5 @07 70A2V4GCT F5, ?V4B25@46CNG8 B0:>6 A?>AB5@565==O AB>A>2=> >A>1;82>3> 7=0G5==O 10@>:> V H:V;L=>W 4@0<8 C @>728B:C B50B@C. 5@H0 A5@1AL:0 4@0<0 <0T 2AV >A>1;82>ABV ?>5B8:8 A;>2'O=AL:>3> B50B@C O: ?>;VB8G=>W B@81C=8, 7 O:>W 28A;>2;N20;8AO 68BBT2> 206;82V ?@>1;5<8 2AL>3> ACA?V;LAB20. #65 2 XVIII AB. C A:;04=8E, 28@VH0;L=8E 4;O 4>;V =0@>4C C<>20E F59 B50B@ =VA V45W, O:V 70?0=CNBL C B50B@V =0ABC?=>3> XIX AB., ?5@H 70 2A5 2 V45OE ?@>1C465==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A0<>A2V4><>ABV, A0<>AB25@465==O =0FV>=0;L=8E ?>GCBBV2. "8< A0<8< I5 @07 ?V4B25@46CTBLAO 28A=>2>:, I> H:V;L=89 B50B@ 1C2 =5>1EV4=>N AE>48=:>N =0 H;OEC 4> ?@8A:>@5==O @>728B:C B50B@0;L=>3> 68BBO, ?5@54C202 AB2>@5==N =0FV>=0;L=>3> B50B@C, 1C2 28@07=8:>< 5AB5B8G=8E 70?8BV2, 3>BC202 ?C1;V:C 4> =>2>W B50B@0;L=>W :C;LBC@8. "50B@ >70G8=AL:>3> 28:>=C202 45O:V DC=:FVW, E0@0:B5@=V 4;O 4>18 @>A2VB=8FB20, 1C2 ?>2'O70=89 V7 AB0=>2;5==O< <VAL:>W :C;LBC@8, 28E>20==O< V=B5;V35=FVW =>2>3> B8?C. V= V<?;VF8B=> =VA C A>1V D>;L:;>@=89 :><?>=5=B, O:89 C =0ABC?=C 4>1C @><0=B87<C B0 @50;V7<C AB02 <0965 ;VB5@0BC@=>N =>@<>N. 4=8< V7 ACBBT28E @57C;LB0BV2 157?>A5@54=L>3> 2?;82C H:V;L=>W 4@0<8, "B50B@C >70G8=AL:>3>" =0 A5@1AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C AB02 @>728B>: ?>57VW. >2V O28I0 C :=86=V9 ?>57VW %V-%V AB. 09 4> F8E 2V@HV2, G8B0GC, >E>BC. 070@ 0@0=>28G. /:I> 70@>465==O C:@0W=AL:>W :=86=>W ?>57VW ?@8?040T =0 :V=5FL XVI AB.[68], B> 2 A5@1V2 @8<>20=0 ?>57VO 28=8:0T V @>72820TBLAO, ?>G8=0NG8 7 XVII 9 4> A5@548=8 XVIII AB., B>1B> 2 157?>A5@54=L> 10@>:>289 ?5@V>4.  4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB., =0 4C<:C .028G0, A5@1AL:0 :=86=0 ?>57VO 2E>48BL C =>2895B0?, ?>7=0G5=89 45O:8<8 @8A0<8 @>:>:>. ;5 10@>:>20 ?>5B8:0 70;8H0TBLAO 2 A5@1AL:><C 2V@HC20==V ?@>2V4=>N B0:>6 V 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB., :>;8 A5@1AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 @>18BL ?5@HV :@>:8 =0 H;OEC 4> :;0A8F87<C V @><0=B87<C. !0<5 10@>:>20 ?>57VO AB0;0 B8< DC=40<5=B><, 157 O:>3> 28=8:=5==O =0ABC?=8E AB8;V2 C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V 1C;> 1 =5<>6;828<"[69]. 8=8:=5==N 10@>:>2>3> 2V@HC20==O ?5@54C20;0 B2>@GVABL 0=>=V<=8E :=86=8:V2, O:V =0 25;8:V9 B5@8B>@VW - 2V4 %8;O=40@0 4> >T2>48=8, >A=VW B0 5@F53>28=8, 45 VA=C20;8 A5@1AL:V 4CE>2=V F5=B@8, 709<0;8AO ?5@5?8AC20==O<. 09G0ABVH5 F5 1C;8 70?8A8 =0 ?>;OE @C:>?8AV2, O:V O2;O;8 A>1>N ;8H5 ?>5B8G=V A?@>18, 04@5A>20=V G8B0G52V, I> 2 FV;><C 1C;> ?@>4>265==O< B@048FVW A5@54=L>2VG=>W :=86=>ABV. 5@HV :@>:8 10@>:>2>W ?>57VW 1C;8 7@>1;5=V 70 <560<8 A5@1AL:8E 75<5;L - B0<, 45 ?VA;O 70E>?;5==O F8E 75<5;L >A<0=0<8 7=09H;8 ?@8BC;>: B>3>G0A=V :=86=8:8. # 72'O7:C 7 F8< =07820NBL B@8 F5=B@8, 2 O:8E D>@<C20;0AO A5@1AL:0 ?>57VO: =0 ?V24=V - D>=, 45 A5@1AL:V :=86=8:8 <0;8 7<>3C ?>7=09><8B8AO 7 VB0;>-:@8BAL:>N 10@>:>2>N :C;LBC@>N, ?@804@V0B8G=5 C715@566O '>@=>3>@VW (>:0 >B>@AL:0), :C48 ?@>=8:0;0 :C;LBC@0 C1@>2=8:0, B0 ?V2=VG=89 AEV4, 45 2 <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W V<?5@VW ;VB5@0BC@0 @>72820;0AO 7024O:8 72'O7:0< 7 #:@0W=>N. /: V 2 V=H8E AD5@0E :C;LBC@8, A0<5 BCB, C >T2>48=V, 10@>:>20 ?>57VO 4VAB0;0 A2>T =09?>2=VH5 2BV;5==O. > 25;8:8E ?5@5A5;5=L =0 ?V2=VG A5@1AL:V :=86=8:8, O:V B2>@8;8 =0 <56V XVII-XVIII AB. (0 F5, =0A0<?5@54, 8?@8O= 0G0=8=, 02@8;> 5=F;>28G), 28O2;O;8 4C<:8 V ?>GCBBO, 1;87:V 4> 10@>:>2>3> A2VB>3;O4C. E=V B2>@8 2V41820;8 1C@E;82V ?>4VW, A:>@1>BC, AB@0640==O, B@82>3C, I> WE ?5@56820;8 ?5@5A5;5=FV. 0 D>@<>N 6 2>=8 AB0=>28;8 ?@>4>265==O 2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW - ?@>?>2V4=V B5:AB8, ?>T4=0=V 7 ;VBC@3V9=>N <C78:>N B0 5;5<5=B0<8 2=CB@VH=L>W @8B<V:8. &V B5:AB8 1C;8 A?>2=5=V 5<>FV9=>3> =0?@C65==O, 1030B>W ?>5B8G=>W >1@07=>ABV, I> =01;86C20;> WE 4> ?>5B8G=>W ;VB5@0BC@8. 4=0: A5@1AL:0 ?>T7VO 4>10@>:>2>W 4>18 =5 7=0;0 @8<8 V 2V@H>20=>3> @O4:0 - F5 ACBBT20 2V4<V==VABL A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 4> 28=8:=5==O 10@>:>2>W 25@A8DV:0FVW. >G0B>: 10@>:> 2 A5@1AL:V9 ?>57VW ?>2'O7CTBLAO V7 70?>G0B:C20=O< @8<>20=>3> @O4:0, @0=VH5 =5 7=09><>3> A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V. 5@H>N @8<>20=>N D>@<>N A5@1AL:>W ?>57VW 1C2 B@8=04FOB8A:;04>289 @O4>:, :>B@89 ?@89H>2 AN48 7 #:@0W=8 9 ?>H8@82AO A5@54 A;>2'O=, O:V V7 70?V7=5==O< ?V4:;NG0;8AO 4> 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W B@048FVW. !5@54 A5@1V2 B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8: AB02 ?0=CNG8< @>7<V@>< 7 A5@548=8 XVII B0 VA=C202 C?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII V 06 4> ?>G0B:C XIX AB. ?;82>< B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8:0 ?>7=0G5=> ?5@H89 2V4><89 2V@H, =04@C:>20=89 =0 B5@8B>@VW 0;0EVW, C <VABV "@3>2VHB5, 45 7=0E>48;0AO 4@C:0@=O, C O:V9 ?@0FN20;8 C:@0W=AL:V, A5@1AL:V, <0:54>=AL:V <09AB@8, 3>BCNG8 :=838 :8@8;8G=>3> 4@C:C. "5=B8:>AB0@", =04@C:>20=89 1649 @>:C VT@><>=0E>< !B5D0=>< V7 >A=VW 2 A5@1AL:V9 @540:FVW, ?>7=0G5=89 ?><VB=8< 2?;82>< @CAL:>W <>28. # B5:ABV FL>3> 2840==O 1C;> 7=0945=> 2V@H, C O:><C =52V4><89 02B>@ >A?V2CT 4@C68=C 2>T2>48 ;5=C 0A0@01, I> ?V4 WW ?>:@>28B5;LAB2>< 2840=> :=83C. 8?@8O= 0G0=8= C A2>T<C "C:20@V" (1717) =0<0302AO 28:;0AB8 ?@8:;048 25@A8DV:0FVW, B0:>6 AB2>@NNG8 2;0A=V 2V@HV @>7<V@><, ?@8B0<0==8< C:@0W=AL:V9 :=86=V9 ?>57VW. >5B8G=V A?@>18 A5@1AL:8E :=86=8:V2 7 A5@548=8 XVII 4> 20-E @>:V2 XVIII AB. 1C;8 ?5@H8<8 :@>:0<8 A8;01VG=>3> 2V@HC20==O. >3> @50;L=5 ?>H8@5==O ?>G8=0TBLAO 7 30-E @>:V2 XVIII AB., B>1B> V7 70A=C20==O< H:V;, I> AB0;8 >A5@54:0<8 >7=09><;5==O 7 ?>57VTN. /: V 2 V=H8E ;VB5@0BC@=8E 60=@0E, ?@>2V4=0 @>;L BCB =0;560;0 8E09;>2V >70G8=AL:><C, :>B@89, 28:;040NG8 B5>@VN 2V@HC20==O, V A0< ?8A02 B@8=04FOB8A:;04>28< @>7<V@><, 28E>2CNG8 <091CB=VE ?>5BV2. A:V;L:8 2V@HC20==O 1C;> A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N =02G0;L=>W ?@>3@0<8, V=HV 2G8B5;V, I> @>7V9H;8AO ?> A5@1AL:8E 75<;OE, 70?@>2046C20;8 B@8=04FOB8A:;04>289 @>7<V@, A?>=C:0NG8 A2>WE CG=V2 4> ?>5B8G=8E 2?@02. "@048FVO 2V@HC20==O 1C;0 4>A8BL 4>1@5 ?>AB02;5=0 C "H:>;0E >70G8=AL:>3>": CG=V 1C;8 7>1>2'O70=V ?8A0B8 2;0A=V 2V@HV, 45:;0<C20B8, 70A=>2CNG8AL =0 7@07:0E, AB2>@5=8E =0AB02=8:0<8, 0 B0:>6 ?@54AB02;5=8E C :=86:0E. "5:AB>;>3VG=V ?>@V2=O==O 715@565=8E =0G5@:V2 2V@HC20=L, I> =0;560BL CG=O< >70G8=AL:>3>, 70A2V4GCNBL WE=N 1;87L:VABL 4> C:@0W=AL:>W 4CE>2=>W ?>57VW XVII-XVIII AB., 7@07:8 O:>W 2<VI5=> C ">3>3;0A=8:C" (>G0W2, 1790) B0 2 V=H8E 4@C:>20=8E 465@5;0E, I> =04E>48;8 4> A5@1V2[70]. :@V< B@8=04FOB8A:;04>2>3> 2V@H0, A5@1AL:V ?>5B8 725@B0;8AL V 4> 2>AL<8A:;04>2>3> A8;01VG=>3> @>7<V@C, O:8< ?8A0;8 0WG, @D5;V=, V=HV 02B>@8. >E>465==O 9>3> B0:>6 ?>2'O7CNBL 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 ?@>B>B8?0<8, 0;5 ?@8 FL><C =5 A;V4 701C20B8 ?@> A5@1AL:V D>;L:;>@=V 7@07:8. >AL<8A:;04>289 2V@H 1C2 7=09><89 V A5@54=L>2VG=V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, 0 B0:>6 4C1@>2=8FL:8< ?>5B0<, O:V AB2>@N20;8 7 9>3> 4>?><>3>N V 10@>:>289 5?>A, V ;V@8G=V B2>@8. 4=0: 15770AB5@56=5 ?@89=OBBO 9>3> 2V41C20TBLAO ;8H5 ?VA;O =0;03>465==O :>=B0:BV2 7 #:@0W=>N, A8;01VG=0 ?>57VO O:>W AB0;0 ?5@H>5;5<5=B>< V AB8<C;OB>@>< A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8, :>B@0, 70A2>NNG8 A8;01VG=V ?@8=F8?8, 2?5@H5 >7=09><8;0AO 7 @8<>N. > C:@0W=AL:>3> 2?;82C @8<0 1C;0 A5@1AL:V9 A5@54=L>2VG=V9 :=86=>ABV =5 2V4><0, O:I> =5 1@0B8 4> C2038 B2>@GVABL :=86=8:V2 7 ?@804@V0B8G=>W '>@=>3>@VW. "CB, C >FV >B>@AL:V9, I> ?5@51C20;0 C 157?>A5@54=L><C ACAV4AB2V 7 C1@>2=8:>< (C =L><C B0 274>26 C715@566O ?0=C20;0 2 FV;><C :0B>;8FL:0 :C;LBC@0), B0:V ?>5B8, O: .<0T28G, ?8A0;8 420=04FOB8A:;04>28< A8;01VG=8< 2V@H5<, 70?>78G5=8< 7 ;VB5@0BC@8 C1@>2=8:0[71]. %>G0 2=CB@VH=O @8B<VG=VABL 1C;0 ?@8B0<0==0 2V70=BV9AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, >@0B>@AL:V9 ?@>7V, D>;L:;>@=V9 ?>57VW, @8<0 7402=0 1C;0 2V4><0 4C1@>2=8FL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V 4>18 5=5A0=AC, 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V A8;01V:0 70?0=C20;0 ;8H5 7 30-E @>:V2 XVIII AB. >2V 7@07:8 2V@HC20==O ?>H8@N20;8AO =5 BV;L:8 2 <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028, 45 >?8=8;8AO A5@18, 0 9 C '>@=>3>@VW, 45 1C;8 4>A8BL A8;L=V ?@>AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:V A8<?0BVW. >:07>2>, I> 2 FL><C @53V>=V B0:>6 725@B0NBLAO A0<5 4> C:@0W=AL:8E 465@5;, ?>?@8 4>A8BL @>728=5=C ACAV4=N 4C1@>2=8FL:C :C;LBC@C. "0:, >4=5 7 2V@H>20=8E "?@8:070=L ?@> <C:8 %@8AB>2V" ?>5B0 A5@548=8 XVIII AB. 20=0 =BC=0 5=048G0 7 >:8 >B>@AL:>W =0?8A0=5 ?VA=O<8, ?>7=0G5=8<8 5;5<5=B0<8 C:@0W=AL:>W :=86=>W ;5:A8:8[72]. 07>< V7 @>7<V@>< A5@18 70?>78GCNBL B5@<V= "2V@H" O:89 28BVA=82 ?>?5@54=V9 B5@<V= 3@5FL:>3> ?>E>465==O "AB8E". >ABC?>2> 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V 28=8:0T A?@026=O <>40 =0 @8<>20=5 2V@HC20==O - A2>T@V4=0 :><?5=A0FVO "3>;>4C" =0 @8<C 2 ;VB5@0BC@=V9 B2>@G>ABV ?>?5@54=VE G0AV2. !5@54=L>2VG=0 B@048FVO 7 WW 60=@0<8, <>2>N <0965 ?>2=VABN 2V4E>48BL 2 <8=C;5, =5 2V4?>2V40NG8 265 70?8B0< G0AC. 4=0: F59 @>7@82 7 <8=C;8< 40;5:> =5 2V4@07C 402 O:VAL ?><VB=V @57C;LB0B8, >A:V;L:8 A5@54=L>2VG=0 B@048FVO 1C;0 I5 4>A8BL 2V4GCB=>N. >5B8 ?5@H>3> ?>:>;V==O - . 0G0=8=, .5=F;>28G, ?5@5>@VT=B>2CNG8AL =0 =>2C ?>5B8:C, =5 1C;8 I5 3>B>28<8 28A;>28B8 2;0A=5 ?>5B8G=5 =0BE=5==O 7 4>?><>3>N AB@>3> @8<>20=>3> B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8:0 V 2V4?>2V4=> ?V4V1@0=8E @8<. > B>3> 6 A5@1AL:8< ?8AL<5==8:0< 4>25;>AO 2V4<>28B8AL 2V4 2;0A=>W, "A5@1>-A;>2'O=AL:>W", 1;87L:>W 4> =0@>4=>W, <>28. 0B><VABL 2>=8 <CA8;8 ?8A0B8 =>2>N, =5 702648 W< 7@>7C<V;>N <>2>N. A:V;L:8 A0<5 D>@<0, ?52=V =>@<8 10@>:>2>W 5AB5B8:8 ?5@5B2>@N20;8AO =0 A0<>4>AB0B=N <5BC, F5 =530B82=> ?>7=0G8;>AO =0 EC4>6=L><C @V2=V ?5@H8E B2>@V2 A5@1AL:>W 10@>:>2>W ?>57VW. '0A>< AE>;0AB8G=V, HBCG=> 70@8<>20=V, 2>=8 2B@0G0;8 :>;8H=N <C78:0;L=VABL. 4=0: 72>48B8 10@>:>2C ?>5B8:C ;8H5 4> ?0=C20==O D>@<8 =0 H:>4C ?>5B8G=>ABV 1C;> 1 ?><8;:>28<. B@0G0NG8 >4=V O:>ABV, A5@1AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 71030GC20;0AL =>28<8. !0<5 2 4>1C 10@>:> FO ;VB5@0BC@0 4>AO3;0 G8<0;>, 2 B><C G8A;V 9 C 30;C7V 25@A8DV:0FVW, I> >7=0G0;> ?V43>B>2:C AB@C:BC@8 2V@H0, ?@>A>4VW A5@1AL:>W ?VA5==>ABV =0ABC?=8E G0AV2. 06;828< 5B0?>< C FL><C (?VA;O >?0=C20==O 2 30-E @>:0E A8;01VG=>W ?>57VW) 1C;> 70A2>T==O ?>57VW A8;01>-B>=VG=>W. # 72V;L=5==V 2V4 =>@< A8;01VG=>3> 2V@HC20==O V ?5@5E>4V 4> =>2>3>, 1V;LH <>1V;L=>3>, 70A>1C C:@0W=AL:V 7@07:8 B0:>6 2V4V3@020;8 ?@>2V4=C @>;L. A>1;820 @>;L C FL><C =0;560;0 ":0=B0<". "5>@5B8G=V 70A048 2V@HC20==O 282G0;8AO 2 H:>;0E; =091V;LH 2V4><8<8 1C;8 ?>;>65==O ?@> =03>;>A, "> ?@>A>4VW AB8E>B2>@=>9", 28:;045=V 2 "@0<0B8FV" 5;5BVO !<>B@8FL:>3>, O:89 I5 =0 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. 7=0G=> 2?;8202 =0 @>728B>: A5@1AL:>W B5>@5B8G=>W 4C<:8, ?@> I> A2V4G8BL "C:20@" (1717) 8?@8O=0 0G0=8=0. V7=VH5 A5@18 7=09><;OBLAO 7 B5>@5B8G=8<8 @>7@>1:0<8 2 30;C7V 25@A8DV:0FVW "@54V0:>2AL:>3> V ><>=>A>20, 0 7 G0A>< V 7 157?>A5@54=V<8 7@07:0<8 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>W ?>57VW, =0?8A0=8<8 70 F8<8 =>@<0<8, - B>1B> 7 :0=B0<8, ?0AB>@0;L=8<8 3V<=0<8, 2V4><8<8 A5@10< V7 E>@20BAL:>W B0 C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@. 5 A;V4 >1<8=0B8 V 7=0G5==O ;0B8=AL:>W :;0A8:8, 7 O:>N A5@1V2 7=09><8;8 C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V. #AO FO V=D>@<0FVO A?@8O;0 ?5@5E>4C A5@1AL:>W ?>57VW 4> A8;01>-B>=VG=>W 25@A8DV:0FVW. %>G0 F59 ?@>F5A 74V9A=N202AO =5 1571>;VA=>, >A:V;L:8 AB@C:BC@0 A5@1AL:>W <>28 =5 7>2AV< ?V4E>48;0 4;O A?@89=OBBO A8;01>-B>=VG=>W 25@A8DV:0FVW, 2V= A?@8O2 ?>H8@5==N V @>728B:C <C78:0;L=>3> 5;5<5=BC 2 A5@1AL:V9 ?>57VW. 8=8:0;8 B2>@8, O:V A?V20;8AO, 45:;0<C20;8AO, - F5 ?@872>48;> 4> A5:C;O@870FVW ?>57VW, ?>ABC?>2>3> 72V;L=5==O 2V4 A5@54=L>2VG=>W 35@<5B8G=>ABV. B65, ?5@5EV4 2V4 A8;01>-B>=V:8 A;V4 ?>OA=N20B8 =5 BV;L:8 @57C;LB0B>< 2?;82C, 0 9 ?@8G8=0<8, I> 28?;820;8 157?>A5@54=L> 7 ?@>1;5< 52>;NFVW A5@1AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20. V@HC20==O 2 =L><C =01C20T 4540;V 1V;LH>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV, 2>=> 265 ?5@5AB0;> 1CB8 ?@82V;5T< 2C7L:>3> :>;0 :=86=8:V2, >A:V;L:8 9>3> ?>H8@5==N A?@8O;0 4@C:>20=0 :=830. V41C2AO A2>3> @>4C "?>5B8G=89 1C<": 2V@HC20==O =01C20T ?>?C;O@=>ABV, AB0T 4>ABC?=VH8<; ?>5B8G=V B2>@8 4@C:CNBL, ?8HCBL C H:>;0E V 45:;0<CNBL ?C1;VG=>[73]. "5<0B8:0 B2>@V2 72V;L=O;0AO 2V4 F5@:>2=8E >1<565=L, AB020;0 1V;LH A2VBAL:>N, 040?BC20;0AO 4> A<0:V2 V 70?8BV2 H8@>:8E 25@AB2. %>G0 9 =040;V A5@1AL:5 2V@HC20==O 74V9A=N20;>AO 73V4=> 7 GC6>75<=8<8 7@07:0<8, 2>=> ?>ABC?>2> ?@8AB>A>2C20;>AO 4> 28<>28, 0:F5=BC0FVW A5@1AL:>W <>28. @>B5 27V@F5< 70;8H02AO C:@0W=AL:89 2V@H, =0 O:><C 28@>AB0;8 FV;V ?>:>;V==O A5@1AL:8E ?>5BV2 C?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII AB. &59 2V@H, 70 A;>20<8 .028G0, 1C:20;L=> ?'O=82 A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2, 1C4CG8 4;O =8E C>A>1;5==O< <>45@=>W ?>5B8G=>W D>@<8[74]. # A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V CB2>@NTBLAO FV;0 3@C?0 ?8AL<5==8:V2, 28E>20=8E =0 ?>5B8FV C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. V4 9>3> 2?;82>< ?5@51C20;8 <0965 2AV B>3>G0A=V ?>5B8 - 2V4 ?5@H8E 0=>=V<=8E 4> B8E, B2>@GVABL O:8E 22060;0AO =0928I8< 4>AO3=5==O< A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W :C;LBC@8 10@>:>2>W 4>18. &59 2?;82 ?@>AB56CTBLAO 2V4 A5@548=8 XVII, 2?@>4>26 CAL>3> XVIII >B., 2V= ?><VB=89 ?@8 ?5@5E>4V 4> @>:09=8E 28O2V2 B0 A5=B8<5=B0;V7<C. @54AB02=8: >AB0==L>3> 0E0@VT @D5;V= A2>W A>=5B8 B0:>6 B2>@82 B@8=04FOB8A:;04>28< A8;01VG=8< 2V@H5<. #65 ?5@H89 =52V4><89 02B>@ A5@548=8 XVII AB., CA;02;NNG8, O: F5 1C;> ?@89=OB> 2 10@>:>2V9 B@048FVW, <5F5=0B0, :>B@89 ?>A?@8O2 4@C:C20==N :=838, "=02VBL V =5 2V4GC2, 70E>?;NNG8AL =>28<8 <>6;82>ABO<8 <5B@8:8 B0 >1@07V2, I> 9>3> 2V@HV AB2>@5=V 70 C:@0W=AL:8<8 7@07:0<8"'[75]. "5 A0<5 <>6=0 2V4=5AB8 V 4> ?5@H8E ?>5B8G=8E A?@>1 C65 7304C20=8E . 0G0=8=0 B0 .5=F;>28G0. > C:@0W=AL:>W ?>57VW 725@B02AO V %.5D0@>28G, O:89 CA;02;N202 A5@1AL:5 VAB>@8G=5 <8=C;5, AC?@>2>46CNG8 2;0A=V 3@02N@8 =0?8A0=8<8 B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8:>< 2V@H0<8, O:V 22060NBLAO ?5@H8< 4@C:>20=8< 7@07:>< 2;0A=5 A5@1AL:>3> 2V@HC20==O. # ?5@52840==O =04@C:>20=>W C L2>2V :=838 ">CG5=VT =>2>?>AB02;5=>< T@5N" (1642), 74V9A=5=5 2 1742 @>FV, 5D0@>28G 2=VA AV< 2;0A=8E 2V@H>20=8E @O4:V2, :>B@V 22060NBLAO ?5@5@>1:>N 707=0G5=>W ;L2V2AL:>W ?C1;V:0FVW[76]. "2>@GVABL B0:8E <5=H 2V4><8E 02B>@V2, O: 820=>28G, 5;5B8T28G, !BC45=8G:8, 20:C<>28G B0 V=HV, I> B0:>6 725@B0;8AO 4> B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8:0, ?>:07>20 O: V;NAB@0FVO 25;8:>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV FL>3> 2V@H0 A5@54 H8@>:>3> 7030;C. 097=0G=VH8< 4>AO3=5==O< A5@1AL:>W ?>5B8G=>W :C;LBC@8 T O: B2>@GVABL A5@1V2 - . 0WG0, .5=04>28G0, .@D5;V=0, B0: V B2>@GVABL .>70G8=AL:>3> - C AC:C?=>ABV 6 2>=8 AB0=>2;OBL =0928I89 28O2 A5@1AL:>3> ;VB5@0BC@=>3> 10@>:>. >57VO A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2 ?>7=0G5=0 HC:0==O<8, ?@03=5==O< AB2>@8B8 2;0A=89 2V@H, 2V4V9B8 2V4 =>@< A8;01V:8, 7=09B8 <5;>48:C, 1;87L:C A5@1AL:V9 0C48B>@VW. 4=0: V 2 F8E HC:0==OE, C B0:8E A2>WE 4>AO3=5==OE, O: ";0G !5@1VW" (1761) .@D5;V=0, 5?VG=><C B2>@V . 0WG0 "V9 <VO 7 @;0<8" (1791), V=H8E B2>@0E, ?8AL<5==8:8 =5 28?CA:0;8 7 ?>;O 7>@C EC4>6=V9 4>A2V4 C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8, 7 O:>N 2>=8 =5 ?>@820;8 V =0 ?>G0B:C XX AB. :@V< D>@<0;L=8E 7<V=, A5@1AL:0 ?>5B8G=0 B2>@GVABL ACBBT2> 71030GCT 7<VAB. #:@0W=AL:0 ?>5B8G=0 :C;LBC@0 H8@>:8< ?>B>:>< @8=C;0 2 A5@1AL:5 @VG8I5, =5ACG8 7 A>1>N 2A5 @>7<0WBBO 10@>:>2>W B5<0B8:8. @V< =0FV>=0;L=>W A2>T@V4=>ABV, FO ?>57VO 2V47=0G0;0AO =87:>N >A>1;82>AB59, I> >1'T4=0;8 WW T2@>?59AL:>N A?V;L=8<8 B5<0<8, =0AB@>O<8, ?>5B8G=8<8 70A>10<8 B>I>. 572060NG8 =0 35>3@0DVG=C, <>2=C G8 @5;V3V9=C 2V4<V==VABL, ?>5B8 10@>:> =0;560;8 4> A2>T@V4=>3> "10@>:>2>3> C=V25@A0;V7<C"[77]. &O A?V;L=>B0 ?>OA=NTBLAO =5 BV;L:8 270T<>2?;820<8, 28:>@8AB0==O< =>@<>20=8E ?>5B8:, 0 9 ?52=>N A?>@V4=5=VABN ACA?V;L=>-?>;VB8G=8E C<>2, 70 O:8E 28=8:0;0 @>72820;0AO AC<0 =0AB@>W2 B0 ?5@5:>=0=L, I> WE =07820T< "10@>:>2>N A2V4><VABN". V9=8, 5?V45<VW, 3>;>4, I> 28@C20;8 2 2@>?V XVII AB, ?>@>46C20;8 2V4GCBBO B@82>38, =5?52=>ABV 2 702B@0H=L><C 4=V, @>7G0@C20==O 2 :>;8H=VE V450;0E. "5<8 A<5@BV, H284:>?;8==>ABV 68BBO, CA2V4><;5==O B@03VG=>W @>742>T=>ABV 75<=>3> 9 =515A=>3> 1C;8 BV;L:8 45O:8<8 7 ?@>2V4=8E A2VB>3;O4=8E :><?>=5=BV2 "10@>:>2>W ;N48=8", :>B@0 >4=0:>2> ?>GC20;0 A515 =0 @V7=8E B5@5=0E. @8:;04 A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 T >4=8< 7 ?V4B25@465=L FL>3>. /: 2V47=0G0;>AO, ?>;VB8G=V, A>FV0;L=V >1AB028=8, 2 O:8E >?8=8;>AO A5@1AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> =0 <56V XVII B0 =0ABC?=>3> AB>;VBL, 4020;8 2AV ?V4AB028 4;O ?@89=OBBO B8E =0AB@>W2, I> E0@0:B5@87CNBL 10@>:>2C A2V4><VABL. V4GCBBO =515A=>W 25;8GV, A?V22V4=>H5==O <V6 <0:@>- V <V:@>:>A<><, >A<8A;5==O A2VBC O: 2A57030;L=>3> E@0<C, 2 O:><C 4CH0 - "7>@O=0 F5@:20", I> 7;820TBLAO 7 :>A<VG=8< ?@>AB>@><, - FN ?>?C;O@=C 2 T2@>?59AL:><C 10@>:> B5<C "civitas dei", 4><C-4CHV B0 7>@O=>3> 157<56=>3> E@0<C 2V4>1@065=> 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ?>57VW, 0 2V4B0: V 2 A5@1AL:V9. ;53>@8G=V CO2;5==O =515A=>3> 72>4C, A2VB8;, :>A<>3>=VG=0 B5<0 2 FV;><C 4>A8BL @V7=><0=VB=> ?@54AB02;5=V 2 C:@0W=AL:8E ?>5BV2, ?>5B8:0 ?@>AB>@C 2 O:8E <0;> =5 >1>2'O7:>2> ?>H8@N20;0AO =0 2A5A2VB 7 9>3> 0AB@0;L=>N A8<2>;V:>N. >5B8G=0 A?04I8=0 070@O 0@0=>28G0 ?>:07>20 =5 ;8H5 O: V;NAB@0FVO ?@8G5B=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 4> 10@>:>2>3> C=V25@A0;V7<C, 0 9 O: 2V4>1@065==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A2>T@V4=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. >A<>3>=VG=0 B5<0 ?>7102;5=0 2 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>5B0 2V4GCBBO A0<>B=>ABV, 157A8;;O ;N48=8 ?5@54 E>;>4=8< V <>2G07=8< ?@>AB>@><, O: F5 =09G0ABVH5 7CAB@VG0T<> 2 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V9 ?>57VW. # 2V@H0E "@> <VAOFL B0 7>@V", "@> A>=F5", "5A5;:0 2 =51V - 2BVH0B8AO B@510!" B0 V=H8E 2V4GC20TBLAO @5=5A0=A=0 30@<>=V9=VABL T4=0==O 7 ?@8@>4>N, 7 ?@>AB>@><, O:89 >A<8A;NTBLAO V=B8<=>, 157 2V4GC65==O. >A<VG=89 ?@>ABV@ 7<0;L>2CTBLAO 157 CA:;04=5=L, >1@070<8, 1;87L:8<8 4> D>;L:;>@=>W A8<2>;V:8. >;8 ?>5B 40T B8?>2> 10@>:>2C ?>1C4>2C =515A=>3> E@0<C, B> V=B5@'T@ 9>3> 1C4V2;V 7<0;L>20=> 7@>7C<V;8<8 GVB:8<8 >1@070<8, =5<>2 70?>78G5=8<8 7 =0@>4=>W ?VA=V, O:C 070@ 0@0=>28G, 28EV45FL V7 ?@>AB>W @>48=8, =5 <V3 =5 7=0B8. ">6 C =L>3> 0AB@0;L=0 A8<2>;V:0 28@065=0 7OA=VABN V ?@>AB>B>N ;V@8G=>W ?VA=V: B5FL 4=O - A>=F5, <VAOFL - <0B8 =>GV,  W9 C ?><VG - 7V@>: OA=V. >GV[78]. (5@. . (52GC:0) 02VBL :>;8 ;53:> V =528<CH5=> 02B>@, >A?V2CNG8 A>=F5, ?5@5E>48BL 4> ACG0A=>W 9><C 10@>:>2>W >1@07=>ABV, 2>=0 ?>7=0G5=0 2 =L>3> 28HC:0=VABN, ?>7102;5=>N B@048FV9=>W CA:;04=5=>ABV. !>=F5 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 B@048FV9=V9 :C;LBC@V CA;02;NTBLAO 7 402=VE-4025=, B>6 V 2 10@>:>2V9 ?>57VW 2>=> 7=0E>48BL 2V4?>2V4=5 21@0==O, 2 O:><C ?>@CG 7 10@>:>2>N ?8H=>B>N ?@8ACB=V OA=VABL, 7@>7C<V;VABL:  CAVE ?;0=5B, I> 7=0T<> WE ;8H5, >=> C1@0==O <0T =09?8H=VH5. @8HB0;L =515A=89 2 :0<V=L ?5@5E>48BL,  ?@>ABC A:;O=:C 1;8A: B>9 1;03>@>48BL, V@:0< 40@CT 9 <VAOF52V OA=VABL. >3> 6 =5 2@078BL A>=OG=0 ?@5:@0A=VABL?[79] (5@. .(52GC:0) >4V1=5 V=B8<V7>20=5 A?@89=OBBO :>A<VG=>3> ?@>AB>@C, =01;865==O 9>3> 4> ;N48=8, ?@8B0<0==5 I5 D>;L:;>@=V9 B@048FVW, 7=0945<> 9 C !>D@>=VO >G0AL:>3>, :>B@89, 45<>=AB@CNG8 10@>:>25 ?>;V3VAB5@AB2>, C ?0=53V@8:C =0 G5ABL 5B@0 >38;8 7<0;L>2CT =515A=89 ?@>ABV@ 28A>:8< HB8;5<, 2>4=>G0A ?>7102;5=8< 28A>:><>2=>ABV. >3> :>A<>A 25;8G=89, =5 2V4GC65=> 40;5:89, 0 =01;865=89 4> ;N48=8 G5@57 WW 4C<:C, I> ?@03=5 4> ?V7=0==O: 5 OA=89 ?0;0F $T1V2 2 A2>W< 1C4C20==V  =51> 7=VAAO 28A>:> C25AL 2 <0;N20==V,  ;VEB0@V :@8HB0;52V< AV< ;0<? 70A2VB82H8  =515A=5 AVO==O =04 A2VB>< @>7;82H8, 5 2AV 7>@V 9 ?;0=5B8 - <VAFO A>1V <0NBL, 2V4:8 ?@><5=V A2VB;0 4>4>;C A?040NBL, "C48 4C<:C ;N4AL:CN =0C:0 70=>A8BL, "0T<=8FV ?@8@>48 FV:028< 73>;>A8BL[80]. (5@. .@5:>B=O) # !B5D0=0 /2>@AL:>3> "72V4 @CAL:>3> =510" >15@B0TBLAO =02:>;> A2VB8;, O:V A8<2>;V7CNBL F5@:2C. AB@0;L=>N A8<2>;V:>N 2V= :>@8ABCTBLAO =5 4;O CA;02;5==O F5@:28, 0 2 ?>;5<VFV 7 03@5A82=>N, ?V4ABC?=>N =54>1@>?>@O4=VABN :0B>;8FL:8E T?8A:>?V2, G5@57 O:8E AB@0640T "@CAL:89 =0@>4". V= C<V;> 26820T ?>H8@5=89 C 10@>:>2><C <8AB5FB2V 70AV1 "B5=51@>AA>", :>=B@0AB=> ?>@V2=NNG8 OA=VABL @CAL:>3> =510 7 <>@>:><, I> 945 2V4 V=B@83 :0B>;8FL:8E "?@8<0A". @8 FL><C 2 7>1@065==V =5?>ABV9=>ABV, <V=;82>ABV, O:0 E0@0:B5@87CT ?>;VB8:C :0B>;8FL:>W F5@:28 I>4> @CAL:>3> =0@>4C, 02B>@ 240TBLAO 4> =0@>4=8E ?@8:<5B VAOFL, O:I> 1;V4=5, 2VICT 1C@N,  :>;8 ?@8<0A8 - B> A;L>78... VAOFL, O:I> G5@2>=VT, 2VICT 2VB5@, >;8 6 ?@8<0A8 - B> ;NBL[81]. (5@. .0A;N:0) /:I> /2>@AL:89 70;CG0T :>A<>3>=VG=C A8<2>;V:C O: 70AV1 A0B8@8G=>3> 2V4>1@065==O ?>;VB8G=>W B0 @5;V3V9=>W :>=D@>=B0FVW, B> C $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0 0AB@0;L=V >1@078 - A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 "?8AC 8T20". >1C4>20=89 70A>10<8 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8, 7VB:=5==O< :>=B@0AB=8E :>;L>@V2, F59 2V@H =0;568BL 4> :@0I8E 7@07:V2 C@10=VAB8G=>W ;V@8:8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. 8W2 CA;02;N20;8 9 V=HV ?>5B8 9>3> 4>18, 0;5 A0<5 @>:>?>28GC 240;>AO <09AB5@=> ?5@540B8 ;0=4H0DB <8AB0 7 9>3> =878=0<8 V 28A>G8=0<8, ?>:070B8 3@C A2VB;0, @V:8 9 ?03>@1V2, O:V A0<5 7024O:8 70;CG5==N ?>?C;O@=8E 0AB@0;L=8E >1@07V2 ?>-@V7=><C >A2VB;NNBLAO 2 FL><C GC4>2><C ?59706V. >5B 40T =5 ?@>AB> ">?8A", O: 2V= A:@><=> =07820T 60=@ 2V@H0, 0 AB2>@NT 48=0<VG=C D5T@VN, 3@C @V7=8E ?;>I8=, :>;L>@V2, ?@54AB02;ONG8 @V4=5 <VAB> B> 2 ?@><5=OE A2VB0=:C, B> 2 ACBV=:>2><C ?@8A<5@:C, ?>:07CNG8 25;8G=89 8W2 C @V7=8E @0:C@A0E: 0G8BL A2VB0=>:, O: <VAB> :C?0TBLAO 2 2>40E ACAV4=VE, C 0 A<5@:0==O ;8H 10G8BL 3>@8AB89 :20@B0;. VG:0 B5G5 ?>?@8 <VAB0, 45 45=L ?@>:840TBLAO 2@0=FV,  70E>4C 10G0BL 9>3> 157;VG 28A>:8E 25@H8=. VAB0 :@09>1@07 7V AE>4C, 70?>2=5=89 2>40<8 @VG:8,  70E>4C 1V;O 25@H8= 10G8BL 25GV@=N 7>@N. VAB> 2V4 AE>4C @>652>3> 10G8BL H8@>:9 2>48,  70E>4C 2 =L>3> 4>2:V; N@8 AB@V<:V 28A>G0BL[82]. (5@. .0A;N:0) 02545=V ?@8:;048 40;5:> =5 28G5@?CNBL CAL>3> @>7<0WBBO 28:>@8AB0==O >1@07=>3> 7<0;N20==O =515A=>3> ?@>AB>@C 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 10@>:>2V9 ?>57VW.  2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V A?>AB5@V30T<> 2V4ACB=VABL <5B0D>@8G=8E CA:;04=5=L. !8<2>;V:0 A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2 B0:>6 ?V4?>@O4:>20=0 ?@03=5==N 4> 7@>7C<V;>ABV, O:0 ?@8B0<0==0 D>;L:;>@=V9 B@048FVW. '8<0;> A2V4G5=L 7=0E>48<> 2 >4=V9 V7 ?8A5<=8E 71V@>: B>3> G0AC - "@;0=35=AL:><C @C:>?8AV" (1720), O:89 22060NBL 203><8< 4>:C<5=B>< :C;LBC@=>3> 68BBO G0AC. !5@54 1030BL>E ?>:07>28E 7@07:V2 T 2V@H =52V4><>3> 02B>@0, :>B@89 >1@07 7>@O=>W F5@:28 AB2>@NT 240NG8AL 4> 70A>1V2 CA=>?>5B8G=>W B@048FVW: !8B=5 [C 728X5745 A =510 A018X0B  >=>30 X0A=>3> <X5A5F0, 4 728X5740 [C F@:2C A03@048B8, 4 <X5A5F0 F@:20 18X5;0 2@0B0, G8<0 [C 8:>=5 ?8A0B8 > C<C [C ;5BC@38XC ?X5B8, 0 :>Z8[C [C F@:25 4>[8, ! :>Z0 :>?Y5< F@:2C AB20@0B8[83]. V@H T >4=8< V7 ?@8:;04V2 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=>3> 2 BV G0A8 10@>:>2>3> :>=A5?B87<C, ?>5B8G=>W 70304:8, 0;5 7<0;N20==O F5@:28 O: <VAOFO 74V9A=NTBLAO 70A>10<8, 7=09><8<8 G8B0G52V 7 CA=>W ;V@8:8: "A8B=5 728X5745", "X0A=8 <5A5F", "18X5;0 2@0B0", "=0 :>Z8[C 4>[8". '5@57 B0:V ?@89><8, I> =5 2V4GC6CNBL, 0 =01;86CNBL G8B0G0 4> 02B>@0, >AB0==V9 =0<0302AO 2V4:@8B8 157<56=VABL ?@>AB>@C, O:89 70E>?;N202 V ><>=>A>20, I> B0:>6 G5@?02 7 C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8: B:@K;0AL 1574=0 72574 ?>;=0, 25740< G8A;0 =5B - 1574=5 4=0.[84] C;> 1 ?><8;:>28< AB25@46C20B8, I> C:@0W=AL:V9 ?>57VW ?@8B0<0==0 ;8H5 V=B8<V70FVO ?@>AB>@C. !2VB>A?@89=OBBO C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 E0@0:B5@87CT V B0:0 4><V=0=B0 T2@>?59AL:>W 10@>:>2>W A2V4><>ABV, O: AB@0E ?5@54 <>2G0==O< :>A<VG=>W B5<@O28, 157A8;;O ;N48=8. &5 2V4>1@060T, 7>:@5<0, :8W2AL:89 ?>5B 20= 0:A8<>28G: "5@VBL <5=5, 3;818=8, 1> 20A =5 7103=CB8!" &8<8 A;>20<8 70:V=GCTBLAO 9>3> ?>5B8G=0 ?@8BG0 ?@> 1C@E;82VABL V =5157?5G=VABL 68BBO, ?@54AB02;5=>3> 2 >1@07V @VG:8. "@510 2V47=0G8B8 48=0<VG=VABL 7>1@065==O "@CEC =5A?8==>3>" - FVTW 4><V=0=B=>W 10@>:>2>W @8B<V:8: "...E28;V E8B0;8AL 2V;L=>, >4=V V7 E28;L C3>@C B>4V ?V4=V<0;8AL,  V=HVW 4>=87C, 7;0<02H8AL, A?CA:0;8AL". V4?>2V4=> 4> ?>B@51 G0AC 02B>@ ?@03=5 2@078B8, "28:;8:0B8 ?>482;V==O, O: 7<V=NTBLAO 3@0T @VG:>25 AB@5<;V==O": V= 7 B>3> 482C202AO - O: <>65 F5 AB0B8AL, )> <5@B2V, 0;5 2 @CAV V <>6CBL 7<VI0B8AL  >4=>3> <VAFO 2 V=H5 - C @CAV =5A?8==V, %>G =0 >4=><C <VAFV, >4=0G5 =57<V==V[85]. (5@. .(52GC:0) V4 2?;82>< F8E 2@065=L, 1C@E;82>ABV 35@>9 :840TBLAO C 28@ 68BBO. 1@07 ;N48=8, O:C =>AOBL G>@=V E28;V, 1C2 =04728G09=> ?>?C;O@=8< C "2V: 70;V7=89", O: =07202 A2>N 4>1C 20= @=>2AL:89, 7<0;L>2CNG8 AC2>@C ?0=>@0<C G0AC: V: 70;V7=89 ?>2AN48 @>7AVNT @0=8  2C;:0= ;NB> 3@8<0 2 >3=8ABV :0@30=8, /: ;5:B> ?@>:;OB0 2 :@>2V ?>B>?0T, !<>;>A:8?>< AB83V9AL:8< 2V9=C @>7?0;OT. /: CAO: 70 AB0;8ABC :V;LGC3C 15@5BLAO,  ?0=F8@ 3@V7=0 5;;>=0 B>4V 70:CTBLAO, 'T 2 ;8B02@8 B@82>3C V <8@ ?@>30=OT,  /30 1V;0 A<5@BV ?> A2VBC 3C;OT[86]. (5@. .(52GC:0) <0;N20==O AC2>@>W, ?>45:C48 =02VBL 2>@>6>W ;N48=V @50;L=>ABV ?@>E>48BL G5@57 CAN T2@>?59AL:C ?>57VN 4>18 10@>:>. &59 "B0=>: A<5@BV", O: =07820T A2V9 B2V@ =V<5FL:89 ?>5B XVII AB. .$@0=:, 0;53>@8G=> C>A>1;NNG8 @8B< 68BBO, ?@8ACB=V9 V 2 A;>2'O=AL:V9 ?>57VW =0 H8@>:><C ?@>AB>@V 2V4 4@V0B8:8 4> =V?@0, 45 ACA?V;L=>-?>;VB8G=V C<>28 1C;8 ?>4V1=8<8, =572060NG8 =0 @5;V3V9=V, B5@8B>@V0;L=V 2V4<V==>ABV 9 2V4AB0=V. !?CAB>H;82V 2V9=8, =0ABC? :>=B@@5D>@<0FVW, =0@>4=V ?>2AB0==O AC?@>2>46C20;8 ?@>F5A AB0=>2;5==O 4>18, A?>2=5=>W ?@>B8@VG, :>=D@>=B0FV9, 7VB:=5=L V450;V2 V7 @50;L=VABN. "N48=0 10@>:> 1'TBLAO C ;015B0E VAB>@8G=> =5@>72'O70=8E ?@>B8@VG. W ?5@5A;V4CNBL AC<=V28, E28;NNBL ?@>1;5<8 >30, :>A<>AC V 2;0A=>3> 1CBBO. >=0 6825 <V6 AB@0E><, 2V4G0T< V =04VTN... 8BBO ><0=;825 9 V;N7>@=5 - O: =0 B50B@0;L=><C :>=C 01> 2 7;>2VA=><C :0@=020;V"[87]. "5<0 H284:>?;8==>ABV, <V=;82>ABV I0ABO, O:0 ?@>=87CT 2AN T2@>?59AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C, 4>A8BL ?>2=> ?@54AB02;5=0 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 10@>:>2V9 ?>57VW, 0 73>4>< V 2 A5@1AL:V9. >5B8 =5<>2 ?>2'O70=V >4=8< ;0=FN3>< CA2V4><;5==O =5<8=CG>ABV 4>;V, ?@8G5B=>ABV 4> A?V;L=8E AB@0640=L. "%B> 6 =5 28?'T G0A 3V@:89, A;L>70<8 =0;8B89?" - ?8B0T C 71V@FV "AL 1;065=AB20 T20=35;LAL:V" (1709) . 0:A8<>28G, =5=0G5 ?5@53C:CNG8AL 7 0=0;>3VG=8<8 @>74C<0<8 E>@20BAL:>3> ?>5B0 .0340;5=8G0, O:89 B0:>6 ?V4E>?;NT B5<C "B0=:C A<5@BV", >A:V;L:8 =0 E>@20BAL:8E :>@4>=0E G0BC20;0 @50;L=0 703@>70 >A<0=AL:>3> ?>=52>;5==O, I> 265 A?VB:0;> A5@1AL:V 75<;V. /: ?>2>48B8 A51 ?>5B>2V V G8 27030;V ?>B@V1=0 ?>57VO C A<CB=V G0A8 - FO 48;5<0, I> ?@>E>48BL G5@57 CAN T2@>?59AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C, E28;NT 9 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>5B0 20=0 @=>2AL:>3>, :>B@89 70?8BCT: /: 65 2B@8<0B8AL C70< C 2>T= 703@02V, '8 W< A;028BL 70;V7> 2 C?@O6FV :@8202V9? >65 AVAB8 C 7@CG=V9 4;O A515 AB>;8FV, "0<, 45 <8@ I8@>7;>BV ;04=0T 3@0=8FV,  45 <5G B02@8:0=AL:89 =5 ?;028BLAO 2 :@>2V, 5 7 3>;V2 <5@B28E 3>@8 C 0@A0 3>B>2V, > 9 G8 1C45H, O: ?B0H:0, A?V20B8 C @8<C "0<, 45 A;L>78 7 W4:>3> 7'O2;ONBLAO 48<C?[88] (5@. .(52GC:0) 02>4OG8 28A;V2 7 ";53V9" 2V4VO ?@> B5, I> "2V@HV 240NBLAO, O:I> =0?8A0=V ?@8 4CH52=V9 OA=>ABV", C:@0W=AL:89 ?>5B >:@5A;NT C<>28, 70 O:8E 28=8:0;0 2VBG87=O=0 ?>57VO: AB@0H=V 2V9=8, :@>2 V A;L>78. 06:V @>74C<8, I> A?>2=NNBL C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>5B0, =5<>2 ?5@53C:CNBLAO 7 =0AB@>O<8 A5@1AL:>3> :=86=8:0 02@8;0 !B5D0=>28G0-5=F;>28G0, :>B@89 2V4 A:>@1>B8 "G>@=8< 1C2 C A5@FV". %0@0:B5@=V 4;O 10@>:> 0=B8=><VG=VABL ?>GCBBV2, 7VB:=5==O ?@>B8;56=8E V459 A?>AB5@V30T<> V C B2>@0E C:@0W=AL:8E ?>5BV2. # @>74C<0E, G8 1@0B8AO 70 ?5@> "C 2V: F59 AB0;8AB89", 20= @=>2AL:89 A?>G0B:C 7<CH5=89 287=0B8: V, O 10GC ;N48=V A2>3> =5 AB2>@8B8, > A2>W9 4C<FV 3>4V C A2VBV FV< 68B8''. (5@. .(52GC:0) "5<0 "vanitas" - H284:>?;8==>ABV 68BBO, =5?52=>ABV 4>;V 4>A8BL H8@>:> ?@54AB02;5=0 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ?>57VW. >;5A> D>@BC=8 AL>3>4=V ?V4=>A8BL, 0 702B@0 A:840T 2=87. &59 >1@07 5<1;5<C 10@>:>2>W A2V4><>ABV 28@07=> ?5@5402 A;>20<8 02@5=BV9 >@:0: >3;O=L, I> B2>@8BL A2VB F59 =5?>ABV9=89: #3>@C 7=>A8BL, A048BL =0 ?@5AB>;V, > A:>@V<, G0AV :8=5 B515 4>;V[90]. (5@. .(52GC:0) !5@1AL:89 ?>5B 8E09;> (:V=5FL XVIII AB.) ?@>B8AB02;5=VW AL>3>4=V-702B@0 @>72820T BC A0<C V45N: C:0 1@5=0 8 3@5H=0 40=0A 74@02AB2CX5, 70CB@0 =54C3CX5, 40=0A @04CX5 A5, 70CB@0 ?5G0;CXT, 40=0A 2 XC=>AB8, 70CB@0 2 AB0@>AB8, 40=0A 2> A;028, 70CB@0 2> 15HG0AB8, 40=0A 2 0;G15 8 65648 70CB@0 2 >1X545=8X5 8 ?8X0=AB25[91]. 0AVO= !0:>28G C "V@H0E =0 ?>3@51 A;02=>3> @8F0@O 5B@0 >=>H528G0 !030940G=>3>..." V45N H284:>?;8==>ABV ?>2'O7CT 7 68BBT28< >?B8<V7<><, I> B>=:> 9 =5=02"O7;82> 28A;>2;5=> 2 ?5@HV9 D@07V: 5G0;8BLAO 40@5<=> 682>9 G>;>2V:, )> :>@>B:89 C =L>3> =0 AL><C A2VBV 2V:, 030BAB2>, <C4@VABL, A;020, A8;0 2A5 ?@>E>48BL, VG>3> 2V= B@82:>3> 2 A2VBV =5 7=0E>48BL[91]. (5@. .@5:>B=O) 5@54 A<5@BN 2AV @V2=V: FO B5<0 4VAB0T 2BV;5==O C =52V4><>3> A5@1AL:>3> ?>5B0 XVIII AB., 2V@H>20=V @O4:8 O:>3>, 70 A?>AB5@565==O< 4>A;V4=8:0, ?>7=0G5=V 2?;82>< C:@0W=AL:>W A8;01VG=>W ?>57VW: #<@5B 2>X0: X5AB5AB2>< @025=: >30B, =8HB, ?@57@5= 8 A;025=. '5@2> X04X0B 8 3>@48E :Z075X, "0: :0: ?@>AB8E, A8@8E YC45X; @5AB0=CB 2 3@>1 1X5H5=AB20 B0 0B8 :>X8E X5AB ACX5B0. >@:0, AB@0H=0 2 Z5< X5AB B5<=>AB - 5AB8 25;8:8E 6@518X5 BY5=>AB![93] !5@1AL:89 02B>@ =5<>2 @>728202 4C<:C !8<5>=0 >;>FL:>3> 7 2V@H0 "'><C A2VB A;02V ?>30=> A?@8OT?" !:068, G8;V :V=G0T 2>;>40@ 25;L<>6=89  4C:0 ?@5A;02=89, @>7:VH=8: 1571>6=89? ... ,A:V;L:8 45@602FV2, :=O7V2 B8E 1C20;>  2A5 C <83 >:0 C ?@V@2V ?@>?0;>...[94] (5@. .(52GC:0) 0:>W A0<>W 4C<:8 V 4C1@>2=8FL:89 ?>5B 20= C=4C;8G, B2>@GVABL O:>3> AB0=>28BL >4=C 7 25@H8= =5 BV;L:8 E>@20BAL:>3>, 0 9 CAL>3> A;>2'O=AL:>3> 10@>:>: !<@B =5 3;540 =8GX5 ;8F5, X54=0:> A5 >4 Z5 B;0G5 A8@><0H=5 :C[5@8F5 8 :@0Y52A:5 B5X ?0;0G5; >=0 C?>@54 <5[5 8 20Y0 AB0@0 8 <;040, @>10 8 :@0Y0[95]. =0;>3VG=8<8 @>74C<0<8 ?>G8=0T A2>N :=83C ">A:@5A;89 D5=V:A" ('5@=V3V2, 1693) 02@5=BV9 @I>=>28G: N4 =0H C A2VBV @>7@V7=NNBL H0B8,  O: C 75<;N ?@8945BLAO ;O30B8,  1V4=8< >4=0:> 2>;>40@ 2<8@0T, 2VB=5< C <5=BV - V 3@V1 ?>:@820T[96]. (5@. .(52GC:0) 20= 5;8G:>2AL:89, <>6;82>, =0928@07=VH5 I>4> D>@<8 2BV;82 B5<C "vanitas" C A2>WE "8=CB0E" (1690) - >4=><C 7 :@0I8E 7@07:V2 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>5B8G=>3> 10@>:>. >5B A2V4><> 240TBLAO 4> @8B<V:8, O:0 A:;040TBLAO 7 D>=5B8G=>3> ?5@53C:C "<8=CB8" - "<8=5". 8H5 >4=5 A;>2> "<8=5" T :;NG5< 4> 2AL>3> @>7<0WBBO ?>=OBL, O:V @8B<VG=> =0=87CNBLAO 2 F8:;0E "8=CB8 2AVE A?V;L=V", "8=CB8 7;8E", "8=CB8 4>1@8E". &5 40;5:> =5 3@0 A;V2, 0 ?>1C4>20=89 =0 E@8AB8O=AL:8E 70A040E 72V4 <>@0;L=8E CO2;5=L, E>G0 9 >1'T4=0=8E ?>=OBBO< <8=CI>ABV, ?@>B5 @>7@V7=5=8E :@8B5@VT< F=>B8 V ?>@>:C. > ?5@H>W :0B53>@VW 2A5<8=CI>ABV 2:;NG5=> B5, I> >1'T4=CT 2AVE: <8=CIVABL 2V:C, ?V@ @>:C. > <8=CB 7;8E 2V4=5A5=> "2AN ACTBC ;N4AL:C". 8=CB8 6 4>1@8E A?>2=5=V 3;81>:>3> 3C<0=V7<C, I> T 206;82>N 4><V=0=B>N C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. >=OBBO <8=CI>ABV A?@O<>20=5 BCB =0 2BVEC 4>1@8E, >A:V;L:8 2 B@0:BC20==V ?>5B0 <8=CBL A0<5 1V48: E2>@>18, ?5@5A;V4C20==O, <C:8. "8=5 CAO:5 ;8E>", - 3C<0=VAB8G=> 28A=>2CT . 5;8G:>2AL:89. # FL><C - I5 >4=5 2V4>1@065==O C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W A2V4><>ABV: WW A2VB;89 :>;V@, =04VO =0 4>1@>, =5 0?>;>3VO D0B0;V7<C, 0 2V@0 2 A?@0254;82VABL, O: F5 ?>:070=> 2 "8=CB0E 4>1@8E". 48=5, =0 4C<:C C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>5B0, T =57<V==8<: =5<8=CGVABL >6>W ?>:0@8. 04728G09=> ;0:>=VG=> 02B>@ 2V4>1@0782 F5 C 70:;NG=><C 42>2V@HV "2V AB@0H=V <8=CB8": > ?@><>28BL >A?>4L: "51> V 75<;O 8<> V4CBL"[97]. (5@. . (52GC:) 45N =5<8=CG>ABV A<5@BV, ?@> O:C B@510 ?0<'OB0B8, 0=>=V<=89 A5@1AL:89 02B>@ C @C:>?8A=V9 71V@FV ?5@540T @8B<V:>N, O:0 ?>E>48BL 7V AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E 7@07:V2: !@548 83@8, A@548 701028, !@54 1030BAB20, A@548 A;028 A?><=8B5, G;>25F8, >;L :@0B:8 ACB 20H8 25F8[98]. >4V1=V <>B828 7=09><V I5 A5@54=L>2VG=V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, 2 O:V9 @8B<VG=5 ?@>B8AB02;5==O "AL>3>4=V-702B@0" 1C;> 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=8< O: 2V4>1@065==O V45W B;V==>ABV 1CBBO, =5>1EV4=>ABV 725@=CB8AO 4> 4CE>2=8E FV==>AB59. ">6, :>;8 .!B5D0=>28G-5=F;>28G, =570;56=> 2V4 A2>3> ?V245==>3> ACAV40 7 G>@=>3>@AL:>3> ?@8<>@'O . 5=048G0, 2 @8B<VG=V9 ?@>7V, I> 2 =V9 .028G 210G0T A?>=B0==5 =01;865==O 4> ?>57VW, ?@>B8AB02;OT <8=C;5 9 ACG0A=5, 2V= 157 1C4L-O:8E 2?;82V2 =01;86CTBLAO 4> >4=>4C<FO - =57=09><>3>, 0;5 ?>4V1=>3> 2 V45OE B0 @>74C<0E: . 5=F;>28G 0=0A 1>A, 0 ACB@0 F8?5;0H A 0@=0HZ0<0; 40=0A FC=4@0 8 874@B8=0, 0 ACB@0 F8D@0AB> =0:8[5= A @07;8:8< >45;>< =0:8[5=8<. 0=0A :@>B0:, A<5@5=, ?;0GY82 8 AB5Z020F, ;560F =0 3>;>X 75<Y8, 0 70CB@0 8 ?>B>< 25;8G02, 3@>E>BY82> A<5EY82, H0Y82, A?020G =0 F8D@0AB>X 8 <5:>X ?>AB5Y8".[99] .5=048G CG5@ 4CE5 A25 =5G8AB5 >30E B5@0B 87 B5;5A0E,  40=0A AC A28 2@03>28 3=8X5748;8 C <>X5 ?@A8! CG5@ <>30E <@B25 CA:@A=CB,  40=0A:0 A515 C18X0<. 701@0=8 AC4 XCG5@0,  40=0A:0 AC4 >4<5B=CB! CG5@ 18X0E 70 0X >1@0=, 0=0A 0:> >4018@0<![100] 18420 02B>@8 45<>=AB@CNBL 1V;LHC ?@8G5B=VABL 4> A5@54=L>2VG=>W B@048FVW, =V6 4> 10@>:>2>W, ACG0A=>W W<, 4>18. 02545=V B5:AB8 715@V30NBLAO 2 @C:>?8A0E V D>@<0;L=> AB0=>2;OBL ACFV;L=89 B5:AB, 28?@02;5=89 265 ACG0A=8<8 4>A;V4=8:0<8 <>2>N ;VB5@0BC@=>N C 283;O4V, 1;87L:><C 4> @8B<VG=>W ?@>78. >6=0 3>2>@8B8 A:>@VH5 ?@> A2VB>3;O4=C A?>@V4=5=VABL B2>@G>ABV F8E 02B>@V2 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 ?>5B0<8 XVIII AB., :>B@V 40NBL :;0A8G=V 7@07:8 10@>:>2>W ?>57VW T2@>?59AL:>3> @V2=O. 8<0 ?@8945 4> 5=F;>28G0 45I> ?V7=VH5, 0 5=048G 1;86G89 4> E>@20BAL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W B@048FVW, =0 I> 2:07CNBL >:@5<V ;5:A8G=V 5;5<5=B8 B0 =0720 @C:>?8AC, ;0B8=8G=>3> 70 3@0DV:>N - "Prikazanje muke Jesusove". C:>?8A 715@V30TBLAO 2 0@EV20E 03@510. !E>6VABL C ?>3;O40E =0 68BBO O: AC?5@5G;825 V <V=;825 42>E ?8AL<5==8:V2, =5 482;OG8AL =0 WE=N B5@8B>@V0;L=C @>7<56>20=VABL, 0 B0:>6 =0 B5, I> 2>=8 =5 1C;8 7=09><V >4BV= 7 >4=8<, ?>OA=NTBLAO ?@8ACB=VABN A5@54=L>2VG=>W "?;0BD>@<8" C WE=V9 B2>@G>ABV, 0465 2>=8 2E>48;8 2 ;VB5@0BC@C, B0: 18 <>28B8, "G5@57 3>;>2C 5=5A0=AC". /: A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 10@>:>2>3> V459=>-5AB5B8G=>3> :><?;5:AC A5@54=L>2VG=89 :><?>=5=B V<5=CTBLAO G5AL:8< 4>A;V4=8:>< .0;VAB>N "10@>:>2>N 3>B8:>N", 0 .028G C2>48BL ?>=OBBO "10@>:>2>3> <54VT2V7<C"[101]. /: V 2 V=H8E 2840E <8AB5FB20, 2V4=>2;5==O A5@54=L>2VGGO >7=0G0;> =5 ?>25@=5==O 4> <8=C;>3>, 0 28:>@8AB0==O B8E V459=8E :><?>=5=BV2, O:V 1 4>?><>3;8 ?5@540B8 2AN ?>2=>BC 1C@E;82>W A2V4><>ABV ;N48=8 10@>:>2>W 4>18. 0?>78G5=V V7 A5@54=L>2VG=>3> 0@A5=0;C AN65B8 G8 ?>=OBBO 707=0NBL =>2>3> 2BV;5==O 70A>10<8 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8, I> 1V;LH>N <V@>N E0@0:B5@87CT C:@0W=AL:C ?>57VN, =V6 A5@1AL:C, 45 A5@54=L>2VGGO 7=0G=> ?>2=VH5 715@565=5 V <5=H>N <V@>N B@0=AD>@<>20=5 2 =>28E ?>5B8G=8E D>@<0E, >A:V;L:8 2>=8 ?@86820;8AO 7 45O:8< 70?V7=5==O<. # A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, O: V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9, 682CBL ?5@5:;048 7 2V70=BV9AL:>W ?8A5<=>ABV, 2V43><V= O:8E 2V4GC20TBLAO2V@H>20=V9 71V@FV XVIII AB. ?V4 =072>N ">25AB 75;> ?>;578 > !<@B8, X565 A<@B8 =8:><C =5 C1560B8 =8:0:> 65", 45 @>72820TBLAO ?>?C;O@=0 2 10@>:> B5<0 =5<8=CG>ABV A<5@BV. 5 2B@0G0NBL 0:BC0;L=>ABV A5@54=L>2VG=V B2>@8 ?@> "71C@5==O ?5:;0", ?@> AB@0640==O, E>4V==O ?> <C:0E >3><0B5@V 0@VW B>I>. A:V;L:8 A5@1AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 4> ?@89=OBBO 10@>:> 6828;0AO A5@54=L>2VG=>N B@048FVTN, >AB0==O 157 O:8E>AL CA:;04=5=L 2E>48BL 4> 10@>:>2>3> :><?;5:AC O: A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 A8=B57C 465@5;. "0:, 2 >4=><C 7 2V@HV2 0E0@VT @D5;V=, 725@B0NG8AL 4> ?>?C;O@=8E 2 10@>:> <>B82V2 ?@> ?5:5;L=V <C:8 O: ?>:0@0==O 70 75<=V 3@VE8, 15@5 F59 <>B82 7 2V70=BV9AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. # A5@1AL:V9 B@0=AD>@<0FVW 3@5:>-2V70=BV9AL:89 ?>5B8G=89 7@07>: 707=0T =>2>3> 2BV;5==O - C D>@<8 B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8:0, @8<>20=>3> 265 70 C:@0W=AL:8<8 =>@<0<8: @2>?8X0 8X02>; B0< ;560HB @8:0X5B,  78X0X0 E2>AB B@5A5B, 8HB0 >6840X5B 40 18 ?>4>1=8X0 <=5 AB@0H=> ?>3;>B8B8, 2 G@520E YCB8E =0 25:8 ?@53>@F5 <CG8B8...[102] &V 2V@HV AB0=>2;OBL ?>:07>2C V;NAB@0FVN B>3>, O: 2V70=BV9AL:0 ?>57VO 24O30TBLAO C =>2V 10@>:>2V H0B8: 2V@H <0T 3@5FL:5 ?>E>465==O, 1C2 ?5@5:;045=89 ACG0A=8:>< @D5;V=0, A5@1AL:8< ?>5B>< 0@D5=VT 02;>28G5<, 0 2 V=B5@?@5B0FVW @D5;V=0 AB02 10@>:>28< B2>@><, I> 2 =>2V9 D>@<V 2BV;NT 4>A8BL 2V4><C C A2VB>2V9 ;VB5@0BC@V B5<C[103]. !5@54=L>2VG=V 70?>78G5==O A;C68;8 @>7:@8BBN 206;82>W C A;>2'O=AL:><C 10@>:> V45W - >?;0:C20==O 4>;V 10BL:V2I8=8, I> >?8=8;0AO 2 =52>;V ?VA;O B@820;>W 2B@0B8 45@602=>ABV. !?>AB5@V30TBLAO B8?>;>3VG=0 A?>@V4=5=VABL C:@0W=AL:>W B0 A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@, O:V ?@54AB02;O;8 VBG87=C >1@07>< >3><0B5@V, :>B@0 AB@0640T 2 E>4V==OE ?> <C:0E, ?@>B5 2V@8BL C <091CB=T 2872>;5==O. &5 7=0E>48BL 4>A8BL H8@>:5 2V4>1@065==O C G8A;5==8E ;O<5=B0E, ?0=53V@8:0E, :0=B0E V 4@0<0E. /: ?@028;>, 02B>@8 =03>;>HCNBL =0 25;8GV <8=C;>3>, 21>;V20NBL 70 4>;N 45@6028, 70:;8:0NBL 2V4><8E ACG0A=8:V2, 7 O:8<8 ?>2'O7CNBL V45N 2872>;5==O, >G>;8B8 1>@>BL1C, 0 =0@>4 - WW ?V4B@8<0B8. @8 FL><C ?8AL<5==8:8 240NBLAO 4> 0;53>@8G=8E ?5@A>=06V2 7 0=B8G=>ABV, <VD>;>3VG=8E, E@8AB8O=AL:8E >1@07V2 V7 B8?>28< 4;O 10@>:> =03@><0465==O< @V7=><0=VB=8E 5;5<5=BV2, O:V 1 7 1V;LH>N A8;>N =03>;>HC20;8 =0 ?0B@V>B8G=V9 V45W. /: 2V47=0G0;>AO, 2V4:@820G5< FVTW B5<8 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V 1C2 .>70G8=AL:89, ?VA;O O:>3> A5@1AL:V ?>5B8 =5>4=>@07>2> 725@B0;8AO 4> >1@07C A:>@1>B=>W !5@1VW. @07:0<8 A;C68;8 G8A;5==V >1@078 #:@0W=8, 45 265 A0<V =0728 - ";0G 0;>W >AVW" .0@0A8<>28G0 01> ";0G #:@0W=8", ";0G >340=0 %<5;L=8FL:>3> =04 :>70FL:>N 4>;5N" 2 4@0<V "8;VABL>6VO" (1728) - =03>;>HC20;8 =0 B5<V =0FV>=0;L=8E AB@0640=L. # .>70G8=AL:>3> "!5@1VO A:>@1VB", O: V #:@0W=0 C 707=0G5=8E B0 1030BL>E V=H8E ?>5BV2 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. /: CG5=L .>70G8=AL:>3>, >20= 0WG 220602 ?0B@V>B8G=C B5<C =091V;LH 7=0GCI>N; ?V4E>?82H8 WW, 2V= 283C:CT: !5@1;VO @073@01;5=0 9 >?CAB>H5=0 8405B ?5@54 >3><![104] !2>W<8 @>74C<0<8 A5@1AL:89 ?>5B ?5@53C:C202AO 7 ":>70FL:8< ?0=53V@8AB><" .CG8=AL:8<-/A:>;L4><, :>B@89 1678 @>:C?8A02: !C=5 A8;0 25;8:0 >B0 2 #:@0W=C - ;0G5 265 B@84FOBL @>:V2 2>=0 =0 @CW=C[105]. 5 <5=H>N A:>@1>B>N A?>2=5=V 4C<:8 :8W2AL:>3> ?>5B0 .0@0A8<>28G0, I> B0:>6 70:;8:0T 73;O=CB8AO =0 4>;N 9>3> 10BL:V2I8=8: , <V9 >65 <8;>AB8289, 3;O=LAO =0 <V9 ?;0G @52=8289. %B> 1V4C B0:C I5 7=0T, /: O, >AVO 0;0O[106]. (5@. .(52GC:0) > >1@07C !5@1VW-AB@0640;L=8FV 725@B0NBLAO 2AV ?@>2V4=V ?>5B8 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>: .5=04>28G, %.5D0@>28G, .@D5;V=, 28=>AOG8 2 703>;>2:8 BV A0<V =0728, I> 9 C:@0W=AL:V 02B>@8. 09?>2=VH>3> 2BV;5==O FO B5<0 =01C;0 C 2V@HV .@D5;V=0 ";0G !5@1VW". # 9>3> ;O<5=BV, O: V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, ?@>A;CE>2CTBLAO ?5@2VA=0 <>45;L - T20=35;LAL:0, 7 O:>W "?;0G T@5<VW" G5@57 C:@0W=AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C B@0=AD>@<CTBLAO 2 10@>:>289 B@8=04FOB8A:;04>289 2V@H: 0:> AB045 !5@18O, A;02=0 8 C3>4=0, !0 <=>65AB2>< =0@>40 182H0 ?@5645 ?;>4=0 @5A8;=8< F0@5288 E@01@8 A>;40B8, !04 C @01AB20 4@C38<0 <>@0;0 A5 40B8[107]. O<5=B8, 2 O:8E >A<8A;NTBLAO 4>;O !5@1VW, T;3@040, 2 O:8E 7304CTBLAO :>;8H=O 25;8G, :>B@0 ?>@V2=NTBLAO 7 B@03VG=>N ACG0A=VABN, T4=0NBL ?>5BV2 C :>;V 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C. !;>2'O=AL:0 A>;V40@=VABL 28O2;OTBLAO V 2 CG0ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> 02B>@0 C =097=0G=VH8E, 5B0?=8E ?>4VOE, O:V 28?0;8 =0 4>;N A;>2'O=AL:>3> =0@>4C, V 2 ";0<5=B0FVW 73C1;5=>3> T;3@040",70E>?;5=>3> BC@:0<8, O:89 >?;0:CT =52V4><89 E>@20BAL:89 ?>5B (<>6;82>, !B.><'O=8G). 4=0:, "?;0G" 1C2 =5 T48=>N V =5 >AB0==L>N 5<>FV9=>N =>B>N ?>5BV2 10@>:>. #:@0W=AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 AB25@46C20;0 =5 @>7?0G, 2 E>@>1@VABL C B@03VG=><C 7VB:=5==V V7 AC2>@>N @50;L=VABN. 20= @=>2AL:89, HC:0NG8 A2>N ?>78FVN, A:06V<>, 70?8BCT: "/: 265 2B@8<0B8AL C70< C 2>T= 703@02V?" - V 7=0E>48BL 2V4?>2V4L. # 2V: 70;V7=89, :@8F5289 9>3> <C70 =5 70<>2:0T, B>6 V F8:; ?>5B8G=8E @>74C<V2 20=0 @=>2AL:>3> 7 :=838 "!?570 4>@>3>3> :0<V==O" ('5@=V3V2, 1693) 70:V=GCTBLAO 1;03>A;>25==O<, O:5 H;NBL 1>38 " >AL:>3> 0@=0AC V A0@<0BAL:8E <C7 A;C7V": %09 @C:0 B2>O 702H5 4> ?@0FV BO6VT - &=>B0 7 ?@0FV =0 A;02C =04VN ;5;VT... "> 6 ?5@C A;020 1C45, O: A;02=8E 728H0T, > EB> @>18BL 4>AB>9=>, B>9 G5ABL 74>1C20T...[106 ] (5@. .(52GC:0) #:@0W=AL:V ?>5B8, O: V E>@20BAL:V, CA;02;N20;8 =0FV>=0;L=8E 35@>W2. >:@5<0, 20= C=4C;8G C ?>5<V "A<0=" - =097=0G=VH><C 5?>AV A;>2'O=AL:>3> 10@>:> - >A?V202 A;>2'O=AL:C 71@>N, 0 2V4B0: V C:@0W=AL:5 :>70FB2>, 2 1>@>BL1V 7 >A<0=0<8. #:@0W=AL:0 10@>:>20 <C70 =5 <>2G0;0 C "70;V7=VW ;VB0", F5 1C;0 <C70 7 :>70FL:>N 71@>TN 2 @C:0E. ">9-B>:8 20= @=>2AL:89 C :=87V "030B89 A04" (8W2, 1705) 70AC46C202 <C7C, I> 1;C:0T 45AL 40;5:> 2V4 C1>;V20=L @V4=>W :@0W=8, V CA;02;N202 "2VBG87=O=C 2V9= 1>38=N": !:068 ?@> A515, O: A8;L=> :@8FO=0 @0=L ;0<0;0 <C6=V H8:8, /: 1C2 18B89 H0;5=89 >@>3 B>9, :>;8 7 "02@8:8 H>2 =0 @CAL:VW B5@5=8[109]. (5@. .(52GC:0) &O <C70 3;>@8DV:C20;0 G0A8, :>;8 ":>70FL:C <C6=VABL >@>;V ?V7=0;8" (.!0:>28G), A;025B=8E ?>;:>2>4FV2, =0@>4, 3>B>289 4> 70E8ABC 10BL:V2I8=8. # ?>5<V " >7<>20 5;8:>@>AVW 7 0;>@>AVTN" (1762) !5<5= V2>28G 70A>1><, 2 O:><C 2V4GCB=0 D>;L:;>@=0 ?0@5<V>;>3VO, AB25@46CT: - # =0A, I> ;>70 0 G8 109@0: - B> V :>70:![110] (5@. .(52GC:0) #:@0W=AL:0 10@>:>20 ?>57VO AB2>@8;0 G8<0;> :0@B8=, I> 7<0;L>2CNBL 35@>W7<, <>3CB=VABL =0FVW. &5 - ?0B@V>B8G=0 ?>57VO, 3C<0=VAB8G=0 A?@O<>20=VABL O:>W >G5284=0: AB25@46CTBLAO =5 =0A8;;O, 0 70E8AB 2VBG87=8, A0<0 6 2V9=0, WW 702>9>2=8FL:89 E0@0:B5@, ?>AO30==O =0 =570;56=VABL 70AC46CNBLAO, I> <0T G8<0;> ?V4B25@465=L, 7>:@5<0 C B2>@G>ABV 070@O 0@0=>28G0. !?>2=5=0 0=B8<V;VB0@87<C, 9>3> ?>57VO 2 0D>@8AB8G=8E 28A;>20E 2V41820T A?@89=OBBO 7;0: "&O 2V9=0 A2VB @>7;04=0", "5G 7 3>@8 A?040T - 2 :@>2V ?>B>?0T", " A2VBV B0: 2545BLAO, I> ;8E> A<VTBLAO", "!2VB AB@OA0NBL 3@>78 - =0 ;N4AL:V A;L>78". >5B =5 >1<56CTBLAO 70AC465==O< 2V9=8 O: 7;0, 2V= 70:;8:0T 4> =0FV>=0;L=>3> T4=0==O, I>1 ?@>B8AB>OB8 =0A8;LAB2C: 0 #:@0W=V 5 >48= 38=5, :@0W=0 - F5 <>@5! >=> G5@2>=5, %B> A0< - ?>B>=5, 2 3C@BV - ?5@51>@5! %09 #:@0W=0 C45 T438=0...[111] (5@. .(52GC:0) 0AC46CT 1>38=N 2V9=8 G5@=V3V2AL:89 ?>5B 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVII AB, 02@5=BV9 @I0=>28G, O:89 =0;5602 4> :>;0 .0@0=>28G0: 0I>, 5;;>=>, <5G5< 2?>OA0;0AL, 0I> C 71@>N AB0;8ABC ?@81@0;0AL,  0@A>2V< =0I> B8 ?>;V 3@0ACTH, 02H5 :@8202V 15=:5B8 ;0HBCTH?[112] 0B><VABL 2:07CTBLAO =0 V450; - <8@=V G0A8, 2 O:V N48 1 701C;8, I> 2V9=8 1C20NBL, - 04VABL A?@0245H=N C <8@=V 4=V <0NBL[113]. (5@. .(52GC:0) 1AC@4=VABL 2V9=8, 1573;C74O :@>2>?@>;8BBO ?5@540TBLAO 7024O:8 25;8:><C 0@A5=0;>2V 10@>:>2>W A8<2>;V:8, 2 O:V9 =09G0ABVH5 DV3C@CNBL 0=B8G=V B0 E@8AB8O=AL:V 0;53>@VW, C>A>1;5==O F=>B V 204 ;N4AL:8E. ;8A:CGV 10B0;L=V :0@B8=8 AB2>@NT :8W2AL:89 ?>5B ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. >0A0D >@;5=:> >4=><C 7 :@0I8E 7@07:V2 C:@0W=AL:>W "10B0;L=>W ?>57VW 7 B8?>2> 10@>:>2>N =072>N "@0= A5<8 4>1@>4V9=8FB2 7 AV<><0 3@VE0<8 2 ;N48=V-<0=4@V2FN 1737 @>:C, 9 :2VB=O". !B2>@NNG8 0;53>@8G=C :0@B8=C 1>@>BL18 4>1@0 V 7;0, ?>5B A2>N V45N 2BV;NT 7>1@06CNG8 70?5:;C 1V9:C O: @50;L=C :@>2>?@>;8B=C 2V9=C: @>2V 2?8;0AO 75<;O, @V:>N B>G8;0AL, > 75<;V V 725@EC :@>2, <>2 4>I, <>@>A8;0AL, "CB N1>2 V 2>O:8 =091V;LH5 7<030;8AL... 0 2>3>=L, =0 A?8A8 9H;8, =0 <5G V =0 AB@V;8, 3>;8;8 3@C48 2AV, A<V;82> ;5BV;8. 5 C7@VB8 C 1>N A2>3> V GC6>3>, 'NBL A2>W C BV9 N@<V >4=5 B0< >4=>3>...[114] (5@. .(52GC:0) >?@8 6>@AB>:>ABV G0AC, =52?8==V :@>2>?@>;8BBO, FO ?>57VO =5A5 C A>1V, O: >1>2'O7:>2C <>@0;L=C :0B53>@VN C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, - A2VB;89, >?B8<VAB8G=89 =0AB@V9, 2 O:><C 4><V=CT ?5@5:>=0==O C 72V;L=5==V 10BL:V2I8=8, WW 2V4@>465==V. 5 8W2AL:>W H:>;8 AD5@0 T =515A=0,  @CW= 2>=0 2AV;O:8E A:>@> 265 2>A:@5A=5![115] (5@. .(52GC:0) - 28A;>2;NT !B5D0= /2>@AL:89 A2>W A?>4V20==O 2 :=87V " CAL:89 =515A=89 @:B>A" (8W2, 1690), 0 20= 0:A8<>28G C :=87V "50B@>=" ('5@=V3V2, 1708) 0D>@8AB8G=> AB25@46CT: %>G A2VB F59 A>:@CH8BLAO, 2V= C25AL =5 7=8:=5. 5 AB5@B89 ?@8 ?04V==V, I5 1C9=VH @>7:2VB=5.[116] (5@. .(52GC:0) 8A>:89 3@><04O=AL:89 ?0B@V>B87<, <0965 V=B8<V7>20=5 AB02;5==O 4> #:@0W=8, O: 4> 0B5@V, ?@03=5==O 2BVH8B8 =0@>4, 70:;8:0B8 9>3> 4> 2V@8 C I0A;825 28@VH5==O WW VAB>@8G=>W 4>;V 2 <091CB=L><C ?@>=87CT C:@0W=AL:C 10@>:>2C ?>57VN, O:C 45<>=AB@CT, 7>:@5<0, 2 "!;>2V >1@>W 2VABV" C 4@0<V "8;VABL >60..." WW 9<>2V@=89 02B>@ =>:5=BVT 5@C=>28G: 5 ?;0G, > #:@0W=>, 265 3>4V BC68B8, 5G0;L B2>N =0 @04VABL ?>@0 70<V=8B8[117]. (5@. .(52GC:0)  CAV< F8< @>7<0WBBO< <>B82V2 V B5< C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W ?>57VW A5@1AL:V ?8AL<5==8:8 <>3;8 ?>7=09><8B8AL 01> 157?>A5@54=L> 2 8T2V ?V4 G0A =02G0==O, 01> C A515 24><0 - V7 :=86>:, I> =04E>48;8 7 #:@0W=8, V 7 2CAB ":8W2AL:8E <03VAB@V2". AB0==V 7 CAL>3> 1030B>3> 0@A5=0;C 2VBG87=O=>W ;VB5@0BC@8 >18@0;8 A0<5 ?0B@V>B8G=V <>B828, ?@03=CG8 70;CG8B8 A5@1AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> 4> 28A>:8E V450;V2. CAB0<8 AB2>@5=>3> >70G8=AL:8< >1@07C 0B5@V-!5@1VW ?>5B 3C<0=VAB8G=> ?5@5:>=CT A2>WE 4VB59: /: 7C<VTB5 A?@O3B8 2G5==O 9 4>1@V =@028, BB>4V 68BBO C 20A 1C45 ?>2=5 A;028,  ?@89<5B5 F59 =02VB 2 I8@>ABV A5@FO<8, "> ?V7=0TB5, O: O >?V:CNAL 20<8[118]. (5@. .(52GC:0) >B82 725;8G5==O !5@1VW O: <0B5@V ?@>E>48BL, ?>G8=0NG8 2V4 .>70G8=AL:>3>, G5@57 B2>@GVABL ?@>2V4=8E A5@1AL:8E ?>5BV2 XVIII V =0ABC?=>3>, XIX, AB>;VBBO. 07>< 7 FVTN B5<>N 2 A5@1AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C ?@8E>48BL >48= 7 =09?>H8@5=VH8E 60=@V2 10@>:>2>W ?>57VW - ?0=53V@8:, O:89 ?@8682AO 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V ?>@O4 7 B0:8<8 60=@0<8, O: 5?VB0DVO, 5?V3@0<0, >@0B>@VO, 5?VG=0 ?>5<0 B>I>. >?C;O@=89 2 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:><C 10@>:>, ?0=53V@8: 1C2 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=89 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V. 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 70EV4=>W B@048FVW, 45 2V= =5@V4:> A;C682 D>@<>N ?@842>@=>3> C;5IC20==O 25;L<>6 V B><C ?V7=VH5 707=0202 :@8B8:8 7 1>:C VAB>@8:V2 ;VB5@0BC@8, 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 B@048FVW ?0=53V@8: <02 V45>;>3VG=C A?@O<>20=VABL. >5B8 725;8GC20;8 ?>AB0BV 2VBG87=O=>W VAB>@VW B0 ACG0A=>ABV, CA;02;N20;8 <>2C, 7=0==O, 4>2>48;8 A8;C =0FV>=0;L=>W :C;LBC@8 2 WW ?@>B81>@AB2V 7 B8<8, EB> 707VE02 =0 =570;56=VABL. 5 <0B5@V0;L=8<8 283>40<8 G8 :0@'T@=8<8 <>B820<8 :5@C20;8AO C:@0W=AL:V ?8AL<5==8:8 C A2>WE ?0=53V@8:0E, 0 1060==O< 2V44OG8B8 DC=40B>@>2V 4CE>2=>W CAB0=>28, ?>:@>28B5;N 1;03>@>4=>W A?@028 =0FV>=0;L=>3> 2V4@>465==O. 5 ?@842>@=V C;5IC20==O, 0 24OG=VABL ?>;:>2>4F52V 70 9>3> <C6=VABL C 70E8ABV 10BL:V2I8=8 1C;8 <>B820<8 C:@0W=AL:>W ?0=53V@8G=>W ?>57VW. !C2>@V >1AB028=8 =0@>4=>-2872>;L?>W 1>@>BL18, B5, I> 7 4VO;L=VABN :>=:@5B=8E 2840B=8E ?>AB0B59 ?>2'O7C20;8AO A?>4V20==O I>4> 28@VH5==O 206;828E 5:78AB5=FV0;L=8E ?@>1;5<, 7C<>28;8 4><V=0FVN 2 C:@0W=AL:><C ?0=53V@87<>2V 3@><04O=AL:>3> ?0D>AC, 0 =5 >A>18AB8E V=B5@5AV2 <8BFO. &5 1C2 ?0=53V@87< 28:>@8AB0==O A;>20 O: 71@>W, I> A;C68;0 V=B5@5A0< =0FV>=0;L=>W =570;56=>ABV. !0<5 B0:89 B8? ?0=53V@8:0 V ?@8=5A;8 C:@0W=AL:V ?>5B8 2 A5@1AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C, 45 F59 60=@ 28=8: =5 O: 40=8=0 ;VB5@0BC@=8< <>40< 4>18, 0 O: D>@<0 V45>;>3VG=>W 700=306>20=>ABV ?>57VW. /: V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, A5@1AL:><C ?0=53V@8:C =5 1C2 ?@8B0<0==89 70EV4=89 B8? 7 ?5@52060==O< C =L><C @5;V3V9=>3> 7<VABC, =0304C20==O< ?@> ?5:5;L=V AB@0640==O. &51C;0 =0A0<?5@54 3>AB@>V45>;>3VG=0 ?>57VO, I> ?>@CHC20;0 ?@>1;5<8 7030;L=>=0@>4=V. 8:;040NG8 2V@HC20==O A5@1AL:8< CG=O<, :8W2AL:V <03VAB@8 28E>2C20;8 ?>GCBBO 24OG=>ABV ?>:@>28B5;O< 7=0=L, O: F5 @>182 .>70G8=AL:89, CA;02;NNG8 V:5=BVT >20=>28G0: B5F 5A8 C1>38<, A:>@1OI8< =045640, ;GCI8< 1;03 ?8B0B5;L, 0 =038< >45640[119]. "0:5 CA;02;5==O A5@1AL:>3> <8B@>?>;8B0 2<>B82>20=5 =5 ;8H5 >A>18AB8< AB02;5==O< 4> ?>:@>28B5;O :8W2AL:8E ?>A;0==8:V2, 0 9 @>7C<V==O< 3C<0=VAB8G=>W A?@O<>20=>ABV 9>3> ?@>A2VB=8FL:>W ?@>3@0<8, ?>B@V1=>W 2 ?5@HC G5@3C FV;><C A5@1AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2C. %>G0 7=0G=0 :V;L:VABL A5@1AL:>W 2V@H>20=>W ;VB5@0BC@8 70;8H8;0AO 2 @C:>?8A0E, >?C1;V:>20=V D@03<5=B8 9 @C:>?8A=V 4>A;V465==O 70A2V4GCNBL ?@>4C:B82=VABL V45>;>3VG=>3> ?0=53V@8:0, A?@O<>20=>3> =0 ?V4B@8<:C =0FV>=0;L=8E ;V45@V2 C WE=L><C ?@03=5==V 2V4AB>OB8 =570;56=VABL. !0<5 ?0=53V@8: 1C2 ?5@H8< C A5@1AL:V9 10@>:>2V9 ?>57VW A8;01VG=8< 2V@H5<, O:8< =52V4><89 02B>@ :V=FO XVII AB. CA;02;N202 ?>:@>28B5;O 4@C:>20=>W :=838. >4V1=> 4> B>3>, O: ;5:A0=4@ 8BC@0, 02B>@ >4=>3> 7 ?5@H8E :8W2AL:8E ?>5B8G=8E 4@C:V2 "V75@C=>: F=>B" (8W2, 1618) 70A2V4GC202 A2>N 24OG=VABL 70A=>2=8:>2V 4@C:0@=V, B0: V A5@1AL:89 ?>5B >A?V202 70 DC=40FVN 4@C:0@=V .0A0@01. ?V3@0<8 7 28A;>2;5==O< ?>4O:8, ?@8A2OB8 ?>:@>28B5;O<, 70?8A0=V B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8:><, 7CAB@VG0NBLAO =0 :=830E A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2, O:, =0?@8:;04, 5?V3@0<0 1726 @>:C =0 G5ABL <8B@>?>;8B0 >9A5O 5B@>28G0, I> WW =52V4><89 02B>@ 70?8A02 =0 AB>@V=:0E "C:20@O" $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0. # B><C A0<><C 60=@V 28@0782 A2>W ?>GCBBO 02;> 5=04>28G, :>B@89 =0 ?>;OE "!B5<0B>3@0DVW" 28A;>282 A2>T 70E>?;5==O 3@02N@0<8 =0 B5<8 2VBG87=O=>W VAB>@VW. # :=83C "0;V3@0DVO" (1759) 0E0@VT @D5;V= 2=VA 2V@H>20=5 725@=5==O 4> <>6;828E :@8B8:V2 A2>TW ?@0FV, O: F5 @>18;8 C 2;0A=8E B2>@0E !8<5>= >;>FL:89 01> 070@ 0@0=>28G. .@D5;V= 70;8H82 V ?5@H89 7@07>: ?0=53V@8G=>W ?>57VW, =0?8A0=>W 157?>A5@54=L> A5@1AL:V< 02B>@><. >G8=0NG8 A2>N ?>5B8G=C :0@'T@C B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8:><, 2V= F8< @>7<V@>< ?8H5 V A2V9 :@0I89 ?>5B8G=89 B2V@, "0;>206=>5 ?@825BAB285..." (1757) =0 G5ABL >9A5O CB=8:0 2V4><>3> ?>;VB8G=>3> 4VOG0. 5 ;8H5 @>7<V@, 0 9 B5<0, AB8;L, D>@<0, =0720 B2>?C 2:07CNBL =0 C:@0W=AL:V ?@>B>B8?8. !;V4>< 70 >70G8=AL:8< @D5;V= 28:>@8AB>2CT 0:@>2V@HV; @8B<V:0 ?0=53V@8:0 A5@1AL:>3> 02B>@0 1;87L:0 4> @8B<V:8 "5:;0<0FVW" >70G8=AL:>3> =0 G5ABL V<?5@0B@8FV ;87025B8 (1745). !8=B57CNG8 4>A2V4 C:@0W=AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2, I> 1C;> A2>3> @>4C =>@<>N ?>5B8G=>W ?@0:B8:8, 0E0@VT @D5;V= B2>@G> 9>3> ?5@5>A<8A;N202. &5 1C;> =5 ?@>AB> 2?>4V1=5==O "@CAL:8< 2V@H0<" (E>G0 72'O7>: 7 >AB0==V<8 T >G5284=8<, =0 I> 2:07CT V EC4>6=T >D>@<;5==O B2>@C - 1030B> V;NAB@>20=>3>, V7 70?8A>< =>B 4> :0=BV2), 0 265 2;0A=5 A5@1AL:89 20@V0=B 60=@C, O:89 4VAB02 2BV;5==O =0 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:><C B5@5=V. 0=B8, O: 2V47=0G0;>AO, 1C;8 B0:>6 >4=8< 7 =091V;LH ?>?C;O@=8E 60=@V2 A5@1AL:>W ?>5B8G=>W :C;LBC@8. 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 ?0=53V@8:V2 :0=B8 H284H5 ?5@5E>48;8 157?>A5@54=L> 2 A5@1AL:5 A5@54>28I5, AB020;8 =0410==O< 02B>@AL:>W B0 CA=>W B2>@G>ABV. 0A=>2=8:>< FL>3> 60=@C 1C2 B0:>6 .>70G8=AL:89 7 9>3> ""@0354>:><54VTN". VA=V =0 G5ABL "!5@1VW ?@5A;02=>W" =048E0;8 V=H8E ?>5BV2. "0:, A5@1AL:0 3@><04O=AL:0 ;V@8:0 7024OGCT >20=>2V 0WGC 71030G5==O< A2>3> @5?5@BC0@C. 091V;LH ?>:07>28< T 2V@H "@8A:>@1=0 3>@;8FO", :>B@89 0WG 2AB0282 =0 <VAF5 ?VA=V >70G8=AL:>3> "@5A;02=0 !5@1VT..." &O >AB0==O ?VA=O :>@8ABC20;0AO =04728G09=>N ?>?C;O@=VABN 2 H8@>:8E A5@1AL:8E :>;0E, C2V9H;0 4> 1030BL>E @C:>?8A=8E ?VA5==8:V2. 4>1C;0 ?>?C;O@=VABL V AB2>@5=0 70 7@07:>< C:@0W=AL:>3> 02B>@0 ?VA=O 9>3> A5@1AL:>3> CG=O. &V B2>@8 74V9A=N20;8 157?>A5@54=V9 2?;82 =0 0=>=V<=8E 02B>@V2, I> 2=>A8;8 @V7=V 20@V0FVW 707=0G5=8E ?VA5=L C @C:>?8A=V 71V@:8, ?>?C;O@=V 06 4> :V=FO XIX AB. B65, G5@57 .>70G8=AL:>3> B0 9>3> CG=V2 C:@0W=AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 2?@>4>26 B@820;>3> G0AC 2?;820;0 =0 A5@1AL:C <0A>2C ("3@><04O=AL:C" 2 ACG0A=V9 A5@1AL:V9 B5@<V=>;>3VW) ?>57VN[120]. &V B2>@8 28:>=C20;8AO, A?V20;8AO, 70 A2V4G5==O< :><?>78B>@0 XIX AB. >@=5;VT !B0=:>28G0 (2V= 65 =0?8A02 V <C78G=5 AC?@>2>465=O 4> B5:ABV2) <0965 C 2AVE ACA?V;L=8E :>;0E (2 F5@:>2=8E B0 A2VBAL:8E, C 4><V2:0E 3>@>4O= B0 @>48=0E A2OI5==>A;C68B5;V2). VA=V ?>H8@N20;8AO V 70 <560<8 2AB@VW: 2>=8 28=8:;8 C !@5<AL:8E 0@;>2FOE, 0;5 ?5@5=>A8;8AL CA=8< H;OE>< 06 4> T;3@040[121]. 5 ;8H5 3@><04O=AL:0 ?>57VO 707=0;0 2?;82C :0=BV2, 0 9 B2>@GVABL 2V4><8E <8BFV2. >=8 =048E0;8 ?@>2V4=>3> :><?>78B>@0 XIX AB. >@=5;VT !B0=:>28G0, A2>T@V4=> 2V43C:=C;8AO 9 C 682>?8AV. "0:, EC4>6=8: >20: 04>=8G (1826-1890) =0<0;N202 1857 @>:C :0@B8=C ?V4 =072>N "!<5@BL #@>H0 V", I> 28=8:;0, O: ?@8?CA:0NBL, ?V4 2@065==O< 2V4 ?VA5=L 7 4@0<8 >70G8=AL:>3>[122]. VA=O ";0G <0B5@V F0@O #@>H0" 68;0 C71V@=8:0E 06 4> :V=FO XIX AB. &59 ?;0G, =0 4C<:C 4>A;V4=8:V2, 7C<>282 28=8:=5==O V=H8E ?>5B8G=8E B2>@V2 ?>4V1=>3> 60=@C, >A:V;L:8 @0=VH5 A5@1AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 B0:>3> >?;0:C20==O B@03VG=8E ?>4V9 =5 7=0;0. )5 1V;LHC ?>?C;O@=VABL <02 V=H89 2V@H 0WG0 "!5@1VO, I> 945 2 &5A0@VN...", O:89 >?;0:CT B@03VG=5 AB0=>28I5 A5@1V2, I>9=> ?5@5A5;5=8E 2 2AB@V9AL:C 45@602C. &59 B2V@ B0:>6 C2V9H>2 4> ?5@5@>1;5=>W 0WG5< 4@0<8 >70G8=AL:>3> V ?>2=VABN AB2>@5=89 2V4?>2V4=> 4> 7@07:V2 ?>57VW C:@0W=AL:>3> 02B>@0[123]. # @V7=8E 20@V0=B0E 2V= H8@>:> 2V43C:=C2AO 2 G8A;5==8E @C:>?8A=8E ?VA5==8:0E, 45 7CAB@VG0NBLAO 20@V0=B8 V=H8E D@03<5=BV2 4@0<8. #AV FV 2V@HV AB0;8 ?VA=O<8, 68;8 =01030B> 4>2H5, =V6 A0<0 4@0<0, 2V4>:@5<82H8AL 2V4 =5W, ?@>4>26CNG8 ?>1CBC20B8 =02VBL B>4V, :>;8 4@0<0, 2 O:V9 2>=8 1C;8 AB2>@5=V, 2V4V9H;0 2 701CBBO. 52=89 2V43><V= F8E ?VA5=L GCB8 06 4> ?>G0B:C XX AB>;VBBO. 0=B8 2 ?5@5@>1FV 0WG0 C2V9H;8 2 ?VA5==8:8, O: V ?VA=O " 04V9B5, 25A5;VBLAO", I> VA=C20;0 C 71V@=8:0E C?@>4>26 42>E 7 ?>;>28=>N AB>;VBL[124]. V4><89 4>A;V4=8: 8;0= >340=>28G ?>OA=N202 ?>?C;O@=VABL F8E B2>@V2 C A5@1AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V B8<, I> 2>=8 1C;8 1;87L:8<8 9 7@>7C<V;8<8 WE=V< ?5@5?8AC20G0<, 0 B0:>6 B8<, EB> @>7?>2AN46C202 WE CA=8< H;OE>< C 283;O4V ?VA5=L[125]. "0: A0<>, O: V 2 #:@0W=V, 2V41C202AO ?5@5EV4 :=86=>W, ?8A5<=>W B2>@G>ABV 2 CA=C, 7024O:8 B><C, I> :=86=0 B2>@GVABL AB020;0 4>ABC?=>N H8@>:><C 7030;>2V. &59 :><C=V:0B82=89 ;0=FN3:2V4 <8AB5FL:>3> B2>@C G5@57 4@C:>20=V B0 @C:>?8A=V 71V@:8 4>CA=>W B2>@G>ABV 2 FV;><C 1C2 E0@0:B5@=8< O28I5< C @>728B:C ?>57VW 10@>:>2>W 4>18 - V =5 ;8H5 C A;>2'O=. =0;>3VG=C DC=:FVN A5:C;O@870FVW ;VB5@0BC@8 28:>=C202 V=H89, B0:>6 =>289, 60=@ - ?0AB>@0;L=V 01> 25A=O=V 3V<=8. &59 60=@, 2V4><89 I5 7 @0==L>3> A5@54=L>2VGGO 2 ;0B8=AL:V9 ?>57VW ?V4 =072>N "carmina burana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carmina figurata"), ?>H8@5=0 2 T2@>?59AL:V9 10@>:>2V9 25@A8DV:0FVW. A>1;825 287=0==O 74>1C;8 ?>5B8G=V 70304:8, @51CA8, 2V@HV-;01V@8=B8, O:V G8B0;8AO 7;V20 =0?@02> V =02?0:8. 5;L<8 ?>?C;O@=8< C A5@1V2 1C2 0:@>2V@H.  C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V VA=C20;0 FV;0 3@C?0 0:@>2V@H528E ?>5BV2, 4> O:>W <>6=0 2V4=5AB8 9 .>70G8=AL:>3>. 0A;V4CNG8 9>3>, .@D5;V= C ?@82VB0==V >9A5N CB=8:C 282>48BL 0:@>2V@H5< V<'O ">9A59". > FL>3> 70A>1C 24020;8AO V VA0@V>= 02;>28G, 9 V=HV ?>5B8, 0 B0:>6 . 0WG, C ?>E8;><C 265 2VFV, 2 "AB>@VW @V7=8E A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@>4V2" (1794). #7O;8 =0 >71@>T==O A5@1AL:V ?>5B8 V @V7=V DV3C@0B82=V 70A>18 2BV;5==O ?>5B8G=>W 4C<:8, :>;8 B5:AB B2>@C 28:;0402AO C 283;O4V @V7=><0=VB=8E DV3C@, O:V, 70 704C<>< 02B>@V2, <CA8;8 7 1V;LH>N A8;>N ?5@5:>=0B8 G8B0G0. .!B5D0=>28G-5=F;>28G, =0?@8:;04, 1C4CT 3@0DVG=>-A;>25A=5 7>1@065==O, I> <5B0D>@8G=> A8<2>;V7CT A8AB5<C :@>2>>1<V=C 2 ;N4AL:><C >@30=V7<V. &59 >1@07 <CA82, 73V4=> 7 02B>@AL:8< 704C<><, 2V4>1@078B8 B2>@G5 ?V4=5A5==O, ?@8B>: ?>5B8G=>3> =0BE=5==O, 2V4>1@078B8 ?C;LA0FVN V459, I> 682CBL C :@>2V ?>5B0. @0DVG=5 7>1@065==O =0 ?0?5@V ?>B>:V2 :@>2V <0;> ?5@540B8 2V4GCBBO B@03V7<C ?>5B0, :>B@89, 21>;V20NG8 70 4>;N =0@>4C, "?>E<C@8< 1C2 C A5@FV". A>1;82> 70E>?;N202AO A;>25A=8<8 2V75@C=:0<8 .@D5;V=, O:89 AB2>@N202 V ?>5B8G=V :204@0B8, V 0:@>2V@HV B0 @51CA8, 9 V=HV DV3C@0B82=V D>@<8 ?>57VW. 0H8D@>2CNG8 A:;04=>N 3@0DVG=>N A8AB5<>N 2;0A=V V45W, ?>5B8 AB028;8 70 <5BC =5 @>7304:C O: :V=F5289 0:B; >@83V=0;L=VABN D>@<8, 35@<5B870FVTN 4C<:8 2>=8 ?@03=C;8 70V=B@83C20B8 G8B0G0, O:89, 2@065=89 @>7304:>N, 70?0<'OB02 18 WW. >4V1=V HC:0==O =5@V4:> ?5@5B2>@N20;8AO =0 A0<>FV;L, I> G0AB> 72>48;> ?>57VN 4> AE>;0AB8:8, 70 O:>W 4C<:0 V=>4V 2B@0G0;0 GVB:VABL, =5 4>E>48;0 4> G8B0G0. BV< B0:V ?@8:;048, O: 40=8=0 ;VB5@0BC@=V9 <>4V, =5 1C;8 ?@520;NNG8<8. >=8 28:>=C20;8 DC=:FVN 71030G5==O ?>5B8G=>3> 28@07C, O:89 =040;V A;C682 ?@575=B0FVW 7<VABC 7 9>3> 3>AB@>0:BC0;L=8< V459=8< F5=B@><. $>@<0;L=V ?>HC:8 =5 1C;8 2V4:@8BBO< 10@>:>2>W 5AB5B8:8. $>=5B8G=V 5:A?5@8<5=B8, D>@<0 O: <5B0, ?@87=0G5=0 3;81H5 @>7:@8B8 7<VAB, 1C;8 ?@8B0<0==V I5 0=B8G=V9 ?>57VW. ;5:A0=4@V9AL:V ?>5B8 70E>?;N20;8AO AB8;5< ?@8:@0A, "B5E=VG=8<8 2?@020<8"; ?>?C;O@=8<8 1C;8 0:@>2V@HV, 2V7C0;L=0 ?>57VO, <5A>AB8<VO, B5;5ABVA, CA:;04=5=0 25@A8DV:0FVO. #A5 F5 ?5@540;>AO E@8AB8O=AL:V9 - @8<AL:V9 B0 2V70=BV9AL:V9 - ?>57VW, I> 1C;0 ?5@542VA=8:>< @5=5A0=A=>-10@>:>2>3> AB8;N. V3@CNG8 7 V70=BVW =0 70EV4, F59 AB8;L 2V4V3@02 A2>N @>;L C D>@<C20==V 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W ?>57VW.  2V70=BV9AL:8<8 B@048FVO<8 1C;0 =09BVA=VH8< G8=>< ?>2'O70=0 A5@1AL:0 A5@54=L>2VG=0 ;VB5@0BC@0, O:0 G8<0;> 70?>78GC20;0 2V4 2V70=BV9AL:8E <0=LT@8ABV2 - 7>:@5<0, B0:C 2V4><C AB8;L>2C >A>1;82VABL, O: "?;5B5=VT A;>25A". )5 >ABO=B8= $V;>A>D, A5@54=L>2VG=89 :=86=8:, ?@03=C2 284V;OB8 >A>1;82>ABV :>;L>@C 01> 72C:C, 240NG8AL, =0?@8:;04, 4> B0:8E D>=5B8G=8E :>=AB@C:FV9: "!B@0=> AB@0=AB2>202 AB@0=AB2VT ?;0G5<"; B0:V HC:0==O 7=0945<> C ><5=BV0=0 (XIII AB.); :=86=8: !8;CO= C XIV AB. ?8A02: "!;>20 A;028 !025 A?;5B8 !8;C0=". !B8;L "?;5B5=VT A;>25A" 1C2 >A>1;82> ?>H8@5=89 C XV AB, 0 7 G0A>< G5@57 4@C389 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:89 2?;82 ?>B@0?82 =0 A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4. /:I> 2 A5@1V2 <0=LT@87< @>728202AO ?V4 2?;82>< 2V70=BV9AL:>W ?>57VW, B> 4> E>@20BV2 2V= ?@89H>2 7 VB0;V9AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 45I> ?V7=VH5, >B65 42V ACAV4=V ?>5B8G=V B@048FVW <0;VW 45I> AE>6V B5=45=FVW. "0:, A5@1AL:89 :=86=8: XV AB. 0=B0:C78= ?8A02 @5G8B0B82><, 2 O:><C ?@>A;CE>2CTBLAO ?>5B8G=0 @8B<V:0: ;0G8, 4CH5 >:0X0=0X0 <>X0 ?;0G8, ?;0G8 A@F5 A CB@>1>XC, ?;0G8, ?;0G8B5 >G8 =5?@5AB0=> ?;0G8B5, ?;0G8B5 2A8 C48 <>X8 ?;0G8B5.[128] # ACAV4=V9 0;<0FVW .@V9 0@0:>28G, ?>5B XVII AB., ?;0G A2V9 28A;>2;N202 B8< A0<8< AB8;5<, 0;5 70 7@07:0<8 VB0;V9AL:>3> <0=LT@87<C, B0:>6 35=5B8G=> ?>2'O70=>3> 7 2V70=BV9AL:>N :C;LBC@>N: ;0G5< 3@>7=8< ?;0:0 ?0;C[ ?;0G8 G0A8 ?;0GC[ 65=0 A20:> ?;0G5< ?;0G C30A8; ?;0GC[ ?;0G=5 2;0A8 :8 ?;0GC[ X0 A:CAB8, ?;0G5 A28 C740A8 :8 ?;0GC[ 8A?CAB8[129]. # B>9 A0<89 G0A, I> V 4> E>@20BV2, <0=LT@87< 7 VA?0=AL:>W B0 VB0;V9AL:>W ?>57VW XVII AB. ?>B@0?82 4> >;LIV, 0 72V4B8 2 #:@0W=C, 7 O:>W FV 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V 7@07:8 ?5@59H;8 4> A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. "0: V 2 ?>57VW 2V41C20;0AO A2>T@V4=0 7CAB@VG ?>5B8G=8E B@048FV9, I> <0;8 >4=5 :>@V==O, 0;5 @V7=V 2V430;C65==O, :>B@V 7V9H;8AO 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V 2 10@>:>2V9 D>@<V, ?V4B25@46CNG8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:C A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:> O: A8=B57C A5@54=L>2VG=>W 2V70=BV9AL:>W, 2VBG87=O=>W ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 10@>:>28<8 B@0=AD>@<0FVO<8. "><C 7 ;53:VABN, 1571>;VA=> 10@>:> ?CA:0;> :>@V==O ?0 A5@1AL:><C 3@C=BV, A2>T@V4=> ?>2'O7C20;> A5@1AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C 7 <8=C;>N V ACG0A=>N B@048FVO<8, 2V70=BV9AL:5 A5@54=L>2VGGO V7 70EV4=> B0 AEV4=>T2@>?59AL:8<8 :C;LBC@=8<8 =0410==O<8, :>B@V AB0=>28;8 T48=5 FV;5.  4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. C A5@1AL:V9 ?>57VW A?>AB5@V30NBLAO AB8;L>2V >7=0:8 @>:>:>, E>G0 2 FV;><C ;VB5@0BC@0 ?>7=0G5=0 >A>1;82>ABO<8 10@>:>.  ?>57VW ?@8ACB=V B5<8 ?>?5@54=L>W 4>18 - A<5@BL, <0@=>B0, H284:>?;8==VABL 68BBO V <V=;82VABL 4>;V, @5;V3V9=V <>B828, 2BV;5=V 2 B8E A0<8E 60=@0E-;O<5=B0E, ?;0G0E, ?0=53V@8:0E, ?@>4>26CNBL ?>1CBC20B8 :0=B8 >70G8=AL:>3> B0 9>3> ?>A;V4>2=8:V2. ;5 10@>:>2V B5<8 707=0NBL =>2>W V=B5@?@5B0FVW, 7<V=NTBLAO D>@<0 2V@H0, ?>ABC?>2> 52>;NFV>=CT A2VB>A?@89=OBBO ?>5BV2. !?>AB5@V30TBLAO 2V4EV4 2V4 10@>:>2>W ?0B5B8:8, 4@0<0B87<C, @5;V3V9=>W 5:70;LB>20=>ABV, =0BC@0;V7<C C 7<0;N20==V :0@B8=8 A<5@BV. >4=>G0A V7 B5<0<8 <V=;82>ABV 4>;V, D0B0;V7<C 7'O2;ONBLAO A5=B8<5=B0;L=V ?>GCBBO, ?>ABC?>2> AB2>@NTBLAO @0=VH5 =57=09><0 ;N1>2=0 ;V@8:0. 0AB>@0;L=V <>B828 7=0G=> 71030GCNBLAO 30<>N ?>GCBBV2, @>72820TBLAO ?59706=0 ;V@8:0, A?>2=5=0 68BBTAB25@465==O, @04VA=>3> A2VB>A?@89=OBBO. V41C20TBLAO =5 BV;L:8 @>7H8@5==O B5<0B8G=8E <56, 0 9 C4>A:>=0;5==O 25@A8DV:0FVW. 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 A8;01VG=>W ?>57VW, 45 @8<0 1C;0 2 >A=>2=><C 6V=>G0, 28=8:0T ?@8B0<0==0, 7>:@5<0, ?>57VW @>:>:> G>;>2VG0, 40:B8;VG=0 @8<0. "0:89 @>728B>: A5@1AL:>W ?>57VW 74V9A=N202AO C =0?@O<:C, 0=0;>3VG=><C =091;86GV9 B8?>;>3VG=> C:@0W=AL:V9 B0 V=H8< A;>2'O=AL:8< ;VB5@0BC@0<, 7>:@5<0 @>AV9AL:V9 ?>57VW. !?>@V4=5=VABL @>728B:C C:@0W=AL:>W B0 A5@1AL  (Vz|    " , 4 : < F H ݿʮʤʍh*0h*00J5\jh*00JUh*0h*00JmHsHh, {0JmHsH h*00Jhgph*0mHsHh$hgpmHsHh*0h*0mHsHhGemHsHh*0h*00J5\mHsHh$h$mHsHh$mHsH/ (z| $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gdgp $$Ifa$gd*0$a$gdK- f  <h & Fdd$If[$\$gd*0 & Fdd$If[$\$gd*0 & Fdd$If[$\$gd*0 $Ifgd*0 $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0H b d f h j |   f n p z      * 4 < B D N P ۻۻh*0h*00J5\ h*00Jh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHjh*00JUh*0h*00J5\mHsHJz|:<rt,.jljl|~x&&&&(((())))N.V.X.b.//7 7 77V8^8r8|8$&0ииЫh$0J5\mHsHh, {0J5\mHsHh*0mHsHh*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0mHsHjh*0Uh*0h*00J5\jh*00JU h*00J>LvnRt ( $IfgdK- $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0 & Fdd$If[$\$gd*0 & Fdd$If[$\$gd*0 $Ifgd*0 & Fdd$If[$\$gd*0(((((((((((((((((((((-3:A $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gdK- $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0ADG@LQRWYbk@osjb>6.tj $Ifgd*0""*R\ģƣУx$<F<DFPB $ b"h"##**//45@@DAHAvAAPOROZO\O4R:RfGIU[>ahjm,sNy8~&(r $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0DRSSXXXXL[N[V[X[6]>]@]J] cc(c2cccccddo"ozx~x  |rz|ޯ(*P"~DJ $z~     h*0h*00J5\mHsHh, {0J5\mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0h*0mHsHN*R~κPZr.8Z "%* $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 DLN*V*X*b*++++...../D3F3333333NZXZ2c:c2q02ֺ̺h*0h*00JmHsHh, {h*0mHsHh*00J5\h, {h*00J5\mHsHh, {0J5\mHsHh*0h*0mHsHh*0F*$,.1D3F33x48*>A"HNVaf(ovLփ<4RH $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0H4td "$&(* v6 $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0*  LNt"&(LV==i(iwwPZ(2 @ܥޥ֫BL*04>Xb$ , ´ϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰϰh*0h*0h*06]mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHh*00J5\h*0h*00J5\mHsHh, {0J5\mHsHE* T")+06;?CzIOFVY` hk8p8wyx}d, $Ifgd*0,‰B@`jXfB$vp $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0pnLh Hz",#L(1:>6D LQBX]c"mot $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0, P Z v | HxzFH & &&&99b\l\]]z``vv>{H{8BDF8>HBDr8<>Fh*0h*06]mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0h*0mHsHNt{tHذfƾHp H $Ifgd*0Ht2\h *t$r+b59?DdJXODVYv`b8gjRqw $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0Fbl( 6 8 F    ^)`)f)h)..//D6J6@7J7KKhMpMrM|MHONOTUVVFXLX^^f`l`kkklmm2v`j RXvzV ^ ` j )))*h*0h*06]mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0h*0mHsHN\J>#*3,;FQjW\F`veoq0xZN $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0Nܣ̴<|d<>:z %\)h05 $Ifgd*0*T-\-^-h-33CCK$K&K0KBTJTU&U‘̑ LL\\l`z`"f0f@kJk@H&*0  t ~ : D Z ` |   1 $1 z2 2 6 6 6 6 > > ? ? B B vO |O d` n` Ba Ha g g h*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0h*0mHsHV5;:AEDKP:S^fmvFh*NXp~ $Ifgd*0~d D4 Tt!$, 6:AKPY]xiotT $Ifgd*0N<tB2>&2J  F ( \   $ ) $Ifgd*0) t. .1 3 4 :8 > C F J N P `T DY [ _ pf g g >h Pm Vp :u z b~ ` $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0g g g g g g h h ( * + N+ X+ n0 0 .1 81 6 26 j: : ; ; RE rE K K M N S S U U U (U *U :U ^ ^ Hx hx * " B ^ b d ę Ι v , . 0 B b Ы   | : @ h*0h*06]mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHO0 2 4 4 6 46 b7 8 R9 j: : D RE tE F G K K M N O ] e Jf h o t t u $Ifgd*0u v |w Hx jx { } ,  " D ^ d d z B v d $Ifgd*0d . ~ B d  Ҧ Ы & p `  P  $Ifgd*0@ * 0 n r  " V ` . 4 " ( & , b p r  `- h- - - \. `. 0 0 2 2 5 5 ~; ; E N f ڟ $ .      \ f   , 2 P h*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHUh*0h*0h*0mHsHN b Z  H    ! % ) / d1 j2 3 5 Z; (D &  N h ڟ  $Ifgd*0:>W ?>5B8G=>W :C;LBC@8 T =091V;LH>N. A=CNBL G8A;5==V ?V4B25@465==O FL>3>, 7>:@5<0 ?52=V 0=0;>3VW 2 ?>57VW @83>@VO !:>2>@>48 B0 0E0@VT @D5;V=0. 0 A?>AB5@565==O< .028G0, F5 A?>@V4=5==O ?><VB=5 C B5<0B8FV 2V@HV2, ?@>A>4VW, AB@>DVFV, >A>1;82>ABOE @8<8, 2 FV;><C C 7030;L=V9 D>@<V B2>@V2 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>5B0 V >:@5<8E A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2. &5 ?><VB=> C =0O2=>ABV 2=CB@VH=L>W @8<8, =5@8<>20=>3> 70:V=G5==O, 2 >:@5<8E >1@070E, O: V 2 ?>4V1=>ABV :=86=>W <>28: 52V4><89 A5@1AL:89 ?>5B 0;>A=0 <0X:>, 0@ <8 X5 B0:> 025: A545B8  >A545B8 !CR5=>?[130] . !:>2>@>40 0 3@5E @840N  ><820N > <=>3>284=8E !;570E =5AE>4=8E 5 ?>G82H8[131]. !B@>DV:0 3V<=C 25A=V 2 "@;0=35=AL:><C @C:>?8AV" 0=>=V<=>3> 02B>@0 ?>4V1=0 4> AB8;N .@D5;V=0 V .!:>2>@>48. 52V4><89 ?>5B # ?@5<8;>< 7@0:C >:0 B2>30 848< HG0ABX5 X0 682>B0 <>30 5@ B5: :>4 B515. 5;8< X0 A515 025:8 6828B >4 <8;>30 >30[132]. .!:>2>@>40 '>;=>: <>9 1C@8 28E@ H0B05B !5 2 1574=C, A5 2KA?@L 25@305B E, =JABL <=J 4=5AL <8@0  =JABL <=J =02:;8@0. !5 <O <>@5 ?>68@05B[133]. "0:0 AB@>DV:0 A?>AB5@V30TBLAO V C B2>@G>ABV =V<5FL:8E ?>5BV2 XVII-XVIII AB., 7>:@5<0 2 ?>57VW @8ABV0=0 $..(C10@B0 O:89 :>@8ABCTBLAO BVTN A0<>N AB@>D>N, I> V C:@0W=AL:V B0 A5@1AL:V 02B>@8. >6=0 1C;> 1 =025AB8 I5 1030B> ?@8:;04V2 O:V 1 71V;LH8;8 CO2;5==O ?@> ?>H8@5==O V <>48DV:0FVN C:@0W=AL:>W ?>57VW =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C ?V24=V, WW CG0ABL C @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W 25@A8DV:0FVW 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB., D>@<C20==O ?5@5E>4C 2V4 @>:>:> 4> ?@>A2VB=8FB20 V :;0A8F87<C. 5 BV;L:8 D>@<C20==O< =>28E AB8;V2, ?V4:;NG5==O< 4> 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>3> :C;LBC@=>3> @>728B:C C2V=G02AO ?@>F5A 10@>:870FVW A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. >28< 1C;> B5, I> ?>57VO AB020;0 O28I5< 7030;L=>4>ABC?=8< V =02VBL <0A>28<. 'O2;O;8AO @V7=><0=VB=V 2V@H>20=V 71V@:8, 4@C:>20=V 9 @C:>?8A=V, O:V :>@8ABC20;8AO ?>?C;O@=VABN, @>7:C?0;8AO, ?>H8@N20;8AL C A?8A:0E. 0A>2VABL ;VB5@0BC@8, 28=8:=5==O =>2>3> 70<>2=8:0, 265 =5 7 F5@:>2=>3>, 0 7 3@><04O=AL:>3> A5@54>28I0, A5:C;O@870FVO - FV B0 V=HV 7<V=8 2V41C20;8AO O: 52>;NFVO 10@>:>2>3> ?5@V>4C, 9>3> ?>ABC?>2>3> 230A0==O. # F8E 71V@=8:0E A5@1AL:>W 3@><04O=AL:>W ;V@8:8 =52V4'T<=>N G0AB8=>N 1C;8 B2>@8, I> ?>E>48;8 7 #:@0W=8, 0 B0:>6 2;0A=5 A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2, 0=>=V<=8E B0 2V4><8E, O:V =0;560;8 4> C:@0W=AL:>W ?>5B8G=>W H:>;8. "2>@GVABL ?>5BV2, :>B@V ?8A0;8 =0 <56V XVIII-XIX AB., B0:>6 ?>7=0G5=0 BVA=8<8 72'O7:0<8 7 ?>?5@54=L>N B@048FVTN, I> ?V4B25@46CT A8AB5<0 >1@07V2, ?>5B8G=8E 70A>1V2, AB@>DV:0 F8E B2>@V2. >5B8 9 A0<V 287=020;8 A2>N ?@8G5B=VABL 4> C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W B@048FVW. V4><V 28A;>2;N20==O >A8B5O 1@04>28G0, :>B@89 C A2>WE <5<C0@0E 2V47=0G02, I> AB0@BC202 O: ?8AL<5==8: A0<5 7 >7=09><;5==O 7 :8W2AL:8<8 2840==O<8, 28?@>1>2CNG8 A2V9 ?>5B8G=89 E8AB C B@8=04FOB8A:;04>2><C 2V@HV[134]. @8:;04>< ?@8ACB=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>W B@048FVW 2 A5@1AL:V9 ?>5B8G=V9 :C;LBC@V :V=FO XVIII AB. T V B5, I> A0<5 =0 FL><C <0B5@V0;V 1C;> AB2>@5=> ?5@H89 C A5@1V2 10@>:>289 5?>A, 0;53>@8:>-VAB>@8G=C ?>5<C "V9 <VO 7 @;0<8", 2 O:V9 >20= 0WG >A?V202 1>@>BL1C E@8AB8O=AB20 7 <03><5B0=AB2><. 8=0<V:0, ?0D>A, 0;53>@8:0 - FV >A=>2=V :>=AB@C:B82=V >?>@8 ?>5<8 70?>78G5=V 7 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8 V 2:07CNBL =0 2V440=VABL A5@1AL:>3> ?>5B0 ?@8=F8?0< 9>3> 2G8B5;O. 572060NG8 =0 3@><V74:VABL D>@<8, =03@><0465==O <5B0D>@, ?5@520=B065=VABL 45B0;O<8, VAB>@8G=8<8 ?5@A>=060<8, >:@5<V D@03<5=B8 FL>3> 5?>AC 22060NBLAO :@0I8<8 7@07:0<8 A5@1AL:>W ?>57VW XVIII AB. # ?>A;V4>2=V9 52>;NFVW, O:0 2V41C20;0AO 2 A5@1AL:V9 ?>57VW =0 <56V XVIII-XIX AB., B@8=04FOB8A:;04>289 2V@H V 40;V 70;8H02AO ?0=V2=8<. !0<5 2 FV9 D>@<V 28?@>1C20;8 A515 B0:V A5@1AL:V ?8AL<5==8:8 ?5@54@><0=B8G=>W 4>18, O: >20= !B5@VO >?>28G, V7 G0A>< ?@>2V4=89 :><54V>3@0D, :>B@89 A2>W ?5@HV ?>5B8G=V :@>:8, 7>:@5<0 "VA=N =0 >;V >A>2V<", @>182 C B@8=04FOB8A:;04=8:C, 4> O:>3> 725@B02AO V .>20G528G C B2>@V "!B8E8 > ?>2545=8X8 8 =0<5@5=8X8 :Z070 070@X0" (1805). /:I> 7 G0A>< B@8=04FOB8A:;04>289 2V@H ?>ABC?>2> 2B@0G02 A2>T <0965 AB>;VB=T ?0=C20==O 2 A5@1AL:V9 ?>57VW, 4><V=0=B=0 B5<0 A5@1AL:>W 10@>:>2>W ;VB5@0BC@8, 70?>G0B:>20=0 .>70G8=AL:8<, =5 ;8H5 ?@>4>26C20;0 68B8, 0 9 4VAB020;0 =>2V 2BV;5==O 265 =0 =>2><C <0B5@V0;V[135]. # 4CAV 3;>@8DV:0FVV !5@1VW >A?V2C20;8AO =>2V ;V45@8 =0FV>=0;L=>W 1>@>BL18, A?@O<>20=>W ?@>B8 >A<0=AL:>3> 3=>1;5==O. >2>AB2>@5=V ?VA=V, 2 O:8E CA;02;N202AO 20B06>: 0=B8BC@5FL:8E ?>2AB0=L 0@046>@465 ('>@=89 5>@3V9), 70A=>2C20;8AO =0 ?>57VW H:>;8 >70G8=AL:>3>[136]. &O A0<0 ?>57VO 7 >G5284=8<8 5;5<5=B0<8 10@>:>2>W 5AB5B8:8 C2V9H;0 2 A5@1AL:V ?>5B8G=V 71V@=8:8 V ?VA5==8:8 ?>G0B:C XIX AB., AB0;0 DC=40<5=B><, =0 O:><C 72>48;0AO A5@1AL:0 ?>5B8G=0 :C;LBC@0 4>18 @><0=B87<C[137]. >:07>28< T B5, I> A5@1AL:0 ?>57VO 7=0E>48;0 2V43C: C ACAV4=V9 >;30@VW, :C48 10@>:>2V D>@<8 ?@89H;8 V7 7=0G=8< 70?V7=5==O<. 8=OB:>2C ?>?C;O@=VABL BCB <0;8 2V@HV 0E0@VT @D5;V=0 ";0G !5@1VW...", ">@5AB=89 ?;0G A;02=8O 8=>340 !5@188 , B2>@8 >20=0 0WG0, 2 BV< G8A;V 9 ?0B@V>B8G=89 "V9 <VO 7 @;0<8". &V B0 V=HV B2>@8 =048E0;8 1>;30@ =0 AB2>@5==O 0=0;>3VG=>W ?>57VW, A;C68;8 W< 7@07:0<8, 70 O:8<8 1>;30@8 >?;0:C20;8 4>;N A2>TW 10BL:V2I8=8. # B2>@0E ?5@H8E 1>;30@AL:8E ?>5BV2 G0AB> 7CAB@VG0NBLAO ?@8B0<0==V A5@1AL:><C 2V@HC20==N V45W B0 D>@<8. "0:8< H;OE>< C:@0W=AL:0 ?>5B8G=0 H:>;0 ?@>=8:0;0 >?>A5@54:>20=> C B2>@GVABL 5>DVB0 >725;8, 5>DVB0 8;LAL:>3>, 8<8B@0 >?AL:>3> B>I>[138]. 0=@>25 V AB8;L>25 71030G5==O ?@>78 >2>N A5@1AL:>N 7 @CAL:>W... !0<V9;> 0:0G8G. !CBBT2V 7<V=8 2V41C20NBLAO V 2 ?@>7V, O:0 7 ?>G0B:C XVII AB. ?>ABC?>2> 71030GCTBLAO =>28<8 AB8;L>28<8 B0 60=@>28<8 D>@<0<8 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O, I> >FV=NTBLAO O: ?>G0B>: =>2>W 4>18 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V. !5@1AL:0 A5@54=L>2VG=0 :=86=VABL <0;0 @>728=5=C 60=@>2C A8AB5<C, I> ?5@51C20;0 2 BVA=><C 72'O7:C 7 2V70=BV9AL:>N B@048FVTN, 72V4:8 70?>78GC20;8AL 68BVO, :0=>=8, B8?8:8, ;VBC@3V9=V B@51=8:8 B>I>. &O ;VB5@0BC@0 1C;0 :0<5@=>N, 68;0 C 2C7L:8E :>;0E <>=0AB8@V2 B0 ?@8 42>@0E 2>;>40@V2. 7 2B>@3=5==O< >A<0=V2 A5@1AL:0 A5@54=L>2VG=0 ;VB5@0BC@0 ?>ABC?>2> 70=5?040;0, =0AB0;> "<>2G0==O". /: 707=0G02 ;VB>?8A5FL 1444 @>:C, ":=83 <0;> 1C;> 2 F5@:20E, 0 9 BV, I> 1C;8, 25;L<8 70AB0@V;8". 0 FL><C B;V C:@0W=AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 AB0=>28;0 =>25, @0=VH5 =52V4><5 A5@1AL:8< 02B>@0< O28I5, :>B@5 C2V1@0;> V 1030BC A5@54=L>2VG=C B@048FVN, V =>2C - 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O. AB5B8G=V ?@8=F8?8, B5>@5B8G=V ?>;>65==O 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E 02B>@V2 1C;8 2V4><V C:@0W=AL:8< ?@>D5A>@0<, I> 28:;040;8 :C@A8 B5>@VW >@0B>@AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, 2?;820;8 =0 D>@<C20==O 5AB5B8:>-;VB5@0BC@=>3> :@54> 2VBG87=O=8E 02B>@V2. 8W2AL:V CG5=V 7=09><8;8AO 7 ?@0FO<8 ?@>2V4=8E T2@>?59AL:8E B5>@5B8:V2 60=@C O: 157?>A5@54=L> C =02G0;L=8E 70:;040E V<5GG8=8, B0;VW, $@0=FVW, =3;VW, >;LIV, B0: V 2 C:@0W=AL:8E F5=B@0E >A2VB8[139]. !:;04 1V1;V>B5:, 0=0;V7 ?@0FL C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2 70A2V4GCNBL 4>1@C >1V7=0=VABL V7 DV;>A>DVTN VA?0=AL:8E CG5=8E, O:8 1030B> ?@0FN20;8 =04 B5>@VTN ;VB5@0BC@8. .0;OB>2AL:89, .>=>=>28G->@10FL:89 I54@> ?>A8;0NBLAO =0 ?@0FV B0:8E DV;>A>DV2 B0 5=F8:;>?548ABV2, O: T@>=V< A>@V>, V:5=BV9 >25; $.@>:>?>28G 2V2 ?>;5<V:C 7 :>V<1@V9AL:>N DV;>A>DAL:>N H:>;>N B0 VA?0=AL:8< DV;>A>D>< @@V03>N[140]. 5 <5=H>N <V@>N 1C;0 2V4><0 VB0;V9AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 - 2V4 ?8AL<5==8:V2 (">@:20B> "0AA>, >:0GG>) 4> B5>@5B8:V2 ;VB5@0BC@8 (."570C@). >;LAL:0 B5>@VO ;VB5@0BC@8, ?@54AB02;5=0 WW ?@>2V4=8<8 02B>@0<8, 7>:@5<0 ..!:0@152AL:8<, @07>< 7 V=H8<8 AB0=>28;0 D>=4 @>728B:C B5>@VW B0 2;0A=5 ;VB5@0BC@=>W :C;LBC@8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. A>1;825 <VAF5 2 FV9 ;VB5@0BC@V ?>AV40;0 >@0B>@AL:0 ?@>70 O: <>3CB=V9 70AV1 2?;82C =0 ACA?V;LAB2> 2 C<>20E =0?@C65=>W 1>@>BL18 70 =0FV>=0;L=C =570;56=VABL. $.@>:>?>28G C @8B>@8G=><C B@0:B0BV "De arte rhetorica" =5>4=>@07>2> =03>;>HC202 =0 28=OB:>2><C 7=0G5==V >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78, O:0 740B=0 2?;820B8 =0 A2V4><VABL V ?>GCBBO 0C48B>@VW. V= 28<0302 >A>1;82>3> AB02;5==O 4> AB8;L>28E 70A>1V2, @5B5;L=>3> 4>18@0==O A;V2, 28HC:0=>ABV D>@< @5G5=L. :@V< :>=:@5B=>W, ?@0:B8G=>W CG0ABV 2 ?5@5=5A5==V ?@>2V4=8E ?>;VB8G=8E, @5;V3V9=8E V459, O:V ?@>=>A8;8AO =04 C:@0W=AL:8<8 75<;O<8, ?@54AB02=8:8 FL>3> 60=@C ?@03=C;8 4>AO3B8 E0@0:B5@=>3> 4;O 10@>:> 28A>:>3> @V2=O >@0B>@AL:>3> <8AB5FB20.  FO C:@0W=AL:0 >@0B>@AL:0 ?@>70, I> AB2>@N20;0AO =0 @V7=8E 70A040E, 2:;NG0NG8 ?>;>65==O 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W 5AB5B8:8, 1C;0 >4=8< V7 2V4>1@065=L 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>W ?8A5<=>ABV B>3> G0AC. /: V 2 V=H8E 30;C7OE ;VB5@0BC@8, F59 60=@ C2V1@02 C A515 2AV 4>AO3=5==O :=86=>ABV ?>?5@54=L>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W 4>18. 4=8< V7 :><?>=5=BV2 A5@54=L>2VG=>W :=86=>ABV 1C;0 A5@1AL:0 ;VB5@atC@=0 :C;LBC@0, O:0 ?@>4>26C20;0 DC=:FV>=C20B8 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:>. # 72>@>B=><C 2?;82V C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 =0 A5@1AL:C 2V41C20TBLAO A2>T@V4=5 ?>25@=5==O A5@1AL:8E 5;5<5=BV2, ?5@5>A<8A;5=8E C65 70A>10<8 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8, =0704, =0 A;>2'O=AL:89 ?V245=L. @0B>@AL:0 ?@>70 1C;0 2V4><0 A5@10< V 7 ;VB5@0BC@8 ?>?5@54=VE AB>;VBL, 0;5 B5?5@ 2>=0 68;0 2 =>2><C AB8;VAB8G=><C 283;O4V, O: B>3> 28<030;8 10@>:>2V ?>5B8:8. &59 60=@ ?@8682AO =0 A5@1AL:><C B5@5=V =5 B0: G5@57 AB8;L>2C =>287=C, O: G5@57 DC=:FV>=0;L=5 7=0G5==O 10@>:>2>W 3><V;5B8:8. >?C;O@=VABL C:@0W=AL:>W >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78 2 A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V B0:>6 ?>OA=NTBLAO ?52=>N ?>4V1=VABN AB0=>28I0, 2 O:><C VA=C20;8 >1842V ;VB5@0BC@8: ?>;5<VG=5 >1AB>N20==O ?@020 =0 VA=C20==O F5@:28, 70E8AB WW VAB>@VW 2 C<>20E @5;V3V9=>W :>=D@>=B0FVW. &O ;VB5@0BC@0 =5 >1<56C20;0AO ?>;5<V:>N =02:>;> F5@:>2=8E 4>3<, 0 9 >1AB>N20;0 ?@02> =0FVW =0 VA=C20==O. A=>2=89 04@5A0B ?>;5<V:8 - =5 BV;L:8 :0B>;8FL:89 >?>=5=B 0 9 2VBG87=O=0 0C48B>@VO. !5@1AL:5 4CE>25=AB2> 1030B> =04V9 ?>:;040;> =0 2?;82>2VABL A;>20, B><C ?>;5<VG=0 ;VB5@0BC@0, <8AB5FB2> >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78 =01C;8 B0:>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV.  C:@0W=AL:>W B@048FVW A5@18 70?>78GC20;8 ?5@54CAV< V459=C 700=306>20=VABL ;VB5@0BC@8, WW A?@><>6=VABL A;C68B8 <5BV =0FV>=0;L=>3> 70E8ABC. !0<5 B0:0 A?@O<>20=VABL C:@0W=AL:>W ?@>78 FV;:>< >@30=VG=> A?@89<0;0AO A5@10<8, I> 68;8 =5. BV;L:8 =0 A2>WE 75<;OE, 0 9 C <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028, =0 D>=V A:@V7L, 45 VA=C20;8 A5@1AL:V :C;LBC@=V A5@54>28I0. =09><AB2> 7 4>A2V4>< C:@0W=AL:>W ?>;5<VG=>W ;VB5@0BC@8 2V41C20;>AO ?5@54CAV< G5@57 :=838. ?8A8 1V1;V>B5:, 28:>=0=V 1733 @>:C, 70A2V4GCNBL, I> A5@10< 1C;8 2V4><V =097=0G=VHV ?@54AB02=8:8 C:@0W=AL:>W 3><V;5B8:8. 5TAB@8 2V4 1753 @>:C ?>:07CNBL AB@V<:5 @>7?>2AN465==O B2>@V2 C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2 C 2AVE =092V4><VH8E 1V1;V>B5:0E (0;OB>2AL:89 - ";NG @07C<=VO", 0@0=>28G - "5AVO...", >;>FL:89 - "14 4CE>2=89", /2>@AL:89 - ">@5=L 2V@8", >?8=AL:89 - ";D02VB 4CE>2=89", >38;0 - ""@51=8:"). ;5 G8 =5 =0902B>@8B5B=VH8< 1C2 @>:>?>2<G, 2V4><89 A5@54 A5@1V2 V O: 28A>:>?>AB02;5=0 >A>10 2 !8=>4V, V O: ?8AL<5==8:, B5>@5B8:. >3> B2>@8 7=0E>48;8AO C ?@820B=8E 7V1@0==OE, C <>=0AB8@AL:8E 1V1;V>B5:0E. V>3@0DVO @>:>?>28G0, =0?8A0=0 N;5@><, C65 1768 @>:C 1C;0 ?5@54@C:>20=0 2 ?5@H><C A5@1AL:><C ?5@V>48G=><C 2840==V "!;>2'O=>A5@1AL:89 <03078=", I> 9>3> 2840202 .@D5;V=. !5@18 G8B0;8 C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2 O: 2 >@83V=0;V, B0: V 2 ?5@5:;040E. /: 2V47=0G0;>AO, I5 1669 @>:C =0 D>=V "@CA8= @>4><" !0<V9;> 0:0G8G, O:89 70;8H82 ?><VB=89 A;V4 C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, ?5@5:;02 "<>2>N A5@1AL:>N 7 @CAL:>W 5AVN ?@02482>3>" .0;OB>2AL:>3>. 1704 @>:C @>B59 0G0=8=, 2V42V402H8 !8=09, 2?5@H5 ?>7=09><82AO B0< 7 =0720=8< B2>@>< V 2=VA D@03<5=B8 V7 =L>3> C A2>W @C:>?8A8. 02@8;> !B5D0=>28G-5=F;>28G 1736 @>:C ?5@5:;02 A5@1>-A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>N "5G 4CE>2=89" .0@0=>28G0. &O ;VB5@0BC@0 70E>?;N20;0 A5@1AL:8E :=86=8:V2 V AB8;L>2>N =>287=>N. 0@>:>20 AB8;VAB8:0 71030GC20;0 <>6;82>ABV 28A;>2C, @>7H8@N20;0 B5<0B8G=V 3>@87>=B8, @>18;0 B2V@ 70E>?;NNG8< 7024O:8 @V7=8< 70A>10<, 7>:@5<0 28:>@8AB0==N ?@8BGV, 1;87L:>W 4> :07:8. &O ;VB5@0BC@0 ACBBT2> 2V4@V7=O;0AO 2V4 A5@54=L>2VG=>W :=86=>ABV 7 WW 35@<5B8G=VABN, 1575<>FV9=VABN. !B@8<0=V B5>;>3VG=V ?>=OBBO 707=020;8 OA:@02>W A;>25A=>W >@=0<5=B8:8, V;NAB@C20;8AO B;C<0G5==O<8, 7=0G=>N <V@>N 1;87L:8<8 4> =0@>4=8E ;535=4. "2>@GVABL C:@0W=AL:8E ?>;5<VABV2, =0A0<?5@54 0;OB>2AL:>3>, 0@0=>28G0, 7C<>28;0 D>@<C20==O C A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V =>2>3> 60=@C - 10@>:>2>W >@0B>@AL:>W ?@>78. !5@18 ?@89<0;8 WW C B0:><C 283;O4V, 2 O:><C 2>=0 AD>@<C20;0AO 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, 45 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V 70?>78G5==O 71030GC20;8AO =0FV>=0;L=>N B@048FVTN. "2>@8 C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2 1C;8 4;O A5@1V2 V 7@07:0<8 FL>3> 60=@C, V B5>@5B8G=8<8 @>7@>1:0<8, V 465@5;0<8, 7 O:8E 70?>78GC20;8AO @V7=V D0:B8, AB8;VAB8G=V ?@89><8, AN65B8 B>I>. '8B0NG8 ";NG @07C<5=VO" 0;OB>2AL:>3>, A5@1AL:V ?8AL<5==8:8 10G8;8, I> 4;O ?5@5:>=;82>3> 28:;045==O 4C<>: <>6=0 1C;> =5 BV;L:8 F8BC20B8 >BFV2 F5@:28, 0 H8@>:> 28:>@8AB>2C20B8 =>2V, @0=VH5 =52V4><V 465@5;0.  C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 2>=8 2V4:@820;8 A2VB ?@8@>48, 70?>78GC20;8 0;53>@8:C, 0AB@>=><VG=V B0 V=HV >1@078 9 A8<2>;8. # A5@1AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C ?5@59H>2 C25AL AB8;L>289 B0 V459=89 0@A5=0; FL>3> 10@>:>2>3> 60=@C. >;>2=89 V459=89 7<VAB A5@1AL:>W ?>;5<VG=>W ;VB5@0BC@8 B0:>6 1C2 ?>2'O70=89 7 C:@0W=AL:>N B@048FVTN - F5 70E8AB =0FV>=0;L=>W F5@:28, VAB>@VW, ?@>B81>@AB2> :>=D5AV9. # 65 =0728 ?5@5:>=;82> A2V4G8;8, I> A0<5 C:@0W=AL:V B2>@8 1C;8 7@07:0<8 4;O A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2. &5 V;NAB@CT, A:06V<>, "0<V=L 2V@8" >20=0 0WG0. "0: A5@1AL:V :=86=8:8 AB2>@8;8, E>G V =525;8:C, 0;5 A?@026=N 1V1;V>B5:C ?>;5<VG=>W ;VB5@0BC@8, A?@O<>20=>W ?@>B8 0=B8?@02>A;02=>W ?>;VB8:8 >DVFV9=>3> V4=O G0AV2 0@VW-"5@578. "0:>N, 7>:@5<0, 1C;8 ?@0FO 8>=8AVO >20:>28G0 "8A=>20B5;L=>5 ?>:070=85 > @07=>ABOE 2>AB>G=>9 8 70?04=>9 F5@:28" (?VA;O 1750 @>:C). 48= 7 0=>=V<=8E @C:>?8AV2, AB2>@5=89 O: :><?V;OFVO 7 C:@0W=AL:8E 10@>:>28E 02B>@V2, 1C2 A?@O<>20=89?@>B8 :=838 .59:8G0 "5@F0;> VAB8=8" ?@>C=V0BAL:>3> 7<VABC (5=5FVO, 1716). # 25AL F59 4>A2V4 0A8<V;N202 0E0@VT @D5;V= O:89 =0?8A02 =097=0G=VH89 B2V@ A5@1AL:>W 10@>:>2>W ?>;5<VG=>W ;VB5@0BC@8 "=830 ?@>B8 ?0?AB20 @8<AL:>3>" (?VA;O 1770 @>:C") # B0:><C =0?@O<:C ?@0FN20;8 <0965 2AV ?@>2V4=V ?@54AB02=8:8 ;VB5@0BC@=>W :C;LBC@8 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. 0 A?>AB5@565==O< .028G0, A5@1AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2, O:V ?8A0;8 ?V4 C:@0W=AL:8< 2?;82><, <>6=0 28>:@5<8B8 C 42V 3@C?8. 5@IC A:;040NBL BV, I> ?5@5?8AC20;8 01> ?5@5:;040;8 C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2: 02@8;> 5=F;>28G, !0<V9;> 0:0G8G, @>B59 0G0=8= B0 V=HV. > 4@C3>W 2E>4OBL 02B>@8, O:V =5 ;8H5 ?5@5:;040;8 B2>@8, 0 9 AB2>@N20;8 =>2V 70 ?5@5?8A0=8<8 7@07:0<8: 02@8;> 5=F;>28G, 8>=8AV9 >20:>28G, 02;> 5=04>28G, >20= 0WG, 0:0@VT 5B@>28G, 0E0@VT @D5;V= - CAV 7 >T2>48=8. 0 ?V24=V, 2 '>@=>3>@VW, ?>1;87C C1@>2=8:0, 2 B0:><C :;NGV ?@0FN202 >20= <0T28G. 09G0ABVH5 FV B2>@8 68;8 2 @C:>?8A0E, >A:V;L:8 =5 <>3;8 1CB8 =04@C:>20=V 2 2AB@V9AL:V9 <>=0@EVW G5@57 WW =5B>;5@0=B=VABL 4> A5?0@0B8ABAL:8E ?@03=5=L A5@1V2. &5=7C@0 V4=O 701>@>=O;0 0=B8:0B>;8FL:89 7<VAB, 3>AB@V ?>;5<VG=V 28?048. ;0A=8E 4@C:0@5=L A5@18 =5 <0;8, V B><C FV ?>;5<VG=V B2>@8, O: ?@028;>, ?5@5?8AC20;8AO, ?>H8@N20;8AO 2 @C:>?8A0E, O:8E V AL>3>4=V G8<0;> 715@V30TBLAO C A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@AL:8E 7V1@0==OE. # @C:>?8A=><C 283;O4V VA=C20;0 B2>@GVABL 8?@8O=0 0G0=8=0, >4=>3> 7 =0928@07=VH8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 :>;0 :=86=8:V2, I> 3C@BC20;8AO 2 <>=0AB8@V 0G0=8. >3> 4VO;L=VABL ?>:07>20 O: ?@8:;04 ?>ABC?>2>3> ?5@5E>4C 2V4 AB0@>W B@048FVW 4> =>2>W. VA;O ?5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 =0 75<;V 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028, 2V=, 1C2H8 3>;>2=>N DV3C@>N 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO, 7V1@02 =02:>;> A515 :V;L:>E >140@>20=8E ;N459, O:V ?5@5?8AC20;8 @0=VH5 4@C:>20=V A5@1AL:V :=86:8, 0 7 G0A>< V C:@0W=AL:V. !0<5 2>=8 C<>6;828;8 A2>T@V4=C "7CAB@VG" A5@1AL:>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W B0 C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W B@048FV9. 09OA:@02VH5 F59 A8=B57 2V4182AO C B2>@G>ABV 02@8;0 !B5D0=>28G0-5=F;>28G0, >4=>3> 7 =091V;LH OA:@028E ?@54AB02=8:V2 @0==L>3> ?5@V>4C A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. 8EV45FL V7 H:>;8 8?@8O=0 0G0=8=0, 5=F;>28G ?;V4=> ?@0FN202 =04 ?5@5?8AC20==O< C:@0W=AL:8E :=83, 1C2 >4=8< V7 ?5@H8E ?5@5:;040GV2 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. V= ?5@5:;0402 ?>2G0;L=C, ?>;5<VG=C, 4>3<0B8G=C ;VB5@0BC@C, B0 >A>1;82V A8<?0BVW 28O2;O2 4> >@0B>@AL:>W, ?>;5<VG=>W ?@>78. 8@07=89 2?;82 =0 =L>3> A?@028;8 070@ 0@0=>28G B0 >0=V:V9 0;OB>2AL:89, B2>@8 O:8E 5=F;>28G ?5@5:;0402 =01;865=>N 4> =0@>4=>W A5@1AL:>-A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>N, ?@03=CG8 7@>18B8 WE 4>ABC?=8<8 H8@>:V9 0C48B>@VW. 024O:8 FL><C ;VB5@0BC@0 7 8T20 28E>48;0 70 <56V <>=0AB8@AL:8E :V;, ?>H8@NNG8AL C =0@>4V[141]. !B2>@5=V 5=F;>28G5< >@83V=0;L=V ?@0FV AB0=>2;OBL ?5@5:>=;8289 4>:07 ?@O<>3> 2?;82C :8W2AL:>W B@048FVW =0 A5@1AL:C, I> 28O2;OTBLAO C 28:>@8AB0==V 5;5<5=BV2 :>=G5B> - ?>?C;O@=>3> 70A>1C 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W 10@>:>2>W 3><V;5B8:8. "0:, ;N4AL:89 >@30=V7< C =L>3> 0A>FVNTBLAO 7 1C4>2>N :>A<>AC. N48=0 <0T 420 A2VB8 - 2=CB@VH=V9, "<V:@>:>A<" (<0;5 =51>), I> 270T<>4VT V7 :>A<VG=8< ?@>AB>@>< - "<0:@>:>A<><". # :>A<>AV ?5@51C20NBL >3 V 0=35;8, 2 ;N48=V - @>7C<, 4C<:8. "0:V ?>@V2=O==O ;N48=8 7 <5E0=V7<>< ?@8@>48 G0AB> 7CAB@VG0NBLAO 2 ?8AL<5==8:V2 :8T2>-<>38;O=AL:>3> :>;0, G>:@A<0, 2 !8<5>=0 >;>FL:>3> B0 V=H8E. 5=F;>28G 4>A8BL G0AB> 28:>@8AB>2CT ?@8BGV, 0;53>@8G=V ?5@A>=06V, A8<2>;8 - C25AL B>9 25;8G57=89 <0B5@V0; 10@>:>2>W ?@>?>2V4V, I> 6825 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V. AB@0;L=V O28I0, B>3>G0A=V CO2;5==O ?@> :>A<VG=V BV;0 02B>@ ?>2'O7CT 7 ?52=8<8 T20=35;LAL:8<8 ?5@A>=060<8, ?V4:@V?;NNG8 A2>W 0=0;>3VW ?@8BG0<8 @5;V3V9=>3> 7<VABC.  V=H8E 28?04:0E T20=35;LAL:V ?5@A>=06V ?>@V2=NNBLAO 7 4>@>3>FV==8< :0<V==O<, >1@070<8 V7 A2VBC ?@8@>48 01> <VD>;>3VW, I> 2 FV;><C 1C;> B8?>28< O28I5< 4;O T2@>?59AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W B@048FVW V FV;:>< =>28< 4;O A5@1AL:>W. 0@>:>28< A2VB>A?@89=OBBO< ?@>9=OB> B5:AB8 5=F;>28G0, 7V1@0=V ?V4 7030;L=>N =072>N "'>@=8< 1C2 O C A5@FV". # =8E 4VAB0;8 2V4>1@065==O 7030;L=V 10@>:>2V B5<8: @>7'T4=0==O 75<=>3> 9 =515A=>3>, AB02;5==O ;N48=8 4> A515, 2;0A=>3> A2VBC V =02:>;8H=L>3>, 4> 1>65AB25==>3>, ?@>1;5<0 A<5@BV B0 68BBO, 2VG=>ABV B0 H284:>?;8==>ABV 1CBBO B>I>. 5=F;>28GC ?@8B0<0==V BV A0<V ?5@5:>=0==O, I> 9 C:@0W=AL:8< ?8AL<5==8:0<, 7>:@5<0 >70G8=AL:><C. N48=0 - A;01:0, 157?><VG=0, 2>=0 =5A?@><>6=0 ?V7=0B8 1>65AB25==5, 0;5 W9 G8<0;> 40TBLAO, B>6 2>=0 <CA8BL 4>:;0AB8 7CA8;L 4;O @>7:@8BBO @>7:@8BBO 2;0A=>W ?@8@>48. 5=F;>28G 28O2;OT 10@>:>289 A:5?B8F87< I>4> @50;L=8E <>6;82>AB59 ;N48=8 ?5@54 2VG=VABN, ?5@54 <0:@>:>A<><, O:89 T 157:>=5G=8<. &V B0 V=HV ?5@5:>=0==O 1C;8 B8?>2> 10@>:>2V 70 A2>W< ?>E>465==O; I> 7=0E>48BL 2V4?>2V4=5 2V4>1@065==O C AB8;L>28E O28I0E, 2 >1@070E, A8<2>;0E. "2>@8 5=F;>28G0, E>G0 9 68;8 2 @C:>?8A0E, 1C;8 4>A8BL ?>?C;O@=8<8 V 2?;820;8 =0 @>728B>: 10@>:>2>W ?@>?>2V4V A5@1AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, ?@> I> A2V4G8BL 4VO;L=VABL . 0WG0. &59 ?@>2V4=89 A5@1AL:89 ?@54AB02=8: ;VB5@0BC@8 XVIII AB., O: 2V47=0G0;>AO, AB0=>28BL OA:@0289 ?@8:;04 ?@O<>3> 2?;82C 8T20 =0 D>@<C20==O A5@1AL:>W V=B5;V35=FVW. 0E>?;NNG8AL C:@0W=AL:>N 10@>:>2>N ?@>7>N, . 0WG 1751 @>:C ?V43>BC202 A2>T@V4=C :><?V;OFVN "0<5=N 2V@8" /2>@AL:>3>. 0 >A=>2V B5>@VW 3><V;5B8:8 0;OB>2AL:>3> 2V= =0?8A02 ;0B8=AL:>N <>2>N :C@A @8B>@8:8. # A2>WE B5:AB0E 2V= H8@>:> 28:>@8AB>2C202 10@>:>2C 5<1;5<0B8:C V AB2>@82 71V@=8: "&25B=8:", I> A:;0402AO V7 220 ?@8BG 4840:B8G=>3> E0@0:B5@C. "5<8 71V@=8:0 - B8?>2> 10@>:>2V: ?@>B8AB02;5==O A<5@BV 9 2VG=>ABV, 3@VEV2 V F=>B, B;C<0G5==O A8<2>;V2 B>I>. >O20 FL>3> 71V@=8:0, O:89 . 0WG 70:V=G82 1793 @>:C (?C1;V:0FVN 1C;> 74V9A=5=> 1802-3>), @>7H8@N20;0 60=@>2V, B5<0B8G=V <56V A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W :C;LBC@8. 0WG 71030B82, WW I5 >4=8< 284>< - VAB>@V>3@0DVG=8< B2>@>< "AB>@VO @V7=8E A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@>4V2, =091V;LH5 1>;30@V2, E>@20BV2, A5@1V2, 7 <>@>:C 28E>?;5=0 V =0 A2VB VAB>@8G=89 282545=0". &5 - ?5@H0 ?@0FO, 2 O:V9 40=> 7030;L=C VAB>@VN A5@1V2. !B2>@NNG8 WW, . 0WG 28:>@8AB>2C202 @V7=><0=VB=V 465@5;0, 2 BV< G8A;V V :8W2AL:V. "2V@ ?@>9=OB> ?0;:8< ?0B@V>B87<><, V45TN T4=>ABV A;>2'O=, B8?>28<8 4;O 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C.  BCB 0WG B0:>6 @>72820T V45W A2>3> 2G8B5;O >70G8=AL:>3> ?@> 206;82VABL 7=0=L V =0C:. 0?8A0=0 7 1757 ?> 1768 @V:, FO VAB>@VO 1C;0 >?C1;V:>20=0 ;8H5 1794 @>:C, O: V ?>?5@54=V9 71V@=8: &25B=8:". %>G0 FV B2>@8 289H;8 BV;L:8 =0?@8:V=FV XVIII AB. V 70 AB8;5< C65 28ABC?0;8 O: 0=0E@>=V7<, 2>=8 22060NBLAO ?0<'OB:0<8 A5@1AL:>W 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8. 0=@ VAB>@8G=>3> B2>@C ?@>4>26CT 0E0@VT @D5;V= - ?>5B, VAB>@8:, CG5=89, B5>;>3 V EC4>6=8:. V4?>2V4=> 4> 70:>=V2 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C 2V= AB2>@NT "8BVT... 5B@0 5;8:>3>" (5=5FVO, 1772). 0720 FL>3> VAB>@8:>-1V>3@0DVG=>3> B2>@C 2V41820T E0@0:B5@=89 4;O ?>5B8:8 A5@1AL:>3> XVIII AB. A8<1V>7 A5@54=L>2VG=>W B@048FVW ("68BVT") B0 10@>:>2>W. AB0==T 28@07=VH5 28O2;OTBLAO C 3;>@8DV:0FVW @>AV9AL:>3> V<?5@0B>@0, I> T >4=8< V7 2V4>1@065=L A>FV0;L=>-CB>?VG=8E CO2;5=L, O:V ?0=C20;8 A5@54 A5@1V2 2 C<>20E WE=L>3> ?@>B8AB>O==O 02AB@V9AL:><C =0B8A:C.  #:@0W=V B0:V <>B828, :>;8 A?>4V20==O =0 ?>@OBC=>: ?>2'O7C20;8AO 7 <>A:>2AL:8<8 2;0AB5;8=0<8, VA=C20;8 AB>;VBBO< @0=VH5. !5@1AL:V ?@>@>AV9AL:V =0AB@>W C XVIII AB. 1C;8 >AB0==V< 2V4>1@065==O< 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C. !2>W< B2>@>< 0E0@VT @D5;V= 2V418202 =0AB@>W ACA?V;LAB20, 2 O:><C ?>1CBC20;8 =0@>4=V ?VA=V ?@> 5B@0 , I> WE ?8AL<5==8: V ?@>F8BC202 C A2>T<C B2>@V. :@V< B>3>, 2V= 28:>@8AB>2C202 VAB>@V>3@0DVG=V B2>@8 @>AV9AL:8E B0 =V<5FL:8E 02B>@V2. 57 C:@0W=AL:8E V BCB =5 >1V9H;>AO, >A:V;L:8 F59 60=@ 1C2 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=89 C :8W2AL:V9 B@048FVW, B>6 .@D5;V= 28:>@8AB02 "!8=>?A8A" .875;O, "VB>?8A5FL" .>38;8. 0=@>289 @5?5@BC0@ A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W :C;LBC@8 71030B82AO I5 >4=8< 284><, 4>A8BL ?>?C;O@=8< C 10@>:>, - ?0;><=8FL:>N ;VB5@0BC@>N, O:0 B0:>6 T ?@>4>265==O< A5@54=L>2VG=>W B@048FVW, 71030G5==O< WW =>28<8 AB8;L>28<8 70A>10<8. 5>3@0DVO FVTW ;VB5@0BC@8, O: V 70 G0AV2 A5@54=L>2VGGO, >E>?;NT 2 >A=>2=><C ?>4>@>6 4> A2OB8E <VAFL, 45 7402=0 ?>@CG V7 @CAL:8<8 7=0E>48;8AO V A5@1AL:V <>=0AB8@V. ">6 =5 482=>, I> 9 BCB <>3;0 2V41C20B8AO 7CAB@VG ;VB5@0BC@, O: F5 45<>=AB@CT ?@8:;04 7 . 0G0=8=><. 1704 @>:C 2V= >?C1;V:C202 A2>N '>4>@>6 4> <VAB0 @CA0;8<0...", @C:>?8A O:>W 7=09H>2 1840 @>:C C <VABV 0@;>20FV A8? >4O=AL:89. !B2>@5=89 C AB8;V 402=L>W A5@54=L>2VG=>W ?0;><=8FL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8, F59 B2V@ ?>7=0G5=89 =>28<8 O28I0<8 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O. >=8 70?>78G5=V 157?>A5@54=L> 7 :=838 0;OB>2AL:>3> "5AVO ?@0248289" (1669), O:C A5@1AL:89 ?0;><=8: 7=09H>2 =0 !8=0W V D@03<5=B8 7 O:>W 2=VA 4> A2>3> >?8AC A2OB8E <VAFL. &V 70?>78G5==O 1C;8 =5>1EV4=V 9><C 4;O BVTW A0<>W <5B8, 4;O O:>W OA:@02V 5D5:B8 28:>@8AB>2C20;8AO V 2 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V :>=B@@5D>@<0FVW, B>1B> I>1 70V=B@83C20B8 G8B0G0. @8 FL><C ;VB5@0BC@0, 72V;L=ONG8AL 2V4 A5@54=L>2VG=>W :0<5@=>ABV, =01;860;0AO 4> =0@>4=>3> >?>2V40==O, O: F5 45<>=AB@CT B2>@GVABL 02@8;0 "048G0. "5=45=FVN A5@1AL:>W ?0;><=8FL:>W ?@>78 4> A5:C;O@870FV .028G ?>2'O7CT 7 <>6;828< 2?;82>< C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@0 XVII AB. @VT=BCNG8AL =0 H8@>:V :>;0, O:8< @>7?>2V40;>AO ?@> A2OBV <VAFO, 02B>@ =5 2V4<>2;OTBLAO 2V4 ?5@540GV @>7:VH=8E 10@2, ?8H=>B8 F5@5<>=V0;C. <0;L>2CNG8 F5@5<>=V9=VABL, A?5:B0:C;O@=VABL ?>4V9, O: C AF5=V 2>742865==O E@5AB0 2 @CA0;8<V 2V= 240TBLAO 4> B8?>2> 10@>:>2>W OA:@02>ABV 10@2. 2B>@ ?5@540T 1030BAB2> >1@O4C, 7<0;L>2CT A:;04=C @568AC@C, <V70=AF5=8 - 2A5 7 <5B>N 2@078B8 G8B0G0, AB2>@8B8 V;N7VN @50;L=>ABV ?>4VW. !5@54=L>2VG=0 ;VB5@0BC@0 B0:8E >?8AV2 =5 ?@8?CA:0;0, >B65 F5 1C;> =>28< O28I5<, 70?>78G5=8< V7 10@>:>2>W ?>5B8:8. 0@>:>289 AB8;L ?@>=8:0T V 2 5?VAB>;O@=V B5:AB8, O:->B C ;8ABC20==V <V6 A5@1AL:8< <>=0AB8@5< %8;O=40@ =0 D>=V B0 C1@>2=8FL:>N @5A?C1;V:>N. !5@1AL:89 <>=0AB8@, O:89 B@048FV9=> 715@V302 A5@54=L>2VG=89 AB8;L C 2AVE D>@<0E <8AB5FB20 A;>20, A?V;:CNG8AL V7 B0:8< 206;828< F5=B@>< :C;LBC@8, O: C1@>2=8:, 7<CH5=89 1C2 HC:0B8 =>28E AB8;L>28E 70A>1V2, O:V 2V4?>2V40;8 1 4CE>2V G0AC. "><C 2 B5:AB0E 2V41C20NBLAO 7<V=8, 7'O2;ONBLAO 2V4?>2V4=0 F5@5<>=V9=VABL, AB@>:0BVABL, ?8H=VABL. 0 A?>AB5@565==O<8 4>A;V4=8:V2, =>2V D>@<8 V AB8;L>2V 70A>18 A5@1AL:V 02B>@8 7=0E>48;8 O: C :=830E, I> =04E>48;8 7 8T20, A?V;:C20==O O:>3> 7 D>=>< 1C;> 402=V< V ?;V4=8<, B0: V C 2VBG87=O=V9 B@048FVW, 2V4=>2;NNG8 "2V70=BV9AL:89 <0=LT@87<"[142]. "0: C A5@1AL:V9 :=86=>ABV ?>ABC?>2> 3>BC202AO ?5@5EV4 4> =>2>W ;VB5@0BC@8. 0@>:>289 ?5@V>4 C FL><C ?5@5E>4V <02 >A>1;825 7=0G5==O: C ;VB5@0BC@V, I> ?>G8=0;0 A2V9 @>728B>: 2V4 @C:>?8A=8E 71V@>: 0=>=V<=8E ?5@5?8AC20GV2 C:@0W=AL:8E :=83, 28@>AB0;8 ?><VB=V V=482V4C0;L=>ABV. &59 ?@>F5A C>A>1;NT ?8AL<5==8:-?@>A2VB8B5;L >A8B59 1@04>28G. >3> B2>@G89 H;OE A2>T@V4=> 2V41820T 5B0?8 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 2V4 ?>G0B:C 4> :V=FO XVIII AB, :>;8 2>=0 28E>48BL =0 T2@>?59AL:V <56V. 48= V7 =092840B=VH8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 XVIII AB., 28EV45FL 7 @>48=8 @5<VA=8:0, 2V= ?@>9H>2 A:;04=89 H;OE 2V4 <>=0E0 2>T2>48=AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2 4> A;CE0G0 T2@>?59AL:8E C=V25@A8B5BV2, G;5=0 C@O4C 0@046>@460. >4=>G0A H;OE 1@04>28G0 A2>T@V4=> >:@5A;NT @>728B>: A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 XVIII AB. 2V4 WW A5@54=L>2VG=8E >A=>2, G5@57 C:@0V=AL:5 ?>A5@54=8FB2> 9 4>?><>3C, 4> 2:;NG5==O 2 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:V :C;LBC@=V ?@>F5A8 B0 ?5@5E>4C 4> @0FV>=0;VAB8G=>W DV;>A>DVW ?@>A2VB=8FB20- >6=0 7 ?52=VABN B25@48B8, I> ?5@HV :@>:8 9>3> >A2VB8 ?>2'O70=V 7 C:@0W=AL:>N ;VB5@0BC@>N. V= =5 74>1C202 >A2VBC C "H:>;0E >70G8=AL:>3>", 0;5 =02G02AO 70 :=830<8 8T20. 1757 @>:C <>;>489 >A8B59 ?>:840T @5<VA=8FL:C A?@02C V 2BV:0T 4> <>=0AB8@O %>?>2>. 0 287=0==O< ?8AL<5==8:0, "O:I> V 1C;> 2 <5=5 I>AL =09A2OBVH5, F5 1C;> 2 %>?>2V, 4>:8 O B0< ?5@51C202 C 48B8=AB2V V N=>ABV..."[143] &59 G0A =5 ?@>9H>2 <0@=>, V 9>3> <>6=0 =0720B8 "C:@0W=AL:8< ?5@V>4><". 5:><5=4C202 9>3> C F59 <>=0AB8@ 0@EVT?8A:>? .5=04>28G. >=0AB8@ %>?>2> 1C2 >4=8< V7 F5=B@V2, I> ?V4B@8<C202 72'O7:8 7 8T2><, A0<5 BCB :>=F5=B@C20;0AO 25;8G57=0, >4=0 7 =091V;LH8E C >T2>48=V, 1V1;V>B5:0 C:@0W=AL:8E :=86>:.  02B>1V>3@0DVG=><C B2>@V "8BBO V ?@83>48" >A8B59 1@04>28G @>7?>2V2 ?@> 7=0G5==O 4;O =L>3> B0:>W 7CAB@VGV. 5@H5, I> 2V= 7@>182, ?@89H>2H8 4> <>=0AB8@O, - AB02 ?5@53;O40B8 :=86:8. >3> ;N1>2 4> :=83 ?><VB82 .5=04>28G V 28A;>282 ?@8?CI5==O, I> G5@57 ;N1>2 4> G8B0==O 4>23> 2V= BCB, C <>=0AB8@V, =5 70B@8<0TBLAO. >;>489 1@04>28G A?@024V 7 G0A>< @>7G0@C202AO C G5@=5G><C 68BBV, B0 T48=5, I>, 70 9>3> 287=0==O<, CB@8<C20;> 9>3> 2 %>?>2>, - F5 <>6;82VABL G8B0B8 :=86:8: "'8 <>3;> 1 <5=5 B5 G8B0==O 283=0B8 7 %>?>2>? 5 6 O 7=094C ABV;L:8 :=86>:, O: C %>?>2V?" '8B0==O F8E :=86>: "7 :>6=8< 4=5< 1C;> 2A5 ?@8201;82VH8<". >:07>2>, I> >7=09><;5==O 7 =8<8 2V41820T BC A0<C ?>A;V4>2=VABL, 7 O:>N @>72820;8AO ?>?5@54=8:8 1@04>28G0: A?>G0B:C F5 1C;8 A5@54=L>2VG=V 68BVO, :>B@V 2V= 7=02 <0965 =0?0<'OBL. 0 FL><C DC=40<5=BV 72>48;0AO =0 70A040E C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W ;VB5@0BC@8 =>2>A5@1AL:0 ?8A5<=VABL. 2B>@ =07820T C A2>WE <5<C0@0E B2>@8 C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2: "1V4 4CE>2=89", "5G5@O 4CE>2=0", "0<V=L 2V@8" B0 V=HV. >;>489 >A8B59 ?5@56820T 2A5 B5, I> 1C;> E0@0:B5@=8< 4;O ?5@54>2>W A5@1AL:>W <>;>4V, - :C;LB 8T20, <@VN ?>WE0B8 4> 02@8, =02G0B8AO 2 :045<VW. >3> =0AB02=8:8, ?><VB82H8 B0:5 ?@03=5==O 4> 7=0=L, ?>G0;8 3>2>@8B8 ?@> =5>1EV4=VABL 2V4@O465==O 4> 8T20, 0;5 1@0:C20;> 3@>H59. /: @57C;LB0B 2?;82C :8W2AL:8E H:V;, 28=8:0T V ?>2030 4> ";0B8=AL:>V :C;LBC@8", O:0 @0=VH5 28:;8:0;0 2 >@B>4>:A0;L=8E A5@1AL:8E H:>;0E ;8H5 D>1VN. >W74:0 4> 8T20 >7=0G0;0 282G5==O FVTW :C;LBC@8, >A:V;L:8, 70 ?5@5:>=0==O< <>;>4>3> <>=0E0, ";0B8=AL:0 <>20 - F5 A?@026=O <>20". 82G8B8 WW <>6=0 1C;> ;8H5 C 8T2V.  2V=, 70 2;0A=8< 287=0==O< "=52?8==> ?5AB82 C A2>T<C A5@FV <@VN ?@> 8W2..." 0@5HBV 9>3> =0AB02=8:, AB0@5FL-V3C<5= <>=0AB8@O %>?>2>, 2V4402 9><C >AB0==V 3@>HV, O:V 70>I0482, 7V A;>20<8: " F8< >1<0;5< 7<>65H 4VAB0B8AO 4> 8T20, 0 B0<, O:I> 1C45H ?@0FN20B8 V C 2G5==OE 1C45H :<VB;828<, >689 ?@><8A5; =5 70;8H8BL B515 157 E;V10". 8I8< V450;>< 4;O A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@=>W 3@><04AL:>ABV 1C;> AB0B8 B0:8<, O: 0WG, B>6 @VH5==O ?>;O30;> 2 B><C, I>1 ?VB8 H;OE>< >AB0==L>3> 4> 8T20, >A:V;L:8 "?@8T<=VH5 10G8B8 >A2VG5=>3> <>;>4>3> 0WG0, =V6 G>B8@L>E 2A5;5=AL:8E ?0B@V0@EV2", - 7V7=0TBLAO 1@04>28GC 9>3> =0AB02=8:-<>=0E V AB25@46CT, I> A;V4 1C;> 1 "CAV >FV =0HV <>=0AB8@V C H:>;8 B0 CG8;8I0 ?5@5B2>@8B8"[144]. .1@04>28GC =5 4>25;>AO G5@57 1V4=VABL 74V9A=8B8 A2>N <@VN V =02G0B8AO 2 8T2V, 0;5 ":8W2AL:0 H:>;0" C A5@1AL:><C <>=0AB8@V 1C;0 <VF=8< DC=40<5=B><, =0 O:><C 72>48;8AO 9>3> 7=0==O.  >A=>2V F8E 7=0=L, >:@V< 2VBG87=O=>W ;VB5@0BC@8, 1C;8 B2>@8 !8<5>=0 >;>FL:>3>, 0;OB>2AL:>3>, >=8AL:>3>, /2>@AL:>3> V >A>1;82> @>:>?>28G0. >A;V4=8:0<8 ?><VG5=>, I> ?@>A2VB=8FL:V ?5@5:>=0==O 1@04>28G0 2V4?>2V40NBL V45O< @>:>?>28G0, 7>:@5<0 F5 28O28;>AO C 70AC465==V @>7:>HV2 F5@:>2=>3> 68BBO <>=0AB8@V2 V AB25@465==V =5>1EV4=>ABV @>728B:C 7=0=L. /: V @>:>?>28G B0 >70G8=AL:89, A;V4>< 70 0WG5< 2V= CA;02;NT >A2VG5=VABL, 7=0==O, 28ABC?0T 70 @5D>@<C20==O F5@:28. :@5<V AB>@V=:8 B2>@G>ABV 1@04>28G0 =0304CNBL B2>@8 !8<5>=0 >;>FL:>3>, 9>3> "V=>: 7 ;D02VBC" (1770) ?5@53C:CTBLAO V7 7<VAB>< V =072>N ";D02VBC 4CE>2=>3>" A0W >?8=AL:>3>. ?;82 ?@>?>2V4=8FL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 2V4GCB=89 =5 ;8H5 2 ?5@H><C ?5@V>4V 9>3> B2>@G>ABV, :>;8 1@04>28G, ?>:8=C2H8 <>=0AB8@, ?@0FN202 C 0;<0FVW, 0 V 2 9>3> ?V7=VHV9 4VO;L=>ABV. :@V< B2>@V2 C:@0W=AL:8E ?@>?>2V4=8:V2, 2V= 282G02 3@5FL:C ;VB5@0BC@C, 0 B0:>6 70EV4=>-T2@>?59AL:V 465@5;0[145]. !2>W 7=0==O 1@04>28G ?@03=C2 ?@8A2OB8B8 =0@>4C, 28ABC?02 70 =0@>4=C <>2C 2 ;VB5@0BC@V V F8< 45<>:@0B87<>< 1C2B0:>6 1;87L:89 4> V459, O:V ?0=C20;8 C B>3>G0A=V9 C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V. V= 2V4AB>N202 =5>1EV4=VABL T2@>?5W70FVW =0FV>=0;L=>W :C;LBC@8. >3> AB02;5==O 4> 70EV4=>W :C;LBC@8 1C;> B0:8<, O: V 2 C:@0W=AL:8E ?>;5<VABV2: ?5@54CAV< ?8AL<5==8:0 E28;N20;0 4>;O 2;0A=>3> =0@>4C. "><C 2V= ?@03=C2 ?5@5=5AB8 :@0IV B@048FVW 70EV4=>W F82V;V70FVW =0 2VBG87=O=C :C;LBC@C, I> =5 @07 71;86C20;> 9>3> 7 ?>78FVO<8 ?>?5@54=8:V2 - C:@0W=AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 XVII AB. VA;O %>?>2> .1@04>28G ?>4>@>6C202 ?> 2@>?V, 71030GC202 A2>W 7=0==O, <>2C, ?@>A2VB=8FL:V V45W, DV;>A>DVN, AB02 ?@8E8;L=8:>< V459 @0FV>=0;V7<C. >3> HC:0==O =5<>2 2V4475@:0;NNBL H;OE @>:>?>28G0. >@V2=O==O ?>3;O4V2 B0 B2>@G>W 4>;V $5>D0=0 @>:>?>28G0 V >A8B5O 1@04>28G0 <0T AB0B8 B5<>N A?5FV0;L=>3> 4>A;V465==O. /: V @>:>?>28G 70 5B@0 , 1@04>28G ?@8A2OB82 A515 =5 ;8H5 ?@>A2VB=8FB2C, 2V= ?@03=C2 74V9A=N20B8 2?;82 =0 ?>;VB8:C; 7>:@5<0, 2V= 28ABC?02 70 A>N7 !5@1VW 7 >AVTN, ?5@5:>=C202 C =5>1EV4=>ABV HC:0B8 @>AV9AL:>W 4>?><>38 !5@1VW 2 WW >?>@V >A<0=0<, G5@57 I> 28:;8:02 ?V4>7@C F5=7C@8. V= 70A=C202 H:>;8, =524>27V (1811) AB02 G;5=>< A5@1AL:>3> C@O4C - ?5@H8< <V=VAB@>< ?@>A2VB8. 8@07=8: ?@>A2VB=8FB20, .1@04>28G 28ABC?02 70 H8@>:5 70?@>20465==O ?@>A2VB8 2 =0@>4V, ?@>B8 ?0=C20==O F5@:28, 70 22545==O =0FV>=0;L=>W <>28. # FL><C 2V= 1C2 ?>?5@54=8:>< @5D>@< C:0 0@0468G0. "2>@GVABL 1@04>28G0 C>A>1;NT H;OE A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 2V4 WW ?5@H>W 7CAB@VGV 7 C:@0W=AL:>N ;VB5@0BC@=>N B@048FVTN 4> 28E>4C =0 T2@>?59AL:89 ?@>ABV@. BV< F59 28EV4 =5 >7=0G0T @>7@82C 7 B@048FV9=>N A5@1AL:>N ?@>@CAL:>N >@VT=B0FVTN. 1@04>28G 1C2 >4=8< 7 WW =091V;LH8E ?@8E8;L=8:V2.  :V=FO XVIII - =0 ?>G0B:C V 2?@>4>26 XIX AB>;VBBO V =040;V A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4 70;8H0TBLAO 2 F5=B@V C2038 A5@1V2. 8W2 =5 7=8:0T 7 WE=L>3> ?>;O 7>@C, 2V= V =0 ?>G0B:C XIX AB. 70;8H0TBLAO <@VTN B2>@G>W A5@1AL:>W <>;>4V O: <VAB>, 45 =02G02AO >20= 0WG, 72V4:8 ?@89H>2 8E09;> >70G8=AL:89. !5@1AL:5 10@>:>25 <8AB5FB2> >10 C:@0W=AL:8E <09AB@V2 B0 WE=VE A5@1AL:8E CG=V2 AO:8E 1> @C:>4;V9 ?@57 4CE A2OB =0CG8;  <0;O@A:CN <C4@>ABL B>340 65 ;N4O< >B:@K;. ;8<5=BV9 8=>2W2 C@E;82V ACA?V;L=V B0 ?>;VB8G=V 7<V=8, I> ?@>BO3>< XVII-XVIII AB. 2V41C20;8AO =0 0;:0=0E, ?>7=0G8;8AL V =0 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20, 2 O:><C AB2>@N5BALAO 7>2AV< V=H0 EC4>6=O :C;LBC@0, :>B@C 7 ?>?5@54=L>N, 70;8H5=>N =0 ?>:8=CB8E 75<;OE, ?>T4=CNBL ?52=V V459=V :><?>=5=BV, 7>:@5<0 ?0<'OBL ?@> A5@54=L>2VG=C 45@602C, O:0 7038=C;0. # ?5@HV 45AOB8;VBBO ?VA;O ?5@5A5;5==O >1@07>B2>@G5 <8AB5FB2> 28:>=C20;> 206;82C :C;LBC@=>-VAB>@8G=C <VAVN, 1@0;> 157?>A5@54=N CG0ABL C D>@<C20==V =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV, O:C 7402=0 28E>2C20;0 F5@:20 V O:0 2 01A>;NB8ABAL:V9 2AB@VW ?@>@>AB0;0 7 =>2>N A8;>N. /: V 2 C<>20E ?@>B8AB02;5==O <CAC;L<0=AB2C, 2 :0B>;8FL:><C >B>G5==V F5@:20 1C;0 ?@>2V4=8< 70<>2=8:>< V <5F5=0B>< <8AB5FB20, 2 O:><C 210G0;0 206;8289 @5G=8: =0FV>=0;L=>-?>;VB8G=8E ?@03=5=L. !5@1AL:V VT@><>=0E8 2>;V;8 715@53B8 BV G0AB:>2V ?@82V;5W, I> WE <0;8 ?V4 >A<0=0<8, 0 F5 2 C<>20E 02AB@V9AL:>3> >B>G5==O 1C;> =5;53:>. !0<5 B><C 2A5 B5, I> 1C;> 0:BC0;L=8< C ;VB5@0BC@V, 4VAB020;> 2V4>1@065==O V 2 >1@07>B2>@G><C <8AB5FB2V, :>B@5 B0:>6 2V4V3@020;> 206;82C V459=>-?>;VB8G=C @>;L. #A2V4><;N20;0AO =5>1EV4=VABL ACBBT2>3> 2V4=>2;5==O <8AB5FB20, 71030G5==O 9>3> =>28<8 AB8;L>28<8 70A>10<8, 7 4>?><>3>N O:8E <>6=0 1C;> 1 2V4>1@078B8 :>;8H=N 25;8G A5@1AL:8E 2>;>40@V2. 465 AB0@V AB8;L>2V 70A>18 1C;8 =5045:20B=V =>28< 70?8B0<. 5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 >7=0G0;> @>7@82 V7 A5@54=L>2VG=8<8 F5=B@0<8 <8AB5FB20, O:V =0?@8:V=FV XVII AB. ?@8?8=8;8 VA=C20==O O: H:>;8[1]. !5@1AL:V 1>3><078 265 =5 <>3;8 2V4=>2;N20B8 CAB0;5=V 2V70=BV9AL:V B@048FVW, ?@>B8AB02;ONG8 WE 1V;LH 7@>7C<V;><C, @V7=><0=VB=><C I>4> 7>1@06C20;L=8E 70A>1V2 T2@>?59AL:><C <8AB5FB2C. '5@57 F5 F5@:20 FV;5A?@O<>20=> 9H;0 =0 ?>HC:8 =>28E D>@<, :>B@V 1 3V4=> 2V4?>2V40;8 C<>20<, C O:8E >?8=8;8AO ?5@5A5;5=FV, I> A?@8G8=8;> 7<V=8 2 EC4>6=V9 B@048FVW V 28=8:=5==O =>2>3> AB8;L>2>3> O28I0, 2V4><>3> O: A5@1AL:5 10@>:>25 <8AB5FB2>. &V 7<V=8 2V41C20;8AO =5@V2=><V@=> 9 ?V4 @V7=8<8 2?;820<8 - 70;56=> 2V4 72'O7:V2 3>;>2=8E F5=B@V2 <8AB5FB20 7 2V4?>2V4=8<8 V=>75<=8<8 >A5@54:0<8. /: V 2 ;VB5@0BC@V, C D>@<C20==V A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 XVIII AB., O:5 @>72820;>AO 2 @V7=8E >A5@54:0E, VA=C20;> B@8 3>;>2=8E =0?@O<8[2]. 0 D>=V =>2V AB8;VAB8G=V 7<V=8 2V41C20;8AO C 283;O4V B0: 720=>3> ;520=BAL:>3> 10@>:>, O:5 =5 ?>2=VABN 2:;NG0TBLAO C 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:89 AB8;L, 7=0G=>N <V@>N 715@V30NG8 AB0@V B@048FVW, 0;5 28ABC?0NG8 O: >48= V7 20@V0=BV2 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. @C38< >A5@54:>< 1C;8 VB0;>-:@8BAL:V <09AB5@=V, I> VA=C20;8 =0 40;<0B8=AL:><C C715@566V 9 ?5@51C20;8 ?V4 2?;82>< 5=5FVW. >7B0H>20=V BCB C =525;8:V9 :V;L:>ABV A5@1AL:V <>=0AB8@V <0;8 ?52=V :>=B0:B8 7 40;<0B8=AL:8< :C;LBC@=8< >B>G5==O<, 0;5 G5@57 9>3> :0B>;8FL:C A?@O<>20=VABL =5 <>3;8 1CB8 206;828< D0:B>@>< C 2V4=>2;5==V ?@02>A;02=>3> A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20. '5@57 :>=D5AV9=V :>=D@>=B0FVW 1030B0 4C1@>2=8FL:0 :C;LBC@0 >1<565=> ?@>=8:0;0 C G>@=>3>@AL:C, B@048FV9=> 35@<5B87>20=C AD5@C, 70 28=OB:>< ?@8<>@AL:8E ?>A5;5=L, 45 G0AB8=0 =0A5;5==O ?@89=O;0 C=VN.  B8E A0<8E ?@8G8= 10@>:> V2=VG=>W %>@20BVW (=02:>;> 03@510) 4>A8BL <0;> ?>H8@N20;>AO =0 A5@1AL:V 75<;V, O:V ?5@51C20;8 ?V4 BC@5FL:>N 4><V=0FVTN. ?8=82H8AL C 157?>A5@54=L> 10@>:>2><C A5@54>28IV, O:8< 1C;0 2AB@V9AL:0 <>=0@EVO, A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV 2 ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. <0965 C 2AVE AD5@0E <8AB5FB20, :@V< 0@EVB5:BC@8, 2V4<>2;O;8AO 2V4 02AB@V9AL:8E 70?>78G5=L G5@57 B@048FV9=C A5@1AL:C D>1VN 4> 2AL>3>, I> ?>E>48;> 7 :0B>;8FL:>3> 465@5;0. "><C 2 <8AB5FB2V, O: V 2 ;VB5@0BC@V, T2@>?5W70FVO 9H;0 =5 157?>A5@54=L> V7 ACAV4=VE @53V>=V2, B0:8E O: 2AB@VO G8 <>2=> A?>@V4=5=0 %>@20BVO, 0 7V AE>4C. B65, 2 >1@07>B2>@G><C <8AB5FB2V A?>AB5@V30TBLAO B>9 A0<89 ?0@04>:A0;L=89 D0:B: 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:5 <8AB5FB2> C AB8;V 10@>:> O: 206;8289 D0:B>@ ?@>3@5AC ?@>=8:0T AN48 =5 157?>A5@54=L> V7 70E>4C, 0 >1EV4=8<8 H;OE0<8. &5 B0:>6 ?>OA=NTBLAO ?@8G8=0<8 @5;V3V9=>W :>=D@>=B0FVW: F5@:20 ?V4B@8<C20;0 72'O7:8 ;8H5 7 ?@02>A;02=8<8 >A5@54:0<8, ?5@5H:>460NG8 1C4L-O:8< ?@O<8< :>=B0:B0< V7 :0B>;8F87<><, B>1B> 7 157?>A5@54=L> T2@>?59AL:8<8 F5=B@0<8. # FL><C ?;0=V B2>@G5 A?V;:C20==O C:@0W=AL:8E F5=B@V2 V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>N :C;LBC@>N, ?>?@8 :>=D5AV9=V :>=D@>=B0FVW, AB0=>28BL 7=0G=C ?5@5203C ?>@V2=O=> 7 B8<8 >@B>4>:A0;L=8<8 >A5@54:0<8, I>=5 ?@89<0;8 70EV4=8E =>20FV9. /:18 V C:@0W=AL:0 ?@0:B8:0 ?>4V1=> 4> A5@1AL:>W 1C;0 :>=A5@20B82=>N, :A5=>D>1VG=>N, B> A5@1AL:0 :C;LBC@0 XVIII AB. >?8=8;0AO 1, <>6;82>, C 20:CC<V >1<5682H8AO B8<8 =5G0AB8<8 70W6468<8 @>AV9AL:8<8 <0;O@0<8, :>B@V 7@V4:0 ?5@51C20;8 A5@54 A5@1V2. /: V 2 V=H8E AD5@0E :C;LBC@8, C <8AB5FB2V 7@07:>< =0A;V4C20==O A5@1AL:5 4CE>25=AB2> >1@0;> 2V4><C 2 CAL><C A2VBV ?@02>A;02=>W :>=D5AVW 02@AL:C EC4>6=N <09AB5@=N, I> 9 7C<>28;> @>728B>: A5@1AL:>3> >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 XVIII AB. 8B0==O ?>E>465==O =>28E AB8;L>28E O28I C A5@1AL:><C >1@07>B2>@G><C <8AB5FB2V 282G0TBLAO 402=>. >AV9AL:V 02B>@8, ?>OA=NNG8 28=8:=5==O >:@5<8E O28I C A5@1AL:V9 V:>=>?8A=V9 B2>@G>ABV ?@8ACB=VABN 2 8T2V CG=V2 V7 A5@1V2, ?>2'O7C20;8 F5 V7 "@>AV9AL:8< 2?;82><"[3]. 8W2AL:V 4>A;V4=8:8 >15@56=> 72>48;8 35>3@0DVN 2?;82C 4> @>;V 8T20[4]. &O @>;L V=B5@?@5BC20;0AO C 4CAV <V6A;>2'O=AL:>3> V=B5@=0FV>=0;V7<C[5].  G0A>< 287=0202AO 2?;82 #:@0W=8, :>B@89 282G02AO C :>=B5:ABV @>AV9AL:>-C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2[6]. #O2;5==O ?@> FV :><C=V:0FVW @>7H8@NNBLAO 2 :>=B5:ABV V=H8E A;>2'O=AL:8E :C;LBC@. >=:@5B=> ?@> ?@O<89 C:@0W=AL:89 2?;82 =0 A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2> ?>G0;8 3>2>@8B8 157?>A5@54=L> A5@1AL:V 4>A;V4=8:8, I> 40;> <>6;82VABL ?@>AB568B8 H;OE8 V @57C;LB0B8 FL>3> ?@>F5AC V @>7H8@8B8 CO2;5==O ?@> =8E.  N3>A;02AL:><C, 2;0A=5 A5@1AL:><C, <8AB5FB2>7=02AB2V CA2V4><;5==O 7=0G5==O V @>;V #:@0W=8, 0 =5 @>AV9AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, C 2V4@>465==V A5@1AL:>3> F5@:>2=>3> 682>?8AC 2V41C;>AO =5 >4@07C. V4><89 <54VT2VAB . 04>9G8G I5 =0 ?>G0B:C AB>;VBBO 2:07C202 =0 H;OE8 ?@>=8:=5==O T2@>?59AB20 C A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2> G5@57 8W2, 70:;8:0NG8 C206=VH5 282G0B8 ?>G0B>: V A5@548=C A5@1AL:>3> XVIII AB., O:8E 157 ?>A8;0==O =0 72'O7:8 7 >AVTN V >A>1;82> 7 8W2AL:>N 0:045<VTN 7@>7C<VB8 =5<>6;82>, 0;5 FV 70:;8:8 2 4>2>T==V9 .3>A;02VW <0965 =5 <0;8 2V43C:C[7]. @>1;5<C 282G5==O A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20 7 =0C:>2>N A5@9>7=VABN 1C;> ?>AB02;5=> 2 ?5@HV ?>2>T==V 45AOB8;VBBO C ?@0FOE .>;0@8G0, .540:>28G0, .0A8G0 B0 C =87FV ?C1;V:0FV9 V=H8E 02B>@V2 ?>G0B:C 70-E @>:V2[8]. # =8E 4540;V :>=:@5B=VH5 2:07C20;>AO =0 @>;L 8T20 2 10@>:870FVW A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20. @>B5 >:@5<V 4>A;V4=8:8 V 40;V 287=0G0;8 F5 O28I5 O: 72'O7>: V7 @>AV9AL:8< <8AB5FB2><, A?@89<0NG8 9>3> O: I>AL <>=>;VB=5, =5 210G0NG8 =0FV>=0;L=>W 48D5@5=FV0FVW. "0:5 287=0G5==O T ?><8;:>28<, >A:V;L:8 157?>A5@54=L> @>AV9AL:>3>, B>1B> ?5B5@1C@7L:>3> G8 <>A:>2AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 XVIII AB., C A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV <0965 =5 1C;>. #A5 B5 =>25, I> 28=8:0;> =0 B;V ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:>3> 682>?8AC, ?>2'O70=5 7 C:@0W=AL:8< 10@>:>, V 287=0==O A0<5 FL>3>, 0 =5 @>AV9AL:>3>, 2?;82C =0;568BL ACG0A=8< 1T;3@04AL:8< <8AB5FB2>7=02FO< .540:>28GC V .0284>2C. AB0==V9 C =87FV <>=>3@0DV9 V AB0B59 =091V;LH ?>A;V4>2=> V ?5@5:>=;82> ?>:0702 @>;L A0<5 C:@0W=AL:>3>, 0 =5 @>AV9AL:>3> 10@>:> XVII - A5@548=8 XVIII AB. C AB2>@5==V 9 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. !?>AB5@565==O .0284>20 40;8 ?>HB>2E 4;O ?>40;LH8E ?>@V2=O;L=8E 4>A;V465=L A5@1AL:>3> B0 C:@0W=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 C WE=VE @V7=8E 60=@0E. /: V 2 ;VB5@0BC@V, 3>;>2=8< >A5@54:><, I> =0 =L>3> A?8@0;8AO A5@1AL:V <8BFV, 1C2 8W2. /:I> 27OB8 4> C2038 2A5, I> 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO 7@>18;0 4;O BVTW 4>18, ?8H5 VAB>@8: :C;LBC@8 .>20=>28G, 0 ?V7=VH5 - 4;O @>AV9AL:>W ?@>A2VB8 9 ;VB5@0BC@8, 4;O @>728B:C B5>;>3VW, =0C:8 V 4CE>2=>3> 71;865==O A;>2'O=, B> <>6=0 7 ?>2=8< ?@02>< =0720B8 WW 2A5A;>2'O=AL:>N 0:045<VTN. 0 A?>AB5@565==O< .0284>20, 2 B0:V9 >@VT=B0FVW =0 8W2 "0@;>20FL:0 <8B@>?>;VO 281@0;0 A>1V 4>1@89 V =04V9=89 ?@8:;04 4;O =0A;V4C20==O, 1> B>3>G0A=89 8W2 1C2 287=0=8< F5=B@>< 1>3>A;>2'O, ?5403>3V:8, 28402=8G>W 4VO;L=>ABV B0 <8AB5FB20, 45 7 A5@548=8 XVIII AB. 2V41C202AO ?@>F5A T2@>?5W70FVW B0 >=>2;5==O DV;>A>DAL:8E V 5AB5B8G=8E ?>3;O4V2. "CB 70@>48;>AO V A;>2'O=AL:5 10@>:> - O28I5, O:5 2V4V3@0;> 206;82C @>;L C D>@<C20==V 9 @>728B:C <8AB5FB20 =5 BV;L:8 #:@0W=8 B0 >AVW, 0 9 044C=09AL:>W !5@1VW"[9]. 0A;V4:>< B0:8E 72'O7:V2 AB0;0 T2@>?5W70FVO A5@1AL:>3> >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 - ?@>F5A, I> 9>3>, 70 .0284>28<, "3>4V 9 CO28B8 157 ?@O<>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> 2?;82C, O:8< T48=> <>6=0 ?>OA=8B8 >BC 4>1C =0H>3> <8AB5FB20 <V6 0=>=V<=8<8 7>3@0D0<8 ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 AB>;VBBO B0 2V45=AL:8<8 0:045<VAB0<8 :V=FO AB>;VBBO"[10]. &59 ?5@V>4 .540:>28G 287=0G0T O: ?5@V>4 AB0=>2;5==O, 0 ?>BV< V @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:> ?@>F5A, I> "2V41C202AO B>4V BV;L:8 7024O:8 <VF=8< 72'O7:0< C:@0W=AL:8<8 :C;LBC@=8<8 AD5@0<8, ?5@54CAV< V7 8T2><"[11]. <V=0< ?5@54C20;8 4><V=CNGV ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:V B@048FVW 72V;L=5==O 2V4 O:8E 2V41C20;>AO ?>ABC?>2> A8;0<8 42>E 35=5@0FV9 <8BFV2. 5@HC (70-V @>:8 XVII - 40-V @>:8 XVIII AB.) AB0=>2;OBL =52V4><V 1>3><078 ("7>3@0D8"). :>=8 F8E "<0=4@V2=8E" <09AB@V2, E>G V 28:>=C20;8AO C 2V70=BV9AL:><C AB8;V, =0AB@>T< 1C;8 40;5:V 2V4 0A:5B87<C. &59 V:>=>?8A, I> :>@VABC202AO 25;8:>N ?>?C;O@=VABN 2 =0@>4V, AB0=>28BL V=B5@5A O: >48= V7 ?@8:;04V2 45<>:@0B870FVW <8AB5FB20, :>B@5 T4=0;> 2 A>1V 402=V B@048FVW 7 >:@5<8<8 =>28<8 AB8;L>28<8 45D>@<0FVO<8, ?@>9=OB8<8 D>;L:;>@=8< A2VB>A?@89=OBBO< !5@1AL:V 7>3@0D8 G5@57 70AB0@V;VABL A2>TW AB8;L>2>W <0=5@8 =5 <>3;8 4>23> ?0=C20B8 2 <8AB5FB2V. 09G0ABVH5 2>=8 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 7>;>B5 B;> =0 V:>=0E, =5@50;L=89, B5<=>-75;5=89 :>;V@ >1;8G, O: F5 B@048FV9=> 20@VN20;>AO C 402=VE D@5A:0E 01> V:>=>?8AV.  V=H>3> 1>:C, WE=V V:>=8 <0;8 ?>?8B A5@54 ?>:C?FV2 - 728G09=>W ?C1;V:8, O:0 4>A8BL 1>O7:> V =54>2V@;82> AB028;0AO 4> 2AL>3> =>2>3>, ?V4>7@NNG8 C =L><C 28O2 :0B>;8F87<C[13].  A5@548=8 XVIII AB. 7'O2;OTBLAO =>25 ?>:>;V==O, 7451V;LH>3> - 28EV4FV V7 A2VBAL:>3>, 0 =5 4CE>2=>3>, A5@54>28I0, O:5 4540;V 5=5@3V9=VH5 2:;NG0TBLAO C ?@>F5A 2V4=>2;5==O 2VBG87=O=>3> <8AB5FB20, AB2>@NNG8 B5, I> 7 G0A>< 4VAB0;> =072C A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. :@V< 2?;82C VB0;>-:@8BAL:>W :C;LBC@8 =0 D>=, 10@>:870FVO <8AB5FB20 2V41C20TBLAO 2 <8AB5FL:8E >A5@54:0E, @>7?>@>H5=8E C @53V>=0E ?>A5;5=L A5@1V2 C <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W <>=0@EVW. !0<5 FV >A5@54:8 1C;8 157?>A5@54=L> 72'O70=V 7 #:@0W=>N, 7 =8<8 ?>2'O70=0 V 4>10 <09AB@V2, I> ?@8=5A;8 AB8;L C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>[14]. &59 AB8;L ?@>=8:02 4> A5@1V2 42><0 ?@>2V4=8<8 :0=0;0<8. 7 8T20 9H;8 C:@0W=AL:V EC4>6=8:8, O:V 157?>A5@54=L> ?@0FN20;8 =0 70<>2;5==O A5@1AL:8E <5F5=0BV2, =02G0;8 A5@1AL:8E CG=V2. 7 A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2 B0 <VAB 4> 8T20 9H;8 CG=V, I>1, 74>1C2H8 >A2VBC C 02@AL:V9 EC4>6=V9 <09AB5@=V, ?>25@=CB8AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C, 45 A2>W 7=0==O ?5@54020B8 V=H8<. 091V;LH89 A;V4 70;8H8;8 C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V C:@0W=AL:V EC4>6=8:8, O:V ?@0FN20;8 157?>A5@54=L> A5@54 A5@1V2. >=OBBO "C:@0W=AL:0 4>10", "C:@0W=AL:89 ?5@V>4", "C:@0W=AL:V <8BFV" 2 0@;>20FL:V9 <8B@>?>;VW <0NBL <VF=5 ?V4@C=BO[15]. &O 4>10 <0T :>=:@5B=C 40BC A2>3> ?>G0B:C - 1743 @V:. ">3> @>:C 3;020 A5@1AL:>3> 4CE>25=AB20 ?0B@V0@E @A5=VT IV (0:015=B0 >DVFV9=> 701>@>=82 4VO;L=VABL 7>3@0DV2[16]. 0@0DVO=0< =5 4>72>;O;>AO :C?C20B8 C "=52<V;8E 1>3><07V2" V:>=8, O:V ?@>3>;>HC20;8AO =5:0=>=VG=8<8, I> >7=0G0;> ?@8?8=5==O 2VBG87=O=>W B@048FVW V ?5@5>@VT=B0FVN =0 >DVFV9=> C70:>=5=5 <8AB5FB2>. # F8@:C;O@V ?0B@V0@E ?>?5@54602, I> 9 =040;V =5 A;V4 ?@89<0B8 70 7@07>: :0B>;8FL:5 <8AB5FB2>. 0B><VABL C:07C20;>AO =0 :>=:@5B=89 7@07>: B2>@G>ABV, O:89 ?@>3>;>HC202AO :0=>=VG=8<. "0:8< >DVFV9=> 287=020;>AO <8AB5FB2> 7 #:@0W=8, 0 F5 >7=0G0;>, I> A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2> ?VA;O 7>3@0DAL:>3> V:>=>?8AC B0 ?V245==8E VB0;>-:@8BAL:8E 2?;82V2 >E>?82 AB@V<:89 ?@>F5A 2V4=>2;5==O, O:89 B@8202 7 40-E 4> 80-E @>:V2 XVIII AB.[17]. B>@3=5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 C A5@1AL:5 1C;> A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N 7030;L=>:C;LBC@=>3> ?@>F5AC, 2 O:><C C:@0W=AL:0 :C;LBC@0 1@0;0 CG0ABL C?@>4>26 <0965 2AL>3> XVIII AB. 0 G>;V FL>3> ?@>F5AC AB>O;8 28E>20=FV :8W2AL:>W 02@AL:>W H:>;8, :>B@V =5<>2 ?@>4>26C20;8 A?@02C, @>7?>G0BC :8T2><>38;O=0<8 C H:>;0E, ?;V4=> @>72820NG8 3C<0=VAB8G=V V45W C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 <0965 2 CAVE B>3>G0A=8E 2840E <8AB5FB20. >:07>2>, I> O: V C H:V;L=V9 A?@02V, ?@8E>4C C:@0W=AL:8E <8BFV2 ?5@54C20;> ?5@51C20==O A5@54 A5@1V2 @>AVO=8=0. &5 1C2 V:>=>?8A5FL "<>A:>2VB5@" @83>@V9 5@0A8<>2, O:><C =0;568BL V:>=>AB0A F5@:28 A2. 0@VW 0340;5=8 C A5;8 86=O >20G8FO 7 >T2>48=V, 28:>=0=89 1724 @>:C. /: V !C2>@>2, F59 "<>A:>2VB5@" =54>23> ?5@51C202 A5@54 A5@1V2, 9>3> @>7?8A8 70A2V4GCNBL A:@><=89 EC4>6=V9 @V25=L, 0 A0<0 4VO;L=VABL <0=4@V2=>3> 1>3><070 70;8H8;0AO =0 A5@1AL:V9 5B=VG=V9 V 4CE>2=V9 ?5@8D5@VW[18]. 8H5 7 ?@8E>4>< C:@0W=AL:8E <8BFV2 C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V @>7?>G8=0NBLAO A?@026=V 7<V=8. &8<8 <09AB@0<8, O:8< AC48;>AO 2?;8=CB8 =0 4>;N A5@1AL:>3> <0;O@AB20, 1C;8 :8O=8 >2 0A8;528G 8 0A8;L ><0=>28G. VO;L=VABL F8E <8BFV2 >7=0G0;0 4;O A5@1A:>3> >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 B5 A0<5, I> 4;O ;VB5@0BC@8 B0 H:V;L=8FB20 - 4VO;L=VABL .>70G8=AL:>3>. >=8 =5 BV;L:8 7 CA?VE>< 28:>=C20;8 70<>2;5==O 28I8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 A5@1AL:>W F5@:>2=>W VT@0@VW, 0 9 AB2>@8;8 2;0A=C H:>;C, 2 O:V9 28E>20;8 FV;C ?;5O4C <>;>48E <8BFV2, :>B@V A2>TN B2>@GVABN ?@>4>26C20;8 :@0IV B@048FVW C:@0W=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, AB0;8 @5G=8:0<8 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. @EV2=V 4>:C<5=B8 70A2V4GCNBL 28A>:5 A>FV0;L=5 AB0=>28I5 V =5018O:89 02B>@8B5B C:@0W=AL:8E <8BFV2. "0:, 2 3@C4=O 1742 @>:C 2 <VABV 5B@>20@048=, I> 2 =8=VH=V9 >T2>48=V, 1C;> ?V4?8A0=> =09402=VHC 2 F8E :@0OE C3>4C ?@> 28:>=0==O <8AB5FL:8E @>1VB, O:V 4>@CG0;8AO ?@54AB02=8:>2V 02@AL:>W <09AB5@=V >2C 0A8;528GC.  C3>4V 707=0G0;>AO, I> :8W2A:89 <09AB5@ ?>28=5= "7>;>B>< V 30@=8<8 D0@10<8" =0<0;N20B8 V:>=C, ?>4V1=C 4> B8E, O:V <0;NNBL C 8T2V. 0 @>1>BC 02B>@>2V >1VFO=> "B@8=04FOBL 4C:0BV2" B0 >:@5<> :>HB8 "=0 ?>ABV9, 4@>20 B0 W6C"[19]. #3>4C A5@54 V=H8E ?V4?8A02 V 8>=8AV9 >20:>28G. V= A0< 7 1726 ?> 1737 @V: =02G02AO C 8T2V, 0 2 1742 @>FV 1C2 ?@5D5:B>< ?@>A2VB=8E H:V; C >T2>48=V, B>6 <>6;82> V 2V4V3@02 ?52=C @>;L 2 >@30=V70FVW 70?@>H5==O :8W2AL:8E <09AB@V2 4;O @>1>B8 C >T2>48=V. 3040=89 4>:C<5=B 40T ?V4AB028 B25@48B8, I> >2 0A8;528G 220602AO <09AB@>< 28A>:>W :20;VDV:0FVW: 70<>2=8:8 AB02;OBLAO 4> =L>3> 7 >A>1;82>N C203>N, V<5=CNBL "5;L<8?>206=8< 0=>< :>=>?8AF5< 8W2AL:8<".  F5 B>4V, :>;8 4> <8BFV2 AB028;8AO 4>A8BL ?@8A:V?;82>, =02VBL >DVFV9=5 F5@:>2=5 :5@V2=8FB2> 2V425@B> ?5@5A;V4C20;> <0;O@AL:V @>1>B8 A;01:>3> @V2=O[20]. 5<0T AC<=V2C, I> 0A8;528G - >4=0 7 =091V;LH 2?;82>28E V 02B>@8B5B=8E ?>AB0B59 A5@1AL:>3> EC4>6=L>3> 68BBO. >3> B0;0=B V <8AB5FB2> 1C;8 B0:8<8 7=0G=8<8, I>, 70 287=0==O< 4>A;V4=8:V2, C BV G0A8 A5@54 A5@1AL:8E <8BFV2 =5 1C;> <09AB@V2, O:V 1 <>3;8 @V2=OB8AO 7 :8W2AL:8< 3>AB5<[21]. ><C 4>2V@O;8 =092V4?>2V40;L=VHV @>1>B8 C =097=0G=VH8E <>=0AB8@OE, O:8<8 1C;8 ?@575=B0B82=V A5@1AL:V E@0<8 >4O=8, (8H0B>20?, @CH54>;. 0A8;528G D0:B8G=> AB02 ?@842>@=8< EC4>6=8:>< ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=VT IV (0:015=B8. AB0==V9, 210G0NG8 C 9>3> B2>@G>ABV ?5@A?5:B82C V 7@07>: 4;O ?>40;LH>3> @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, 73040=8< F8@:C;O@>< ?@> 701>@>=C :C?V2;V V:>= 2V4 "CAV;O:8E <0;O@V2" ?> ACBV :0=>=V7CT <8AB5FB2> :8W2AL:>W H:>;8 V 28<030T 2V4 A5@1AL:8E 1>3><07V2 ?8A0B8 B0:, O: F5 @>18BL "<09AB5@=89 V:>=>?8A5FL" >2. 0B@V0@E 70:;8:02 V =0:07C202, I>1 >4=8=V :>65= 4> :8W2AL:>3> <09AB@0 "=0 =02G0==O ?@8E>482 V 2 =L>3> =02G02AO :@0I>W <09AB5@=>ABV, 018 =5 B2>@8;8 A?>:CA =570:>==8E..."[22]. &5 >7=0G0T, I> >2 0A8;528G <02 C 0@;>20FV 2;0A=C H:>;C, 7024O:8 O:V9 9><C =0;568BL 28@VH0;L=0 70A;C30 C ?5@5>@VT=B0FVW A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 =0 C:@0W=AL:5, I> >7=0G0;> ?>G0B>: T2@>?5W70FVW, 70@>465==O A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. >2 0A8;528G 1C2 =5 >48= V ?@0FN202 7 0A8;5< ><0=>28G5<, 70A;C30 O:>3> 2 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 =5 <5=H0. V4><>, I> 2V= @>7?8AC202 7 $.0<V=AL:8< C 1737- 1739 @>:0E >@8A>3;V1AL:C F5@:2C 2 8T2V, 7>1>2'O702H8AL =0<0;N20B8 "C25AL ?>:0;V?A8A V !B@0H=89 AC4... D0@10<8 30@=8<8 V =5 ?@>AB8<8, 0 <0;N20B8 B0:>6 =5>4<V==> <09AB5@=>, O: C A2OB>3> 8:>;0O 015@56=>3>"[23]. 1745 @>:C <>;>489 EC4>6=8: =5?5@5AVG=>3> E8ABC, 265 2V4><89 A2>W<8 @>1>B0<8 2 #:@0W=V, ?@81C2 4> 0@;>20FL:>W <8B@>?>;VW[24 ]@EV28 <>=0AB8@O >4O=8 715@53;8 4>:C<5=B ?@> A?;0BC @0EC=:V2 "<0;O@0< >2C 9 0A8;N", =0 ?V4AB02V G>3> ?@8?CI5=> I> 945BLAO ?@> >20 0A8;528G0 B0 0A8;O ><0=>28G0, O:V ?@0FN20;8 BCB C 1745-1746 @>:0E, 0 =0 4C<:C 45O:8E 4>A;V4=8:V2 - C 1748-C[25]. 0ABC?=V 45AOBL @>:V2 V<'O .0A8;528G0 =5 7304CTBLAO, 9 <8 =5 7=0T<>, 45 2 F59 G0A ?5@51C202 <8B5FL - 2 #:@0W=V G8 2 A5@1V2. 1758-3> 4> A5@1AL:>3> <>=0AB8@O %>?>2> ?@81C2 :8W2AL:89 EC4>6=8:, O:89 =07202 A515 "<=>3>3@VH=8< 0A8;5< 7 0;>W CAV". "CB, 45 4>1@5 7=0;8 ?@> 8W2 V 45 1C;> G8<0;> :8W2AL:8E B0 ;L2V2AL:8E 2840=L, 2V= 70A=C202 A2>N H:>;C, ?>4>@>6CNG8 72V4A8 ?> A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@OE, F5@:20E =5 ;8H5 >T2>48=8 0 9 %>@20BVW, 45 ?V7=0T<> 9>3> ?5=75;L. "0:, 2V= ?5@51C202 C !;02>=VW ("704;O @C:>4V;;O A2>3>"), 45 @>7?8AC202 V:>=>AB0A8. 1758 @>:C 9>3> V<'O 7'O2;OTBLAO =0 V:>=>AB0AV <>=0AB8@O @5=>20F, 45 =0 F0@AL:8E 2@0B0E C:@0W=AL:89 02B>@ 70?8A02: "> A;02C T48=>ACI=>W 682>B2>@OI>W V =5@>74V;L=>W "@V9FV BFO V !8=0, V !2OB>3> CE0, 70 F0@N20==O AEV4=5 ;87025B8 5B@V2=8, =0 70E>4V 6 0@VW "5@57VW, 70 G0A8 V3C<5=0 !>D@>=VO >20=>28G0, ?@8 G5A=><C >BFV V3C<5=V 8G5=BVT <=>N, <=>3>3@VH=8< 0A8;5< 2V4 0;>W CAV, 28:>=0=> F59 V:>=>AB0A ;VB0 2V4 V7420 %@8AB>2>3> 1758"[26]. 0ABC?=>3> @>:C 2V= 15@5 CG0ABL C @>1>BV =04 V:>=>AB0A>< F5@:28 A5;0 0AB09=8FO. AB0==V 0@EV2=V 7=0EV4:8 @>7H8@NNBL =0HV CO2;5==O ?@> AD5@C 4VO;L=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> <8BFO.  >4=><C ;8ABV, 40B>20=><C 16 ;8?=O 1759 @>:C, 945BLAO ?@> 28?;0BC "<0;O@52V 0A8;N CA8:0=8=C" 3@>H59 70 B@8 ?>@B@5B8 T?8A:>?0 !>D@>=VT >20=>28G0. &5 70A2V4GCT, I> ?@54AB02=8: :8W2AL:>W 02@AL:>W <09AB5@=V ?@0FN202 V 2 60=@V ?>@B@5B0. 48= V7 F8E B2>@V2 715@V30TBLAO C D>=40E 0B8FV A5@1AL:>W 2 >2><C !04V. :@V< B>3>, . ><0=>28G ?@0FN202 =04 >D>@<;5==O< V=B5@'T@0 =>2>3> ?0;0FC T?8A:>?0 2 <VABV 0:@0F, 45 @07>< V7 =52V4><8< A?V202B>@>< =0<0;N202 C AB8;V 10@>:> 25;8:89 35@1 T?0@EVW. 5:>=AB@C:FVO B2>@G>ABV . ><0=>28G0 H;OE>< ?>@V2=O==O CA:;04=NTBLAO B8<, I> >@8A>3;V1AL:89 <>=0AB8@ C 8T2V 73>@V2 9 B0:0 A0<0 4>;O A?VB:0;0 V @>1>B8 <8BFO 2 A5@1AL:8E F5@:20E, 7=8I5=8E 1941 @>:C. ;5 @5B5;L=5 282G5==O =0ABV==8E @>7?8AV2 @O4C <>=0AB8@V2 70A2V4GCT @C:C 682>?8AFO. :@V< CG0ABV C @>7?8A0E V:>=>AB0AV2 7304C20=8E <>=0AB8@V2, ><0=>28G, O: ?@8?CA:0NBL, 1C2 A?V202B>@>< 0A8;528G0 C AB2>@5==V <>=C<5=B0;L=>3> 682>?8AC <>=0AB8@O @CH54>; (1756), ?8A02 V:>=8 2 F5@:20E <>=0AB8@V2 5H5=>2>, 5;8:0 5<5B0, >@>28GV[27]. > 28I8E ?@>O2V2 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20 70@0E>2CNBL 45:>@0FVW 8:>;0W2AL:>W F5@:28 C <VABV @83, O:0 22060TBLAO >4=8< 7 =09:@0I5 >D>@<;5=8E ?@02>A;02=8E E@0<V2 =0 75<;OE #3>@I8=8. A>1;82C FV==VABL AB0=>2;OBL @>7?8A8 WW V:>=>AB0AC, 02B>@AB2> O:>3> ?>2'O7CTBLAO 7 0A8;5< ><0=>28G5< (7024O:8 ?V4?8AC "0A8;L <0;O@"), E>G0 28A;>2;N20;8AO ?@8?CI5==O I>4> <>6;82>ABV CG0ABV C @>1>B0E A5@1AL:>3> EC4>6=8:0 0A8 AB>WG0, O:89 =0;5602 4> 3@C?8 <8BFV2, 28E>20=8E C:@0W=AL:8<8 <09AB@0<8[28]. >40;LHV 7VAB02;5==O, <>6;82>, ?@>;8;8 1 A2VB;> =0 ?>E>465==O FL>3> H5452@0 A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, ?>7=0G5=>3> AB8;L>28<8 @8A0<8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>. :>=8 <>=0AB8@O 5H5=>2>, I> C <VABV !28;0HV, <>6;82>, 1C;8 A5@54 >AB0==VE @>1VB, 28:>=0=8E 0A8;5< ><0=>28G5< ?VA;O 1770 @>:C. @8?CA:0NBL, I> 2V= ?><5@ 1773-3> 2 <>=0AB8@V %>?>2>. )5 1766 @>:C ?VA;O <0=4@V2 ?> A5@1AL:8E 75<;OE 2V= ?>25@=C2AO 4> FL>3> 2>3=8I0 C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 C >T2>48=V, >1VFONG8 ?>AB@83B8AO 2 <>=0E8 V 4> A<5@BV 70;8H8B8AO BCB[29]. V@>3V4=>, I> C %>?>2> 9>3> 9 1C;> ?>E>20=>. "5, I> . ><0=>28G 70;8H02AO A5@54 A5@1V2 <0965 B@8 45AOB8;VBBO - 7 1745 ?> 1773 @V:, <0;> 25;8G57=89 @57>=0=A C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V V ?>7=0G8;>AO, 7>:@5<0, =0 28E>20==V FV;>W 35=5@0FVW <>;>48E <8BFV2. #:@0W=AL:V EC4>6=8:8 <0;8 C 0@;>20FL:V9 <8B@>?>;VW A2>W H:>;8, 0 2V4B0: V A2>WE CG=V2, O:V 2?@>4>26 XVIII AB. ?@0FN20;8 ?> 2AVE ?@>2V4=8E F5=B@0E A5@1AL:>3> <0;O@AB20. 0 287=0==O< .540:>28G0, "C:@0W=AL:89 EC4>6=8: >2 0A8;528G 1C2 <09AB@><, O:89 28@VH0;L=5 2?;8=C2 =0 FV;C =87:C A5@1AL:8E <0;O@V2, C G8W9 B2>@G>ABV ?><VB=89 ?@>F5A 2V4E>4C 2V4 402=VE 7>3@0DAL:8E AE5< =0 :>@8ABL 10@>:>"[30]. # <>=0AB8@V %>?>2> 0A8;L ><0=>28G B0:>6 <02 A2>N H:>;C, 7 O:>N "2 O70=5 28=8:=5==O =>28E O28I C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V FVTW 4>18. !0<5 BCB 1C;> 28E>20=> :V;L:0 <8BFV2 OA:@02>W EC4>6=L>W V=482V4C0;L=>ABV, :>B@V ?@0FN20;8 2 4CAV C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, 28:>=CNG8 70<>2;5==O ?> <>=0AB8@OE V F5@:20E 0@;>20FL:>W T?0@EVW, 7>:@5<0 B0:8E O: 5>G8=, 5<C=, 0;0 5<5B0, /AA0 B0 V=.[31]. )5 4> ?@8E>4C 2V4><8E ;V45@V2 >:@5<V 5;5<5=B8 10@>:> ?@>=8:0NBL C A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2>. .0A8G 7=0E>48BL WE C ?5@H8E 45AOB8;VBBOE XVIII AB. !5@54 ?0<'OB=8:V2 FL>3> ?5@V>4C 7304CNBL @>1>B8 F5@:>2=>3> 268B:C, 28:>=0=V =0 :>HB8 T?8A:>?0 >9A5O 5B@>28G0 C V4=V. >1@065=0 BCB :><?>78FVO =0;568BL O:><CAL "@CAL:><C <09AB@>2V", >A:V;L:8 =0 B>9 G0A C A5@1V2 "=5 1C;> EC4>6=8:0, :>B@89 A?@><V3AO 1 B0: @50;VAB8G=> 28:>=0B8 ?@54AB02;5=V <>B828"[32]. !L>3>4=V AB0;8 2V4><V 9 V=HV V<5=0 >:@5<8E A5@1AL:8E <09AB@V2, O:V 265 C 20-E @>:0E XVIII AB. 45<>=AB@CNBL 7=09><AB2> 7 C:@0W=AL:8< 10@>:>. &5 "0:A8< V 0D0W;". #65 =0ABC?=5 45AOB8;VBBO ?@8=>A8BL =>2V V<5=0: !B5D0= >@0=8G, 5>@3V9 !B>O=>28G, 8=:>, >1@>A02, %0468 !8;L25AB@ >?>28G[33]. %>G0 2 FV;><C FV <09AB@8 ?@0FNNBL C AB0@><C 4CAV <0=4@V2=8E 7>3@0DV2, >:@5<V 5;5<5=B8 2:07CNBL =0 B5, I> I5 4> ?@8E>4C 73040=8E C:@0W=AL:8E CG8B5;V2 <8AB5FB20 W< 1C;8 2V4><V =>2V AB8;L>2V O28I0. @>B5 FV =>20FVW 1C;8 ?>>48=>:V, A?@026=V 7<V=8 45<>=AB@CT ;8H5 3@C?0 <8BFV2, G8O B2>@GVABL BVTN 01> BVTN <V@>N 70A2V4GCT ?>2'O70=VABL V7 H:>;0<8 42>E C:@0W=FV2 01> 6 157?>A5@54=L> V7 ?5@51C20==O< =0 ABC4VOE C 8T2V. >2VB=V 4>A;V465==O 40NBL ?V4AB028 4;O 28A=>2:C, I> ?V4 2?;82>< C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> ?@0FN20;0 FV;0 3@C?0 EC4>6=8:V2, A5@54 O:8E =092V4><VHV - !B5D0= "5=5FL:89, 8:>;0 5H:>28G, 8<8B@VT 0G528G, 0A0 AB>WG, <2@>AVT /=:>28G B0 V=HV. !B5D0= "5=5FL:89 - >48= V7 =097=0G=VH8E V =092V4><VH8E A5@1AL:8E EC4>6=8:V2, O:89 2V4V3@02 ?><VB=C @>;L C <>45@=V70FVW A5@1AL:>3> <0;O@AB20 A5@548=8 XVIII AB., - 1C2 >4=8< V7 =>AVW2 ?@>C:@0W=AL:>W AB8;L>2>W >@VT=B0FVW. >3> G8A;5==V @>1>B8 C <>=0AB8@OE B0 F5@:20E >T2>48=8 70A2V4GCNBL, I> 2V= GVB:> 287=0G82AO O: ?@8E8;L=8: C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>2>3> =0?@O<C[34]. V>3@0D8 "5=5FL:>3> AE8;L=V 22060B8, I> 2V= 74>1C2 >A2VBC 2 8T2V, 45 ?5@51C202 C 50-E @>:0E; C3>@AL:V 4>A;V4=8:8 210G0NBL C =L><C 3@5:>-:0B>;8:0, B>1B> @CA8=0 01> 6 =02VBL C3>@AL:>3> H;OEB8G0[35]. /: C:@0W=AL:89 28E>20=5FL, I> =02G02AO 2 EC4>6=V9 <09AB5@=V 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8, !B5D0= "5=5FL:89 ?>A;V4>2=> 70?@>2046C202 2 A515 =0 10BL:V2I8=V 10@>:87>20=89 20@V0=B C:@0W=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, O:89 7 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. 70?0=C202 C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V =0 B5@8B>@VW 01A1C@7L:>W <>=0@EVW. @8ACB=VABL A0<5 C:@0W=AL:>3> 20@V0=BC 10@>:> ?@>AB56CTBLAO 2 @50;VAB8G=><C 7>1@065==V DV3C@ =0 7>;>B><C, ?@8:@0H5=><C >@=0<5=B>< B;V, 2 V:>=>3@0DVW, ?>7=0G5=V9 70EV4=8<8 @8A0<8, C 21@0==V ?5@A>=06V2 B>I>. !2>W 7=0==O EC4>6=8: ?5@540202 CG=O< B0 A?V2@>1VB=8:0<, O:8E 1C;> G8<0;>[36]. 8:>;0 5H:>28G B0:>6 ?@>9H>2 H:>;C >20 0A8;528G0, 2 O:>3> 2V= C <>;>4>ABV 2G82AO C 0@;>20FV.  G0A>< 2V= AB02 >4=8< 7 =0902B>@8B5B=VH8E <8BFV2 ?@8 F5@:>2=V9 @57845=FVW <VAB0 @H0F. 5H:>28G0 =09G0ABVH5 =048E0;8 :8W2AL:V 7@07:8. 5:>@0B82=VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, 2 O:><C ?0=CNBL A2VB;V :>;L>@8, ?@8ACB=O 2 CAVE @>1>B0E EC4>6=8:0. 5@H89 C A5@1V2 02B>?>@B@5B AB2>@5=> A0<5 =8<. 5H:>28G B0:>6 <02 G8<0;> CG=V2. > 3@C?8 A5@1AL:8E <09AB@2, O:V ?><VB=> ?@>AC=C;8AO 2 >?0=C20==V AB8;N 10@>:>, =0;568BL EC4>6=8: V7 >2>3> !040 0A0 AB>WG, I> B0:>6 2E>48BL 4> :>;0 CG=V2 C:@0W=AL:>W H:>;8. >3> @>7?8A8 #A?5=AL:>3> A>1>@C 2 C3>@AL:><C <VABV !5=B-=4@5O, 28:>=0=V 2 1771-1781 @>:0E, 40;8 ?V4AB028 70@0EC20B8 AB>WG0 4> "=097=0G=VH8E <8BFV2 XVIII AB>;VBBO"[37]. !2>W ?5@HV :@>:8 EC4>6=8: @>182 ?V4 =03;O4>< >20 0A8;528G0, O: >48= 7 9>3> 3>;>2=8E A?V2?@0FV2=8:V2 C 28:>=0==V ABV=>?8AC <>=0AB8@O >4O=8. 87:0 9>3> 7030;L=>287=0=8E I>4> O:>ABV 28:>=0==O @>1VB 70A2V4GCT A>;V4=C >1V7=0=VABL C 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:><C <8AB5FB2V, 5;5<5=B8 O:>3> 2V= ?5@5=>A8BL 7 C:@0W=AL:8E 465@5;, >A:V;L:8 :8W2AL:0 B@048FVO BCB T >G5284=>N[38].  >A=>2C A2>WE @>1VB AB>WG G0AB> 1@02 AN65B8 7 V;NAB@0FV9 5B@0 >38;8 "#G8B5;L=5T 20=35;VT" (1637). V= 709<02AO <0;O@AB2>< 4> 3;81>:>W AB0@>ABV (?><5@ 1791 @>:C) V A2>TN 2V440=VABN C:@0W=AL:V9 B@048FVW 1C2 ?52=>N <V@>N AE>689 =0 >20=0 0WG0. 8B5FL 28O2;O2 B2>@GC V=482V4C0;L=VABL, 72V;L=ONG8AL 2V4 70?>78G5=L V 4540;V 1V;LH5 =01;860NG8AL 4> 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> <8AB5FB20[39]. "8?>289 ?@54AB02=8: C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> 2 A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V, >48= V7 =097=0G=VH8E EC4>6=8:V2 FVTW 4>18 8<8B@VT 0G528G 1C2 CG=5< 0A8 AB>WG0, O:89 A2>N <09AB5@=VABL >B@8<0=C 2V4 "1;03>@>4=>3> ?0=0" >20 0A8;528G0, ?5@540202 A5@1AL:V9 <>;>4V. 0G528GC =0;560BL ?>=04 290 V:>=, B0:>6 ?>7=0G5=8E AB8;5< C:@0W=AL:>W H:>;8. &5 V;NAB@CT V:>=>AB0A 8:>;0W2AL:>W F5@:28 2 5<C=V (?>1;87C T;3@040). @83V=0;L=V AN65B8 <0;N=:V2, 28:>=0=V 7 E0@0:B5@=8< 4;O 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> 10@>:> V;N7V>=VABAL:8< @50;V7<><, ?>E>4OBL, O: ?@8?CA:0NBL, V7 V1;VW, V;NAB@>20=>W @8AB>D>< 093;><. >1@5 2V4><0 2 :8W2AL:8E 1V1;V>B5:0E, FO :=830 A;C68;0 465@5;>< V;NAB@0FVW :8W2AL:8< EC4>6=8:0< XVIII AB. 2V4A8 V;NAB@0FVW 4> ?0@01>; ?@89H;8 2 A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2>, 45 <>@0;V70B>@AL:V ?@8BGV 4>A8BL G0AB> ?@54AB02;5=V O: A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8 - 2V4 V=B5@<54V9 C 4@0<V >70G8=AL:>3> 4> AN65BV2 F5@:>2=>3> <8AB5FB20. 8<8B@VT 0G528G <02 A2>WE CG=V2, A5@54 O:8E =8=V 2V4><V 8<8B@VT >?>28G, :>B@89 4>?><0302 9><C 1762 @>:C C AB2>@5==V 73040=>3> V:>=>AB0AC. 04 >4=8< 7 V:>=>AB0AV2 1783 @>:C 7 =8< ?@0FN202 8:>;0 5B@>28G, :>B@89, O: =8=V 2V4><>, =02G02AO C >20 0A8;528G0 B0 0A8;O ><0=>28G0, 0 ?V7=VH5 - C 8<8B@VT 0G528G0. > 3@C?8 A5@1AL:8E ?>A;V4>2=8:V2 C:@0W=AL:>W EC4>6=L>W B@048FVW =0;568BL V =87:0 V=H8E 02B>@V2, G89 @V25=L <8AB5FB20 =5 4>AO30T <09AB5@=>ABV WE=VE CG8B5;V2 - C:@0W=FV2 01> A5@1V2, 0;5 28@07=> 2:07CT =0 72'O7>: V7 :8W2AL:>N B@048FVTN. &5, 7>:@5<0, ?><VG5=> C B2>@G>ABV 0=>=V<=8E G8 6 V=45=B8DV:>20=8E <09AB@V2, B0:8E O: :A5=BVT AB>WG, >0:8< 0@:528G, "5>4>@ !B5D0=>2 >;>3;020F, >20= @01>20F, !B5D0= >@0=8G B0 V=HV, 4>@>1>: O:8E I5 G5:0T =0 ?>40;LH5 4>A;V465==O[40]. /: 2V47=0G0;>AO, :@V< =02G0==O 2 B8E C:@0W=AL:8E <8BFV2, O:V ?@81C;8 4> A5@1V2, >AB0==V >E>G5 <0=4@C20;8 4> 8T20, 1> 02@AL:0 EC4>6=O <09AB5@=O :>@8ABC20;0AO 28A>:>N @5?CB0FVTN 2 CAL><C A;>2'O=AL:><C A2VBV. @>3@0<0 EC4>6=L>W H:>;8 1C;0 @V7=><0=VB=>N. "CB 28:;040;8AO <0;O@AB2>, :@5A;5==O 0@EVB5:BC@0, C 1V1;V>B5:0E 715@V30;>AO G8<0;> 1030B> V;NAB@>20=8E 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E :=86>:. @>3@0<8 =02G0==O EC4>6=8:V2 <0965 =VG8< =5 2V4@V7=O;8AO 2V4 B>3>G0A=8E ?@>3@0< 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E <8AB5FL:8E H:V; B0 0:045<V9. #AT F5 ?@8201;N20;> <8AB5FL:C <>;>4L 7 CAL>3> ?@02>A;02=>3> A2VBC, B>6 C 8T2V 2G8;8AO, >:@V< C:@0W=FV2, 1V;>@CA8, <>A:>2VB8, 28EV4FV 7 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E 75<5;L, ?>;O:8, ;8B>2FV, 0;5 =091V;LH5 AN48 ?@8E>48;> A5@1V2[41]. @> ?5@51C20==O A5@1AL:8E CG=V2 C 8T2V VA=CT 265 G8<0;0 ;VB5@0BC@0, 0;5 =091V;LH5 2>=0 AB>ACTBLAO 8W2AL:>W 4CE>2=>W 0:045<VW, 45 ;8H5 7 1726 ?> 1762 @V: 70@5TAB@>20=> 28 A5@1AL:8E A;CE0GV2. 0 60;L, =5 715@V3AO 0@EV2 02@AL:>W EC4>6=L>W H:>;8, B><C =52V4><>, EB> 7 B8E A;CE0GV2 =02G02AO A0<5 <0;O@AB20. @>B5 =0O2=V D0:B8 70A2V4GCNBL 4>A8BL 28A>:C @57C;LB0B82=VABL 72'O7:C A5@1V2 A0<5 7 F8< F5=B@>< <8AB5FB20. :@5<V V7 A5@1AL:8E <8BFV2, V<5=0 O:8E 7=0E>48<> G8 @5:>=AB@CNT<> =0 ?V4AB02V 715@565=8E ?@0FL, <>3;8 ?52=89 G0A ?5@51C20B8 157?>A5@54=L> 2 8T2V, O: F5 V;NAB@CT 68BBT289 H;OE !B5D0=0 "5=5FL:>3>. @81;87=> 2 B>9 A0<89 ?5@V>4 - C 50-V @>:8 XVIII AB. - BCB =02G02AO V EC4>6=8:, 2V4><89 ?V4 V<'O< C@8H0. 06;828< 465@5;>< 4;O ?>HC:V2 A;V4V2 ?5@51C20==O A5@1AL:8E CG=V2 C 8T2V AB0;8 ":C61CH:8", <8AB5FL:V 71V@=8:8, I> <0;8 25;8:5 28E>2=5 9 >A2VB=T 7=0G5==O. >A;V465==O WE B0 V=H8E <0B5@V0;V2 C &5=B@0;L=><C 45@602=><C VAB>@8G=><C 0@EV2V #:@0W=8 2V4:@8;8 I5 420 V<5=V - >A8D0 !5@18=0 B0 0E0@VT ;5:ATT20. V4><>, I> ?5@H><C - CG=52V <0;O@=V 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8 - =0;560BL >:@5<V 5A:V78. "0:, C ;02@AL:><C :C61CH:C %%-114 =0 0@:CH0E 1, 5, 6, 21 715@53;8AO 40B>20=V 1749 @>:>< <0;N=:8 3>;V2, @C:, >:0 7 ?V4?8A0<8 >A8D !5@18= @8A>20;", ">A8D !5@18="[42]. ;L1>< 5A:V7V2 V7 24 0@:CHV2 A2>T@V4=> V;NAB@CT ?@>F5A >?0=C20==O <09AB5@=VABN ?5=7;O WE=V< 02B>@>< >A8D>< !5@18=8<. V= 2?@02=> A;V4CT 7@07:0<, =5 <5E0=VG=> :>?VNNG8 ":C61CH:8", 0 A2>T@V4=> >A<8A;NNG8 WE, 28O2;ONG8 GVB:VABL <0;N=:C B0 @50;VAB8G=VABL D>@<8, =5B8?>2V 4;O B>3>G0A=>3> A5@1AL:>3> 682>?8AC[43]. /:I> !5@18= ?@81C2 4> 8T20 1748 @>:C, B> 0E0@VT ;5:ATT2 (?@V728I5 2:07CT =0 <>6;825 ?>E>465==O 7 >T2>48=8) >?8=82AO BCB 1750-3>, ?@> I> A2V4G8BL 9>3> 725@=5==O 4> :8W2AL:>3> 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@0 7 ?@>E0==O< 4>72>;8B8 =02G0B8AO <0;N20==O 2 8T2>-5G5@AL:V9 ;02@V.  V=H>3> 4>:C<5=B0 4V7=0T<>AO, I> "VT@><>=0E>2V A5@1AL:>W =0FVW" ?VA;O 2V4?>2V4=>3> :0@0=B8=C 4>72>;5=> <5H:0B8 2 :0B5@8=8=AL:><C <>=0AB8@V =0 >4>;V, 45 2V= V =02G02AO V:>=>?8A=>3> <8AB5FB20[44]. > 3@C?8 :8W2AL:8E CG=V2 =0;568BL >20= >?>28G, O:89 7 1751 ?> 1753 @V: =02G02AO <0;O@AB20 2 8T2V. V4><>, I> 2V= 1C2 A;CE0G5< 8W2AL:>W 4CE>2=>W 0:045<VW B0 WW EC4>6=L>W H:>;8 - F5 ?V4B25@46CNBL 5A:V78 7 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8 B8E @>:V2[45]. "CB 2V= ?>7=09><82AO 2 @5?@>4C:FVOE V7 B2>@0<8 <8BFV2 5=5A0=AC, <0=LT@87<C B0 10@>:>. # 9>3> AB8;V >?@0FN20==O F8E 465@5; ?><VB=89 2?;82 C:@0W=AL:>W H:>;8[46]. 0?>78G5=V B@048FVW .>?>28G ?5@5=>A82 =0 A2>W @>1>B8, I> V;NAB@CT V:>=>AB0A A5@1AL:>W F5@:28 C !C1>B8FV. >ABC?>2> EC4>6=8: ?@03=C2 2V4V9B8 2V4 ?5@H>465@5;, =01;860NG8AL 4> 157?>A5@54=L> 70EV4=>3> <8AB5FB20. /: <>6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, C =0;03>465==V 72'O7:C 7 8T2>< A2>N @>;L 2V4V3@0;8 C:@0W=AL:V EC4>6=8:8, :>B@V ?@0FN20;8 A5@54 A5@1V2, I> V;NAB@CT 4>;O !8<5>=0 0;B8G0. V= 7304CTBLAO C 8T2V 1762 @>:C O: G5=5FL <>=0AB8@O %>?>2>, 2V4><>3> BVA=8<8 72'O7:0<8 7 8T2><. !0<5 BCB ?5@51C202 7 1758 @>:C 0A8;L ><0=>28G, B>6 =5157?V4AB02=V ?@8?CI5==O, I> 2V= <V3 2?;8=CB8 =0 ?@89=OBBO @VH5==O I>4> A?@8O==O <>;>4><C B0;0=>28B><C <09AB@>2V C 2V41CBBV 4> 8W2AL:>W ;02@8. &V;:>< <>6;82>, I> 0;B8G 74>1C2 C %>?>2> ?>?5@54=N ?V43>B>2:C 2 <0;O@AB2V, 0 B0;0=B A2V9 @>728=C2 C 8T2V, 45 2V= 1762 @>:C 7304CTBLAO O: <0;O@ - F5 >7=0G0T, I> 9>3> 1C;> 287=0=> AD>@<>20=8< EC4>6=8:><[47]. /:I> 27OB8 4> C2038, I> 2 02@AL:V9 <09AB5@=V =02G0==O B@820;> B@8 @>:8, B> <>6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> 0;B8G ?@81C2 7 %>?>20 45AL C 1758-1759 @>:0E, B>1B> 2 G0A8 ?5@51C20==O B0< 0A8;O ><0=>28G0. # ?>40;LHV9 4>;V A5@1AL:>3> EC4>6=8:0 28@VH0;L=C @>;L <0;0 7CAB@VG 7 V3C<5=>< <>=0AB8@O ><8@'T "5>DV;>< ;5:A8G5<, :>B@89 ?5@51C202 C 8T2V 1762 @>:C V 70?@>?>=C202 0;B8GC ?@8WE0B8 4> FL>3> <>=0AB8@O, @>7B0H>20=>3> C A5@1AL:8E ?>A5;5==OE =0 B5@8B>@VW %>@20BVW. @81C2H8 4> ><8@'O, 0;B8G 70 ?V4B@8<:8 T?8A:>?0 0=8;0 /:H8G0 70A=>2CT ><8@AL:C V:>=>?8A=C H:>;C V AB0T WW :5@V2=8:><[48]. &O H:>;0 7=0G=> A?@8O;0 ?>H8@5==N 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20 :8W2AL:>3> 20@V0=BC A5@54 A5@1V2. 451V;LH>3> 0;B8G 28:>=C202 V:>=8 =0 V:>=>AB0A0E, @5<0 2 <>=0AB8@V ><8@'T B0 1030BL>E A5@1AL:8E F5@:20E. :>=0 "2VB8" 7 ><8@'O 70A2V4GCT, I> <09AB5@ C?52=5=> 2>;>4V2 ?5=7;5<, 1C2 B0;0=>28B8< V:>=>?8AF5<. !8<5>= 0;B8G <02 V A2>WE CG=V2, 7>:@5<0 C:C 5H:>28G0, >20=0 @18G0, 6>@465 8H;T=>28G0, A?04I8=C O:8E VI5 =54>AB0B=L> 282G5=>. @>B5 2V4><>, I> F5@:28 V <>=0AB8@V FV;>W >1;0ABV V:8, 45 >A5;O;8 A5@1V2, :>B@V >E>@>=O;8 02AB@V9AL:V :>@4>=8 2V4 >A<0=V2, @>7?8AC20;8 A0<5 FV <09AB@8[49]. 2B>@8B5B 8T20 ?>H8@N202AO V 40;V =0 70EV4 - 4> 04@V0B8G=8E 15@53V2, 45 C 0;<0FVW 68;8 A5@18. 5@0A8< 5;8G (1752-1828) 28@VH82 =02G0B8AO <0;O@AL:>W A?@028 C 8T2V, ">A:V;L:8 2 0;<0FVW =5<0T 682>?8AFO". @>B5, O: @>7?>2V40T 2V= 2 02B>1V>3@0DVW, 2V41CB8 4> 8T20 7 C1@>2=8:0 1C;> =5;53:> G5@57 G8A;5==V 04<V=VAB@0B82=V ?5@5H:>48.  4>?><>3>N 3@5:0 ?>AB>;0 5;8G 28:;>?>B02 ?0A?>@B V 28@CH82 =0 A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4. 0 V=H8<8 465@5;0<8, <VAF52V 2;0ABV 40;8 9><C 4>72V; 2V41CB8 4> >AVW, 018 =02G0B8AO <0;O@AB20, V 2V= 28@CH0T BC48 1782 @>:C. ">3> 6 @>:C 5;8G =02G02AO C 8T2>-5G5@AL:V9 ;02@V C 2V4><>3> V:>=>?8AFO VT@><>=0E0 $5>D0=0, O:89 >4@07C 6 ?>:0702 9><C 7@07:8, :>B@V B@510 1C;> ?5@5<0;L>2C20B8. "@84FOB8;VB=V9 5@0A8< 5;8G 7304CT, I> =0 B>9 G0A C 9>3> :;0AV 1C;> 25 CG=V2.  9>3> 6 A;V2, C:@0W=AL:V =0AB02=8:8 22060;8 9>3> B0;0=>28B8<, 28E20;O;8, ?@>B5 2V= 7<CH5=89 1C2 >1;8H8B8 FN A?@02C. @8G8=>N AB0;> ?>3V@H5==O 7>@C G5@57 B5, I> 2V= "<0965 C25AL G0A 4> ?V2=>GV <0;N202 V ?@8 A2VG0E B2>@82". 5;8G ?>25@B0TBLAO 1782 @>:C 2 0;<0FVN, 0;5 1786-3> 7=>2 >?8=OTBLAO 2 8T2V, 45 2V42V4CT A2>3> @>48G0 070@O[50]. 5@51C20==O EC4>6=8:0 C 8T2V 70;8H8;> A;V48 2 A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V. "0:, =04?8A =0 F0@AL:8E 2@0B0E <>=0AB8@O @C?0 "@>182 C >AVW 2 8T2V 5@0A8< 5;8G @>:C 1789" 70A2V4GCT, I> V F59 CG5=L ?@0FN202 C A515 =0 10BL:V2I8=V[51]. >70 AC<=V2><, 30;5@5O A5@1AL:8E <8BFV2, O:V =02G0;8AO 2 8T2V, 40;5:> =5 28G5@?CTBLAO 73040=8<8 V<5=0<8. 5O:V 7 =8E ?>25@B0;8AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C, V=HV 70;8H0;8AO 2 8T2V, O: >A8D !5@18= 01> /:V2 !5@18=, :>B@V C2V9H;8 C "!;>2=8: EC4>6=8:V2, I> ?@0FN20;8 =0 #:@0W=V 2 XIV-XVIII AB." ..>;B>2AL:>3>. 5157?V4AB02=8<8 T ?@8?CI5==O, I> 45O:V ?>40;8AO 4> A5@1AL:8E ?>A5;5=L, O:V 28=8:0;8 2 F59 G0A =0 ?V24=V #:@0W=8. /:I> >AB0==V 2;820;8AO 2 C:@0W=AL:5 <8AB5FB2>, ?5@HV AB2>@N20;8 =>25 A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2>, ?>7=0G5=5 28@07=> C:@0W=AL:8<8 @8A0<8. V45@0<8 FL>3> <8AB5FB20 1C;8 >2 0A8;528G B0 0A8;L ><0=>28G, 70 =8<8 9H;0 FV;0 3@C?0 <8BFV2, O:V 45<>=AB@CNBL GVB:> 28@065=89 ?@>F5A 2V4E>4C 2V4 AB0@8E 7>3@0DAL:8E AE5< =0 :>@8ABL 10@>:>. 09AB5@ 7 <VAB0 @04 !B5D0= "5=5FL:89, 8:>;0 5H:>28G V7 @H0F0, EC4>6=8:8 <2@>AVT /=:>28G, 8<8B@VT 0G528G, @83>@VT >?>28G, /=:> %0;:>7>28G, >20= >?>28G, 8<8B@VT >?>28G, >20= @01>20=, 0A0 AB>WG B0 V=HV =0;560BL 4> :>3>@B8 ?@>2V4=8E <8BFV2, G8W B2>@8 70A2V4GCNBL ?5@5:>=;8289 ?@>F5A 10@>:870FVW A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 C 044C=02'W. 45BLAO ?@> A?@026=V9 D5=><5= C <8AB5FB2V, :>;8 157?>A5@54=V B2>@GV 72'O7:8 A?@8G8=ONBL ACBBT2V 7<V=8, :>B@V >FV=NNBLAO O: 15770?5@5G=89 ?@>3@5A 4CE>2=>3> @>728B:C FV;>W =0FVW. >=:@5B=> F5 A?>AB5@V30T<> =0 =87FV ?@8:;04V2, A5@54 O:8E =091V;LH ?>:07>28< T <>=C<5=B0;L=89 ABV=>?8A @CH54>;C. >E>465==O 10@>:>2>3> ABV=>?8AC >482C 3V4=0 <09AB5@=VABL. 5O= 540:>28G. =0G5==O 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W V:>=>?8A=>W <09AB5@=V 4;O A5@1AL:>3> >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 XVIII AB. V;NAB@CT <>=C<5=B0;L=89 ABV=>?8A <>=0AB8@O @CH54>;. >=0AB8@ @>7B0H>20=89 C =8=VH=V9 >T2>48=V, =0 ?V245==8E AE8;0E $@CH:>2>W 3>@8. 0A=>20=89 1513 @>:C, 2V= 7 1708-3> ?5@5B2>@NTBLAO C <8B@>?>;8GC @57845=FVN, 0 7 G0A>< - C <027>;59 A5@1AL:8E 2>;>40@V2 B0 ?@02>A;02=>W 25@EV2:8. V4><89 A2>W<8 D@5A:0<8 XVI AB., @>7:VH=>N @V7=8F5N, V:>=>AB0A><, <>=0AB8@ C ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. 707=0T ?5@51C4>2. /: V 2 #:@0W=V, C A5@1V2 2 B>9 ?5@V>4 2V41C20TBLAO ?@>F5A 040?B0FVW ?0<'OB>: A5@54=L>2VGGO 4> ?>B@51 =>2>W 4>18. "0:, 1726 @>:C C @CH54>;V 1C4CTBLAO 472V=8FO C 10@>:>2><C AB8;V, 0 =0 <VAFV 402=VE D@5A>: <>=0AB8@AL:>W F5@:28 ;03>2VI5==O 7'O2;ONBLAO =52V4><V @0=VH5 70 AB8;5< V <0=5@>N <0;N20==O ABV=>?8A8, 28:>=0=V <V6 1750 V 1756 @>:0<8. 82>?8A ;03>2VI5=AL:>W F5@:28 <>=0AB8@O @CH54>; 7402=0 ?@825@B02 C203C 4>A;V4=8:V2[52]. 0 WE=N 4C<:C, <>=C<5=B0;L=89 @>7?8A E@0<C T >4=8< V7 =09?@575=B015;L=VH8E 27V@FV2 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. '8<0;> =0C:>2FV2, 28A>:> >FV=NNG8 :@CH54>;LAL:89 682>?8A, 28A;>2;N20;8 A2>T 7482C20==O A<V;82VABN 9 >@83V=0;L=VABN 9>3> 28@VH5==O, O:5 B0: :>=B@0ABC20;> 7 B2>@GVABN A5@1AL:8E <0;O@V2-7>3@0DV2, :>B@V 2 ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. CA5 I5 =0A;V4C20;8 2V70=BV9AL:V B@048FVW. 82>?8A >:@5<8E :><?>78FV9, O: 707=0G0T .540:>28G, E0@0:B5@87CTBLAO 2V;L=VH8< 2V4GCBBO< D>@<8, 7=0G=> A8;L=VH8<, V=>4V =02VBL A:C;L?BC@=8< <>45;N20==O< V @>728=5=8< 75;5=8< ?597065<, ?@03=5==O< 70 4>?><>3>N 20;L>@V2 48D5@5=FVN20B8 ?;0=8. 45BLAO ?@> <09AB@0, ":>B@89 28O2;OT 7=0G=> 1V;LHV <8AB5FL:V 74V1=>ABV, 1V;LHC 2?52=5=VABL 2 >?0=C20==V 25;8:>3> ABV==>3> ?@>AB>@C". !F5=8 ?@> 75<=5 68BBO %@8AB0 "=0;560BL 4> =09287=0G=VH8E 4>AO3=5=L 10@>:>2>3> <>=C<5=B0;L=>3> 682>?8AC 2 A5@1V2.., 0 <0;L>20=0 0@EVB5:BC@0 V =02VBL >1;8GGO 1030B> 2 G><C =0304CNBL @VH5==O, ?@8B0<0==V VB0;V9AL:><C, >A>1;82> 25=5FV0=AL:><C ?V7=L>@5=5A0=A=><C B0 <0=LT@8AB8G=><C 682>?8AC"[53]. #G5=89 .0H0=8=, >FV=NNG8 @>1>BC =52V4><>3> <09AB@0, B0:>6 ?V4:@5A;N202: "!CBBT28< 4;O @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 T B5, I> 2V= ?@03=5 <0;N20B8 C B@048FVOE 5=5A0=AC, O:89 G5@57 BC@5FL:C =020;C 70;8H82AO =52V4><8< A5@10< <0965 2?@>4>26 B@L>E AB>;VBL"[54]. V47=0G0NG8 =>20B>@AB2> 682>?8AC, 4>A;V4=8:8 AB028;8 ?8B0==O ?@> 9>3> 35=578A B0 02B>@V2. E 2@060;>, 72V4:8 2 EC4>6=8:0 B0:0 ?>482C 3V4=0 <09AB5@=VABL. @8?CA:0;>AO, I> 945BLAO ?@> A8AB5<0B8G=5 ABC4VN20==O 2 O:><CAL 25;8:><C T2@>?59AL:><C F5=B@V <0;O@AB20"[55]. @8 7'OAC20==V H;OEV2 ?@>=8:=5==O 2 !5@1VN 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E, =5B8?>28E 4;O ?>?5@54=L>3> A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, B5=45=FV9 A5@54 4>A;V4=8:V2 A?>G0B:C >:@5A;8;8AO 42V B>G:8 7>@C. 5@H0, E0@0:B5@=0 4;O ?@0FL =51030BL>E 02B>@V2 <8=C;8E 45AOB8;VBL, ?>;O30;0 C ?@8?CI5==V, I> VA=C20;8 157?>A5@54=V :>=B0:B8 A5@1AL:8E <8BFV2 V 70EV4=>T2@>?59A:8<8 >A5@54:0<8. @>B5 =0ABC?=V 4>A;V465==O I> 3@C=BC20;8AO =0 45B0;L=VH><C 0=0;V7V AB8;N V <0=5@8 28:>=02FV2, 0 B0:>6 =0 4>:C<5=B0E, 40;8 ?V4AB028 70?5@5G8B8 FN 4C<:C V 2:070B8 =0 V=H89 H;OE. # ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:5 <8AB5FB2> ?@>=8:0;> 2 !5@1VN 2 >A=>2=><C 157?>A5@54=L> G5@57 #:@0W=C 7>:@5<0 G5@57 8T2>-5G5@AL:C V:>=>?8A=C <09AB5@=N. C;LBC@=>-<8AB5FL:89 4>A2V4 8T20 A5@1AL:V VT@0@E8 ?@89<0;8 157 70AB5@565=L, >A:V;L:8 9H;>AO ?@> <8AB5FB2>, O:5 ?@>9H;> 28?@>1C20==O C =0?@C65=V9 1>@>BL1V O: V7 H;OE5BAL:>N B0: V 7 <CAC;L<0=AL:>N 703@>7>N. 0EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V 5;5<5=B8 BCB 1C;8 ?5@5>A<8A;5=V V AB0;8 70A>1>< CB25@465==O <VAF528E =0FV>=0;L=8E B@048FV9. 5@59<0NG8 F5 <8AB5FB2>, A5@1AL:V 70<>2=8:8 2V4:@820;8 H;OE 4;O ?>H8@5==O CAB0;5=8E 7@07:V2 C:@0W=AL:>W V:>=>3@0DVW, :><?>78FV9=8E, :>;>@8AB8G=8E B0 V=H8E 70A>1V2. &L><C A?@8O;0 FV;5A?@O<>20=0 04<V=VAB@0B82=0 4VO;L=VABL A5@1AL:>W F5@:>2=>W 25@EV2:8[56]. 7=09><;5==O 7 @>7?8A0<8 F5@:28 ;03>2VI5==O 7 <>=0AB8@O @CH54>; 40T ?V4AB028 22060B8, I> WE 28:>=0=> =5 >4=8< <09AB@><. >7?8A8 2V2B0@=>W G0AB8=8 B0 ?@8B2>@C A:;040NBL T48=5 FV;5. 0 AB8;VAB8G=8<8 >A>1;82>ABO<8 682>?8A 2V2B0@O - @>1>B0, I> =0;568BL >4=><C <09AB@>2V, 0 :><?>78FVW ?V4:C?>;L=>3> ?@>AB>@C A2V4G0BL ?@> V=H>3> 02B>@0. !?V;L=8< 4;O >1>E 28:>=02FV2 T B5, I> WE=O B2>@GVABL <0T 28@07=> 10@>:>2C >@VT=B0FVN. 2060;>AO, I> 2V2B0@=C G0AB8=C 9 ?@8B2>@ 28:>=02 8:>;0 5H:>28G, 0 ?V4:C?>;L=C - !B5D0= "5=5FL:89. V4AB028 4;O ?>4V1=8E B25@465=L 4020;> ?>@V2=O==O @>1VB F8E A5@1AL:8E <09AB@V2 V7 @>7?8A0<8 @CH54>;C.  V=B5@'T@V E@0<C 1C;0 V:>=0, ?V4?8A0=0 :@8?B>=V<>< !.". 9 ?@8B0<0==V 10@>:>20 AB8;V70FVO, 28:>@8AB0==O ?59706C O: D>=C. >AB0BV =0 V:>=V 45:>@>20=> 10@>:>28<8 5;5<5=B0<8, 0;5 7>1@065=> I5 AB0B8G=>, V7 70AB>AC20==O< G5@2>=>3> B0 1;0:8B=>3> :>;L>@V2. A:V;L:8 FV >A>1;82>ABV T E0@0:B5@=8<8 V 4;O 682>?8AC :@CH54>;LAL:>W F5@:28, .8<8B@VT28G-8:8G 28A;>28;0 4C<:C, I> =0ABV==V @>7?8A8 28:>=0=V B8< A0<8< 02B>@><, 70C20682H8 ?@8 FL><C, I> !."5=5FL:89 74>1C202 >A2VBC 2 >AVW, 2 O:><C "A8;L=> <>45@=V7>20=><C @CAL:><C >1@07>B2>@G><C F5=B@V"[57]. 5 70?5@5GCNG8 FVTW B578, .540:>28G :>=:@5B87CT, I> =092V@>3V4=VH5 945BLAO ?@> 8W2[58]. >40;LH5 282G5==O 0@EV2V2 40;> ?V4AB02C 7 1V;LH>N 2?52=5=VABN AB25@46C20B8, I> A5@1AL:89 <09AB5@ A?@024V ?5@51C202 C :>=B0:BV 7 C:@OW=AL:8<8 EC4>6=8:0<8 V 74>1C202 >A2VBC 2 8T2V[59]. @>B5 A5@1AL:V CGG=V, :>B@V =02G0;8AO 2 #:@0W=V, 1C;8 2V4><V O: V:>=>?8AFV B0 ?>@B@5B8AB8[60]. >=C<5=B0;L=>-45:>@0B82=5 <8AB5FB2> FV:028;> WE <0;>, >A:V;L:8 2 V=B5@'T@V A5@1AL:8E E@0<V2 B8E G0AV2 3>;>2=5 7=0G5==O =04020;8 1030B>O@CA=><C V:>=>AB0A>2V. 5;8:V =0ABV==V @>7?8A8 AB2>@N20;8AO ;8H5 B>4V, :>;8 FL>3> 28<0302 70<>2=8:, O: F5 V B@0?8;>AO 7 F5@:2>N C @CH54>;V. !;V4 ?V4:@5A;8B8, I> 4;O 28:>=0==O 25;8:8E @>1VB, =04B> :>;8 F5 AB>AC20;>AO 2V4=>2;5==O @5?@575=B0B82=8E E@0<V2, A5@1AL:0 ?0B@V0@EVO >T2>48=8 A?5FV0;L=> 70?@>HC20;0 <09AB@V2 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8.  >4=><C 7 ;8ABV2, 40B>20=><C 1734 @>:><, 707=0G0TBLAO: "...70@048 2V4=>2;5==O E@0<C A2. >0==0 @54B5GV <8 2V4@O48;8 !>D@>=VO - F5@:>2=>3> T?8B@>?0 - 4> 8T20 70 V:>=>?8AF5< B0 @V7L1O@5<, :>B@89 V ?@82V2 WE"[61].  ;8AB0 4V7=0T<>AO, I> 2 1734-1735 @>:0E C >T2>48=V ?5@51C20;8 C:@0W=AL:V <09AB@8, A5@54 O:8E, 7>:@5<0, 1C;8 V @V7L1O@V. AB0==T <0T >A>1;825 7=0G5==O, >A:V;L:8 ?@>;820T A2VB;> =0 ?8B0==O @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> @V7L1O@AB20 XVIII AB., :>B@5 45<>=AB@CT FV:02V 0=0;>3VW 7 C:@0W=AL:>N @V7L1>N ?> 45@52C[62]. # !5@1VW ?@0FN20;8 9 C:@0W=AL:V EC4>6=8:8-<>=C<5=B0;VAB8. V4><V 265 7304C20=V V<5=0 42>E <8BFV2 - F5 >2 0A8;528G B0 0A8;L ><0=>28G, O:V 2V4V3@0;8 7=0G=C @>;L C D>@<C20==V A5@1AL:>3> <>=C<5=B0;L=>3> ABV=>?8AC[63]. C<:C ?@> =0720=8E C:@0W=AL:8E <09AB@V2 O: <>6;828E 02B>@V2 :@CH54>;LAL:>3> ABV=>?8AC >4=8< V7 ?5@H8E 28A;>282 A5@1AL:89 <8AB5FB2>7=025FL .0A8G. =0945=V =8< 2 0@EV20E <>=0AB8@O >4O=8 4>:C<5=B8 ?@> A?;0BC @0EC=:V2 "<0;O@0< >2C 9 0A8;N" 40;8, O: C65 7304C20;>AO, ?V4AB02C ?@8?CAB8B8, I> 945BLAO ?@> >20 0A8;528G0 B0 0A8;O ><0=>28G0, O:V ?@0FN20;8 C 1745-1746 @>:0E =04 V:>=>AB0A>< <>=0AB8@O. >@V2=O;L=89 0=0;V7 B2>@V2 C >4O=0E B0 @CH54>;V 402 =>2V 0@3C<5=B8 4;O B25@465==O, I> @>7?8A 2V2B0@=>W G0AB8=8 :@CH54>;LAL:>W F5@:28 28:>=02 >2 0A8;528G, O:><C ?@8B0<0==V 2?52=5=VABL, 3=CG:VABL ?5=7;O B0 10@>:>25 @>7C<V==O 682>?8AC"[64]. @8E8;L=8:>< B578 ?@> C:@0W=AL:8E <8BFV2 O: 02B>@V2 :@CH54>;LAL:>3> ABV=>?8AC B0 157?>A5@54=VE =0AB02=8:V2 A5@1AL:8E EC4>6=8:V2 28ABC?0T .0284>2. 0 >A=>2V 4>A;V465==O B2>@G>ABV A5@1AL:8E <0;O@V2, I> =02G0;8AO C 8T2V, 2V= C7030;V 70?5@5GCT CG0ABL A5@1AL:8E <8BFV2 C @>7?8A0E, >A:V;L:8 =5<0T 2V4><>AB59, I> EB>AL V7 =8E 2>;>4V2 ?>4V1=>N <09AB5@=VABN. 0 9>3> 4C<:C, 206:> =02VBL V ?@8?CAB8B8, I>1 2>=8 <>3;8 >?0=C20B8 B0:89 25;8:89 ?@>ABV@ B0 AB2>@8B8 B0:V 1030BV 9 @>728=5=V :><?>78FVW, O:, =0?@8:;04, "5AV;;O 2 0=V 0;V;59AL:V9", "83=0==O B>@3>2FV2 V7 E@0<C" 01> 1C4L-O:C V=HC AF5=C V7 68BBO %@8AB0. "0:V D>@<0B8, V:>=>3@0DVG=V 9 :><?>78FV9=V @VH5==O =5<>6;82> ?@8?8A0B8 1C4L-O:><C V7 73040=8E A5@1AL:8E EC4>6=8:V2. >45= V7 707=0G5=8E <0;O@V2 =5 2>;>4V2 =0;56=8< G8=>< BVTN 40;5:> =5 ?@>AB>N B5E=V:>N, O:C A?5FV0;L=> 28:;040;8 2 EC4>6=VE H:>;0E[65]. .0284>2 22060T, I> 1V;LHC G0AB8=C 682>?8AC C @CH54>;V 1C;> 4>@CG5=> 28:>=C20B8 C:@0W=AL:8< <09AB@0<, 0 0A8;L ><0=>28G 1C2 ">4=8< V7 3@C?8 C:@0W=AL:8E EC4>6=8:V2, O:V 1756 @. ?@0FN20;8 =04 <>=C<5=B0;L=8<8 45:>@0FVO<8 @>7?8AV2"[66]. 03040T<>, I> 0A8;L ><0=>28G 2V4><89 O: A?V202B>@ ABV=>?8AC V742>-@54B5G5=AL:>W (>@8A>3;V1AL:>W) F5@:28 2 8T2V =0 >4>;V[67], >48= V7 02B>@V2 <0;O@AL:8E @>1VB C A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@OE %>?>2>, >4O=8, @5=>20F, >AB09=8FO, 28:>=025FL ?>@B@5BV2 A5@1AL:>3> 4CE>25=AB20[68]. >@V2=O;L=89 0=0;V7 @>7?8AV2 C:@0W=AL:>3> B0 A5@1AL:>3> E@0<V2, 45 ?@0FN202 . ><0=>28G, 7=0G=> ?>;53HCT 7'OAC20==O 02B>@AB20 682>?8AC <>=0AB8@O @CH54>;. 0 60;L, G8<0;> 73040=8E ?0<'OB>: =5 715@53;>AO. BV< 7=0G=V <>6;82>ABV 4;O 28O2;5==O 0=0;>3V9 40T ?>@V2=O==O B8?>;>3VG=> A?>@V4=5=>3> 682>?8AC <>=0AB8@O @CH54>; B0 "@>WFL:>W =041@0<=>W F5@:28 C 8T2>-5G5@AL:V9 ;02@V. AB0==O FV:028BL =0A =5 BV;L:8 O: C=V:0;L=0, 715@565=0 4> =0H8E G0AV2 ?0<'OB:0 C:@0W=AL:>3> <>=C<5=B0;L=>-45:>@0B82=>3> 682>?8AC XVIII AB., 0 9 O: A2>T@V4=89 5B0;>=, I> =8< 2>=0 1C;0 4;O A5@1AL:8E <09AB@V2. 5@CG8AL 70 28:>=0==O 70<>2;5==O, EC4>6=8:8 =5@V4:> 7>1>2'O7C20;8AO @>7?8AC20B8 E@0< 70 :@0I8<8 7@07:0<8 02@AL:>W H:>;8. "0:C >1VFO=:C, C7O2H8 70 27V@5FL E@0< 8:>;8 015@56=>3>, 40202, 7>:@5<0, V . ><0=>28G, :>B@89 1737 @>:C @>7?8AC202 ?@8B2>@ >@8A>3;V1AL:>W F5@:28, 682>?8A O:>W 287=0=> >4=8< V7 :@0I8E 7@07:V2 :8W2AL:>3> <>=C<5=B0;L=>3> <8AB5FB20 XVIII AB. V ?>AB02;5=> 2 >48= @O4 V7 682>?8A>< B0:8E E@0<V2, O: "@>WFL:0 =041@0<=0 F5@:20, B0 V=H8E ?0<'OB>:[69]. >A2V4 :8W2AL:8E <8BFV2, O:89 ?5@540202AO V7 ?>:>;V==O 2 ?>:>;V==O, 1C2 2V4><89 40;5:> 70 <560<8 #:@0W=8, 7>:@5<0 V =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C ?V24=V, I> 9 V;NAB@CT ABV=>?8A <>=0AB8@O @CH54>;. >7?8A8 FL>3> E@0<C - O28I5 A2>T@V4=5, G8 =5 T48=0 ?0<'OB:0 BVTW 4>18; ?>4V1=>3> ?@8:;04C <>=C<5=B0;L=>3> 682>?8AC C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V XVIII AB. =5<0T.  V=H>3> 1>:C, <>=C<5=B0;L=89 682>?8A 1C2 ?>H8@5=8< 60=@>< C:@0W=AL:>3> >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 C XVII B0 XVIII AB., B>1B> A0<5 2 ?5@V>4 V=B5=A8DV:0FVW C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E :C;LBC@=8E 72'O7:V2. @81C20NG8 4> !5@1VW B0 15@CG8AL 70 28:>=0==O 70<>2;5=L, C:@0W=AL:V <8BFV (O: F5 70A2V4GCT V @CH54>;), O: V =0 10BL:V2I8=V, >?8=O;8AO ?5@54 ?@>1;5<>N ?@8AB>AC20==O =>28E 28<>3 <8AB5FB20 (10@>:>2>W A8AB5<8 @>7?8AC) 4> 0@EVB5:BC@=>3> ?@>AB>@C. >AB020;> A:;04=5 70240==O - 70?>2=8B8 A5@54=L>2VG=89 E@0< =>28<8 @>7?8A0<8, 2=5AB8 C =L>3> 70 4>?><>3>N 682>?8AC 10@>:>289 @8B<, 48=0<V:C, =0?@C65=VABL, AB2>@8B8 V;N7VN ?@>AB>@C, >1'T<=VABL. /: V 2 C:@0W=AL:><C E@0<V, @>7?8A8 @CH54>;C A?@02;ONBL =0 ?5@H89 ?>3;O4 2@065==O 45I> <5E0=VG=>3> ?>T4=0==O :><?>78FV9. @>B5 3;81H5 >7=09><;5==O 2V4:@820T 2=CB@VH=V9 72'O7>:, ?@03=5==O 4> FV;VA=>3> >A<8A;5==O @V7=8E G0AB8= E@0<C, =040==O AN65B0< 0;53>@8G=>3> 7=0G5==O 7 C@0EC20==O< 3>AB@8E ?@>1;5< ACG0A=>ABV. >=C<5=B0;L=89 682>?8A 2 #:@0W=V 2V418202 4CE>2=5 ?V4=5A5==O ACA?V;L=>3> 68BBO, 0:BC0;V7CNG8 =030;L=V ?@>1;5<8 ACA?V;LAB20. =0;>3VG=C DC=:FVN 28:>=C20;8 V @>7?8A8 <>=0AB8@O @CH54>;. E=V9 V459=89 0:F5=B, :>=:@5B=89 72'O7>: V7 ACG0A=VABN >G5284=V, I> 28O2;OTBLAO, 7>:@5<0, C B5=45=FVW 4> VAB>@87<C,  C:@0W=AL:><C <8AB5FB2V 7 >A>1;828< ?0D>A>< AB25@46CNBLAO V45O A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV, ?@V>@8B5B ?@02>A;02=>3> A2VBC, 2V41C20TBLAO 35@>W70FVO VAB>@8G=>3> <8=C;>3>. 5;8:8< ?0==> "5@H89 A5;5=AL:89 A>1>@" B0 V=H8<8 :><?>78FVO<8 C "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9 F5@:2V ?V4:@5A;N202AO ?@O<89 72 O7>: B>3>G0A=>W C:@0W=AL:>W F5@:28 B0 ACA?V;LAB20. ">B>6=V V45W - I>4> 2V4>1@065==O AB0=>28I0 A5@1V2 C >T2>48=V - @>72820NBL V >:@5<V :><?>78FVW @CH54>;C. >:@5<0, 725@B0T =0 A515 C203C 7>1@065==O A5@1AL:8E A2OB8E @078< 7 2>;>40@O<8 A5@54=L>2VG=>W 48=0ABVW 5<0=8GV2. "0:5 7VAB02;5==O :>=:@5B=> 28?;820;> 7 ?>;VB8:8 A5@1AL:>W ?0B@V0@EVW C >T2>48=V, :>B@0 2AV;O:> ?@03=C;0 ?V4:@5A;8B8 A2>N A?>@V4=5=VABL V7 2>;>40@O<8 B8E G0AV2, :>;8 A5@1AL:0 45@6020 1C;0 <>3CB=L>N V =570;56=>N. C;LB 48=0ABVW 5<0=8GV2 ?>2'O7CTBLAO 7 >AB0==V<8 A5@1AL:8<8 2>;>40@O<8, 4VO;L=VABL O:8E ?V4B@8<C20;0AO D@CH:>3>@AL:8<8 <>=0AB8@O<8. !5@1AL:0 ?0B@V0@EVO C >T2>48=V, >B65, ?@03=C;0 ?>:070B8, I> 2>=0 T ?@>4>26C20G5< V A?04:>T<F5< B@048FV9 <8=C;>3>, >@30=V70B>@>< >?>@C ?>=52>;N20G0<, 0 B0:>6 0:F5=BC20;0 =0 T4=>ABV =0@>4C C A?V;L=V9 1>@>BL1V. !F5=0 V7 A5@1AL:8<8 A2OB8<8 70 A2>W< ;04>< T 1;87L:>N 4> B2>@V2 =0ABV==>3> 682>?8AC <09AB@V2 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> E>G0 ?52=>N <V@>N V 715@V30T >:@5<V @8A8 <VAF52>W V:>=>3@0DVW. !5@54=L>2VG=V ?5@A>=06V BCB 4VAB0NBL, O: V 2 #A?5=AL:V9 B0 "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9 F5@:20E, =>2C V=B5@?@5B0FVN: A5@1AL:V 2>;>40@V 24O3=5=V C 10@>:>25 21@0==O, 7>1@065==O ?>AB0B59 0=0;>3VG=5 AB8;VAB8G=8< >A>1;82>ABO< C:@0W=AL:>3> @>7?8AC: F5 V 48=0<VG=89 E0@0:B5@ :><?>=C20==O, V 71C465=V 5=5@3V9=V >1;8GGO, V =0O2=VABL 45O:8E 0B@81CBV2 ?@54<5B=>3> A5@54>28I0.  FV;><C C @>7?8A0E A5@1AL:>W F5@:28 ?@>AB56CT<> BV A0<V >A=>2=V B8?8 AN65B=>-60=@>28E :><?>78FV9, I> 9 C "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9[70]. 5@H89 B8? A:;040NBL AN65B8, 27OBV 7 <VAF52>W V:>=>3@0DVW, 2 V=B5@?@5B0FVN O:8E ?@>=8:;8 10@>:>2V @8A8 ("!2OBV F0@V", "5@H89 A>1>@", "!5@1AL:V A2OBV 7 5<0=8G0<8", ">EV4 ?@0254=8:V2" B0 V=.). > 4@C3>3> =0;560BL 70?>78G5=V V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E 465@5; :><?>78FVW, O:8< =040=> =0FV>=0;L=>W A2>T@V4=>ABV. >7?8A0< ?5@H>3> B8?C ?@8B0<0==0 B5=45=FVO 4> <>=C<5=B0;L=>ABV: ?>AB0BV AB0B8G=V, @CE8 AB@8<0=V, 45B0;59 <0;>. &5 ?@>AB56CTBLAO C 7<0;N20==V A5@1AL:8E :0=>=VG=8E >1@07V2 (A2OBV >20=, >;>48<8@, !B5D0=, :=O7L 070@, :>@>;L ;048A;02 B0 V=.). 2B>@ 7>A5@546CT C203C =0 7>2=VH=VE 0B@81CB0E - F5@5<>=V9=>ABV, B50B@0;L=>ABV ?>7, <0=5@V 25;8G=> B@8<0B8 657;, E28;OAB8E A:;04:0E >4O3C B>I>. >2=VH=V 5;5<5=B8 ?@520;NNBL =04 ?@03=5==O< ?@>=8:=CB8 C 2=CB@VH=V9 A2VB ?5@A>=060. 25@B0NBL =0 A515 C203C ?52=0 <>=>B>==VABL >1;8G, =528@07=> >:@5A;5=0 V=482V4C0;L=VABL E0@0:B5@V2. :>=>3@0DVG=89 B8?06 A5@1AL:8E A5@54=L>2VG=8E >1@07V2 02B>@ =04V;OT 2=CB@VH=L>N =0?@C65=VABN, ?0D>A><. /:I> ?>@V2=OB8 ?@>F5AVN A5@1AL:8E >BFV2 F5@:28 7 @>7?8AV2 XVIII AB. V 7>1@065==O 4>18 A5@54=L>2VGGO, AB0T >G5284=8< ?@03=5==O ?@>B8AB028B8 FV >1@078. #AC?5@5G A5@54=L>2VG=><C B@0:BC20==N WE C 4CAV 0A:5B87<C 02B>@ <0T =0<V@ ?>:070B8 4C0;V7< WE=L>3> A2VB>A?@89=OBBO, @>742>T=VABL <V6 75<=8<8 ?@8AB@0ABO<8 B0 =515A=8< A?>:>T<. &5 =01;86CT 707=0G5=V >1@078 4> V=B5@?@5B>20=8E C B0:89 A0<89 A?>AV1 ?5@A>= 2 >:@5<8E AF5=0E V7 "@>WFL:>W F5@:28. 060==O< ?5@59B8 2V4 7>2=VH=L>W E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 4> @>7:@8BBO 2=CB@VH=L>3> A2VBC, ?>:070B8 3;818=C E0@0:B5@C H;OE>< 0:B82=>3> 28:>@8AB0==O 45B0;59 ?>7=0G5=V :><?>78FVW 4@C3>3> B8?C. &5 - F8:; :><?>78FV9 ?V4:C?>;L=>3> ?@>AB>@C, 2 O:><C 945BLAO ?@> 75<=89 H;OE %@8AB0. 02 @0FVN .540:>28G, AB25@46CNG8, I> A0<5 FV AF5=8 =0;560BL 4> :@0I8E 4>AO3=5=L 10@>:>2>3> <>=C<5=B0;L=>3> <8AB5FB20 C A5@1V2[71]. 8B5FL 45<>=AB@CT 1V;LHC 2?52=5=VABL V 4>A:>=0;VABL C <>45;N20==V ?>AB0B59, >?0=C20==V ?@>AB>@C, H8@>:><C 28:>@8AB0==V ?5@A?5:B828. # 7<VABV @>7?8AV2 T G8<0;> 0=0;>3V9 V7 AN65B0<8 "@>WFL:>W =041@0<=>W F5@:28. &5 - AF5=8 "=35;8 V7 7=0@O44O< AB@0AB59 3>A?>4=VE", "!B0@>702VB=0 "@V9FO", "8;>A5@4O A0<0@8BO=8=0". "5<8 B0 AN65B8, 2;0AB82V C:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:>2><C 682>?8AC, 2 A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V 7'O2;ONBLAO 2?5@H5 A0<5 C @CH54>;V. > B0:8E =5B8?>28E 4;O A5@1AL:>3> <0;O@AB20 AN65BV2 A;V4 2V4=5AB8 "52'OBL 1;065=AB2", I> 254CBL A2>T ?>E>465==O V7 70EV4=>W B@048FVW - I5 2V4 "@845=BAL:>3> A>1>@C, O:89 2V4V3@02 ?52=C @>;L 2 V459=8E >@VT=B0FVOE T2@>?59AL:>3> 10@>:>. >7B0H>20=V B0: A0<>, O: V 2 "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9 F5@:2V, =0 <0A82=8E :>;>=0E, I> ?V4B@8<CNBL 10=N, V A:;5?V==OE, FV =52V4><V ?>?5@54=L><C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2C V;NAB@0FVW 4> "1;065=AB2" AC?@>2>46CNBLAO =0?8A0<8 F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>N. &V:028< T 7>1@065==O ">:@>28", O:5 V:>=>3@0DVG=5 =0;568BL 4> AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>3> B8?C. &O B5<0 7'O2;OTBLAO 2 A5@1AL:><C 682>?8AV C XVIII AB. 45BLAO ?@> >4=C 7 =09?>?C;O@=VH8E 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 V:>=>3@0DVW B5<. !5@1AL:V CG=V, I> =02G0;8AO 2 #:@0W=V, ?5@59=O;8 :C;LB >:@>28 V 2?@>2046C20;8 9>3> C @>7?8A8 =5 157 CG0ABV C:@0W=AL:8E CG8B5;V2. 5 28?04:>2> <0965 2AV =>2>70A=>20=V C >T2>48=V H:>;8 ?@8A2OGC20;8AO >:@>2V 9 =07820;8AO, O: <8 265 3>2>@8;8, ">:@>2>->3>@>48G=8<8"[72]. &O B5<0 4VAB0;0 2V4>1@065==O V 2 <8AB5FB2V. # AF5=0E V7 68BBO %@8AB0 >A>1;82> FV:02>N A2>W< >?>2V4=8< ?0D>A>< T :><?>78FVO "83=0==O B>@3>2FV2 V7 E@0<C", =028@07=C 1;87L:VABL O:>W 4> 0=0;>3VG=>3> B2>@C C "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9 F5@:2V C65 725@B0;8 C203C <8AB5FB2>7=02FV[73]. !N65B 70?>78G5=> V7 ?>?C;O@=>W A5@54 C:@0W=AL:8E 3@025@V2 B0 682>?8AFV2 1030B> V;NAB@>20=>W 3>;;0=4AL:>W V1;VW VA:0B>@0 0;5 C @>1>B0E ;02@AL:8E <09AB@V2 2V= =01C20T =>2>W V=B5@?@5B0FVW. >7B0H>20=0 2 B0:89 A?>AV1, I>1 A?@028B8 =0;56=5 2@065==O =0 3;O40GV2, FO AF5=0 2 >1>E 20@V0=B0E <0T <5B0D>@8G=5 7=0G5==O. /: V 2 #:@0W=V, 2>=0 1C;0 ?52=8< "7=0:>< 2V@8": C A5@1V2 F59 AN65B A8<2>;V7C202 283=0==O >A<0=AL:8E ?>=52>;N20GV2. 2B>@ A5@1AL:>3> 20@V0=B0 0:F5=BCT <CAC;L<0=AL:V @8A8 B>@3>2FV2, I> :>=B@0ABCNBL V7 28@07>< ?@0254=>ABV, A?>:>T< =0 A;>2'O=AL:8E >1;8GGOE @>7B0H>20=>W ?>@CG 3@C?8 A2OB8E. 5@5:>=;828< ?V4B25@465==O< B>3>, I> :@CH54>;LAL:0 :><?>78FVO 2545 ?>E>465==O 2V4 B@>WFL:>W, T 7>1@065==O %@8AB0 2 F5=B@V. !?>@V4=5=VABL ?>;>65==O 9>3> ?>AB0BV, 28@07C >1;8GGO, @>7<VI5==O =02:>;8H=VE ?5@A>=06V2, D>=C, :>;L>@>2>W 30<8, V=H8E 45B0;59 2 >1>E 28?04:0E T FV;:>< >G5284=>N. 18420 AN65B8 28:>=0=> =0 0=0;>3VG=><C B;V C@10=VAB8G=>3> ?59706C, 0@EVB5:BC@0 O:>3> O2;OT A>1>N ?>T4=0==O @5=5A0=A=8E, <0=LT@8AB8G=8E B0 10@>:>28E AB8;V2, ?@8B0<0==5 C:@0W=AL:><C <8AB5FB2C XVII-XVIII AB. /: V 2 :><?>78FVOE "@>WFL:>W =041@0<=>W F5@:28, C :@CH54>;LAL:8E A?>AB5@V30T<> =0O2=VABL 42>E ?;0=V2, ?>T4=0==O @V7=8E @8B<V2, A8=B57 28@060;L=8E 70A>1V2 A5@54=L>2VGGO B0 10@>:>. %@8AB>A 7>1@065=89 7 18G0<8 2 >1>E @C:0E, 2V= =5I04=> ;C?FNT B>@3>2FV2, ?5@525@B0T WE=V AB>;8, @>7A8?0T <>=5B8. 7 ACB> 10@>:>2>N 5:A?@5AVTN :>=B@0ABCT 7>1@065==O @>7B0H>20=>W ?>@CG 3@C?8 A?>3;O40GV2. ?>AB>;8 7<0;L>20=V AB0B8G=>, 0;5 A?>2=5=V 2=CB@VH=L>W B@82>38, A?>AB5@V30NG8 ACA0 C 3=V2V. ><?>78FVO< C @CH54>;V 2;0AB8289 E0@0:B5@=89 4;O C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> =0AB@V9 C@>G8AB>3> ?V4=5A5==O, <>=C<5=B0;V7<C, ?8H=>W 45:>@0B82=>ABV. %@8AB>A A?>2=5=89 CA2V4><;5==O ?@02>B8 A2>3> 2G8=:C, ?@>B5 >1;8GGO 9>3> A2VB;5, =5 7;5, 2V= C?52=5=89, I> @>18BL 4>1@> V 4;O 3;O40GV2, V 4;O <V=O9;V2, O:8< 40T C@>: ?>2>465==O C E@0<V. >6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> >:@5<V AF5=8 A8<2>;V7CNBL C @CH54>;V AB@0640==O =0@>4=8E <0A, ?@83=>1;5=8E BC@:0<8. 02?0:8, "8;>A5@4O A0<0@8BO=8=0", "FV;5==O =57@OG>3>", "FV;5==O ?@>:065=>3>", "DV@C20==O 24>28", "C@O =0 >75@V" =5ACBL C A>1V >?B8<VAB8G=C V45N - =0AB@V9 =04VW, @04>IV2, 2V@8 C 2872>;5==O, ?5@5<>3C 4>1@0 =04 7;><. "5=45=FVO 4> @50;VAB8G=>3> 7>1@065==O, ?@03=5==O @>7:@8B8 2=CB@VH=V9 A2VB 35@>W2 - FV >A>1;82>ABV B2>@G>ABV ;02@AL:8E <09AB@V2 ?@>AB56CNBLAO V C @CH54>;V. 8A8 >1;8G ?5@A>=06V2 E>G V 27OBV V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E 465@5;, CA5 6 4>A8BL 40;5:V 2V4 ?@>B>B8?C. "0:, " V742> >3>@>48FV" 9 ">7=5AV==O >3>@>48FV" ?>E>4OBL 7 VA?0=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20[74]. ;5 C :@CH54>;LAL:><C 20@V0=BV FV 7>1@065==O 40;5:V 2V4 :0B>;8FL:>W V:>=8. >3><0BV@ =04V;5=0 @8A0<8 A;>2'O=AL:>W 6V=:8, 24O3=5=0 C A>@>G:C, ?V4?5@570=C 25@25G:>N. 4O3 >4=>3> 7 0=35;V2 C "%@5I5==V %@8AB0" 28@07=> =0304CT C:@0W=AL:C A28B:C. 1;8GGO >:@5<8E ?5@A>=06V2 :><?>78FV9 " V742>", "%@8AB>A C 0@B8 9 0@VW", "DV@C20==O 24>28", "C@O =0 >75@V", >1@078 A2OB8E 5AB>@0, 8:8B8, 5@:C@VO 0A>FVNNBLAO 7 0=0;>3VG=8<8 C @>1>B0E ;02@AL:8E <09AB@V2[75]. @83V=0;L=VABL EC4>6=L>W >@30=V70FVW ?@>AB>@C C @CH54>;V 28:;8:0;0 ?>482 C 4>A;V4=8:V2. "V4:@8B>N 70;8H0TBLAO ?@>1;5<0 :><?>78FV9 C F5=B@0;L=><C =5DV, O:V =5 7'O2;ONBLAO 2 ?>?5@54=L><C ?5@V>4V A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 =>2VB=L>W 4>18", - ?8H5, =0?@8:;04, .540:>28G[76]. # A8AB5<V @>7?8AC @CH54>;C T =87:0 0=0;>3V9 V7 ?@8=F8?0<8 @>7?8AC 2 C:@0W=AL:><C <>=C<5=B0;L=><C 682>?8AV. &5 - AE8;L=VABL 4> F8:;VG=8E 270T<>72'O70=8E 60=@>28E AF5=. /: V 2 "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9 F5@:2V, 02B>@8 ?@03=CBL @>7:@8B8 704C< 7VAB02;5==O< 25;8:8E V <0;8E :><?>78FV9, I> @>7B0H>2CNBLAO =5 ;8H5 2 V:>=>AB0AV, 0 9 =0 ABV=0E, A:;5?V==OE. "CB C65 =5<0T B@048FV9=>W 4;O A5@1V2 ?@82'O70=>ABV B>3> G8 B>3> AN65BC 4> ?52=8E, >1>2'O7:>28E <VAFL E@0<C, 2>=8 @>7B0H>20=V 2V;L=VH5. >:07>2>N T I5 >4=0 =5B8?>20 4;O B>3>G0A=>3> A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 >A>1;82VABL >A<8A;5==O :@CH54>;LAL:8<8 02B>@0<8 0@EVB5:BC@=>W :>=AB@C:FVW: @>7<VI5==O :><?>78FVW 157 C@0EC20==O :CB0. !B2>@NNG8 25;8:V ?0==>, <0;O@ =5 >1<56CT A515 ?@>AB>@>< V ?5@5=>A8BL AF5=C =0 AC<V6=C ABV=C; =0O2=VABL :CB0 =5 702060T 9><C, V :><?>78FVO A:;040T FV;VABL (">:;>=V==O <C4@5FV2 =>2>=0@>465=><C %@8ABC" B0 V=.). &59 70AV1 2;0AB8289 @>7?8A0< "@>WFL:>W =041@0<=>W F5@:28, !>DVW 8W2AL:>W. /:I> C 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:><C 10@>:> 682>?8A A:;5?V==O 9 ?;0D>=0 AB2>@NT V;N7VN =510, 0 10=O 28ABC?0T 9>3> A8<2>;><, C @CH54>;V A?>AB5@V30T<> 2V4EV4 2V4 F8E =>@<. "CB =0ABV==V AF5=8 V7 75<=>3> 68BBO =5@V4:> ?@>4>26CNBLAO V 2 @>7?8A0E A:;5?V==O. 8H5 10=O 702648 T "=51><". A<8A;5==O ?@>AB>@C C @CH54>;V ?V4?>@O4:>20=5 3>;>2=V9 <5BV - 2@078B8 3;O40G0, AE28;N20B8 9>3>. @>ABV@ =5 C<>2=89, 0 @50;L=89, 3;81>:89, ?>AB0BV 7<>45;L>20=V >1'T<=>. 2V4A8 - =0A8G5=VABL ?>4@>18FO<8, B5=45=FVO 4> 1030B>A;V2=>W @>7?>2V4V, 45B0;L=0 V;NAB@0FVO AN65BV2. A>1;820 C2030 =040TBLAO :>;L>@C, 30<0 O:>3> V45=B8G=0 B@>WFL:8< @>7?8A0<. !?>AB5@V30T<> ?@O<89 72'O7>: <V6 E0@0:B5@8AB8:>N ?5@A>=06V2 V 7030;L=8< B>=>< ?8AL<0, ?>T4=0==O< :>;L>@V2 B0 WE=VE 2V4BV=:V2. /:I> C 7>1@065==V "@5?>4>1=8E >BFV2" "@>WFL:>W =041@0<=>W F5@:28 4><V=CT B5<=89 :>;>@8B, B> C "!2OB8E =5?>@>G=8E" ?><VB=0 1V;LH0 =0A8G5=VABL OA=8<8 B>=0<8. =0;>3VG=C 70;56=VABL :>;>@8AB8G=>W 30<8 2V4 AN65BC <>65<> ?>10G8B8 C A5@1AL:8E >1@070E !B5D0=0 5<0=V 9 !B5D0=0 5@2>25=G0=>3>, 45 ?@83;CH5=V B>=8 :>=B@0ABCNBL V7 <06>@=8< :>;>@8B>< AF5= ?@> GC45A0 %@8AB0.  >AB0==VE 28O2;5=> >A>1;82C <09AB5@=VABL, I> V;NAB@CT, 7>:@5<0, :><?>78FVO "FV;5==O =57@OG>3>". "5<=>-A8=V9 V G5@2>=89 :>;L>@8 21@0==O %@8AB0 (B>=8, O:8<8 ACA =09G0ABVH5 7>1@065=89 C "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9 F5@:2V) :>=B@0ABCNBL V7 1;O:;8<8 B>=0<8 >4O3C =57@OG>3>. <V;> 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 30@<>=VN :>;L>@V2, A5@54 O:8E ?@520;NT @>65289, 02B>@ 2V4BV=NT @8A8 >1;8GGO, ?5@540T @04VA=89, AE28;L>20=89 AB0= ;N48=8. >=B@0AB A2VB;0 9 BV=V O: >48= V7 ?>H8@5=8E 10@>:>28E 70A>1V2 5<>FV9=>3> 2?;82C, 5D5:B82=> 26820=89 C "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9 F5@:2V, 70AB>A>20=89 V 2 A5@1AL:><C E@0<V, >A>1;82> C @>7?8A0E ?@8B2>@C. "0:, 7>1@06CNG8 =51>, ?@03=CG8 ?>:070B8 9>3> 1C@E;828<, =5A?>:V9=8<, 02B>@ 240TBLAO 4> <0=5@8 "B5=51@>A>" - AB2>@5==O 70 4>?><>3>N A2VB;>BV=V 4@0<0B8G=>3>, =0?@C65=>3> =0AB@>N. >;V@ 28:>=CT 206;82C DC=:FVN V C :@CH54>;LAL:><C ?59706V. ">4V1=5 0:F5=BC20==O =0 ?59706V, ?>4V1=0 2V4ACB=VABL AE5<0B87<C, B0:0 :>=:@5B870FVO, 4>1@5 @>7C<V==O ?;0=C B0 =02VBL V <0;L>2=8G5 ?V4:@5A;5==O AB0D06C - CAL>3> FL>3> B0:>6 =5 1C;> @0=VH5 2 =0HV< <8AB5FB2V XVIII AB. V =09<5=H - C A5@1AL:><C <>=C<5=B0;L=><C 682>?8AV V - 70C206CT .540:>28G[77]. > :@CH54>;LAL:>3> 682>?8AC ?59706 C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V =5 1C2 =04B> @>728=5=8< 60=@><. /: V 2 C:@0W=AL:><C <>=C<5=B0;L=><C ABV=>?8AV FVTW 4>18, 2V= I5 C<>2=89, 0;5 2V4V3@0T 25;8:C @>;L C @>728B:C AN65B=>W 4VW. 5@CG8 7 V=>75<=8E 465@5; >:@5<V AN65B8, <09AB@8 2=>A8;8 2 =8E 45B0;V <VAF52>3> :>;>@8BC (=0?@8:;04, 15@538 =V?@0 V7 ;02@AL:8<8 1C4>20<8 2 :><?>78FVW "84V==O >0==0 >3>A;>20" V7 "@>WFL:>W =041@0<=>W F5@:28). # :@CH54>;LAL:8E :><?>78FVOE "#74>@>2;5==O 1VA=C20B8E", "FV;5==O =57@OG>3>" 2 C@10=VAB8G=8E ?597060E 7>1@065=> =0 15@57V A5;O=AL:V E0B8. # B@>WFL:8E @>7?8A0E ?59706 28ABC?0T V=>4V A0<>ABV9=>, I> E0@0:B5@=> V 4;O @CH54>;C: C "@8BGV ?@> AVOG0", C AF5=0E ?V2=VG=>W 0?A848 3>;>2=C C203C 7>A5@5465=> =0 7>1@065==V ?@8@>48. =0G=C @>;L 2V4V3@0T ?59706 V 2 >?@0FN20==V V;N7>@=>3> ?@>AB>@C, :>B@89, O: V 2 C:@0W=AL:><C A5@54=L>2VG=><C 682>?8AV, @0=VH5 >1<56C202AO ?5@H8< ?;0=><. !;V4 ?V4:@5A;8B8, I> 2 A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V XVIII AB. V;N7V>=VAB8G=89 682>?8A 4>AO3 A2>3> =0928I>3> @V2=O A0<5 C @CH54>;V. &5, 7>:@5<0, V;N7V>=VAB8G=5 B@0:BC20==O 0@EVB5:BC@8 C @>7?8A0E 2V2B0@=>W G0AB8=8, ABV=>?8A O:>W T G8 =5 =0928I8< 28O2>< 10@>:>28E B5=45=FV9 C A5@1AL:><C 682>?8AV.  BCB 7=0945<> G8<0;> ?V4B25@465=L B>3>, I> C ?@8=F8?0E V=B5@?@5B0FVW ?@>AB>@C C:@0W=AL:5 10@>:> 4>AO3;> 7=0G=8E CA?VEV2. @>AB>@>289 @>7?8A C @CH54>;V, O: V 2 "@>WFL:V9 =041@0<=V9 F5@:2V, @50;V7CTBLAO 2 :><?>78FVOE 42>E B8?V2. 5@H89 A:;040NBL AF5=8 157 V;N7>@=>3> 72'O7:C V7 2=CB@VH=V< ?@>AB>@>< ("%@5I5==O", ">:;>=V==O <C4@5FV2", "@E0=35; 8E09;>" B0 V=.), 4@C389 - :><?>78FVW, 2=CB@VH=V9 ?@>ABV@ :>B@8E 704C<0=89 O: G0AB8=0 @50;L=>3> ?@>AB>@C F5@:28 (ABV=>?8A 2V2B0@=>W G0AB8=8). # 72'O7:C 7 F8< FV;:>< A;CH=8< T 70C2065==O .540:>28G0, I> 02B>@8 :@CH54>;LAL:8E @>7?8AV2 28O2;ONBL A515 :@0I5 C AB0=:>2><C 682>?8AV, 0=V6 C <>=C<5=B0;L=8E ABV=>?8A0E[78]. 45BLAO O@> >4=C 7 B8?>28E >A>1;82>AB59 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, 2 O:><C =0ABV==5 <0;N20==O ?@8=F8?>2> =5 2V4@V7=OTBLAO 2V4 AB0=:>2>3>. ;N7>@=89 ?@>ABV@ E>G V AB02 3;81H8< V 2V4:@8BVH8<, CA5 6 715@V302 VI5 2=CB@VH=N :0<5@=VABL. >2>@OG8 ?@> 0=0;>3VW C 682>?8AV 42>E E@0<V2, A;V4 707=0G8B8, I> :@CH54>;LAL:V @>7?8A8 2 FV;><C =5 4>AO30NBL @V2=O <09AB5@=>ABV B@>WFL:8E. G5284=>, WE 28:>=C20;8 <5=H ?@>D5AV>=0;L=V <09AB@8, =V6 02B>@8 @>7?8AV2 "@>WFL:>W =041@0<=>W F5@:28. 4=0: 2>=8 1C;8 4>1@5 >1V7=0=V 7 V:>=>3@0DVTN V AB8;VAB8:>N C:@0W=AL:>3> 682>?8AC XVIII AB. &V;:>< V<>2V@=>, I> <>20 945 ?@> 0A8;O ><0=>28G0 B0 >20 0A8;528G0, =5 28:;NG5=0 <>6;82VABL ?@8ACB=>ABV 9 V=H8E C:@0W=AL:8E <09AB@V2, 0 B0:>6 WE=VE A5@1AL:8E CG=V2, 7>:@5<0 28E>20=FV2 :8W2AL:>W 02@AL:>W H:>;8. #AV FV 0=0;>3VW (0 WE <>6=0 1C;> 1 =025AB8 9 1V;LH5) A2V4G0BL, I> V459=8< 7<VAB><, V=B5@?@5B0FVTN B5<, AB8;5<, G8A;5==8<8 0:F5=B0<8 :@CH54>;LAL:89 @>7?8A B8?>;>3VG=> A?>@V4=5=89 7 C:@0W=AL:8< <>=C<5=B0;L=8< <8AB5FB2><, 7>:@5<0 @>7?8A0<8 "@>WFL:>W =041@0<=>W F5@:28. &V;:>< A?@0254;82>N T 4C<:0 .0284>20, I> =V18B> "VB0;V9AL:V" >A>1;82>ABV, "3>;;0=4AL:V" @8A8, V=B5@5A 4> ?59706C, ?5@A?5:B820 B0 <09AB5@=VABL, 28O2;5=V ?@8 <>45;N20==V B0 2@V2=>2065==V :><?>78FV9, V @5HB0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E @8A C @CH54>;V - CA5 F5 ?VH;> 7 8T20[79]. @CH54>;LAL:89 682>?8A C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V 1C2 AB@V<:8< AB@81:>< C?5@54, >A>1;82> C ?>@V2=O==V 7 682>?8A>< ?>?5@54=L>W 4>18. 024O:8 :>=B0:B0< V7 8T2>< 2V41C20NBLAO 0=0;>3VG=V ?@>F5A8 72V;L=5==O 2V4 :>=A5@20B87<C, AB2>@5==O =>2>3> <0;O@AB20 H;OE>< 71;865==O B@048FV9=8E AE5< V7 A;>2'O=V7>20=>N <>48DV:0FVTN 10@>:>. 2>;NFV9=V 7<V=8 C @V7=8E 2840E A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 5;8:0 ?5@5<>30 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>... 8=:> 0284>2. >2V 10@>:>2V 2B>@3=5==O 74V9A=N20;8AO 9 G5@57 3@0DV:C, O:0 1C;0 >4=8< V7 ?>H8@5=8E O28I A5@1AL:>3> A5@54=L>2VG=>3> <8AB5FB20. # XV-XVI AB. BCB ?>ABC?>2> @>72820;0AO 3@02N@0 =0 45@52V, B>6 F59 AB8;L 20@VNNBL V 2 =0ABC?=><C, XVII AB. 0=>=V<=V 01> 2V4><V 7>3@0D8, O:V ?@>B5 265 =5 4>AO30NBL @V2=O A2>WE ?>?5@54=8:V2. ?8=82H8AO =0 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. C <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W <>=0@EVW, A5@1AL:V 3@025@8, ?>70 AC<=V2><, 1C;8 7=09><V 7 4>A8BL 28A>:8< @V2=5< FL>3> 284C ?>?C;O@=>3> 2 2@>?V <8AB5FB20. 09B0;0=>28BVHV 7 =8E =5 70;8H0NBLAO 1094C68<8 4> ?>10G5=>3> V 2=>AOBL ?52=V 10@>:>2V 5;5<5=B8 C A2>W B2>@8, AB8;L O:8E CA5 I5 BO6VT 4> A5@54=L>2VG=>W B@048FVW. @8:;04>< <>6CBL 1CB8 @>1>B8 !B. 8:8G0, :>B@89 A8<2>;VG=> C>A>1;NT <8AB5FB2> A5@1AL:>W 3@0DV:8 =0 <56V 42>E 5?>E. >20 4>10 28<030;0 2V4<>28 2V4 B@048FVW, O:0 45<>=AB@C20;0 2AV >7=0:8 70=5?04C V :>=A5@20B87<C, 0;5 F5 =5 >7=0G0;> V 2V4<>28 2V4 3@0DV:8 O: 284C <8AB5FB20. 02?0:8, A0<5 3@0DV:0 =01C20T 2 F59 G0A 206;82>3> ?>;VB8G=>3> B0 A>FV0;L=>3> 7=0G5==O.  C<>20E :>=D5AV9=>W :>=D@>=B0FVW, :>;8 <8AB5FB2> A;C68;> 206;828< 70A>1>< 2V4>1@065==O 9 ?5@5A;V4C20==O ?>;VB8G=>W <5B8, 70A>1>< ?@>?030=48, 70E8ABC =0FV>=0;L=8E V=B5@5AV2, ?@>B8AB02;5==O 7>2=VH=L><C B8A:>2V, CB25@465==O =0FV>=0;L=>W A0<>A2V4><>ABV, - FV B0 V=HV >A>1;82>ABV 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20 =0 ?>2=C A8;C 28O28;8 A515 C 3@0DVFV. 8B><0 2030 3@0DV:8 2 A8AB5<V >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 B0 EC4>6=L>W :C;LBC@8 27030;V ?>ABV9=> ?V428IC20;0AO, O: F5 70A2V4GCT @>728B>: C:@0W=AL:>W 3@0DV:8 XVI-XVIII AB.[80]. /: A:;04>20 V ACBBT20 G0AB8=0 60=@>2>3> :>@?CAC 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20, 3@0DV:0 C A5@1V2 <0;0 25;8G57=5 V45>;>3VG=5 7=0G5==O, 28ABC?0NG8 @5G=8:>< 70E8ABC =0FV>=0;L=>W VAB>@VW, 70E8ABC ?@02>A;02'O. >=0 1C;0 2V4>1@065==O< "4CE>2=>W =041C4>28", ":C;LBC@=8< ?@>DV;5< =0FVW", 28ABC?0;0 "2V7C0;L=>N :><?>78FVTN, >1@07>B2>@G8< ?V7=0==O< V A2>T@V4=8<8 2@0B0<8", G5@57 O:V A5@1AL:89 =0@>4 A?@89<02 <8AB5FL:89 B2V@ V 728:02 4> =L>3> 2 C<>20E 4>A8BL A:@CB=8E 4;O @>728B:C <8AB5FB20[81]. 2V4A8 - ?>2G0;L=>-?5403>3VG=0, ?>;VB8:>-28E>2=0 @>;L 3@0DV:8 C A5@1AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V. >@8ABCNG8AO ?>?C;O@=VABN C @V7=8E 25@AB20E, 3@0DVG=5 <8AB5FB2> 1C;> A2>3> @>4C ?>;VB8G=8< ?;0:0B><. ;O A5@1AL:>W 3@0DV:8 XVIII AB. E0@0:B5@=>N T @5;V3V9=0, V45>;>3VG=0, =0FV>=0;L=0 700=306>20=VABL. :@V< ?>;VB8G=>3> 7=0G5==O, 3@0DV:0 1C;0 7=0G=8< D0:B>@>< AB8;L>28E 7<V= =0 :>@8ABL 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> 10@>:>. 5;8:C ?>A5@54=8FL:C @>;L 2V4V3@020;0 ?@8:;04=0 3@0DV:0, >A>1;82> V;NAB@>20=V 3>;;0=4AL:V G8 =V<5FL:V V1;VW VA:0B>@0 V 0935;O, >:@5<V 3@0DVG=V 0@:CHV, I> WE G8<0;> 1C;> 2 @C:>?8A=8E 71V@:0E C:@0W=AL:8E 4CE>2=8E 2V@HV2, O:V ?>H8@N20;8AO A5@54 A5@1V2. 0@>:87>20=89 C:@0W=AL:89 4@C: A2>W< 1030B8< V;NAB@0B82=8< <0B5@V0;>< B0:>6 2:;NG0TBLAO C ?@>F5A 10@>:870FVW A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 2 044C=02'W. &5 B@820T 4> 60-E @>:V2 XVIII AB., ?VA;O G>3> 4540;V 1V;LH5 2V4GC20TBLAO 2?;82 V4=O. # FV;><C A5@1AL:0 3@0DV:0, >:@V< 70?>78G5=L #:@0W=8, ?@89<0;0 WE V7 5=5FVW, 2AB@VW, $@0=FVW. >;>2=8< ?@>2V4=8:>< B0:8E V=D>@<0FV9 7 #:@0W=8 1C;0 :=830, :>B@0, O: C65 707=0G0;>AO, 4>A8BL V=B5=A82=> ?>H8@N20;0AL V >AV40;0 2 F5=B@0E :C;LBC@8. :@V< 157?>A5@54=VE 72'O7:V2 V7 8T2><, >:@5<V 2840==O ?5@54@C:>2C20;8AO 2 A5@1AL:8E 4@C:0@=OE C 5=5FVW, V4=V, 8<=8:C. # :=86:0E 715@V30;8AO V;NAB@0FVW >@83V=0;L=8E 2840=L, O: V >D>@<;5==O, O:5 ?>BV< AB020;> =0410==O< A5@1AL:>W V:>=>3@0DVW, :=83>28402=8G>W :C;LBC@8 2 FV;><C. 840==O <VAB8;8 3@0DVG=V V;NAB@0FVW O: 4>A8BL 28A>:>3> EC4>6=L>3> @V2=O, ?@87=0G5=V 4;O @5F8?VT=B0 7 28A>:8E A>FV0;L=8E 25@AB2, B0: V A:@><=VHV - 4;O 728G09=>W ?C1;V:8. "5E=V:0 28:>=0==O - 45@52>@8B8 - 1C;0 7=09><0 A5@1AL:V9 :=83>28402=8GV9 A?@02V, 0;5 =>28< C AB8;VAB8G=><C ?;0=V 28O28;0AO WE=O 28@07=> 10@>:>20 7010@2;5=VABL. !5@1AL:V :=83>28402FV ?>2=VABN ?5@54@C:>2CNBL FV 3@02N@8 01> 6 @>1;OBL 7 =8E :>?VW, O: C 2840==V "@0<0B8:8" .!<>B@8FL:>3> C 8<=8:C 1755 @>:C. 52V4><89 02B>@, O:89 ?V4?8A02AO :@8?B>=V<0<8 ""."", 25;L<8 CA?VH=> :>?VNT "5VACA" V7 :8W2AL:>3> 2840==O, 9 FO :>?VO 22060TBLAO C A5@1AL:V9 3@0DVFV >4=VTN 7 =09:@0I8E[82]. > 287=0G=8E 7@07:V2 :=86:>2>W 3@0DV:8 70@0E>2CNBL V 45@52>@8B "&0@ 0284" C "A0;B8@V" (5=5FVO, 1764), I> T ?5@54@C:>< V7 2840==O 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8 1733 @>:C[83]. # 10@>:>2><C AB8;V 28:>=0=> V 3@02N@8-45@52>@8B8 V7 :=86:8 :8W2AL:>3> 2840==O "@<>;>3VO , ?5@54@C:>20=>W 1780 @>:C C V4=V. /:I> 45@52>@8B8, A:>?V9>20=V 7 C:@0W=AL:8E 2840=L, ?@87=0G0;8AO 4;O H8@>:>W ?C1;V:8, B> 28I8< :>;0< 04@5AC20;8AO 3@02N@8 =0 <V4V. !5@1AL:0 F5@:>2=0 25@EV2:0 28O2;O;0 ?V428I5=89 V=B5@5A A0<5 4> FVTW B5E=V:8, 70<>2;ONG8 <V4L>@8B8 V 157?>A5@54=L> 2 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E 02B>@V2. "0:, ?0B@V0@E @A5=VT III '0@=>T28G <02 C A2>W9 @57845=FVW <V4L>@8B8 V7 7>1@065==O< >A:28 C 28:>=0==V 70EV4=8E 3@025@V2 XVI AB. ;5 B@048FV9=0 >@VT=B0FVO =0 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:V 7@07:8 V 40;V ;8H0;0AO ?0=V2=>N. #:@0W=AL:0 B0 A5@1AL:0 3@0DV:0 70;8H0TBLAO 206;828< 465@5;>< 4;O A5@1AL:8E <09AB@V2 V 2 B5E=VFV <V4L>@8BC. >728B>: FVTW B5E=V:8 1C2 ?>2'O70=89 V7 :C;LBC@>N A5@1V2 C65 G0AV2 WE=L>3> ?5@51C20==O 2 ACG0A=V9 >T2>48=V, 28ABC?0NG8 206;828< G8==8:>< ?>H8@5==O 10@>:>2>W AB8;VAB8:8. =86:>20 V;NAB@0FVO :8W2AL:8E B0 <>A:>2AL:8E 2840=L V BCB T 3>;>2=8< :0=0;>< B0 28@07=8:>< @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W 3@0DV:8 =0 <V4V[84]. !5@18 1C;8 4>1@5 >1V7=0=V 7 V;NAB@0FVO<8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>2>3> 3@025@0 5>=BVO "0@0A>28G0, :>B@89 ?><VB=> 2?;8202 =0 @>728B>: C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>, >A>1;82> =0 @>728B>: 3@02N@8 C?@>4>26 XVIII AB.[85]. 4=8< V7 ?@>O2V2 H8@>:>3> 2?;82C ."0@0A528G0 =0 10@>:> 2 A;>2'O= T AB0=>2;5==O A5@1AL:>W 3@0DV:8. =86:>2V V;NAB@0FVW C:@0W=AL:>3> <8BFO, 7>:@5<0 4> 2840=L "0B5@8: ?5G>@AL:89" (1702) B0 "20=35;VT" (1703), 1C;8 4>A8BL 2V4><V A5@10<. =830 "DV:0 VT@>?>;VB8:0" 7 0;53>@8G=8<8 5<1;5<0<8, I> =0;560BL C:@0W=AL:><C 3@025@C .C1@8FL:><C, A?@028;0 25;8:89 2?;82 =0 @>728B>: <>@0;L=>-5B8G=>W B0 ?5403>3VG=>W 4C<:8 9 <8AB5FB20 =5 BV;L:8 AEV4=8E A;>2'O=[86]. >=0 <0;0 206;825 B5>;>3VG=5 7=0G5==O V 4;O A5@1V2, A;C3CNG8 465@5;>< @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W 3@02N@8 =0 <V4V. !5@1AL:V <09AB@8 :>@8ABC20;8AO =5 BV;L:8 :=86:>28<8 7@07:0<8, 4> =8E =04E>48;8 9 "B8?0@V", <V4O=V ?;8B8 (O: @57C;LB0B ?@O<8E V 157?>A5@54=VE 72'O7:V2 V7 8T2><), =0?@8:;04, 3@02N@0 ">3>@>48FO '5@=V3V2AL:0", 28:>=0=0 G5=F5< !2OB>B@>WFL:>3> <>=0AB8@O 02@8W;>< 1725 @>:C. &N @>1>BC 265 B>3> A0<>3> @>:C 1C;> ?5@540=> 2 #A?5=AL:C F5@:2C A5@1AL:>3> <>=0AB8@O <VAB5G:0 !5@1AL:89 >28=, I> 2 #3>@I8=V, 72V4:8 G5@=V3V2AL:89 ?@8<V@=8: ?>H8@N202AO A5@54 A5@1AL:8E V:>=>?8AFV2[87]. 0@>:>20 3@0DV:0 ?@>=8:0;0 4> A5@1V2 V G5@57 V45=L, 45 DC=:FV>=C20;0 4@C:0@=O "V;;V@AL:8E :=83" >A8?0 C@F15:0, 2 O:V9 284020;8AO :=86:8 4;O A5@1V2. ;5 9 BCB, 7 >3;O4C =0 >15@56=5 AB02;5==O A5@1AL:>3> :C?FO 4> 2AL>3>, I> =04E>48;> 7 :0B>;8FL:>3> A5@54>28I0, ?5@54@C:>2C20;8AO :=86:8 :8W2AL:8E ;L2V2AL:8E, <>A:>2AL:8E 2840=L V7 2V4?>2V4=8<8 V;NAB@0FVO<8. "0:, B@8 ?5@52840==O <02 "1V@=8: <>;8B>2" (1779), O:89 V G5@57 >48=04FOBL @>:V2 ?>2B>@N202 G>B8@8 3@02N@8 =0 45@52V, 28:>=0=V C 10@>:>2><C AB8;V =52V4><8< 02B>@><. # BVA=><C 270T<>72'O7:C 2VBG87=O=>W B@048FVW V7 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8<8 B0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8<8 70?>78G5==O<8 D>@<C20;0AO 9 @>72820;0AO A5@1AL:0 3@0DV:0. 8=0<V:C FL>3> ?@>F5A A2>T@V4=> C>A>1;NNBL 68BBT289 H;OE V B2>@GVABL =097=0G=VH>3> ?@54AB02=8:0 FL>3> 60=@C %@8AB>D>@0 5D0@>28G0. >3> ?>G0B:>289 5B0? AB0=>28BL B8?>289 ?@8:;04, 2 FV;><C E0@0:B5@=89 4;O @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, - A8<1V>7 ?>AB2V70=BV9AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 B0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> (C 9>3> C:@0W=AL:><C 20@V0=BV) 7 ?>ABC?>28< 28E>4>< =0 157?>A5@54=L> 70EV4=V :>=B0:B8, I> 2V41C20;>AO 2 >AB0==V 45AOB8;VBBO XVIII AB. # @0==V9 B2>@G>ABV 5D0@>28G 28ABC?0T ?>?5@54=8:>< B8E 7<V=, O:V 2V41C20B8<CBLAO 2 A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V =0 B5@5=V >T2>48=8. V= ?@89H>2 7 ?V24=O - 7 0:54>=VW - V =VA V7 A>1>N 5;5<5=B8 ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:>3> 682>?8AC, E0@0:B5@=>3> 4;O VB0;>-:@8BAL:>3> "A5;O=AL:>3> 10@>:>". # ?5@5:;04V 3@5FL:>N <>2>N 5D0@>28G G8B02 B@0:B0B 5>=0@4> 40 V=GV ?@> 682>?8A, 1C2 >1V7=0=89 V7 45O:8<8 B5>@5B8G=8<8 ?@0FO<8 70EV4=8E B5>@5B8:V2 <8AB5FB20. @0FNNG8 =04 D@5A:0<8 2 <>=0AB8@V >4O=8, 45 ?5@51C20;8 9 C:@0W=AL:V <09AB@8 B0 WE=V CG=V, 2V= =0<030TBLAO ?@8AB>AC20B8 402=V B@048FVW 4> =>28E 28<>3, A?>G0B:C 2 >@=0<5=BV, 0 ?>BV< V 2 V:>=>3@0DVW. 2060TBLAO, I> 5D0@>28G 1C2 >4=8< V7 ?5@H8E <8BFV2, O:89 >?0=C202 10@>:>2V =>20FVW 2 WE=L><C C:@0W=AL:><C 20@V0=BV. &V 9>3> @>1>B8 1736-1737 @>:V2 <0NBL ?52=V 0=0;>3VW 7 V=B5@?@5B0FVTN 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W 3@0DV:8 2 :8W2AL:8E 45@52>@8B0E. 1741 @>:C 5D0@>28G 70 ?V4B@8<:8 ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=VT C V4=V 15@5BLAO @07>< 7 2V45=AL:8< 3@0DV:>< "><> 5AA<5@>< 70 @>1>BC =04 <V4L>@8B>< "!2. !020 7 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8<8 A2OB8<8" 7 35@10<8 B0 2V@H0<8 02;0 5=04>28G0, O:89 =0 B>9 G0A >G>;N202 :0=F5;O@VN ?0B@V0@E0. ">3> A0<>3> @>:C @07>< V7 5AA<5@>< 2V= ?@0FNT =04 <V4L>@8B0<8 "!B5<0B>3@0DVW" (=097=0G=VH>3> O28I0 A5@1AL:>W 3@0DV:8 XVIII AB.) I> <0;0 B@8 ?5@52840==O. # FL><C B2>@V 5D0@>28G 70A=>2C202AO =0 ?@0FV E>@20BAL:>3> ?8AL<5==8:0 02;0 VBB5@0 VB57>28G0 7 BVTN A0<>N =072>N - "!B5<0B>3@0DVO..." (V45=L, 1701). AB0==V9 C 4CAV 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C, I> =8< =04728G09=> 1030B0 E>@20BAL:0 :C;LBC@0, ?@54AB0282 56 35@1V2 @V7=8E >1;0AB59 ;;V@VW, B>1B> !;02VW (B0: E>@20B8 =>AB0;L3VG=> V<5=C20;8 A;>2'O=AL:89 A2VB), O:V, 73V4=> 7 ?5@5:>=0==O<8 E>@20BAL:8E A;>2'O=>DV;V2, =0;560;8 4> 402=L>3> ;;V@8:C. >5B8G=C ?V4=5A5=VABL E>@20BAL:8E ?0=A;02VABV2 10@>:>2>W 4>18 G0AB> 28:>@8AB>2CNBL ACAV4=V 45@6028 C A2>WE ?>;VB8G=8E V=B5@5A0E, I> V;NAB@CT 4>;O .@VO @860=8G0, G8T @>7C<V==O C=VW ?>4V1=5 4> C:@0W=AL:>W V45W A;02V7<C 10@>:>2>W 4>18. !?04:>T<5FL @860=8G0 2 =0ABC?=><C XVIII AB. VBB5@ VB57>28G A2>W<8 <@VO<8 ?@> T4=VABL A;>2'O= 2V4?>2V402 ?>;VB8G=8< V=B5@5A0< V 2V45=AL:>3> 42>@C, V A5@1AL:>W ?0B@V0@EVW, :>B@0 <0;0 B5@8B>@V0;L=V ?@5B5=7VW I>4> >:@5<8E 10;:0=AL:8E >1;0AB59, O:V >?8=8;8AO 2 <560E BB><0=AL:>W V<?5@VW.  >3;O4C =0 FV ?>;VB8G=V V=B5@5A8 2V41C2AO A2>T@V4=89 0;LO=A A5@1AL:>3> B0 02AB@V9AL:>3> 02B>@V2, O:V A?V;L=> 283>B>28;8 "!B5<0B>3@0DVN" =0 107V E>@20BAL:>3> 7@07:0. @>B5 WE=O ?@0FO =5 T :>?VTN, BCB 10G8<> FV;C 30;5@5N A5@1AL:8E A2OB8E, =52V4><8E E>@20BAL:><C <8BF52V, V 2 4CAV 10@>:>2>3> ?0=53V@87<C A5@54 A2OB8E 7'O2;OTBLAO 9 ACG0A=8: A5@1AL:>3> 02B>@0, 9>3> ?>:@>28B5;L ?0B@V0@E @A5=VT. !5@1AL:89 <8B5FL 70 ?V4B@8<:8 02AB@V9AL:>3> (CG0ABL O:>3> 2 :>=:@5B=8E B2>@0E =5 4> :V=FO 7'OA>20=>) A:>@8AB02AO E>@20BAL:8< 7@07:>< 4;O 2V4>1@065==O ?>;VB8G=8E V459 - 3;>@8DV:0FVW ?@02>A;02'O B0 2VBG87=O=>W VAB>@VW. "8< A0<8< 2V= ?>2B>@N202 ?@0:B8:C C:@0W=AL:8E <8BFV2 XVII AB., :>;8 70EV4=V 7@07:8 =0?>2=N20;8AO 7<VAB>< V7 2VBG87=O=>W VAB>@VW. '8 <02 5D0@>28G ?5@54 >G8<0 ?@8:;048 7 C:@0W=AL:>W ?@0:B8:8 ?@O<>3> A?V;:C20==O V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8<8 <>45;O<8 - <>6=0 ;8H5 74>304C20B8AL. ;5 2V4><>, I> 9>3> 72'O7>: 7 C:@0W=AL:8< 10@>:> B0 C:@0W=AL:8<8 <8BFO<8 1C2 4>A8BL ?;V4=89. &5 A?>AB5@V30TBLAO 2 A0<V9 "!B5<0B>3@0DVW", 45 ?@575=B0FVO >:@5<8E ?@54AB02=8:V2 A5@1AL:>W F5@:28 9 VAB>@VW C AB8;L>2><C 2V4=>H5==V T 1;87L:>N 4> C:@0W=AL:>W 3@0DV:8 B0 V:>=>?8AC. 0T<> =0 C207V 2VAV< ?>@B@5BV2, AB2>@5=8E C B8?>2> 10@>:>2><C V=B5@'T@V, O:89 A5@1AL:V <8BFV 70?>78GC20;8 7 C:@0W=AL:8E 465@5;[88]. 5<0T AC<=V2C, I> C "!B5<0B>3@0DVW", :>B@0 E0@0:B5@87CTBLAO O: =>289 5B0? C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V, @50;L=89 ?>G0B>: 10@>:>2>3> ?5@V>4C C 3@02N@V[89], 02B>@ :>@8ABC202AO C:@0W=AL:8< 4>A2V4><, I> 9>3> =01C2, ?@0FNNG8 2 <09AB5@=V 02AB@V9AL:>3> <8BFO. 2'O7>: V7 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>N EC4>6=L>N B@048FVTN 1C2 =>@<>N 4;O A5@1AL:8E <8BFV2, V 5D0@>28G A2>W< ?5@51C20==O< C V4=V AB0=>28BL >48= V7 ?@8:;04V2 4>A8BL @V4:VA=8E 4;O A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 A5@548=8 XVIII AB., :>;8 157?>A5@54=T ?5@51C20==O =0 70E>4V 28:>@8AB>2CTBLAO 4;O ?5@5=5A5==O :0B>;8FL:>W <8AB5FL:>W B@048FVW =0 2VBG87=O=89 3@C=B 7 <5B>N ?5@5>A<8A;5==O =0FV>=0;L=>W @5;V3VW B0 VAB>@VW I> 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V XVII AB. 1C;> <0;> =5 =>@<>N. >6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> A5@1AL:89 ?0B@V0@E, 2V4@O460NG8 EC4>6=8:0 2 :0B>;8FL:5 A5@54>28I5, <02 ?5@54 >G8<0 AE>68 ?@8:;048 7 C:@0W=AL:>W B@048FVW. )>4> C:@0W=AL:>W B@048FVW, 5D0@>28G V 4>, V ?VA;O A2>3> ?5@51C20==O C V4=V 1C2 7 =5N 4>A8BL <VF=> 72'O70=89. V= O: ?@8?CA:0NBL, T >4=8< V7 02B>@V2 ABV=>?8AC <>=0AB8@O >4O=8, 2 O:><C =0<0302AO ?>T4=0B8 402=V B@048FVW A5@1AL:>3> D@5A:>2>3> 682>?8AC 7 =>28<8, 10@>:>2>3> ?>E>465==O, :>B@V 2=>A8;8 C:@0W=AL:V <09AB@8, I> B0:>6 @>7?8AC20;8 F59 <>=0AB8@. 2060TBLAO, I> 5D0@>28G 1C2 >4=8< V7 ?5@H8E A5@1AL:8E <8BFV2, O:89 >?0=C202 10@>:>289 AB8;L C 9>3> C:@0W=AL:><C 20@V0=BV. 5@51C20NG8 2 <09AB5@=V 5AA<5@0, A5@1AL:89 3@0DV: 74V9A=NT B5, I> @>18;>AO V 2 V=H8E 4@C:0@=OE, O:V ?@0FN20;8 =0 2VBG87=O=>3> :C?FO, - ?5@52840T :=86:8 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>3> 4@C:C. "0:, 2V= V;NAB@CT A5@1AL:V ?5@52840==O :=86>: :8W2AL:>3> B0 <>A:>2AL:>3> 4@C:C - ">CG5=85 A2OB8B5;LA:5", "!V< A<5@B=8E 3@VEV2", V;NAB@CT 1C:20@V, ?5@54@C:>20=V 7V AEV4=8E 2840=L 7 2;0A=8<8 01> 6 A:>?V9>20=8<8 V;NAB@0FVO<8. ?C1;V:>20=5 C V4=V 1742 @>:C ">CG5=VT =>2>?>AB02;5=>< T@5N" AB0=>28BL A5@1AL:89 ?5@54@C: ?5@H>3> 2840==O FL>3> B2>@C C L2>2V 1642 @>:C. <1;5<0B8G=V V;NAB@0FVW 5D0@>28G0 4> :=86:8 "!V< A<5@B=8E 3@VEV2" AB2>@5=V 2 B8?>2> 10@>:>2><C 4CAV C 283;O4V @>A;8= V7 ?@>B8AB02;5==O< 2V4?>2V4=8E F=>B, I> 1C;> 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=5 2 T2@>?59AL:V9 B0 C:@0W=AL:V9 3@0DVFV. &O :=86:0, 2840=0 7 V=VFV0B828 ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=VT, 1C;0 4>A8BL ?>?C;O@=>N V =5>4=>@07>2> ?5@5284020;0AO 7 3@02N@0< 0D0@>28G0. :>=>3@0DVG=5 28@VH5==O 3@02N@8 5D0@>28G0 "!2. :=O7L 070@" 28:;8:0T 0A>FV0FVW 7 10@>:>28<8 ?@>B>B8?0<8 AE84=>A;>2'O=AL:>W V:>=>3@0DVW. &5 A?>AB5@565==O ?>H8@NTBLAO V =0 7>1@065==O F0@O #@>H0 4;O <>=0AB8@O 7 <>I0<8 >AB0==L>3>[90]. >6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> 5D0@>28G 1C2 >1V7=0=89 7 >1@07>< #@>H0, 7<0;L>20=8< C 4@0<V >70G8=AL:>3>, 3>;>2=>3> 35@>O FVTW 4@0<8 2V= 7>1@06CT C B8?>2> 10@>:>2><C 4CAV - 7 >A>1;828< =03>;>A>< =5 =0 0A:5B87<V, 0 =0 25;8G=><C AB@0640==V. ;O ?>40;LH>3> ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 4>A;V465==O G8<0;89 V=B5@5A AB0=>2;OBL 9 V=HV 0=0;>3VW C B2>@G>ABV 5D0@>28G0 V C:@0W=AL:8E 3@0DV:V2, O:, =0?@8:;04, AN65B V 28:>=0==O V;NAB@0FVW 4> V1;VW 1646 @>:C "!?>3;O40B0W 75<;V %0=00=AL:>W" C:@0W=AL:>3> 02B>@0 ;;V B0 3@0DVG=8E V;NAB@0FV9 5D0@>28G0 4> :=86:8 "?8A0=85 @CA0;8<0"[91]. >B@51CT ?>40;LH>3> 282G5==O 35=578A >:@5<8E <>B82V2 V AN65BV2 B0 WE=T AB8;VAB8G=5 7>1@065==O C B2>@G>ABV 5D0@>28G0, O:, =0?@8:;04, 28=8:=5==O >4=>3> 7 =09:@0I8E 7@07:V2 3@0DV:8 =5 ;8H5 C A5@1V2, 0 >4=>3> 7 "=09@>7:VH=VH8E V =09@V7=><0=VB=VH8E V:>=>3@0DVG=8E 7>1@065=L" 2 >1@07>B2>@G><C <8AB5FB2V 0;:0= C FV;><C - 3@0DV:8 5D0@>28G0 ">3>@>48FO - 68BBT409=5 465@5;>"[92].  >A=>2V B2>@C - 402=O 2V70=BV9AL:0 ;535=40, 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=0 =0 D>=V. # ?>?C;O@870FVW ;VB5@0BC@=>W >A=>28 @5;V3V9=>W ;535=48 A5@54 A;>2'O= 206;82C @>;L 2V4V3@02 7304C20=89 C:@0W=AL:89 G5=5FL 7 D>=C !0<V9;> 0:0G8G, :>B@89 ?5@5:;02 "'C45A0 >3>@>48FV" 7 25=5FV0=AL:>3> 2840==O 1641 @>:C A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>N, 7024O:8 G><C ;535=40 =01C;0 H8@>:>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV, ?5@59H;0 2 <8AB5FB2>, 2 BV< G8A;V 9 C:@0W=AL:5, 1C;0 2V4><0 .0;OB>2AL:><C. 5D0@>28G <V3 7=0B8 ?@> FN ;535=4C 7 2VBG87=O=8E 465@5;, 0;5 AB8;L WW 7<0;N20==O 40T ?V4AB028 4;O ?@8?CI5==O, I> A5@1AL:89 3@025@ <02 ?5@54 A>1>N O:89AL 7@07>: 28A>:><8AB5FL:>3> @V2=O, 9<>2V@=>, 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O 71> 6 C:@0W=AL:>3>[93]. "@820;89 72'O7>: 5D0@>28G0 7V AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>N EC4>6=L>N B@048FVTN 70A2V4GCNBL G8<0;> D0:BV2. V= =5 BV;L:8 A;V4C202 ?@02>A;02=V9 B@048FVW (O: C 28?04:C @>1>B8 =04 <V4L>@8B>< "!2OB89 >0== ;0B>CAB", A:>?V9>20=8< V7 3@02N@8 20=0 C1@>20), 0 9 04@5AC202 A2>W ?@0FV A;>2'O=AL:><C AE>4>2V. "!B5<0B>3@0DVO" ?@87=0G0;0AO V 4;O >AVW, :C48 2>=0 G5@57 ?V4>7@8 B0 ?5@5?>=8 02AB@V9AL:>W F5=7C@8 ?5@5A8;0;0AO B0T<=8<8 :0=0;0<8. DVFV9=89 ?@54AB02=8: A5@1AL:>W F5@:28 8<8B0@ 0@0A:528G A?5FV0;L=> 2V7 FN @>1>BC 4;O ?@54AB02;5==O WW 28A>:>?>AB02;5=8< >A>10< @>AV9AL:>W F5@:28. 0@5HBV, 9 >AB0==V9 1V>3@0DVG=89 D0:B 5D0@>28G0 70A2V4GCT 9>3> 72'O7>: V7 >AVTN, I> 2 FV;><C 1C;> B8?>28< O28I5< 4;O A5@1AL:>3> @CA>DV;LAB20. 1753 @>:C <8B5FL 28@CH0T G5@57 #3>@I8=C 4> >A:28. 5157?V4AB02=8< T ?@8?CI5==O, I> 9>3> H;OE8 ?@>;O3;8 G5@57 8W2, 2V42V48=8 O:>3> 22060;8AO 2 A5@1AL:><C V=B5;5:BC0;L=><C A5@54>28IV ;54L =5 <>@0;L=8< >1>2'O7:><. 092V@>3V4=VH5 2V= "7060402 ?>10G8B8 40;5:C :@0W=C, :=86:8 V:>=8, <V4L>@8B8 9 @5GV ?@8:;04=>3> <8AB5FB20 O:>W 2V= 7CAB@VG02 <0;> =5 2 :>6=V9 F5@:2V 0@;>20FL:>W <8B@>?>;VW" 22060T .0284>2[94]. 5D0@>28G 28@CH82 BC48 =0 E28;OE 7030;L=>3> ?V4=5A5==O O:5 >E>?8;> A5@1V2 2AB@V9AL:>W <>=0@EVW, :>B@V ?5@5A5;O;8AO 4> >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW, >?8=ONG8AL 2 #:@0W=V, ?@> I> 9B8<5BLAO 40;V. /: V 1030B> 9>3> 75<;O:V2, 2V= =5 ?>25@=C2AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C. @81C2H8 1753-3> 2 >A:2C, 5D0@>28G B>3> @>:C B0< V ?><5@. 091V;LH89 ?VA;O 5D0@>28G0 ?@54AB02=8: A5@1AL:>W 3@0DV:8 0E0@VT @D5;V= A2>W ;VB5@0BC@=V B2>@8 V;NAB@C202 2;0A=>@CG=8<8 3@02N@0<8. >=8 B0:>6 28=8:0NBL O: A8=B57 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>W B0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W B@048FV9 V7 ?5@52060==O< ?5@H>3> :><?>=5=B0, B>1B> :8W2AL:>W :=86:>2>W V;NAB@0FVW, ?5@H 70 2A5 - "DV:0 VT@>?>;VB8:0". 1758 @>:C @D5;V= V;NAB@C202 C 2;0A=><C 2840==V "@B>4>:A ><>;>3VN" 7 :0B5EV78AC 5B@0 >38;8. 4=VTN 7 :@0I8E V;NAB@0FV9 :=86:8 22060TBLAO 3@02N@0 "!2OB0 "@V9FO", :>B@C A5@1AL:89 <8B5FL ?5@5:>?VN202 V7 >4=>9<5==>3> :8W2AL:>3> 2840==O :0B5EV78AC. > 2;0A=>W "AB>@VW 5B@0 5;8:>3>" (5=5FVO, 1772) 3. @D5;V= B0:>6 ?V43>BC202 V;NAB@0FVW, O:V 70A2V4GCNBL 28A>:89 @V25=L C<V;>3> ?>T4=0==O C:@0W=AL:>-@>AV9AL:8E B0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E AB8;L>28E O28I. &8<8 B2>@0<8 02B>@ =01;860TBLAO 4> <8AB5FB20 @>:>:>[95]. !5@1AL:V <8BFV, I> 70;8H0;8AO 2 8T2V, ?@0FN20;8 2 4CAV C:@0W=AL:>W B@048FVW, 2E>4OG8 2 VAB>@VN 2VBG87=O=>W 3@0DV:8, O: F5 45<>=AB@CT ?>AB0BL /:>20 !5@18=0[96]. # 70-E @>:0E 2 8T2>-5G5@AL:V9 ;02@V F59 <09AB5@-3@025@ 28:>=02 G>B8@8 V:>=8-45@52>@8B8, I> 715@V30NBLAO 2 0@EV2V 02@8[97]. '5@57 28@0 10@>:>2V @8A8, ?52=5 ?>@CH5==O :0=>=VG=8E =>@< 2>=8 1C;8 >7=0G5=V >DVFV9=>N <>A:>2AL:>N 2;04>N O: "157>1@07=V V:>=8"[98]. >6;82>, V:>=8 /. !5@18=0 =04A8;0;8AO 4> A5@1AL:8E ?>A5;5=FV2 =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE 01> 6 - V7 <0=4@82=8<8 F5@:>2=8:0<8 - =0 10BL:V2I8=C. !:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N :C;LBC@=>-VAB>@8G=>W ?0=>@0<8 A5@1AL:>3> XVIII AB. T :=86:>20 V;NAB@0FVO, 2 FV;><C V:>=>3@0DVO :=838, O:0 B0:>6 =5 <>3;0 =5 707=0B8 7<V=, >A:V;L:8 :=830 <0;0 25;8G57=5 7=0G5==O 2 :C;LBC@=><C >1<V=V. "V G8A;5==V :=86:8 :8W2AL:8E, <>A:>2AL:8E, ;L2V2AL:8E 2840=L, I> =04E>48;8 @V7=8<8 H;OE0<8 4> A5@1V2, =5 BV;L:8 70;8H8;8 ?><VB=89 A;V4 C D>@<C20==V ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28 XVIII AB., 0 9 A2>W< 3@0DVG=8< @5?5@BC0@>< 2?;820;8 =0 >D>@<;5==O A5@1AL:>W :=838. V4><>, I> 2 8T2V =02G0;8AO ?0;VBC@=>W A?@028 A?5FV0;L=> 2V4@O465=V AN48 A5@1AL:V CG=V[99]. 2V4A8, A?>G0B:C - 2 BV 4@C:0@=V, 45 284020;8AO :=86:8 4;O A5@1V2, 0 ?V7=VH5 - 157?>A5@54=L> =0 10BL:V2I8=C, 2>=8 =5A;8 :=86:>2C V;NAB@0FVN 7 B8?>28<8 @8A0<8 10@>:>. !CBBT2V 7<V=8 2V41C20NBLAO V 2 V;NAB@C20==V :=86>:, I> 70A2V4GCT B2>@GVABL 02@8;0 !B5D0=>28G0-5=F;>28G0 B0 8:>;8 5H:>28G0. %>G0 =0 0;:0=8 =04E>48;0 25;8:0 :V;L:VABL 4@C:>20=8E :=86>: 7V AE>4C, 402=O B@048FVO ?5@5?8AC20==O :=83, O: 707=0G0;>AO 28I5, B@820T 9 40;V. :@5<V AB>@V=:8 ?@8:@0H0NBLAO <V=V0BN@=8<8 V;NAB@0FVO<8. 092V4><VH8< T <V=V0BN@8AB ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. .5=F;>28G, O:89 =09G0ABVH5 ?5@5?8AC202 :=838 02@AL:>W 4@C:0@=V, V;NAB@CNG8 WE 2;0A=8<8 <V=V0BN@0<8. 2B>@ :>@8ABC202AO V;NAB@0FVO<8 :8W2AL:8E 2840=L, 70?>78GCNG8 7 =8E C 2;0A=>@CG=V 2V=LTB:8, <540;L9>=8, V;NAB@0FVW 5;5<5=B8 28@07=> 10@>:>2>3> ?>E>465==O, O:V 4> B>3> 1C;8 =57=09><V A5@1AL:V9 @C:>?8A=V9 :=87V. !E>6VABL 7 C:@0W=AL:>N 4@C:>20=>N :=83>N 28O2;OTBLAO 2 45:>@0B82=8E 5;5<5=B0E, =525;8G:8E ?@0?>@FOE 7 >20;L=8<8 <540;L9>=0<8 7 >1@07>< %@8AB0. :@V< >@=0<5=BC, .5=F;>28G 70?>78GC202 V 7>1@065==O A2OB8E. 5;8:0 :V;L:VABL (1;87L:> ?'OB45AOB8) >1@07V2 A2OB8E, O:V 7451V;LH>3> =0;560BL 4> :8T2>-?5G5@AL:8E C3>4=8:V2, B0 7>1@065=L A2OB 40T ?V4AB02C B25@48B8, I> 5=F;>28G <02 ?V4 @C:>N ?52=V :8W2AL:V 2840==O, 7 O:8E ?5@59<02 AN65B8 4;O 2;0A=8E V;NAB@0FV9. # A8=B57V C:@0W=AL:>3> B0 ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:>3> 3@0DVG=>3> <8AB5FB20 =0@>46C20;0AO A5@1AL:0 :=86:>20 <V=V0BN@0, 1V;O 28B>:V2 O:>W AB>O2 .5=F;>28G, ?8AL<5==8: V EC4>6=8:, I> =5 ;8H5 2 ;VB5@0BC@=><C, 0 8 C <8AB5FL:><C 2V4=>H5==V 1C2 2V425@B8< ?@8E8;L=8:>< C:@0W=AL:>W 10@>:>2>W B@048FVW. &O B@048FVO B@820T V 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB., :>;8 @C:>?8A=0 :=830 9 40;V =5 7=8:0T 7 :C;LBC@=>3> >1@VN. # @C:>?8A=V9 :=86FV "0@0:;VA", I> 715@V30TBLAO 2 <>=0AB8@V 5G0=8, T G>B8@8 <V=V0BN@=8E <0;N=:8 7 ?>@B@5B0<8 A5@1AL:8E A5@54=L>2VG=8E D5>40;V2 B0 ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=VT. =86:0 28=8:;0 1762 @>:C V A2>W<8 V;NAB@0FVO<8 AB0=>28BL >A>1;8289 V=B5@5A O: ?@8:;04 B@0=AD>@<0FVW A5@54=L>2VG=>3> >1@07C 2 10@>:>289. 0;N=:8 2B@0B8;8 E0@0:B5@ A5@54=L>2VG=8E <V=V0BN@ V 2V47=0G0NBLAO AB8;5<, B8?>28< 4;O G0AC =0?8A0==O "0@0:;VAC", - 10@>:>28< >4O3>< <>6=>2;04FV2, V:>=>3@0DVTN. 1@07 !B5D0=0 5G0=AL:>3>, 70 A?>AB5@565==O<8 4>A;V4=8:V2 <0T B8?>25 "@CAL:5 >1;8GGO". 0;N=:0< ?@8B0<0==5 28304;825 B;> 7 5;5<5=B0<8 ?59706C B0 AN65B><, C65 =5B8?>28< =5 ;8H5 4;O A5@1AL:8E A5@54=L>2VG=8E 7@07:V2, 0 9 4;O 2V4><8E B>3>G0A=8E, B0:8E O: ABV=>?8A @CH54>;C. &V 5;5<5=B8 <0NBL V=>75<=5 ?>E>465==O, 2V@>3V4=> - V7 3@0DVG=8E 465@5;. >@V2=O;L=5 282G5==O 40;> <>6;82VABL 2:070B8 =0 :8W2AL:V :=86:8, 2 V;NAB@0FVOE O:8E T AE>6V ?59706V. 091V;LHV 0=0;>3VW 45G0=AL:89 "0@0:;VA" <0T V7 4@C:>20=8<8 V;NAB@0FVO<8 8T2>-5G5@AL:>3> 0B5@8:0 1702 @>:C, I> 9>3> G0AB:>2> V;NAB@C202 5>=V4 "0@0A>28G. >3> V;NAB@0FVW 1C;8 ?@8:;04>< 4;O 28:>=0==O <V=V0BN@ 4> A5@1AL:>W :=86:8, ?@8A2OG5=>W A5@54=L>2VG=><C D5>40;>2V !B5D0=C 5G0=AL:><C. 0 A?>AB5@565==O< .540:>28G0, A5@1AL:V V;NAB@0FVW =0;560BL 8:>;V 5H:>28GC. !0<5 FL><C <09AB@>2V ?@8B0<0==89 AB8;L, ?@8ACB=V9 =0 <V=V0BN@0E: >1;8GGO 7>1@065=V 7 1V;LH>N ;N4O=VABN, B5?;><, V=B8<><. 2B>@ 28:>@8AB>2CT 10@>:>2V 0=B8B578: C@>G8ABC ?V4=5A5=VABL V 3@>B5A:, B@03V7< V 60@B, VAB>@8G=5 9 <VD>;>3VG=5. #A5 F5 40;> ?V4AB028 =0720B8 5H:>28G0 >4=8< V7 ?5@H8E 10@>:>28E <8BFV2 XVIII AB, C B2>@0< O:>3> 28=8:0NBL ?5@HV 5;5<5=B8 @0==L>W A5=7C0;L=>ABV[100]. "0:89 H;OE ?@>E>48BL A5@1AL:0 :=86:>20 V;NAB@0FVO - 2V4 ?5@H8E :@>:V2 C =0?@O<V 10@>:> 2 <V=V0BN@0E .T=F;>28G0 4> ?5@542VI5==O =>28E O28I C <8AB5FB2V, O:V 7=0E>48<> C .5H:>28G0. :>=>?8A0==O - >A=>2=89 284 682>?8AC 402=L>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> B0 A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 - B0:>6 ?>ABC?>2> 707=0T 52>;NFVW. >2V O28I0 2 #:@0W=V ?><VB=V 265 C B@048FV9=><C V:>=>?8AV D0E>28E 7>3@0DV2 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVI AB., :>;8 A?>AB5@V30NBLAO ?52=0 @V7=><0=VB=VABL <0;O@AL:8E <0=5@, ?52=5 ?5@5>A<8A;5==O AB0@8E ?@89><V2 B0 70A>1V2 V:>=>?8A0==O[101]. !B@V<:V 7<V=8 2V41C20NBLAO C 20-E B0 >A>1;82> 30-E @>:0E XVII AB., :>;8 <VF=VT @CE 70 >A2>T==O ;0B8=AL:>W :C;LBC@8, I> 7=0G=> 28BVA=OT >@B>4>:A0;VABV2 7 WE=V< =5?@8<8@5==8< AB02;5==O< 4> 70EV4=>W :C;LBC@8. # A5@1AL:><C V:>=>?8A0==V 0=0;>3VG=89 ?@>F5A 74V9A=NTBLAO ;8H5 G5@57 AB>;VBBO, :>;8 >:@5A;NNBLAO ACBBT2V 7<V=8 C AB8;V, V:>=>3@0DVW, AB02;5==V 4> V:>=8. V41C20TBLAO 2V4EV4 2V4 B@048FV9=>3> A?@89=OBBO V:>=8 O: :C;LB>2>3> 7=0:C V ?@89<0TBLAO :>=F5?B @5;V3V9=>W :0@B8=8, :>B@0 =5 BV;L:8 ?5@540T ;VB5@0BC@=89 AN65B, ?>2G0==O, 0 9 A?>2=5=0 B5?5@ V=B5;5:BC0;L=>3> B0 4CE>2=>3> 7<VABC. 8=8:=5==O B0:8E O28I 1C;> 25;8:>N ?5@5<>3>N A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>[102]. # 30;C7V V:>=>3@0DVW #:@0W=0 B0:>6 1C;0 7@07:><, 3V4=8< =0A;V4C20==O, >A:V;L:8 7024O:8 #:@0W=V, 2 >A=>2=><C, AD>@<C202AO @5?5@BC0@ A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 XVIII AB.[103] "@048FV9=89 >1<V= V:>=0<8 74V9A=N202AO <V6 A;>2'O=AL:8< AE>4>< B0 ?V24=5< V 2 G0A8 ?5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 4> 2AB@V9AL:>W <>=0@EVW. '8A;5==V A5@1AL:V ?0;><=8FB20 =0 AEV4 V7 ?@>E0==O< ?@> ?V4B@8<:C F5@:28, O: ?@028;>, AC?@>2>46C20;8AO ?@82575==O< V:>=[104]. "0:, C <>=0AB8@V 5;8:0 5<5B0 715@V30;8AO G>B8@8 V:>=8, I> =0;560;8 H:>;V !8<>=0 #H0:>20 V 1C;8 28:>=0=V @>AV9AL:8<8 <09AB@0<8 "8E>=>< $V;0B>28<, !?8@84>=>< @83>@'T28<, 5>=BVT< !B5D0=>28<, 20=>< 0:A8<>28<. :>=8 ?@81C20;8 7 >AVW O: A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 4>?><>38 A5@10<, 0;5, 70 A?>AB5@565==O<8 4>A;V4=8:V2, =572060NG8 =0 7=0G=C :V;L:VABL B8?>2> @>AV9AL:8E V:>= ((CO, 0;5E, AB5@0), I> >AV40;8 C A5@1AL:8E F5@:20E, 2>=8 =5 <0;8 B0:>3> 2?;82C =0 A5@1AL:5 V:>=>?8A0==O, O: C:@0W=AL:V. #65 2 20-E @>:0E XVIII AB. A5@54 A5@1V2 7'O2;ONBLAO V:>=>?8AFV, O:V =02G0NBL A5@1AL:8E 1>3><07V2, I> 40T ?52=V @57C;LB0B8. "0:, 2 V:>=V ">3>@>48FO 7 %@8AB><" (1724) 0D0W;0 7 <VAB5G:0 0G:0 0;0=:0 C65 28=8:0NBL, E>G V 2 4>A8BL =0W2=><C 28:>=0==V, 5;5<5=B8 @50;V7<C[105]. !B8;L>2V 7<V=8, ?>7=0G5=V 10@>:>28<8 5;5<5=B0<8, 7'O2;ONBLAO 2 V:>=>?8AV 30-E @>:V2, 0;5 =091V;LH>W A8;8 C:@0W=AL:89 2?;82 =01C20T C 40-50-E @>:0E XVIII AB., I> V;NAB@CNBL V:>=>AB0A8 B0 >:@5<V B2>@8 ACG0A=>W >T2>48=8. <5=0 02B>@V2F8E B2>@V2, E>G0 40;5:> =5 2AV 2>=8 V45=B8DV:>20=V, 7=0G=> @>7H8@NNBL 30;5@5N A5@1AL:8E <8BFV2, I> 1C;8 72'O70=V 7 C:@0W=AL:>N B@048FVTN. 8:>=0==O V:>= C <>=0AB8@V @4=8: (1743), =0?@8:;04, 45<>=AB@CT GVB:C A?@O<>20=VABL =52V4><>3> 02B>@0 (73V4=> 7 45O:8<8 ?@8?CI5==O<8 - !B5D0=0 >@0=8G0) =0 :8W2AL:C V:>=>?8A=C B@048FVN. =0G=0 G0AB8=0 A5@1AL:8E V:>=>?8AFV2 ?@>E>48BL G5@57 :8W2AL:C H:>;C V:>=>?8A0==O. &59 ?@>F5A 4>AO30T 0?>35N 2 A5@548=V V =0 ?>G0B:C 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. #65 7 70-E @>:V2 A?>AB5@V30TBLAO ?>ABC?>289 ?5@5EV4 4> B@048FV9 2V45=AL:>W H:>;8 <8AB5FB20. &5 ?@>AB56CTBLAO, 7>:@5<0, C ?@0FOE 8E09;0 04>A02;T28G0, :>B@89 72V;L=OTBLAO 2V4 C:@0W=AL:8E 2?;82V2 V ?5@5E>48BL 4> 70EV4=8E 7@07:V2. ;5, O: V 2 V=H8E AD5@0E 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8 B0 <8AB5FB20, ?@8ACB=VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> V:>=>?8AC ?><VB=0 06 4> ?>G0B::C XIX AB. &L><C A?@8O;8 B5<0B8G=5 @>7<0WBBO, AB8;L>20 =>287=0 C:@0W=AL:>W V:>=8, AN65B8 O:>W 70?>78GC20;8 A5@18, 5;8:C @>;L C B5<0B8G=><C 71030G5==V A5@1AL:>W @5;V3V9=>W :0@B8=8 V =040;V 2V4V3@0T :=86:>20 V;NAB@0FVO C:@0W=AL:8E 2840=L, ?5@54CAV< ?>?C;O@=0 "DV:0 VT@>?>;VB8:0" B0 V=HV 465@5;0 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O. 2V4A8 C A5@1AL:C V:>=>3@0DVN ?>B@0?;ONBL =>2V AN65B8 9 B5<8, @0=VH5 =5 7=09><V B0:><C :0=>=VG=><C 284>2V <8AB5FB20, O: V:>=>?8A. &V B5<8 28=8:0NBL =0 V:>=>AB0A0E G8A;5==8E A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2 B0 F5@:>2 ACG0A=>W >T2>48=8. 02=V AN65B8, 2V4><V I5 7 A5@54=L>2VG=>3> @5?5@BC0@C, 10@>:87CNBLAO - =0?@8:;04, <>B82 ">3>@>48FO - 68BBT409=5 465@5;>".  #:@0W=V FO A8<2>;VG=0 B5<0 7FV;5==O 1C;0 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=>N V =5@V4:> 7>1@06C20;0AO 7 ?@8ACB=VABN D>=B0=0 B0 A2OB8E >BFV2, I> G5@?0NBL 2>4C, @>740NG8 WW ;N4O< =02:>;>. &59 AN65B ?>H8@5=89, 7>:@5<0, =0 V:>=0E <>=0AB8@O 68I520. 4=0 7 V:>= 7V1@0==O 0@>4=>3> <C75N C T;3@04V 28@07=> =0304CT C:@0W=AL:C, ?@8G><C 2 B@048FV9=><C AN65BV ?@8ACB=V >G5284=V AB8;L>2V 7<V=8 10@>:>2>3> ?>E>465==O[106]. /: V =0 V=H8E V:>=0E, 7<V=8 A?>AB5@V30NBLAO C 7>1@065==V >1;8G, >4O3C 2 ?>;>65==V DV3C@, WE=L><C @>7<VI5==V B>I>. >AB0BV :0=>=VG=8E A2OB8E 7>1@065=> =0 D>=V V<?>70=B=8E 0@EVB5:BC@=8E :C;VA, =0 >@=0<5=B>20=><C 7>;>B><C B;V, 45 =09G0ABVH5 ?@54AB02;5=V AB8;V7>20=5 ;8ABO V :2VB8. # FL><C 4CAV ?8A0;8 V:>=8 8<8B@VT 0G528G, 8E09;> 2B8G. >28< O28I5< 4;O A5@1AL:8E V:>= AB0;8 0;53>@8G=V 7>1@065==O. >4V1=8<8 @V4:VA=8<8 V:>=0<8 1C;8 A8<2>;VG=V 2V4B2>@5==O V@8 V 04VW C F5@:2V G:8 (1786). >@V2=O==O F8E 0;53>@V9 7 5<1;5<0B8G=8<8 71V@:0<8 :8W2AL:8E 2840=L ?@825;> 4> 28A=>2:C, I> =52V4><89 A5@1AL:89 <8B5FL <0965 ?>2=VABN ?5@5=VA :>?VW F8E 3@02N@ =0 2;0A=V V:>=8. ;53>@8G=5 7>1@065==O V=H8E F=>B (">745@60=VT", "&5;><C4@VT") B0:>6, O: ?@8?CA:0NBL, 70?>78G5=5 7 :8W2AL:8E 7@07:V2, ?5@52840=8E A5@10<8. >40;LHV 4>A;V465==O ?>3;818;8 7=0==O ?@> ?@8ACB=VABL 5<1;5<0B8G=8E DV3C@ C A5@1AL:><C V:>=>?8AV - WE 7=0945=> =0 V:>=>AB0AV >4=VTW V7 F5@:>2 >T2>48=8, AB2>@5=><C 1733 @>:C, 45 ?@54AB02;5=> F=>B8 "!?@0254;82VABL", "V@0", "N1>2", "04VO", "C6=VABL", I> B0:>6 ?>E>48BL V7 8T20. 0 V:>=0E .AB>WG0 ?5@540NBLAO 0;53>@8G=V ?@8BGV ?@> 030G0 V 21>3>3> 070@O, ?@> 25AV;;O, ?@8<=>65==O E;V1V2 B>I>. !0<5 7 C:@0W=AL:8< 2?;82>< ?>2'O7CTBLAO ?>H8@5==O ?>?C;O@=>W 2 #:@0W=V V:>=8 >:@>20 >3>@>48FV, 7>1@065==O ">3>@>48FV V7 AL><0 <5G0<8 V AL><0 ?5G0;O<8"[107]. >28< 2 V:>=>3@0DVW 1C;> 7>1@065==O %@8AB0 O: 68BBT409=>W ;>78 B0 AF5= AB@0AB59 %@8AB>28E, I>, <>6;82>, <0;> 0;53>@8G=5 7=0G5==O. 024O:8 F8< 270T<>?>2'O70=8< :><?>78FVO< A5@1AL:0 V:>=>3@0DVO ?5@5B2>@8;0AO =0 48=0<VG=C, @>7<0WBC :0@B8=C, 72V;L=5=C 2V4 A5@54=L>2VG=>W AB0B8:8, A2VB>3;O4C, O:89 ?>ABC?>2> 2V468202. 0 V:>=0E ?><VB=V =>2V ?@>O28 <8AB5FB20, @0=VH5 =5@>728=5=V, O:, =0?@8:;04, 7>1@065==O ?@8@>48. 59706=89 60=@ ?>G8=0T A2>T A0<>ABV9=5 VA=C20==O C $@0=FVW 7 XVI AB., 0 2 C:@0W=AL:><C <8AB5FB2V ?59706=5 A5@54>28I5 28=8:0T C XVII AB. # XVIII AB. ?59706 A?@89<0TBLAO O: ?52=0 A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 7>1@065==O, 2V= AC?@>2>48BL V:>=>?8A V A0<5 2 B0:V9 DC=:FVW ?5@5E>48BL C A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2>. # A5@1AL:><C ?59706=><C 682>?8AV XVIII AB., O: V 2 C:@0W=AL:><C ?>?5@54=L>3> AB>;VBBO, A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N ?59706C T 0@EVB5:BC@=89 AB0D06 V7 28@07=8<8 >7=0:0<8 @5=5A0=A=>3> B0 10@>:>2>3> AB8;V2. 5=5B8G=5 F59 ?59706 AO30T EC4>6=L>W B@048FVW V2=VG=>W 2@>?8 XVI AB. V= G0AB> <0T A8<2>;VG=89 E0@0:B5@, A?>2=5=89 5<1;5<0B8G=>3> 7=0G5==O, I> A?>@V4=NT ?59706=V D@03<5=B8 A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 ?@>B>B8?0<8. >A8BL G0AB> F5 =04C<0=89 ?59706, =0A8G5=89 A8<2>;0<8 "A04 ?@8@>48". ;5<5=B8 :>=G5B> 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O ?@89H;8 2 A5@1AL:89 ?59706 :8W2AL:8<8 H;OE0<8, O:8<8 9H;8 9 A0<V 02B>@8. !?>@V4=5=VABL A5@1AL:8E B0 C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2 ?>;O30T 2 >A=>2=><C 2 ?>4V1=>ABV B5E=V:8 28:>=0==O, C ?>AB0=>2FV @C:8 <8BFO V 2 >4=0:>2V9 @8B<VFV >?0=C20==O 70A>1V2, 70A2>T=8E =0 70E>4V[108]. V7=8FO, >4=0G5, ?>;O30T 2 48AB0=FVW >?0=C20==O, >A:V;L:8 2 C:@0W=AL:5 <8AB5FB2> FV 70A>18 ?@8E>48;8 =0 AB>;VBBO @0=VH5, =V6 4> A5@1V2. # A5@1AL:V9 F5@:2V 28=8:0T I5 >4=5 O28I5, =>25 ?> 2V4=>H5==N 4> ?>?5@54=L>W B@048FVW, - 28A>:89 V:>=>AB0A. /: ?@028;>, 2V= 1C2 ?5@542V2B0@=>N >3>@>65N - A0<5 B0:V V:>=>AB0A8 <0;8 F5@:28 A5@54=L>2VG=>W 4>18. 8H5 70 G0AV2 ?5@5A5;5==O AB2>@NNBLAO O@CA=V V:>=>AB0A8. 8=8:=5==O WE 4>A;V4=8:8 ?>2'O7CNBL V7 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8<8 2?;820<8[109]. "0:V 28A=>2:8 FV;:>< 28?@0240=V. '0AB> 2V42V4CNG8 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:V F5@:28 7 WE=V<8 V<?>70=B=8<8 1030B>O@CA=8<8 V:>=>AB0A0<8, A5@1AL:V VT@0@E8 <>3;8 70E>?8B8AL V45TN AB2>@5==O ?>4V1=8E V:>=>AB0AV2 C 2;0A=8E F5@:20E. >6;82>, FN V45N ?V4B@8<0;8 9 C:@0W=AL:V V:>=>?8AFV, I> ?@0FN20;8 A5@54 A5@1V2. 5 28:;NG5=>, I> 28:>=02FO<8 ?5@H8E B0:8E V:>=>AB0AV2 1C;8 C:@0W=AL:V @V7L1O@V. >=8 <>3;8 ?@8E>48B8 4> A5@1V2 @07>< V7 EC4>6=8:0<8, 2G8B5;O<8, A2OI5=8:0<8 2 BV9 7030;L=V9 ?>4>@>6V 4> ?V245==8E A;>2'O= 7 <5B>N 4>?><>38. 8<030T >:@5<>3> ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 4>A;V465==O 35=578A A5@1AL:>3> @V7L1O@AB20, F5@:>2=>3> V=25=B0@O, >@=0<5=BC B>I>. #:@0W=AL:5 @V7L1O@AB2> =0 45@52V 70 4>18 ?>A8;5==O :C;LBC@=>-<8AB5FL:8E A?V;:C20=L V7 A5@10<8 1C;> 4>A8BL @>728=5=8< V <>3;> ?5@54020B8AO W< O: A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 7030;L=>3> 0=A0<1;N F5@:28, C D>@<C20==V O:>3> CG0ABL C:@0W=AL:8E <8BFV2 T >G5284=>N. :@5<V V:>=>AB0A8, 28:>=0=V C 60-70-E @>:0E, A2>W< ?>4V;>< =0 3>@87>=B0;L=V 7>=8 7 =87:>N V:>=, 284V;5=8E :>;>=:0<8 C 25@E=VE @O40E, =02>4OBL =0 4C<:C ?@> <>6;8289 72O7>: WE V7 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>N AB@C:BC@>N[110].  >@=0<5=BV F8E O@CA=8E V:>=>AB0AV2 ?@8ACB=V @>A;8==V <>B828 V7 A8<2>;VG=8< 7>1@065==O< ?B0EV2. !5@1AL:5 45@52'O=5 @V7L1;5==O %VII-%VIII AB. O: V 4@V1=0 ?;0AB8:0, 2 FV;><C <0T 45I> A?V;L=5 7 C:@0W=AL:8<[111]. >>48=>:V ?C1;V:0FVW =0 FN B5<C 2:07CNBL =0 <>6;82V 7=0EV4:8 A;V4V2 ?5@51C20==O C:@0W=AL:8E @V7L1O@V2 ?> 45@52C, O:V ?@0FN20;8 2 >:@5<8E F5=B@0E @V7L1O@AB20 C >T2>48=V[112]. @EV2=V 4>A;V465==O <>3;8 1 ?@>;8B8 A2VB;> =0 F5 I5 <0;> 282G5=5 ?8B0==O ?>H8@5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> ?@8:;04=>3> <8AB5FB20 =0 0;:0=0E C XVIII AB. )> B0:V 7=0EV4:8 <>6;82V, 70A2V4GCT, 7>:@5<0, 7304:0 ?@> ?5@51C20==O 2 A5@1AL:><C <>=0AB8@V <VAB0 @04 ( C<C=VO) ?@81C;8E V7 8T20 <0;O@V2 V @V7L1O@V2 ?> 45@52C[113]. /: V 2 V=H8E AD5@0E <8AB5FB20, C:@0W=AL:V <09AB@8 <>3;8 , <0B8 2;0A=8E CG=V2, O:V ?V7=VH5 2;0A=>@CG=> AB2>@N20;8 1030B>O@CA=V V:>=>AB0A8 7 >@83V=0;L=8< ?>7>;>G5=8< @V7L1;5==O<. >6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> C:@0W=AL:V @V7L1O@V ?@0FN20;8 =524>27V ?VA;O ?@8E>4C V:>=>?8AFV2 01> A?V;L=> 7 =8<8 AB2>@N20;8 25;8G=V V=B5@'T@8 C AB8;V 10@>:>. &59 ?@>F5A 70:V=G82AO ;8H5 C 80-E @>:0E, :>;8 1C;> AB2>@5=> A5@1AL:89 10@>:>289 V:>=>AB0A. 0 B;V ?>?5@54=L>W 2VBG87=O=>W B@048FVW B0:89 V:>=>AB0A AB02 28=OB:>28< O28I5<, ACBBT2> 2V4@V7=ONG8AL AB8;5< 2V4 V=B5@'T@0 F5@:>2 =0 D>=V, 0 7 G0A>< =02VBL 2V4 C:@0W=AL:8E B0 @>AV9AL:8E, 7 O:8<8 F59 V:>=>AB0A 1C2 35=5B8G=5 ?>2'O70=89[114]. V4?>2V4=V 7<V=8 2V41C20;8AO 2 @V7=8E 2840E 4@V1=>W ?;0AB8:8. # A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@OE 7=0E>48BLAO G8<0;> A0:@0;L=8E ?@54<5BV2 :C;LBC, ?@82575=8E V7 ?>:8=CB8E 75<5;L O: @5;V:2VW. >4=>G0A C 25;8:V9 :V;L:>ABV =04E>48;8 @5GV 7 8T20, >A:28 - O: 40@C=:8 B0 <8;>AB8=O, ?> O:C G0AB> ?>4>@>6C20;8 =0 AEV4 A5@1AL:V F5@:>2=V 45;530FVW. :@5<V ?@54<5B8 :C;LBC :C?C20;8AO 01> 70<>2;O;8AO 4;O ?>B@51 F5@:28 2 :8W2AL:8E <09AB5@=OE. !5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE 22060;8 70 A2V9 >1>2'O7>: ?5@540B8 =0 10BL:V2I8=C :C;LB>2V ?@54<5B8, ?@8410=V BCB. !0<5 =0 7=0: A>;V40@=>ABV V7 A;>2'O=0<8 A2>N G0AB:C C ?>40@C=:8 2=>A8;8 9 C:@0W=AL:V 3>@>4O=8, ?@> I> 715@53;8AO 2V4?>2V4=V 70?8A8. "0: 2V41C202AO A2>T@V4=89 72'O7>: FV==>ABO<8 2V4 =V?@0 4> C=0N B0 4@V0B8:8. 0;<0B8=5FL 5@0A8< 5;8G, ?>25@=C2H8AO 7 #:@0W=8, ?@8=VA 4> A2>3> <>=0AB8@O C @C?V E@5AB B0 V=HV @5GV, I> WE ?5@540;8 75<;O:8, O:V >A5;8;8AO =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE, 0 B0:>6 C:@0W=AL:V 3>@>4O=8, ?@> I> A2V4G8BL 70?8A: "&59 E@5AB 40@C20;8 !0<V9;> 54L:> 7 4@C68=>N 0B0;VTN 2 !2OB>CA?5=AL:C 40;<0B8=AL:C >18B5;L @C?5 B@C4>< V AB0@0==O< VT@><>=0E0 5@0A8<0 5;8G0, 1783, A5@?=O 2 0;>@>AVW"[115].  >AL I5 >48= =0?8A - =0 :C1:C, I> 715@V302AO 2 >4=><C V7 <C75W2 !0@0T20: "&O G0H0 ?@8=5A5=0 7 0;>@>AVW B@C4>< V 7CA8;;O< =0ABC?=8E: V3C<=0 8:>48<0, 0 2:;04=8:0<8 2 =5W 1C;8 7 0?>@V66O :>70:8 ;L:> $54>@>28G V >=>= >A8?>28G 1786 @>:C. 1 A5@?=O"[116]. >B@51CT A?5FV0;L=>3> 4>A;V465==O >@=0<5=B 28H82>: F5@:>2=>3> 21@0==O, >A>1;82> <8B@>?>;8G8E D5;>=V2 B0 V=H8E 0B@81CBV2 :C;LBC. #G5=V 265 725@B0;8 C203C =0 @CAL:5 ?>E>465==O F5@:>2=>3> 28H820==O[117]. #@>G8AB5 F5@:>2=5 21@0==O 1C;> A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N B8E 40@C=:V2, I> WE AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:V 7>:@5<0 :8W2AL:V, VT@0@E8 ?5@54020;8 A5@1AL:8<. 0E0@VT @D5;V= 2 >4=V9 7 V;NAB@0FV9 4> :=86:8 ?>57V9 "0;>206=>5 ?@825BAB285" (1757) 7<0;L>2CT B0:5 21@0==O, 45B0;L=> ?5@540NG8 >@=0<5=B 28H82>:, O:V 4>A8BL 28@07=> =0304CNBL @>A;8==C >@=0<5=B8:C, ?>H8@5=C 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:>2><C <8AB5FB2V. !5@1AL:5 30?BC20==O B0:>6 ?>7=0G5=5 @>A;8==8< AB8;5<, ?>H8@5=8< 2 #:@0W=V C XVII-XVIII AB., 7 <>B820<8 207>=0, I> T @57C;LB0B>< 2?;82C @5=5A0=A=>-10@>:>28E <>B82V2[118]. 5:>@0B82=V D>@<8 10@>:>2>3> AB8;N, @V7=8<8 H;OE0<8 ?@>=8:0NG8 4> A5@1V2, 4020;8 ?>HB>2E 4;O @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> ?@8:;04=>3> <8AB5FB20 O: A:;04>2>W G0AB8=8 F5@:>2=>3> 0=A0<1;N, I> 70?>2=N202 E@0<8. XVIII AB. 2=5A;> ACBBT2V 7<V=8 9 C 7>2=VH=V9 283;O4 A5@1AL:>W F5@:>2=>W 0@EVB5:BC@8. 0 75<;OE, I> >?8=8;8AL ?V4 BC@:0<8, 70;8H8;8AO A;02=>72VA=V E@0<8, 71C4>20=V 2 B8?>2><C 2V70=BV9AL:><C AB8;V: 5G0=8, @0G0=8FO, 0=0AVO, !BC45=8FO, V;5H52> B0 V=HV. 0 75<;OE, :C48 ?5@5A5;8;8AO A5@18, VA=C20;0 =87:0 <>=0AB8@V2 (7>:@5<0 =0 $@CH:V9 3>@V), 0@EVB5:BC@0 O:8E O2;O;0 A>1>N ?52=V 20@V0FVW ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:>3> AB8;N. &V <>=0AB8@V 1C;8 9 70;8H8;8AO 206;828<8 >A5@54:0<8 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8 B0 @5;V3V9=>3> 68BBO. @>B5 7 <0A>28< ?5@5A5;5==O< AN48 =0?@8:V=FV XVII AB. A5@1V2 2>=8 265 =5 <>3;8 704>2>;L=8B8 ?>B@51 C F5@:>2=><C >1@O4V. '5@57 F5 28=8:0;8 45@52'O=V F5@:28, 71C4>20=V C AB8;V 402=L>W 10;:0=AL:>W 0@EVB5:BC@8. >=8 <0;8 B8<G0A>2C DC=:FVN 9 =5 <>3;8 70;8H0B8AO >A=>2=8< @5?@575=B0=B>< A5@1AL:>3> 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO. 0 4>18 10@>:> 0@EVB5:BC@0 28ABC?0;0 >4=8< V7 =09206;82VH8E @5?@575=B0=BV2 @V2=O :C;LBC@8, 1030BAB20 ACA?V;LAB20, 9>3> <>3CB=>ABV. "><C ?> 2AV9 2@>?V 72>48;8AO @>7:VH=V E@0<8, I> 3;>@8DV:C20;8 =5 ;8H5 @5;V3VN, 0 9 2V4?>2V4=C :>=D5AVN, A;C3CNG8 28@07>< @5;V3V9=>W :>=D@>=B0FVW. #:@0W=AL:0 F5@:>2=0 0@EVB5:BC@0, =5 35@<5B87CNG8AL C 2;0A=V9 B@048FVW, 0;5 9 =5 7@V:0NG8AL WW, 2V41820T 2:;NG5==O C 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:89 ?@>F5A 10@>:>. # @57C;LB0BV 28=8:0NBL 25;8G=V E@0<8, 2 O:8E B>=:> 28B@8<0=> A?V22V4=>H5==O 3>;>2=8E 465@5; 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8 ?@02>A;02=>W :>=D5AVW - 402=L>@CAL:C, 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:C 0@EVB5:BC@=C AB8;VAB8:C ?>T4=0=> 7 <VAF528<8 B@048FVO<8, 2 O:8E ?@8ACB=V9 ?52=89 5;5<5=B =0@>4=>W B2>@G>ABV. &5@:>2=0 0@EVB5:BC@0 3@5:>-:0B>;8FL:>3> 2V@>A?>2V40==O 715@V30T BC A0<C 2V@=VABL 2VBG87=O=V9 :C;LBC@V, 1V;LH>N <V@>N 28O2;ONG8 B>;5@0=B=VABL 4> :0B>;8FL:>W B@048FVW. ;5 9 ?@02>A;02=0 0@EVB5:BC@0, B>G=VH5 - WW 70<>2=8:8, =5 FC@0;0AO T2@>?59AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, A<V;82> 4>2V@ONG8AL 70EV4=8< <8BFO<, O: F5 45<>=AB@CT 5B@> >38;0, :>B@89 4>@CG82 @5:>=AB@C:FVN !>DVW 8W2AL:>W VB0;V9AL:><C <09AB@>2V. &59 0:B T A2>T@V4=8< C>A>1;5==O< E0@0:B5@C AB02;5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 4> T2@>?59AL:>W :C;LBC@8 V ?@>F5AC 10@>:870FVW A5@54=L>2VG=>3> <8AB5FB20, ?5@H 70 2A5 0@EVB5:BC@8. 0@>:>289 283;O4 !>DVW 8W2AL:>W 2V41820T <V@C "2B@CG0==O" 70EV4=>3> :><?>=5=B0 2 0@EVB5:BC@=89 :><?;5:A: 2>=0 4>A8BL "?><V@:>20=> AB@8<0=0", 0;5 ?@8 FL><C =0@>46CTBLAO =>25 :C;LBC@=5 >1;8GGO, 2V4><5 O: C:@0W=AL:5 10@>:>. # A5@1AL:V9 0@EVB5:BC@V 2V41C20TBLAO 0=0;>3VG=89 ?@>F5A, 0;5 7 ?52=8<8 2V4<V==>ABO<8. 0@>:>2V 7<V=8 2 0@EVB5:BC@=><C 283;O4V A5@1AL:8E E@0<V2 74V9A=NNBLAO @0=VH5, =V6, =0?@8:;04, 2 >1@07>B2>@G><C <8AB5FB2V, - 265 2 ?5@H8E @>:0E XVIII AB, B>1B> 157?>A5@54=L> ?VA;O ?5@5A5;5==O. &V;0 =87:0 D@CH:>3>@AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2, 71C4>20=8E C B@048FV9=><C AB8;V, ?5@51C4>2CTBLAO C AB8;V 10@>:>: =09G0ABVH5 72>48BLAO <0A82=0 472V=8FO, 7<V=NTBLAO D0A04. 091V;LH ?>:07>28< ?@8:;04>< ?5@5<>38 10@>:> 2 0@EVB5:BC@V T 71C4>20=0 2 1758-1762 @>:0E :0D54@0;L=0 F5@:20 C 0@;>20FV, O:0 <VAB8BL 3>;>2=V @8A8 =>28E 1C4V25;L - <>=C<5=B0;L=89 D0A04 V7 42><0 472V=8FO<8 7 3@CH>?>4V1=8<8 10=O<8 2 70EV4=V9 G0AB8=V E@0<C. 52=>N <V@>N FO A0:@0;L=0 0@EVB5:BC@0 T 1;87L:>N 4> C:@0W=AL:>W - 70EV4=8E @53V>=V2, 45I> 2V4@V7=ONG8AL 2V4 AEV4=>C:@0W=AL:>W. @8G8=0 FL>3> ?>;O30T C 28:>=02FOE 70<>2;5=L. 09G0ABVH5 A5@1AL:V F5@:28 C >T2>48=V 1C4C20;8AO 70 ?;0=0<8 02AB@V9AL:8E 2V9AL:>28E V=65=5@V2, I> ?5@51C20;8 C 2V9AL:C, 7 O:8< 2V4E>48;8 A5@1AL:V?5@5A5;5=FV. &V 02B>@8 - =V<FV, ?V7=VH5 VB0;V9FV - A0<5 9 287=0G8;8 B8?06 A5@1AL:>W A0:@0;L=>W 0@EVB5:BC@8 4>18 ?5?5A5;5=L O: 40;5:89 2V4 B8?C E@0<V2 2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW 02VBL BV <>=0AB8@V, I> 1C;8 71C4>20=V C ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:><C AB8;V, 707=0NBL ?><VB=8E 2B@CG0=L AB8;N, 40;5:>3> 2V4 1078 O:0 10@>:87C20;0AO. # FL><C ?;0=V A5@1AL:0 F5@:>2=0 0@EVB5:BC@0 VAB>B=> 2V4@V7=O;0AO 2V4 AEV4=>C:@0W=AL:>W. G5284=>, A5@1AL:V VT@0@E8, =5 <0NG8 <>6;82>ABV 725@B0B8AL V7 70<>2;5==O<8 4> <09AB@V2, :>B@V 1 <>3;8 74V9A=8B8 ?5@51C4>2C 7 B0:>N 28B>=G5=VABN, O: F5 7@>182 VB0;V9AL:89 0@EVB5:B>@ V7 !>DVTN 8W2AL:>N, 1C;8 7<CH5=V ?@89<0B8 BV D>@<8 A?>@C4, I> WE ?@>?>=C20;8 W< 02AB@V9FV. "><C A0<5 2 0@EVB5:BC@=><C <8AB5FB2V A?@>AB5@V30NBLAO 7=0G=89 @>7@82 C B@048FVW, 28=8:=5==O =>28E D>@<, 40;5:8E 2V4 A5@54=L>2VG=8E. /:I> 27OB8 4> C2038 >@B>4>:A0;L=VABL, 70AB5@56;82VABL A5@1AL:8E 70<>2=8:V2 AB>A>2=> 2AL>3>, I> 9H;> 2V4 =5?@02>A;02=8E <8BFV2, B> B0:0 70=04B> A<V;820 :><?@><VA=VABL T 4>A8BL =5E0@0:B5@=8< O28I5< 4;O ?>G0B:C XVIII AB., 1> ;8H5 2 9>3> :V=FV 2V41C45BLAO ?@O<89 ?5@5EV4 4> 70EV4=>W :C;LBC@8 157 AEV4=>3> ?>A5@54=8FB20. >20 0@EVB5:BC@0 28=8:0T ?> 2AV9 0=>=VW, 45 AB2>@N20;8AO A5@1AL:V ?>A5;5==O. 0 <VAFV AB0@8E A:@><=8E 1C4V25;L 72>4OBLAO =>2V 7 B8?>2> A5@54=L>T2@>?59AL:8<8 AB8;L>28<8 @8A0<8. "0:>N T <8B@>?>;8G0 @57845=FVO 2 0@;>20FV, 71C4>20=0 7 CAV<0 0B@81CB0<8 F5@:>2=>3> 10@>:>. 4=8< V7 <>B82V2, I> A?>=C:02 A5@1AL:C F5@:>2=C VT@0@EVN 24020B8AO 4> B0:8E 4>@>38E A?>@C4, 1C;0 @5;V3V9=0 :>=D@>=B0FVO, ?@03=5==O =03>;>A8B8 =0 @V2=>?@02=><C AB0=>28IV A5@1AL:>W F5@:28 2 2AB@VW. /:I> 7>2=VH=V9 283;O4 A5@1AL:8E E@0<V2 45<>=AB@C202 @V7:89 2V4EV4 2V4 2V70=BV9AL:8E D>@<, B> V=B5@'T@ 715@V302 402=N B@048FVN. @>B5 V 2V= 707=02 ACBBT28E 7<V=, I> ?5@H 70 2A5 28O28;>AO C 28=8:=5==V B0:>3> =>2>3> O28I0, O: V=482V4C0;V70FVO >A>18.  V=B5@'T@V A5@1AL:>3> E@0<C A?>AB5@V30TBLAO ?>ABC?>25 70@>465==O B0 AB0=>2;5==O ?>@B@5B=>3> 682>?8AC.  C:@0W=AL:V9 V A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@0E ?>@B@5B VA=C202 I5 2V4402=0 - 7 4>18 A5@54=L>2VGGO, @>728B>: O:>3> 2 C:@0W=FV2 V A5@1V2 <0T G8<0;> A?V;L=>3>. >=C<5=B0;L=>-F5@5<>=V9=V ?>@B@5B8 C @>7?8A0E !>DVW 8W2AL:>W 7 ?@54AB02;5==O< @>48=8 /@>A;020 01> 6 AV<59=89 :=O689 ?>@B@5B 2 "71>@=8:C !2OB>A;020" (1073) AB0=>2;OBL 1;8A:CGV ?@8:;048 402=L>C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>@B@5B=>3> 682>?8AC, O:89 7 XIII AB. @>72820B8<5BLAO V 2 A5@1AL:><C A5@54=L>2VG=><C <8AB5FB2V C B0: 720=V9 @0HAL:V9 I:>;V, I> VA=C20;0 4> :V=FO XIV AB. /:I> XIII, XIV, XV AB. =5 715@53;8 <0965 6>4=>W ?0<'OB:8 ?>@B@5B=>3> <0;O@AB20 #:@0W=8, B> A5@1AL:89 ABV=>?8A FL>3> G0AC <0T G8<0;> ?@8:;04V2 ?@575=B0FVW F5@:>2=>W V 45@602=>W 25@EV2:8, ?>:@>28B5;59, 7>1@065=8E 7 25;L<8 =57=0G=8<8 5;5<5=B0<8 V=482V4C0;L=>ABV, C 28@07=> 2V70=BV9AL:8E AB8;L>28E @8A0E.  :V=FO XIV AB. 28=8:0NBL 7>1@065==O D5>40;V2 C 283;O4V =0ABV==8E @>7?8AV2, 0 7 ?>G0B:>< :=83>4@C:C20==O 2 XVI AB. C '>@=>3>@VW 7>1@065==O F5@:>2=8E VT@0@EV2 AB0NBL G0AB8< <>B82>< :=86:>2>W V;NAB@0FVW. /: ?@028;>, CAVE WE 7>1@06C20;8 A2OB8<8 157 1C4LO:8E >7=0: @50;L=>W >A>18. 8H5 7 4>1>N 10@>:> ?>2'O70=V VAB>B=V 7<V=8 2 A5@1AL:><C ?>@B@5B=><C 682>?8AV, O:89 ?>7=0G5=89 @VHCG8< 2B@CG0==O< 2 CAB0;5=V =>@<8 V :0=>=8. 02VBL :>;8H=V A5@54=L>2VG=V ?5@A>=06V, VAB>@8G=V >A>18 G8 6 A2OBV, 707=0NBL B2>@G>3> ?5@5>A<8A;5==O, ?>7=0G5=V 02B>@AL:>N D0=B07VTN. >@B@5B=5 <0;O@AB2> AB@V<:> @>72820TBLAO 2 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE, >A>1;82> =0 70E>4V, ?>G8=0NG8 7 XVI AB, C G><C ACBBT2C @>;L 2V4V3@0T 7=09><AB2> V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8<8 4>AO3=5==O<8 FL>3> 60=@C. =0G=0 45:>@0B82=VABL, ?8H=VABL >4O3C, ?V4:@5A;5==O N25;V@=8E >74>1, 28:V=G5=VABL A5@9>7=>W B0 ?>206=>W E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 - FV @8A8 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?V7=L>3> @5=5A0=A=>3> V 10@>:>2>3> <0;O@AB20 V<?>=C20;8 70<>2=8:>2V - ?0=V2=V9 25@EV2FV. A>1;82>ABV A?>6820G0 =0:;040;8 =0 ?>@B@5B=5 <8AB5FB2> A2>W B8?>2V >7=0:8, O:V 1C;8 2;0AB82V 9><C ?@>BO3>< XVII B0 XVIII AB. >:07>2>, I> A0<5 7<V=8 2 A>FV0;L=V9 AB@C:BC@V 7=0G=> A?@8O;8 @>728B:>2V ?>@B@5B=>3> 60=@C 2 A5@1V2, O:V ?5@59<0NBL ?>@B@5B C B8E D>@<0E V AB8;OE, I> AD>@<C20;8AO 2 C:@0W=AL:><C <8AB5FB2V. > 25;8:8E ?5@5A5;5=L F5@:20 1C;0 <0965 T48=8< 70<>2=8:>< EC4>6=VE B2>@V2, 3>;>2=8< <5F5=0B>< V >E>@>==8:>< 3;81>:> :>=A5@20B82=>W <8AB5FL:>W B@048FVW, O:0 2?@>4>26 AB>;VBL 68;0 2 <560E B25@4> 287=0G5=>W V:>=>3@0DVW. "><C 9 ?>@B@5B=5 <8AB5FB2> G0AV2 ?5@5A5;5==O V =040;V 715@V30;> 2V@=VABL 2V70=BV9AL:V9 B@048FVW, 28ABC?0NG8 1V;LH5 V:>=>N, =V6 @50;VAB8G=8< 7>1@065==O< :>=:@5B=>W >A>18. VA;O ?5@5A5;5==O 2 A>FV0;L=V9 AB@C:BC@V 2V41C20NBLAO VAB>B=V 7<V=8. :@V< :;5@8:0;L=8E 25@AB2, I> 9 40;V 4><V=CNBL 2 04<V=VAB@0FVW, 7'O2;ONBLAO V ?>ABC?>2> @>72820NBLAO @V7=V 3@C?8 3@><04O=AL:>3> ?@>H0@:C, O:V ?><VB=> 2?;820NBL =O 28=8:=5==O ?>@B@5B=>3> 682>?8AC. >3> @>728B>: T A2>T@V4=8< ?>:07=8:>< AB8;L>28E 7<V= C 682>?8AV, ?>ABC?>2>3> >?0=C20==O 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E ?@89><V2 7>1@065==O. 5@54CAV< F5 ?>7=0G8;>AO =0 72V;L=5==V 2V4 =03>;>H5=>W @5;V3V9=>ABV =5>1>2'O7:>2>N AB0T 0=>=V<=VABL 02B>@V2, 2V41C20TBLAO @>7@82 7 @0=VH5 =5?>E8B=>N B@048FVTN :C;LBC >:@5<8E VAB>@8G=8E ?>AB0B59, :>;8 @50;L=V >A>18 22>48;8AL C AD5@C @5;V3VW. 0 4>18 10@>:> ;N4AL:0 >A>18ABVABL =5 ?@83;CHC20;0AL 0 =02?0:8, 5=5@3V9=> 70O2;O;0 ?@> A515 5<>FV9=VABN; 4540;V 1V;LH5 28O2;O;8 A515 ACA?V;L=V ?>78FVW ;N48=8 - =5 BV;L:8 4CE>25=AB20, 0 9 V=H8E 25@AB2, ?5@H 70 2A5 3@><04O=AL:8E. !CA?V;L=>-?>;VB8G=V B0 5:>=><VG=V >1AB028=8, 2 O:8E C ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB. >?8=8;8AO A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV, 28<030;8 5=5@3V9=>3> ?@>O2C ;N4AL:>W V=482V4C0;L=>ABV, I> 9 4VAB0;> 2V4>1@065==O 2 ?>@B@5BV. !0<5 2 F59 ?5@V>4 =091V;LH >G5284=8< T @>7@82 V7 A5@54=L>2VG=>N B@048FVTN @5;V3V9=>W V=B5@?@5B0FVW ;N48=8. CE 10@>:> 282V;L=O2 <8AB5FB2> 2V4 H01;>==>3> 7>1@065==O ;N48=8, 4540;V 1V;LH5 BO6VNG8 4> WW V=482V4C0;V70FVW. "0:V 7<V=8 ?@>AB56CNBLAO 2 E0@0:B5@V 7>1@065==O VT@0@EV2, O:5 <0T 4>A8BL 402=N B@048FVN C A5@54=L>2VGGV. /:I> 2 C:@0W=AL:><C <0;O@AB2V D5>40;L=89 ?>@B@5B 1C2 ?@54AB02;5=89 2V4?>2V4=> 4> 25@AB2 ACA?V;LAB20 <03=0BAL:8<, H;OE5BAL:8<, AB0@H8=AL:8< ?>@B@5B><, 0 B0:>6 7>1@065==O< 28I>3> B0 A5@54=L>3> 4CEV2=8FB20, <VI0=AB20, ;N459 2V;L=8E ?@>D5AV9 B>I>, C A5@1AL:><C 4><V=C20;> 7>1@065==O 4CEV2=8FB20, 7451V;LH>3> - 28I8E VT@0@EV2. >@B@5B=0 30;5@5O FL>3> B8?C 2 :8W2AL:V9 <8B@>?>;8GV9 @57845=FVW ?>G0;0 A8AB5<0B8G=> ?>?>2=N20B8AO 7 :V=FO XVII AB. !:@><=V 7>1@065==O 2G5=8E-0@EV<0=4@8BV2 V7 @8A0<8 @5=5A0=A=>3> ?>@B@5B0 ?>ABC?0NBL ?5@54 ?8H=8<8 <8B@>?>;8G8<8 B0 0@EVT@59AL:8<8 ?>@B@5B0<8, O:V =01;86CNBLAO 4> A2VBAL:8E, 0;5 V 715@V30NBL AE>6VABL 7 10@>:>28<8 V:>=0<8, >A>1;82> @>7:VH=VABN ;VBC@3V9=>3> >4O3C, <>=C<5=B0;L=>N @5?@575=B0B82=VABN. # A5@1V2 ?>4V1=5 O28I5 A?>AB5@V30TBLAO 7 A5@548=8 XVIII AB., O:5 1C;> C @>728B:C AB0@>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>@B@5B0 ">AB0==L>N V 1;8A:CG>N 5?>E>N"[119]. "V4:;NG0NG8AL" 4> FL>3> ?5@V>4C, A5@1AL:V <8BFV 70?>78GC20;8 B5, I> 265 <0;> 2 C:@0W=AL:><C <8AB5FB2V <0965 AB>;VB=N B@048FVN. ">6 A5@1AL:V A5@54=L>2VG=V 2>;>40@V 7 2V70=BV9AL:>3> 21@0==O 7@07:V2 XIII- XIV AB. C XVIII AB. "?5@5>4O30NBLAO" 2 @>7:VH=V :>ABN<8 T2@>?59AL:8E <03=0BV2 XVII AB. E=V >1;8GGO, E>G V =040;V V450;V7>20=V, <0NG8 @8A8 A2OB8E, @:5 =5 ?>7=0G5=V 0A:5B87<><, 2V4GC65=VABN 2V4 75<=>3> 1CBBO. 8@07=89 ?@8:;04 AB0=>28BL "!B5<0B>3@0DVO" %.5D0@>28G0, O:0 I5 CB@8<C20;0 A5@54=L>2VG=C 0B@81CB8:C 2 ?>@B@5B0E A5@1AL:8E 2>;>40@V2 V A2OB8E. >4=>G0A 02B>@, @>7C<VNG8 <>2C <8AB5FB20 04@5A0B0, A<V;82> 10@>:87C202 A2>WE 35@>W2. 2>;NFVN ?@>F5AC 10@>:870FVW ?>@B@5BV2 VT@0@EV2 C :=86:>2V9 V;NAB@0FVW 7025@HCT "AB>@VO @V7=8E A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@>4V2, =091V;LH5 1>;30@, E>@20BV2 V A5@1V2" (V45=L, 1795), 2 O:V9 2V4><V :0=>=VG=V A5@1AL:V 2>;>40@V V A2OBV ?@54AB02;5=V 2V4?>2V4=> 4> 60=@>2>W A?5F8DV:8 7>1@065==O A2OB8E C65 157 @5;V3V9=8E 0B@81CBV2 - C ;8F0@AL:V9 71@>W 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E D5>40;V2. >:C<5=B8, <5<C0@8 XVIII AB. 70A2V4GCNBL =0O2=VABL C ?>1CBV A5@1AL:8E VT@0@EV2 B8?>2> 10@>:>2>W @>7:>HV, ?@03=5==O 4> ?@8:@0A, 45<>=AB@0FVW 1030BAB20, 2 G><C ?>@B@5B87C20==O 2V4V3@020;> >A>1;82C @>;L. &V;0 30;5@5O ?>@B@5BV2 ?>:07CT, I> A5@1AL:5 28I5 4CE>25=AB2> =5 C=8:0;> ?>@B@5B87C20=L, O:V 1 ?@54AB02;O;8 9>3> C ?8H=><C 21@0==V, 0:F5=BC20;8 1030BAB2> V @>7:VH. >=8 C:;040NBL C3>48 7 <09AB@0<8, 2V4 O:8E 28<030TBLAO ?5@540B8, 7>:@5<0, 9 0B@81CB8 2;048 B0 <>3CB=>ABV[120]. >B@510< A0<5 B0:>W ?@575=B0FVW A5@1AL:8E VT@0@EV2, FV;:>< V<>2V@=>, 2V4?>2V402 C:@0W=AL:89 4>A2V4, 4>A8BL H8@>:> ?@54AB02;5=89 C A5@1AL:><C ?>@B@5B=><C 682>?8AV XVIII AB. 8B0==O CG0ABV A5@1AL:8E <09AB@V2 B0 WE=VE 157?>A5@54=VE 01> ?5@5410GC20=8E CG=V2 C AB2>@5==V A5@1AL:>3> ?>@B@5B=>3> 682>?8AC CA:;04=NTBLAO G5@57 0=>=V<=VABL FV;>W =87:8 @>1VB, I> 28<030T @5B5;L=>3> ?>@V2=O==O 2V4><8E =0 AL>3>4=V ?>@B@5BV2 7 C:@0W=AL:>N, ?5@54CAV< :8W2AL:>N, H:>;>N. 8=V 2V4><> :V;L:0 @>1VB, I> =0;560BL 0A8;N ><0=>28GC O:>3> I5 =07820NBL ?@842>@=8< EC4>6=8:>< ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=V5 '0@=>T28G0. # 60=@V ?>@B@5B0 ?@0FNNBL 72'O70=V 7 C:@0W=AL:8< <09AB@>< !B5D0= "5=5FL:89, 8:>;0 5H:>28G, >0:8< 0@:>28G B0 V=HV 02B>@8, G8W V<5=0 7'O2;ONBLAO 2 >AB0==V 45AOB8;VBBO XVIII AB. !B8;VAB8:0 28:>=0==O F8E ?>@B@5BV2 28@07=> =0304CT :8W2AL:C B@048FVN V:>=>?8AC. 2B>@0<8 ?>@B@5BV2 2 #:@0W=V 1C;8 7451V;LH>3> V:>=>?8AFV, I> ?>7=0G8;>AO =0 >A>1;82>ABOE 28:>=0==O 25;8:8E :B8B>@AL:8E ?>@B@5BV2. &5 E0@0:B5@=V 4;O V:>=>?8AC 72CG=V D0@18, ?8H=89 :2VBG0AB89 >4O3, 70AB>AC20==O 7>;>B0.  A5@1V2 C B0:V9 B@048FVW ?@0FN202 !."5=5FL:89, G8O @>1>B0 "!5@18 A2OB8B5;V V A2. "5>4>@ "8@>=" (1764) T 1;8A:CG8< ?@8:;04>< A8=B57C V:>=>?8A0==O B0 ?>@B@5B=>3> 682>?8AC, ?V7=L>2V70=BV9AL:8E B0 10@>:>28E 5;5<5=BV2. >@B@5B A5@1AL:>3> ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=VT III '0@=>T28G0 28:>=0=> C B8?>2><C 4;O C:@0W=AL:8E ?>@B@5BV2 AB8;V ?@575=B0FVW VT@0@EV2. =0;>30<8 B0:8E ?>@B@5BV2 C A5@1V2 T C:@0W=AL:V @>1>B8, B0:V O: ?>@B@5B8 >0A0D0 @>:>2AL:>3> (?>G0B>: XVIII AB.), 0D0W;0 01>@>2AL:>3> 01> ?>@B@5B T?8A:>?0 D0=0AVO @>1>B8 .8H=525FL:>3> (:V=5FL XVIII AB.). WE >1'T4=CNBL V:>=>3@0DVG=0 AE5<0, <>=C<5=B0;L=VABL, 1030BAB2> 45:>@0B82=>3> 28@VH5==O, :>;L>@>20 30<0. # 30;5@5W A5@1AL:>3> ?>@B@5B=>3> 682>?8AC G8 =5 =091V;LH5 ?@54AB02;5=V 7>1@065==O VT@0@EV2. ;5 =09G0ABVH5 F5 =5 BV, E0@0:B5@=V 4;O C:@0W=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20, 7>1@065==O =0 ?>2=89 7@VAB. !5@1AL:V <8B@>?>;8B8 B0 T?8A:>?8 7451V;LH>3> 7>1@065=V B0:, I> ?>AB0BV, O: ?@028;> - 1NAB8, 28ABC?0NBL =0 B5<=><C 3;CE><C B;V. /: V 2 C:@0W=AL:><C ?>@B@5B=><C 682>?8AV XVI-XVII AB., C2030 EC4>6=8:0 7>A5@5465=0 =0 >1;8GGOE A8;L=>W ?;0AB8G=>W ;V?:8. 2B>@ ?@03=5 28O28B8 O:>ABV, 240GC ;N48=8, =03>;>HCNG8 =0 B0:8E >A>1;82>ABOE, O: ?>GCBBO 2;0A=>W 3V4=>ABV, A8;0 2>;V, @>7C<. &V ?>@B@5B8 T B8?>;>3VG=> 1;87L:8<8 4> B8E C:@0W=AL:8E 7@07:V2, C O:8E ?@520;NNBL ;0:>=V7<, 70<:=5=VABL ?>@B@5B=>W E0@0:B5@8AB8:8, AB@8<0=VABL C @>7:@8BBV 2=CB@VH=VE ?>GCBBV2. 4O3, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 @5?@575=B0B82=8E ?>@B@5BV2 VT@0@EV2, 7>1@065=8E =0 ?>2=89 7@VAB, =5 2V425@B0T C2038 2V4 3>;>2=>3> - 7<0;N20==O E0@0:B5@C G5@57 >1;8GGO. &59 ?>@B@5B C A5@1V2 1;87L:89 4> AB2>@N20=8E C 70-80-E @>:0E XVIII AB. 7>1@065=L O:V H8@>:> 2V41820NBL =>25 @>7C<V==O DC=:FV9 ?>@B@5B0. "CB I5 ?@8ACB=O B@048FV9=0 AE5<0, ?@>B5 ?@520;NNBL 265 =5 @5?@575=B0B82=V 70240==O, 0 @>18BLAO =03>;>A =0 ?A8E>;>3V7<V, @>7:@8BBV 2=CB@VH=L>3> A2VBC ;N48=8. &V;0 =87:0 ?>4V1=8E ?>@B@5BV2 =52V4><8E 01> V45=B8DV:>20=8E 02B>@V2 O2;OT A>1>N ?V7:> 28E>?;5=5 7 >B>GCNG>W ?VBL<8 D>=C >1;8GGO. >1@065==O >4O3C <0T 206;82C DC=:FVN, ?@>B5 WW =5 B0: =03>;>H5=>, O: C ?>@B@5B0E =0 ?>2=89 7@VAB. !0<5 B0:8<8 T ?>@B@5B8 T?8A:>?V2 !B5D0=0 V 02;0 20:C<>28GV2, 5@0A8<0 40<>28G0, I> =0;560BL =52V4><8< 02B>@0<, A09W =B>=>28G0 (02B>@ !."5=5FL:89?), 0@EV<0=4@8B0 $5>4>AVT 5A5;8=>28G0, T?8A:>?V2 0A8;VT B0 8:>;8 8<8B@8T28GV2, <8B@>?>;8B0 >20=0 6>@46528G0, ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=VT IV >20=>28G0 (0:015=B8, <8B@>?>;8B0 V:5=BVT >20=>28G0, 0@EV<0=4@8B0 >20=0 >20=>28G0, T?8A:>?0 >A8?0 (0:015=B8, <8B@>?>;8B0 02;0 5=04>28G0 B0 =87:8 V=H8E VT@0@EV2, H8@>:> ?@54AB02;5=8E C A5@1AL:><C ?>@B@5B=><C 682>?8AV XVIII AB.[121]. 030B> 7 F8E >AV1 68;8 V ?@0FN20;8 A0<5 2 4>1C =091V;LH V=B5=A82=>3> :C;LBC@=>3> A?V;:C20==O 7 8T2><, :>;8 >A=>2=8<8 28:>=02FO<8 ?>@B@5BV2 1C;8 C:@0W=AL:V <09AB@8, WE=V CG=V 01> 6 BV EC4>6=8:8, I> =02G0;8AO 2 8T2V. V;LHVABL @>1VB =52V4><8E 02B>@V2 AB8;L>28<8 >A>1;82>ABO<8 7>1@065==O 2:07CNBL =0 ?@O<89 72'O7>: 7 :8W2AL:>N H:>;>N ?>@B@5B=>3> 682>?8AC, I> 2 FV;><C 28<030T @5B5;L=>3> ?>@V2=O==O C ?>40;LH><C[122]. :@V< 7>1@065=L VT@0@EV2, A5@1AL:89 ?>@B@5B=89 682>?8A 725@B0TBLAO V 4> ?@54AB02=8:V2 V=H8E 25@AB2. 2060TBLAO, I> =09402=VH8< =5F5@:>2=8< 7>1@065==O< T ?>@B@5B >DVF5@0 20=0 "5:5;VW, O:89 ?><5@ 1721 @>:C, :>;8 9 1C;> AB2>@5=> 9>3> ?>@B@5B =52V4><8< (V=>75<=8<, O: 22060NBL) 02B>@><. !5@54 ?5@H8E 2V4><8E A5@1AL:8E 02B>@V2 1C2 %.5D0@>28G, 7=0G=89 ?@>3@5A C @>728B:C FL>3> 60=@C 45<>=AB@CNBL @>1>B8 !."5=5FL:>3>, 02B>?>@B@5B O:>3> O2;OT ?@8:;04 28A>:>3> @V2=O 3@><04O=AL:>3> ?>@B@5B0. # @5?5@BC0@V A5@1AL:>3> ?>@B@5B=>3> 682>?8AC T 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=V 2 C:@0W=AL:><C <8AB5FB2V 7>1@065==O ?8AL<5==8:V2 (. 0WG, .1@04>28G), <VI0= V <5=H>N <V@>N - A5;O=. > 1;8A:CG8E ?@8:;04V2 >AB0==L>3> <>65 1CB8 2V4=5A5=5 0;53>@8G=5 7>1@065==O A5;O=8=0-AVOG0 C ABV=>?8A0E @CH54>;C, =092V@>3V4=VH5 - ?5=7;O C:@0W=AL:8E <09AB@V2. !5@1AL:89 ?>@B@5B XVIII AB. 70A=>20=89 =0 10@>:>2V9 :>=F5?FVW B0 AB8;V, 1;87L:89 4> B>3>G0A=>3> 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 V B8?>;>3VG=> A?>@V4=5=89 7 C:@0W=AL:8< ?>@B@5B=8< 682>?8A>< BVTW 4>18, I> T @57C;LB0B>< 157?>A5@54=L>3> 72'O7:C 7 :8W2AL:>N H:>;>N 682>?8AC. 02VBL :>;8 72'O7:8 ?@8?8=ONBLAO, 2V43><V= FL>3> 2?;82C A?>AB5@V30TBLAO - V =0?@8:V=FV XVIII, V =0 ?>G0B:C XIX AB. 02VBL V 2 >AVW, :C48 A5@18 4>18@0;8AO, ?@8A;C6CNG8 ?@8 42>@V V<?5@0B>@V2, A2>T@V4=> 2V41C20;0AO 7CAB@VG 7@CA8DV:>20=8E A5@1V2 B0 C:@0W=FV2. >:07>28< T ?@8:;04 ?>@B@5B=>3> 7>1@065==O A5@10 "5>4>@0 /=:>28G0-8@8T2AL:>3> (1740-1814), G;5=0 >AV9AL:>W <?5@0B>@AL:>W 0:045<VW =0C:, :>B@5 28:>=02 C:@0W=AL:89 EC4>6=8: .528FL:89 (?>@B@5B 715@V30TBLAO 2 @<VB06V @07>< V7 7>1@065==O<8 V=H8E A5@1AL:8E D02>@8BV2 @>AV9AL:>3> 42>@C). /: V 2 V=H8E AD5@0E A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8, @>728B>: >1@07>B2>@G>3> <8AB5FB20 ?@>BO3>< >AB0==VE 45AOB8;VBL XVIII AB. 7=0<5=CT ?>O20 :>=:@5B=>W ?>AB0BV, 4VO;L=VABL O:>W C>A>1;NT B@820;5 ?>ABC?>25 2:;NG5==O 2 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:89 EC4>6=V9 ?@>F5A. "0:>N DV3C@>N 2 >1@07>B2>@G><C <8AB5FB2V T "5>4>@ @0GC= (A5@548=0 XVIII AB. - 1781), 287=0=89 25@H8==8< O28I5< A5@1AL:>3> <0;O@AB20 XVIII AB. >728B>: B2>@G>ABV ".@0GC=0 C7030;L=NT H;OE, I> 9>3> ?@>9H;> A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2> - 2V4 70AB0@V;8E ?>AB2V70=BV9AL:8E B@048FV9 G5@57 C:@0W=AL:C H:>;C >7=09><;5==O V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8< 682>?8A>< 4> 157?>A5@54=L>3> ?@O<>3> 7=09><AB20 7 F8< <8AB5FB2><. V4 @0==VE ?@0FL, I> 28=8:;8 =5 157 2?;82C :@0I8E 28E>20=FV2 :8W2AL:8E <8BFV2, 4> >AB0==VE, AB2>@5=8E 7024O:8 157?>A5@54=L><C >7=09><;5==N V7 70EV4=8< 682>?8A><, B2>@GVABL ".@0GC=0 V;NAB@CT @>728B>: A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>. 5>3@0DVO FL>3> @>728B:C 2V41820T A2>T@V4=89 H;OE 2V4 8T20 4> V4=O, 2V4 @0==L>3> 4> 7@V;>3> 10@>:>. !2>W ?5@HV :@>:8 ".@0GC= @>182 C 157?>A5@54=L><C 72'O7:C 7 C:@0W=AL:>N <8AB5FL:>N B@048FVTN 2 WW A5@1AL:><C 20@V0=BV. >1>B8 @0==L>3> @0GC=0, =04728G09=> 1;87L:V C:@0W=AL:V9 B@048FVW, 40;8 ?V4AB02C ?@8?CAB8B8, I> 2V= <V3 1CB8 A5@54 CG=V2 0A8;O ><0=>28G0, O:89 <02 A2>N H:>;C 2 %>?>2V.  G0A>< 2V= A?V2@>1VB=8G02 7 :@0I8<8 28E>20=FO<8 ><0=>28G0, B0:8<8 O: 0A0 AB>WG, 8<8B@VT 0G528G. AB0==V9 1C2 ?@O<8< CG8B5;5< <>;>4>3> B0;0=>28B>3> <09AB@0, =091V;LH5 2?;820NG8 =0 =L>3>. A=CT ?@8?CI5==O I>4> <>6;82>3> ?5@51C20==O <>;>4>3> @0GC=0 2 8T2V, :C48, O: C65 707=0G0;>AO, 2V4@O460;8 4;O ABC4VN20==O 2 02@AL:V9 EC4>6=V9 <09AB5@=V =0974V1=VHC <>;>4L[123]. @EV2=V ?>HC:8 <>3;8 1 ?@>;8B8 A2VB;> =0 E0@0:B5@ 2?;82V2 =0 @0==L>3> @0GC=0, 0;5 9 B5, I> 2V4><> =0 AL>3>4=V, 40T ?V4AB028 70@0E>2C20B8 9>3> 4> 265 =0720=>3> 28I5 C:@0W=AL:>3>, ?5@54CAV< :8W2AL:>3>, :>;0 <8BFV2. #?5@H5 V<'O ".@0GC=0 7'O2;OTBLAO 1763 @>:C, :>;8 2V= 7 .0G528G5< ?@0FN202 =04 V:>=>AB0A0<8 2 @CH54>;V, 1765-3> - C 5>G8=V. >3> ?5@HC V=482V4C0;L=C @>1>BC - V:>=>AB0A <>=0AB8@O %>?>20 (1770) 1C;> 7=8I5=> 2 @>:8 4@C3>W A2VB>2>W 2V9=8. # F8E ?@0FOE ".@0GC= 70A2V4GCT 2V@=VABL A2>W< CG8B5;O<, W;> V;NAB@CT V:>=0 ">3>@>48FV 7 %@8AB><" 8:>;0W2AL:>W F5@:28 <VAB0 !;0=:0<5=. :>=>3@0DVO, >A>1;82> >@=0<5=B, 45:>@ 70A2V4GCNBL =0O2=VABL C:@0W=AL:8E 7@07:V2, O:8<8 :>@8ABC202AO 02B>@. ;5 B5E=V:>N 28:>=0==O 2V= 7=0G=> ?5@525@HCT B0:8E A2>WE ?>?5@54=8:V2, O: .5H:>28G G8 .>?>28G, B0 =02VBL V .0G528G, I> 40;> ?V4AB02C =0720B8 FN 9>3> @>1>BC "25;L<8 206;82>N :0@B8=>N A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:>" (.0284>2).  C:@0W=AL:8< @5?5@BC0@>< ?>2'O70=0 V =0O2=VABL C B2>@G>ABV <8BFO B5<8 AB@0640=L %@8AB0, I> ?@89H;0 2 A5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2> V7 70EV4=>3> 70 ?>A5@54=8FB20 #:@0W=8. "5 A0<5 AB>ACTBLAO 9 V=H8E <>B82V2: "%@8AB>A V !0<0@8BO=:0", "B5G0 2 38?5B", "%@8AB>A C 0@B8 V 0@VW". V4><V I5 7V ABV=>?8AC <>=0AB8@O @CH54>;, FV <>B828 ?V4 ?5=7;5< ".@0GC=0 707=0NBL =>2>3> 2BV;5==O, @0=VH5 =52V4><>3> A5@1AL:8< <09AB@0< ?5@5EV4=>3> ?5@V>4C. %C4>6=8: 28@07=> 10@>:>28E ?>3;O4V2, I> >A>1;82> ?><VB=> 2 48=0<VFV, ?0B5B8FV 9>3> 5=5@3V9=8E >1@07V2 7 B8?>2> T2@>?59AL:8<8 70A>10<8 7>1@065==O 2=CB@VH=L>3> 71C465==O V 4CH52=>3> 5:AB07C, ".@0GC= A2>TN B2>@GVABN A8<2>;V7CT 28O2 7@V;>3> 10@>:> C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V. 0 287=0==O< 4>A;V4=8:V2, 4>AO3=5==O 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W EC4>6=L>W <09AB5@=V 2V4V3@0;8 28=OB:>2C @>;L C ?V43>B>2FV "D078 7@V;>3> 10@>:>", @5G=8:>< O:>W T ".@0GC=, <09AB5@, :>B@89 45<>=AB@CT =0928I89 7;5B, I> 9>3> 4>AO3 A5@1AL:89 EC4>6=8:, O:89 28@VA, 7 >4=>3> 1>:C, =0 402=V9 V:>=>?8A=V9 A?04I8=V, 7 V=H>3> - =0 4>AO3=5==OE C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:>[124]. @>B5 >AB0==T, ?52=0 @VG, 1C;> ;8H5 5B0?>< C B2>@G><C @>728B:C <8BFO, O:89 ?VA;O >7=09><;5==O V7 70EV4=8< 682>?8A><, ;>3VG=> 72V;L=OTBLAO 2V4 B>3>, I> 265 AB0=>28;> ?52=89 0=0E@>=V7<. VA;O <09AB5@=V .0G528G0 2V= 2V41C20T C V45=L, 45, 2V@>3V4=>, <V6 1765-< B0 1770 @>:0<8 =02G0TBLAO 2 %C4>6=V9 0:045<VW. # @>1>B0E ".@0GC=0 ?><VB=89 2?;82 02AB@V9AL:VE <8BFV2, 2V= 2V4GCB=89 V 2 V:>=>AB0A0E, I> WE ?VA;O ?>25@=5==O <8B5FL 28:>=C202 ?> >T2>48=V. !0<5 2 =8E =09OA:@02VH5 28O28;8AO B0:V @8A8 B2>@G>ABV ".@0GC=0, O: 48=0<V7<, A:;04=VABL :><?>78FVW, B5<?5@0<5=B=89 :>;>@8B, =5728G09=0 DV3C@0B82=0 45D>@<0FVO, I> =025;> =0 ?>@V2=O==O 9>3> V7 B2>@GVABN ;L @5:>[125]. :@V< V:>=, ".@0GC= <0;N202 V ?>@B@5B8, AB8;L>2V >A>1;82>ABV O:8E ?>B@51CNBL ?>40;LH>3> ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 282G5==O 4;O 7'OAC20==O <V@8 ?@8ACB=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>:> C ?5@5E>4V A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20 4> @>:>:> V :;0A8F87<C. "5>4>@ @0GC= C A5@1AL:><C <8AB5FB2V T B8<, :8< C ;VB5@0BC@V T >A8B59 1@04>28G. 52=>N <V@>N 2V= ?@>9H>2 B>9 A0<89 H;OE, I> 9 2V4><V C:@0W=AL:V EC4>6=8:8 .528FL:89 B0 .>@>28:>2AL:89, O:V 2 #:@0W=V 1C;8 ?@>2VA=8:0<8 AB8;N @>:>:>, :>B@89 =5 AB02 >@30=VG=8< 4;O C:@0W=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20. #=0A;V4>: :>;>=V0;L=>W ?>;VB8:8 5B5@1C@30 8W2 2B@0G02 A2V9 ?@V>@8B5B ;V45@0 T2@>?5W70FVW AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>W :C;LBC@8. V= ?5@5B2>@N202AO =0 ?@>2V=FVN, I> 2V44020;0 A2>W A8;8 "?V2=VG=V9 0;L<V@V". "><C <8BFV ?>;8H0NBL :>;8H=V9 >078A T2@>?59AL:>W :C;LBC@8 8W2, HC:0NG8 @>7C<V==O V <>6;82>AB59 4;O @50;V70FVW B2>@G8E =0<V@V2 C 5B5@1C@7V. #:@0W=AL:V EC4>6=8:8 ?>7102;ONBLAO 2V4 =0FV>=0;L=8E @8A <8AB5FB20, 28ABC?0NG8 @5G=8:0<8 :;0A8F87<C, AB8;L O:>3> 2 @>AV9AL:><C 20@V0=BV 206:> 2V4@V7=8B8 2V4 :;0A8F87<C T2@>?59AL:>3>. 0 @V2=5< <8AB5FB20 ".@0GC= =5 <02 B0:8E 4>AO3=5=L, O: .>@>28:>2AL:89 G8 .528FL:89. !5@1AL:5 <8AB5FB2> 7=0G=> 70?V7=N20;>AO C A2>T<C @>728B:C ?>@V2=O=> 7 @8B<>< :C;LBC@8 45@602=8E =0FV9. ".@0GC= 45<>=AB@CT ?5@5EV4 4> @>:>:>, 715@V30NG8 A8;C 10@>:>2>W B@048FVW. V= 2=>A8BL =09A8;L=VH89 A;>2'O=AL:89 0:>@4 C 10@>:>2>-@>:09=89 ?5@V>4 A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20. >73;O40NG8 A5@1AL:89 10@>:>289 0=A0<1;L, =5 <>6=0 ;8H8B8 ?>70 C203>N B0:89 9>3> 206;8289 :><?>=5=B, O: <C78G=0 :C;LBC@0. W @>728B>: 2=0A;V4>: >A<0=AL:>W =020;8 =5 2V47=0G02AO @>7<0WBBO<. "CB =5 A?>AB5@V30T<> AB8;L>28E 5?>E, 045:20B=8E 70EV4=V9 3>B8FV, D;0<0=4AL:V9 ?>;VD>=VW, VB0;V9AL:V9 V=AB@C<5=B0;L=V9 <C78FV. 8H5 10@>:> AB0;> ?5@5;><=8< 5B0?>< C FL><C @>728B:C[126]. /: V 2 V=H8E AD5@0E <8AB5FB20, ?>?5@54=V9 @>728B>: A5@1AL:>W <C78:8 <0T G8<0;> A?V;L=>3> 7 C:@0W=AL:8<, I> 2V41820TBLAO, 7>:@5<0, 2 0=0;>3VG=>ABV 465@5; @5:>=AB@C:FVW 402=VE ?@>O2V2 <8AB5FB20 - D>;L:;>@, >1@O48, @8BC0;8. /: V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 CAV, =0 A5@1AL:8E 75<;OE 1C;> ?>H8@5=5 <8AB5FB2> =0@>4=8E 10@4V2. !5@1AL:8E 3CA;O@V2 7=0;8 2 #:@0W=V, :C48 2>=8 9H;8 @07>< V7 ?5@5A5;5=FO<8, I> @OBC20;8AO 2V4 >A<0=AL:8E ?5@5A;V4C20=L. 3V4=> 7 ?>;LAL:8<8 E@>=V:0<8 XV-XVII AB, 7>:@5<0 OA:>2AL:>3> V >@HB8=0, A5@1AL:V <0=4@V2=V A?V20:8 28:;8:0;8 25;8:89 V=B5@5A ?@8 42>@0E 70<>6=8E D5>40;V2 =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE, 1C;8 2>=8 2V4><V 9 A5@54 C:@0W=AL:>3> :>70FB20, 7>:@5<0 =0 0?>@>66V. @842>@=5 <C78G=5 <8AB5FB2>, O: 70A2V4GCNBL A5@54=L>2VG=V @>7?8A8, 1C;> 4>A8BL @>728=5=8<. A=CNGV D@03<5=B8 3>2>@OBL ?@> AE>6VABL <C78G=>3> 68BBO 8W2AL:>W CAV B0 A5@1AL:8E A5@54=L>2VG=8E 45@602. /: V C AB0@>:8W2AL:V9 45@602V, ?0=V2=>N 1C;0 F5@:>2=0 <C78:0, :>B@0 2 F59 G0A 707=0;0 7=0G=>3> ?V4=5A5==O. !?V;L=8< 1C;> V 35=5B8G=5 :>@V==O F5@:>2=>W <C78:8 - 2V70=BV9AL:0 <C78G=0 B@048FVO, 7 O:>W 70?>78GC20;8AO 3V<=>3@0DVO, @V7=V D>@<8 E>@>2>3> A?V2C, I> 7 G0A>< =01C20;8 =0FV>=0;L=>3> :>;>@8BC. 70T<>?5@5?;5B5==N AB8;L>28E 4><V=0=B A;>2'O=AL:>3> F5@:>2=>3> A?V2C A?@8O;> V A?V2@>1VB=8FB2> 4CE>2=8E >A5@54:V2 - A5@1AL:8E B0 402=L>@CAL:8E - =0 D>=V. # <>=0AB8@V %8;O=40@ A5@1AL:5 "?>O=T" @>72820;>AO ?>@O4 V7 1>;30@AL:>N, @CAL:>N B0 V=H8<8 A?V2G8<8 H:>;0<8[127]. 0 A2V4G5==O< 0A8;O @83>@>28G0-0@AL:>3>, O:89 =0 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. 2V42V402 D>= V >7=09><82AO 7 68BBO< <>=0AB8@V2, A5@1AL:89 F5@:>2=89 A?V2 <0;> G8< 2V4@V7=O2AO 2V4 A?V2V2 C V=H8E <>=0AB8@OE[128]. 52=C @>;L 2 >@VT=B0FVW A5@1AL:>3> F5@:>2=>3> A?V2C =0 3@5FL:V 7@07:8 2V4V3@0202 A5@54=L>2VG=89 ?8AL<5==8: !020 5<0=8G, :C;LB O:>3> A?@8O2 ?>40;LHV9 :0=>=V70FVW F8E <>45;59 V 2 =0ABC?=8E AB>;VBBOE. "@820;89 G0A FV <>45;V 70;8H0;8AO T48=>N =>@<>N <C78G=>W :C;LBC@8 G5@57 2V4><C 7030;L<>20=VABL ?>40;LI>3> @>728B:C A5@1AL:>3> <8AB5FB20[129]. /:I> 7 G0A>< 28=8:0;8 =>2V B2>@8, 2>=8 1C;8 20@V0FVO<8 265 VA=CNG8E, AB2>@5=8E =0 70A040E 2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW.  ?5@5A5;5==O< =0?@8:V=FV XVII AB. =0 ?V2=VG C <56V 2AB@VW ?5@5=>A8BLAO 9 FO 402=O F5@:>2=0 <C78:0, ?>7=0G5=0 3@5FL:8< 2?;82><.  D>=C 4> A5@1V2 9H;8 2G8B5;V B0 A2OI5==>A;C68B5;V, :>B@V, O: A:0@682AO . 0WG, =02VBL 28B8A:0;8 7 >1@O4C A5@1AL:89 F5@:>2=89 A?V2[130]. ;5 =0FV>=0;L=89 20@V0=B V 40;V 682 C A5@1AL:8E >1@O40E C 283;O4V =0@>4=>3> F5@:>2=>3> A?V2C, <0NG8 420 @53V>=0;L=V B8?8 - :0@;>20FL:89 V 1T;3@04AL:89. /:I> >AB0==V9 7=0G=>N <V@>N 715@V302 0@E0W:C, ?5@H89 AB02 107>N AB2>@5==O =>2>W 4CE>2=>W <C78:8. 15@V30NG8 A5@54=L>2VG=C >A=>2C, 2V= ?>ABC?>2> ?5@5B2>@N202AO =0 =>25 O28I5, O:5 B0:>6 28=8:;> 2=0A;V4>: <>45@=V70FVW A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8. 8=8:=5==O =>2>W 4CE>2=>W <C78:8 ?>2'O70=5 B0:>6 V7 3>;>2=8<8 >A5@54:0<8 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO, I> @>72820;>AO =0 02AB@V9AL:><C B5@5=V - C <>=0AB8@OE, @>7:840=8E =0 $@CH:V9 3>@V[131]. &O :C;LBC@0 70;8H0;0AO F5@:>2=>N, >A:V;L:8 F5@:20 =5 <>3;0 1CB8 AB8<C;OB>@>< A2VBAL:>W <C78:8, >AB0==O 6 V =040;V 1C;0 =5@>728=5=>N G5@57 =548D5@5=FV9>20=VABL 3@><04O=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20. >4=>G0A C65 =0 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. 4CE>2=0 <C78:0 =5A;0 2 A>1V =>2V 5;5<5=B8, I> 2V4@V7=O;8 WW 2V4 2V70=BV9AL:>W B@048FVW B5=45=FVTN 4> A5:C;O@870FVW B0 ?>ABC?>2>3> 71;865==O V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8<8 AB8;O<8. /: A:;04>2C G0AB8=C F5@:>2=>W :C;LBC@8 <C78:C 1C;> 2BO3=CB> 2 CAV 7<V=8, I> 2V41C20;8AO 2 A5@1AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V 2 :>=B0:BV V7 ?@02>A;02=8< AE>4><. >4V1=> 4> . 04>9G8G0, O:89 AB25@46C202, I> A5@1AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C XVIII AB. =5<>6;82> CO28B8 157 270T<8= V7 8T2><, ACG0A=V <C78:>7=02FV =03>;>HCNBL =0 =5>1EV4=>ABV @>73;O40B8 A5@1AL:5 <C78G=5 <8AB5FB2> FVTW 4>18 C H8@>:><C A?5:B@V :C;LBC@=8E :><C=V:0FV9 V7 8T2><[132]. 0;03>465=89 <V6 42><0 <8B@>?>;8B0<8 - 0D0W;>< 01>@>2AL:8< B0 V:5=BVT >20=>28G5< - 72'O7>: =5 <V3 =5 ?>7=0G8B8AO =0 B0:V9 206;82V9 AD5@V 4CE>2=>3> 68BBO, O: F5@:>2=89 A?V2, I> AB0=>282 206;82C A:;04>2C G0AB8=C 10@>:>2>3> :><?;5:AC. 0 =0:07>< A5@1AL:>3> <8B@>?>;8B0, O:89 70?@>2046C202 =>2V =>@<8 :C;LBC@=>3> 68BBO, 28<030;>AO, I>1 C F5@:20E A?V20;8 V A;C61C 25;8 BV;L:8 70 :=86:0<8 <>A:>2AL:>3> 01> :8W2AL:>3> 4@C:C[133]. "0:V 28<>38 =5 <>3;8 70H:>48B8 VA=CNGV9 B@048FVW, >A:V;L:8 A5@1AL:89 A?V2, 7024O:8 265 2V47=0G5=V9 AE>6>ABV 2 35=578AV B0 402=V< 270T<>72'O7:0<, 1C2 4>A8BL 1;87L:89 4> :8W2AL:>3> @>7A?V2C. 0 CG0ABV 2V4><>3> :=86=8:0 V F5@:>2=>3> 4VOG0 @83>@VO &0<1;0:0 A5@1AL:89 A?V2 1C;> ?5@5=5A5=> 4> 8T20, B>6 7 XV AB. A5@1AL:0 4CE>2=0 <C78:0 ?>1CBC20;0 2 #:@0W=V, 0 ?V7=VH5 - C >A:>2VW[134]. # XVI-XVII AB. ?>G0;8 @>72820B8AO =0FV>=0;L=V 20@V0=B8 A?V2C - :8W2AL:89, 1V;>@CAL:89, <>A:>2AL:89.  :V=FO XVI - ?>G0B:C XVII AB. C:@0W=AL:0 4CE>2=0 <C78:0 C A2>T<C ?>ABC?>2><C @>728B:C A?@89<0;0 1030B>3>;>AAO B0 10@>:>2V D>@<8 V 70 =87:>N >7=0: =01;860;0AO 4> 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W 10@>:>2>W <C78:8, 0465 2 #:@0W=V =5 1C;> I5 3@C=BC 4;O A?@89=OBBO @0==VE D>@< >?5@=>3> B0 V=H8E @V7=>284V2 T2@>?59AL:>3> <8AB5FB20. '5@57 F5 BCB 7=0G=>N <V@>N @>72820;0AO E>@>20 <C78:0, O:0 A8=B57C20;0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V @8A8 7 =0FV>=0;L=>N B@048FVTN[135]. 0EV4=>T2@>?59AL:V <C78G=V 5;5<5=B8, B@0=AD>@<>20=V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ?@02>A;02=V9 B@048FVW, ?5@5E>48;8 4> A5@1V2, O:V 7 ?@02>A;02=>3> 8T20 157 2030=L ?@89<0;8 <8AB5FB2>, I> <0;> :0B>;8FL:5 G8 C=V0BAL:5 ?>E>465==O. &5 40T ?V4AB028 4;O 28A=>2:C, I> V 2 A5@1AL:V9 <C78G=V9 :C;LBC@V AB>;VBBO< ?V7=VH5 A?>AB5@V30;>AO B5 A0<5 O28I5, I> V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 @0=VH5, - ?0=C20==O E>@>2>W <C78:8[136]. ">G=> 2V4B2>@8B8 ?>2=C :0@B8=C A5@1AL:>W F5@:>2=>W <C78:8 =5;53:>, G5@57 B5 I> <C78:0 2 A5@1V2 ?>1CBC20;0 7451V;LH>3> 2 CA=V9 D>@<V, =5 DV:AC20;0AO =>B=8<8 70?8A0<8. @> <C78:C 3@><04O=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 06 4> ?V7=L>3> XVIII AB. A2V4G5=L 4>A8BL <0;>. 8H5 ?V7=VH5, 7 @>728B:>< <VAB0, ?>ABC?>28< 28=8:=5==O< 3@><04O=AL:>3> ?@>H0@:C AB2>@N20;0AO <C78:0 A2VBAL:0, O:V9, >:@V< D>;L:;>@=>W, ?5@54C20;0 7451V;LH>3> F5@:>2=0 <C78G=0 :C;LBC@0. # XVII AB. F5@:>2=8<8 E>@0<8 2 !5@1VW :5@C20;8 70E>6V 3@5FL:V 2G8B5;V 7 D>=C. ;5, O: 2V47=0G0T .@G8G, 206:> ?>2V@8B8, I>1 @CAL:V A2OI5=8:8, :>B@V G0AB> AVO;8 !;>2> >65 V =0@>4 CB25@46C20;8 2 F5@:20E C 2V@V, =5 ?>H8@N20;8 V @CAL:>3> A?V2C[137]. &5 ?@8?CI5==O T FV;:>< V<>2V@=8<, >A:V;L:8 C 30-E @>:0E XVIII AB. 28=8:;8 H:>;8 :8W2AL:8E <03VAB@V2, :>B@V, 2V4?>2V4=> 4> ?@>3@0<8 8T2>->38;O=AL:>W 0:045<VW, 28:;040;8 =>B=89 A?V2, =02G0;8 F5@:>2=>3> @>7A?V2C, 70A=>2C20;8 A5@54 ABC45=BV2 E>@>2V :0?5;8. "0:5 28:;040==O 1C;> :>=G5 =5>1EV4=5 4;O >1A;C3>2C20==O ;VBC@3VW, I> WW 74V9A=N20;8 F5@:>2=V "?52G8:8" B0 0@EVT@5W. .>70G8=AL:89 B0 9>3> :>;538, 70 A?>AB5@565==O<8 0=8FV 5B@>28G, 7=0G=> 4>?><>3;8 A5@1AL:8< "4840A:0;0<" A8AB5<0B8G=8< 28:;040==O< A5<V=0@8AB0< ?A0;B8@AL:>3> <8AB5FB20[138]. >=8 =5 BV;L:8 ?V4B@8<C20;8 265 VA=CNGC A?V2>GC B@048FVN, 0 9 AB8<C;N20;8 ?>H8@5==O ?> 2AV9 <8B@>?>;VW 1030B>W <C78G=>W B@048FVW 8T20. &5 1C;8 C@>G8ABV ;VBC@3VW, 45:;0<0FVW, V=HV D>@<8, O:V 2=>A8;8AL C A5@1AL:C 4CE>2=C <C78:C G5@57 B2>@GVABL :8W2AL:8E <8BFV2, I> 7=0G=> 71;86C20;> FN ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:C <C78G=C B@048FVN V7 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8< 10@>:>[139]. !5@1AL:5, =0@>4=5 70 AB8;L>28<8 >7=0:0<8, F5@:>2=5 "?>O=T" <0;> A5@54=L>2VG=5 ?>E>465==O, V F59 AC1AB@0B 1C2 A?>@V4=5=89 7 C:@0W=AL:>N <C78G=>N :C;LBC@>N. AB0==O, 70 A2V4G5==O< 4>A;V4=8:V2, AC25@5==5 ?0=C20;0 =0 B5@5=V 0@;>20FL:>W <8B@>?>;VW 7 ?>G0B:C V 4> 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB.[140]. >@V2=O;L=V 4>A;V465==O ?5@5:>=CNBL, I> A0<5 2 F8E 72'O7:0E A;V4 HC:0B8 ?@8G8=8 B0 E0@0:B5@ ?>40;LH>W 52>;NFVW A5@1AL:>W 4CE>2=>W <C78:8, ?@8G8=8 WW 35=5B8G=>W B0 AB8;L>2>W A?>@V4=5=>ABV 7 :8W2AL:8< @>7A?V2><. C:>?8A=V 71V@:8, I> 9 =8=V 715@V30NBLAO 2 A5@1AL:8E 0@EV20E, <>=0AB8@AL:8E 7V1@0==OE, 70A2V4GCNBL 4>A8BL H8@>:C @5?@575=B0B82=VABL C:@0W=AL:>W <C78G=>W ;VB5@0BC@8 2 A5@1AL:><C F5@:>2=><C A5@54>28IV. 2060NG8 =0 V=B5=A82=VABL :=86:>28E =04E>465=L, <>6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> BCB 1C;8 7=0=V :=86:8, ?@87=0G5=V 4;O 1>3>A;C61>2>3> A?V2C, O:V 9 4>=8=V 715@53;8AO C 25;8:V9 :V;L:>ABV 2 #:@0W=V. &V :=86:8 1C;8 7=0G=> ?>H8@5=V 2 F5@:>2=V9 ?@0:B8FV B0 A8AB5<V =02G0==O 1@0BAL:8E H:V; V :>;53V9. 5@H 70 2A5 F5 AB>ACTBLAO 2V4><8E V@<>;>3V9[141]. # 1V1;V>B5FV 0B8FV A5@1AL:>W 715@V30TBLAO "@<>;>3V>=... A<>3;0A=8:", =09402=VH89 4@C:>20=89 <C78G=89 71V@=8: #:@0W=8 (L2V2, 1702), :>B@89, O: 70A2V4GCT 70?8A, ?>B@0?82 4> A5@1V2 7024O:8 >20=C ;VGC, >4=><C 7 ?0;><=8:V2 4> 8T20. "CB 65 715@V30NBLAO C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O ?>AV1=8:8 7 F5@:>2=>3> A?V2C, O:V AB0=>2;OBL B8?>2V 7@07:8 C:@0W=AL:>W ?>;V3@0DVW XVIII AB. 0 ?0;VBC@FV >4=>3> 7 ?@8<V@=8:V2 ?>7=0G5=>, I> G5@=V3V2AL:5 2840==O 1761 @>:C ?@8=5A;8 4> <>=0AB8@O %>?>2> A5@1AL:V ?@>G0=8. $>=48 0B8FV A5@1AL:>W <VABOBL V @C:>?8A=V 71V@:8 4CE>2=8E :>=F5@BV2, AB2>@5=V C XVII AB., I> ?>B@0?8;8 AN48 7 1V1;V>B5:8 !028 "5:5;VW; 2 0@EV2V !5@1AL:>W :045<VW =0C: B0 <8AB5FB20 2 T;3@04V 715@V30TBLAO 71V@:0 F5@:>2=8E ?VA5=L, :>B@C, O: ?@8?CA:0NBL, C:;02 4;O @>AB>2AL:>3> <8B@>?>;8B0 C:@0W=AL:89 F5@:>2=8: 20= 0A;02AL:89[142]. @EV2=V 4>A;V465==O, 74V9A=5=V ..5@0A8<>2>N-5@A84AL:>N, ?V4B25@48;8 ?@O<89 72'O7>: A5@1AL:>W <C78G=>W B@048FVW 7 :8W2AL:>N. ?C1;V:>20=V <0B5@V0;8 7 D>=4V2 0B8FV A5@1AL:>W 2 >2><C !04V 40;8 ?V4AB028 :>=AB0BC20B8 VA=C20==O A?V20FL:8E :=86>:. >A;V4=8FO 725@=C;0 C203C =0 >A>1;82>ABV EC4>6=L>3> >D>@<;5==O F8E 465@5; 28HC:0=8<8 ?@8:@0A0<8. =0;V7 3@02N@ 7 B8?>2> 10@>:>28<8 0;53>@VO<8 2:07CT =0 ?>E>465==O @C:>?8AC 7 A5@548=8 XVIII AB.[143]. ?C1;V:>20=89 :><?;5:B =>B=8E 70?8AV2 =0;568BL 4> ?0@B5A=8E <>B5BV2 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. &59 ?>H8@5=89 C 2@>?V 284 <C78G=>W B2>@G>ABV ?@8B0<0==89 @V7=8< =0FV>=0;L=8< H:>;0<, C BV< G8A;V 9 C:@0W=AL:V9. 4V9A=5=0 ?C1;V:0FVO 70A2V4GCT ?>H8@5==O FL>3> 60=@C C !EV4=C 2@>?C, 0 72V4B8 =0 ?V245=L. %0@0:B5@=>, I> O: V V=HV 2848 <8AB5FB20, F59 284 <02 :0B>;8FL:5 ?>E>465==O V =5 <V3 1CB8 70?>78G5=89 C A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV 157?>A5@54=L> V7 ACAV4=VE :C;LBC@ - E>@20BAL:>W, 02AB@V9AL:>W G8 C3>@AL:>W, 0 ?@89<02AO >?>A5@54:>20=> 7 C:@0W=AL:>W - O: ?@02>A;02=>3> ?>A5@54=8:0. ;O 282G5==O ?>40;LH>W 52>;NFVW FL>3> 60=@C =0 A5@1AL:><C B5@5=V ?>B@V1=> 7'OAC20B8, O:>N <V@>N 2V= ?@>4>26C202 68B8 C A5@1AL:V9 :C;LBC@V, G8 <>6=0 3>2>@8BB8 ?@> 9>3> A5@1AL:89 =0FV>=0;L=89 20@V0=B. 52=>N <V@>N 2V4?>2V4L =0 F5 ?8B0==O ?>28==V 40B8 ?>40;LHV 0@EV2=V 4>A;V465==O, :>B@V 1 7=0G=> @>7H8@8;8 :0@B8=C ?@>=8:=5==O C:@0W=AL:>W <C78G=>W B@048FVW =0 0;:0=8, @>7:@8;8 <V@C WW CG0ABV C AB2>@5==V =0FV>=0;L=>3> 20@V0=B0 A5@1AL:>3> <C78G=>3> 10@>:>. /:I> :8W2AL:89 @>7A?V2 ?>1CBC202 C F5@:>2=><C A5@54>28IV, B> 4CE>2=V ?VA=V, :0=B8 ?@>=8:0;8 70 <56V <>=0AB8@AL:8E :5;V9, ?>H8@N20;8AO 2 =0@>4V. 0=B C FV;><C 1C2 ACBBT28< D0:B>@>< @>728B:C <VAL:>W :C;LBC@8, CA2V4><;5==O 9 28AC=5==O =0 ?5@H89 ?;0= >A>18ABVA=>3>, 02B>@AL:>3> =0G0;0 2 EC4>6=V9 B2>@G>ABV. >?C;O@=VABL, 7=0G=0 ?>H8@5=VABL FL>3> 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>3> 60=@C 2 C:@0W=AL:><C A5@54>28IV, 45 2V= 1C2 @V7=>284>< ?>1CB>2>W <VAL:>W ?VA=V, 2V4><0. !2>W< A2VBAL:8 01> 4CE>2=>-<>@0;VAB8G=8< 7<VAB>< FO ?VA=O =0?V2?@>D5AV9=>3> ?>E>465==O 2V4?>2V40;0 AB@C:BC@V, 70?8B0< C:@0W=AL:>3> 3@><04O=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 XVII-XVIII AB., B><C 7=0G=>N <V@>N 715@53;0AO, I> 70A2V4GCNBL WW ?C1;V:0FVW[144]. /: C65 2V47=0G0;>AO, ?>H8@5==O :0=B0 2 A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV 1C;> ?>2'O70=5 7 ?>?C;O@=VABN 2V@H>20=>W ?>57VW, A?@8O;> A5:C;O@870FVW >1>E F8E 284V2 <8AB5FB20. 07>< 7 V=H8<8 B2>@0<8 4>18 F59 60=@ ?>T4=C202 C A>1V A5@54=L>2VG=89 :><?>=5=B V7 =>28<8, B8?>2> 10@>:>28<8 O28I0<8. /: V 2 V=H8E 60=@0E, D>;L:;>@=89 5;5<5=B 1C2 01> V<?;VF8B=> ?@8ACB=V9, 01> 6 V7 G0A>< ?@82=>A82AO C 7<VAB, <5;>4VN G8 A?>AV1 28:>=0==O, G><C A?@8O;> V A5@54>28I5 ?>1CBC20==O :0=B0. #G8B5;V 7 8T20 G8 6 A5@1AL:V CG=V 2 8T2V 01> 2 0@;>20FV =0;560;8 4> 3@><04O=AL:>3> ?@>H0@:C, O:I> =5 ?>E>48;8 7 A5;0. 5<0T AC<=V2C 2 B><C, I> C:@0W=AL:V 2G8B5;V A?V20;8 FV ?VA=V, >A:V;L:8 28:>=0==O :0=BV2 2E>48;> 4> H:V;L=>W ?@>3@0<8 V O: B0:5 =5 <>3;> =5 :>@8ABC20B8AO ?>?C;O@=VABN. '8<0;C @>;L C ?>H8@5==V F8E ?VA5=L 2V4V3@020;0 V ""@0354>:><54VO" .>70G8=AL:>3>. C78G=89 :><?>=5=B 1C2 A2>T@V4=>N =>@<>N H:V;L=>W 4@0<8, O:0 G0AB> 2:;NG0;0 28:>=0==O F5@:>2=>W 3V<=>3@0DVW[145]. "CB =5@V4:> DV3C@C202 E>@, A?V20;8AO 4CE>2=V ?VA=V, :0=B8, ?@82=>A8;8AO =0@>4=>-?>1CB>2V ?VA=V, V=HV 2848 B>3>G0A=>W <C78G=>W :C;LBC@8. 0 E0@0:B5@>< FO <C78:0 7 #:@0W=8 1C;0 ?>7=0G5=0 @5=5A0=A=>-10@>:>28<8 @8A0<8, 715@V30NG8 2>4=>G0A <VAF52C A5@54=L>2VG=C >A=>2C[146]. >70G8=AL:89 =5 <V3 =5 28:>@8AB>2C20B8 >A>1;82>ABV 2VBG87=O=>W <C78G=>W B@048FVW, A?8@0NG8AL =0 =>B8, I> 2 @C:>?8A=><C 283;O4V ?@>=8:0;8 4> A5@1V2. # ""@0354>:><54VW", =03040T<>, DV3C@CNBL B0:V <C78G=V 5;5<5=B8, O: ?VA=O, :0=B, E>@, I> 1@02 CG0ABL C 45:;0<0B>@AL:>-E>@5>3@0DVG=8E AF5=0E. !5@1AL:V CG=V 28:>=C20;8 FV =><5@8 70 C:@0W=AL:8<8 =>B=8<8 7@07:0<8, <5;>4VTN O:8E 1C2 :8W2AL:89 @>7A?V2. 0O2=VABL 9>3> 70A2V4GCNBL C65 7304C20=V @C:>?8A=V B0 ?5@H8 4@C:>20=V A5@1AL:V :=86:8. &N <5;>4VN 1C;> 70DV:A>20=> :204@0B=>N =>B0FVTN %V-%V AB. >=0 ?@89H;0 =0 7<V=C A5@54=L>2VG=8< ":@N:0<" V 70A2V4GC20;0 28=8:=5==O 1030B>3>;>AAO, I> ?@>=8:0;> C B@048FV9=89 <>=>48G=89 A?V2 ;VBC@3VW[147]. /:I> @V7=V CA:;04=5=V 60=@8 <C78G=>W :C;LBC@8 10@>:> ?5@51C20;8 C 70@>4:>2><C AB0=V, AC25@5==5 ?0=C20==O 2?@>4>26 AB>;VBBO =0;560;> C:@0W=AL:><C :0=B>2V. !0<5 F59 284 ?VA5==>ABV ?>AV40T GV;L=5 <VAF5 C 2AVE =097=0G=VH8E ?VA5==8:0E, @C:>?8A=8E V 4@C:>20=8E, I> 1C;8 2V4><V A5@54 A5@1V2 C XVIII AB. >H8@5==O WE =0 25;8:><C ?@>AB>@V @>7A5;5==O A5@1V2 2V4 C=0N 4> 4@V0B8:8 V 40;V A2V4G8BL ?@> 7=0G5==O F8E ?VA5=L C A5@1AL:><C 3@><04AL:><C 68BBV. 5=578A WE 4>A8BL ?@>7>@89, =0 I> 2:07C202 I5 .!?5@0=AL:89, :>=AB0BCNG8, I> WE=O 2VBG87=0 - "#:@0W=0 V :C;LBC@=5 A5@54>28I5 8W2AL:>W 4CE>2=>W H:>;8"[148]. VA=V C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O A5@18 A?@89<0;8 O: A2>W, I>, 7>:@5<0, 70A2V4GCT 71V@=8: 1750 @>:C (O:89 715@V30TBLAO C $@0=FC7L:V9 =0FV>=0;L=V9 1V1;V>B5FV), 45 A5@1AL:V ?VA=V 4CE>2=>3> B0 A2VBAL:>3> 7<VABC 70?8A0=V ?>@CG 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8[149]. >4=>G0A =04E>48;8 71V@=8:8 <>A:>2AL:8E 2840=L, ?>7=0G5=V C:@0W=AL:>-@>AV9AL:8< ?5@5?;5BV==O< <C78G=>W B0 ?>5B8G=>W :C;LBC@. >?C;O@=VABL ?VA5==>W ?>57VW C A5@1AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V <0;0 0=0;>3VW 2 #:@0W=V, 45 :0=B8 4>23> =5 2B@0G0;8 A2>N 0C48B>@VN, ?5@5?8AC20;8AL, ?5@5E>48;8 7 @C: C @C:8, ?5@54020;8AL C A?04I8=C, 715@V30;8AL C ?VA5==><C 283;O4V[150]. ;5 ?>@V2=O==O 7 @5?5@BC0@=8< A:;04>< A5@1AL:8E :0=BV2 CA:;04=NTBLAO B@C4=>I0<8 @5:>=AB@CN20==O, >A:V;L:8 :0=B8 ?>1CBC20;8 BCB 7451V;LH>3> 2 CA=V9 D>@<V - <C78:0, 70 =57=0G=8<8 28=OB:0<8, I> 715@53;8AO 2 @C:>?8A0E, =5 DV:AC20;0AO. >A;V465==O >AB0==VE @>:V2, 74V9A=5=V @5:>=AB@C:FVW ?>:070;8, I> C A5@1AL:V9 <C78FV XVIII AB. VA=CT :V;L:0 B8?V2 :0=BV2, O:V 715@53;8AO C 71V@:0E XVIII - ?>G0B:C XIX AB. V A?V20;8AO 2 <>=0AB8@OE, H:>;0E, C <VAL:><C B0 157?>A5@54=L> A5;O=AL:><C A5@54>28IV[151]. > B0:8E =0;560BL ?VA=V ;VBC@3V9=V, A2VBAL:V B0 >1@O4>2V, 1;87L:V 4> D>;L:;>@=8E. 0 B8?>< 2>=8 2V4?>2V40;8 7@07:0<, 70 O:8<8 A?V20;8AO, B>1B> ?VA=O< 7 C:@0W=AL:8E, V=>4V @>AV9AL:8E 71V@=8:V2. "0:, 4> A5@1V2 ?>B@0?;O;8 :0=B8 ?@> 5B@0 , :C;LB :>B@>3> 1C2 4>A8BL 28A>:8< 70 C<>2 0=B8BC@5FL:>W 1>@>BL18, 2 O:V9 A5@18 ?>:;040;8 =04VW =0 4>?><>3C >AVW. 8=8:0;8 157?>A5@54=L> A5@1AL:V :0=B8 =0 G5ABL @>AV9AL:>3> V<?5@0B>@0, O:V O2;O;8 A>1>N <VAF52V 20@V0=B8, AB2>@5=V 70 7@07:0<8 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E. "0:, A5@1AL:0 ?VA=O "(54H5 B@VT F0@V", ?>H8@5=0 2 @C:>?8A=8E 71V@:0E XVIII AB., 2V4?>2V40T C:@0W=AL:><C :0=B>2V "(54H5 B@VT F0@V :> %@8ABC A> 40@8", 70?8A0=><C =0 '5@=V3V2I8=V. # A5@1AL:8E 0@EV20E 7=0945=> G8<0;> @V742O=8E B0 D>;L:;>@=8E :0=BV2, O:->B: "820=, 7;0B5, 7<8@=> >B40;8 157<V@=>", "5@542VG=> @>48AO, ?>4 ;VB8 2>AE>BV 75<;N ?@>A2VB8B8", C @C:>?8A=><C 71V@=8:C ""@V?5A=5F", =04@C:>20=><C 1759 @>:C 2 >A:2V, 2<VI5=> 9 A5@1AL:V ?VA=V, 0 F5@:>2=C ?VA=N "@5FL:5 !2OB89 >65" 7=0E>48<> 2 @C:>?8A=V9 71V@FV C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O, I> 715@V30TBLAO 2 0@EV2V !5@1AL:>W :045<VW =0C: B0 <8AB5FB20 2 T;3@04V. 0 G8A5;L=VABN 20@V0=BV2 <>6=0 7@>18B8 28A=>2>:, FN =091V;LH>N ?>?C;O@=VABN :>@8ABC20;8AO ?VA=V "(54H5 B@VT F0@V", "AV O78FV...", " EB>, EB> 8:>;0O ;N18BL", @V742O=89 :0=B "5@542VG=89 @>482AO". @07:>< 4;O <C78G=>3> 28:>=0==O 1030BL>E :0=BV2 1C;0 <5;>4VO 4CE>2=>W ?VA=V "AB>G=8: 4CE>2=89", 20@V0=B8 O:>W <VABOBLAO C 1030BL>E @C:>?8A=8E 71V@:0E XVIII-XIX AB. B0 2 ;VBC@3V9=8E :=830E. &59 =0A?V2, O: ?>:070;8 4>A;V465==O, =0;568BL 4> :0=BV2 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O. V= ?>H8@N202AO CA=8< H;OE>< V AB02 <C78G=>N <>45;;N 4;O 1030BL>E A5@1AL:8E 2V@HV2, ?@87=0G5=8E 4;O A?V2C[152]. C78G=89 @8B< 2?;8202 =0 ?>5B8G=C B2>@GVABL A5@1AL:8E ?>5BV2, B2>@0< O:8E 1C;0 ?@8B0<0==0 @8B<VG=VABL C?@>4>26 XVIII AB. >5B8 =5@V4:> 040?BC20;8 A2>W 2V@HV 4> ?>H8@5=>3> @8B<C :>=:@5B=>W <5;>4VW[153]. "0:, V7 <C78:>N BVA=> ?>2'O70=89 B5:AB B2>@C .@D5;V=0 ">@5AB=89 ?;0G", I> ?>G8=0TBLAO A;>20<8 "!5@1VT ?@5A;02=0" V7 ""@0354>:><54VW" .>70G8=AL:>3>. 0 B25@465==O< .6>=A>=0, B5:AB .@D5;V=0 =0;568BL 4> =09?>?C;O@=VH8E ?VA5==8E B2>@V2 A5@1AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. "5<0T AC<=V2C, - ?V4AC<>2CT 0=3;V9AL:89 4>A;V4=8:, - I> 1V;LHVABL B8E 2V@HV2 A?V20;0AO. 0965 157AC<=V2=8< T B5, I> ">@5AB=89 ?;0G" A?V20;8 A5@1AL:V >DVF5@8 2 02AB@V9AL:><C 2V9AL:C...". V= ?@8?CA:0T, I> @D5;V= ?8A02 B2V@ 2V4?>2V4=> 4> O:>WAL :>=:@5B=>W <5;>4VW, :>B@0 B>4V 1C;0 ?>?C;O@=>N (=0 F5 2:07CT WW ?><VB=0 ?@8ACB=VABL C 1030BL>E ?VA5==8:0E). =0;V7 AB@C:BC@8 2V@H0 B0:>6 ?>:07CT 2V4?>2V4=VABL :>=:@5B=8< <C78G=8< 28<>30<[154]. /:0 :>=:@5B=> <5;>4VO A;C68;0 7@07:><, G5@57 2V4ACB=VABL =>B=8E 70?8AV2 7'OAC20B8 =5<>6;82>, ?@>B5 VA=CT T48=89 ?@8:;04 70?8AV2, 7=0945=89 C @C:>?8AV "@82VB0==O >9A5N CB=8:C" .@D5;V=0. &O C@>G8AB0 >40 7 =03>48 ?@87=0G5==O 1757 @>:C .CB=8:0 T?8A:>?>< 22060TBLAO 206;828< VAB>@8G=8< A2V4G5==O< ?>1CBC20==O A5@1AL:>W <C78:8 XVIII AB., >A:V;L:8 AB0=>28BL @V4:VA=89 ?@8:;04 =>B=8E 70?8AV2. /: B8?>289 ?@54AB02=8: 10@>:>2>3> ?>;V3VAB5@AB20, .@D5;V= 1C2 V ?>5B><, V 3@025@><, V <C78G=> >A2VG5=>N ;N48=>N. "5:AB 9>3> "@82VB0==O" <0T 3@0DVG=5 >D>@<;5==O C 10@>:>2><C AB8;V, I> 1C;> ?@8B0<0==5 A?V20FL:8< @C:>?8A0<, >74>1;5=8< AB0@0==> 283>B>2;5=8<8 28HC:0=8<8 ?@8:@0A0<8[155]. =0945=V 2 0@EV20E 0B8FV A5@1AL:>W, 2>=8 70A2V4GCNBL C:@0W=AL:5 ?>E>465==O V 40BCNBLAO G0A><, :>;8 C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:V 72'O7:8 707=0;8 A2>3> =091V;LH>3> ?V4=5A5==O. .@D5;V= 22060TBLAO >4=8< V7 ?5@H8E "2>T2>48=AL:8E <C78:0=BV2"[156], 0 9>3> <C78G=0 ?>A2OB0 C "@82VB0==V" >FV=NTBLAO O: ?@8:;04 =0O2=>ABV 2 A5@1V2 5;5<5=BV2 3V<=>3@0DVW 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O, B8? O:>W 1C2 ?>H8@5=89 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V[157]. /: CG5=L :8W2AL:>3> <03VAB@0 "8<>DVO 520=4>2AL:>3> .@D5;V= <V3 7=0B8 :204@0B=C =>B0FVN V 70?@>2046C20B8 2 A5@1AL:8E F5@:20E C:@0W=AL:89 A?V2. !0<5 4> B0:8E 7@07:V2 1;87L:V =>B=V 70?8A8 .@D5;V=0, :>B@89 ?8A02 70 C:@0W=AL:8<8 7@07:0<8 :0=B8, "2V20B8", ?0=53V@8:8[158]. >3> "@82VB0==O", O: T48=89 2V4><89 ?@8:;04 =5;VBC@3V9=>W ?VA=V XVIII AB., 70A2V4GCT, I> 7024O:8 :8W2AL:><C @>7A?V2C B0 :204@0B=V9 =>B0FVW A5@1AL:0 <C78G=0 :C;LBC@0 2V4E>48;0 2V4 :0=>=VG=8E ?VA5=L, =01;860NG8AL 4> A2VBAL:>W <C78:8. 024O:8 CA=V9 D>@<V ?VA=V ?>H8@N20;8AO 40;5:> 70 <56V 157?>A5@54=L>3> ?5@51C20==O C:@0W=AL:8E <8BFV2, ?@>=8:0NG8 A;V4>< 70 A5@1AL:>N 4V0A?>@>N 06 4> 4@V0B8:8. "0:, C 1V1;V>B5FV <>=0AB8@O @:0, I> C ?V2=VG=V9 0;<0FVW (%>@20BVO), 7=0945=> <C78G=V 70?8A8 F5@:>2=8E ?VA5=L, 70DV:A>20=8E :204@0B=>N =>B0FVTN. >=0AB8@ 28=8: I5 70 G0AV2 A5@54=L>2VGGO V 1C2 206;828< >A5@54:>< A5@1AL:>W ?@02>A;02=>W F5@:28 C :0B>;8FL:><C >B>G5==V. "CB B@048FV9=> ?>1CBC20;> ?5@5:>=0==O 2 =5>1EV4=>ABV ?V4B@8<:8 BVA=8E 72'O7:V2 V7 ?@02>A;02=8< AE>4><, 45 8W2 ?>AV402 >A>1;825 <VAF5. # 1V1;V>B5:0E <>=0AB8@O 715@V30NBLAO :=86:8 C:@0W=AL:8E B0 @>AV9AL:8E 2840=L. > <C78G=>W A?04I8=8 =0;560BL 715@565=V BCB B@>?0@V 7 >;51=O >3>@>48FV B0 :0=B 5B@C . "5:AB8 70?8A0=> F5@:>2=>A;>2'O=AL:>N <>2>N 7 25;8:>N :V;L:VABN C:@0W=AL:8E B0 A5@1AL:8E ;5:A8G=8E =0H0@C20=L. ><8;:8 2 =>B0FVW 2:07CNBL =0 B5, I> 70?8A8, 2V@>3V4=>, @>182 A5@1AL:89 <>=0E, O:89 ?>25@=C2AO 2 0;<0FVN 7 #:@0W=8. 5;>4VO T 1;87L:>N 4> :8W2AL:>3> @>7A?V2C 7 5;5<5=B0<8 40;<0B8=AL:>3> 20@V0=B0 A5@1AL:>3> F5@:>2=>3> "?>O=O" V AB0=>28BL FV==89 7@07>: A8=B57C C:@0W=AL:>W B0 A5@1AL:>W <C78G=8E :C;LBC@[159]. 48= 7 @V4:VA=8E ?@8:;04V2 ?>:;045=>W =0 =>B8 ?VA=V XVIII AB, 70?8A0=>W :204@0B=>N =>B0FVTN =0 ?0;VBC@FV :=86:8, :>B@C 7=0945=> C <>=0AB8@V @:0, 0 B0:>6 7=0G=0 :V;L:VABL V=H8E 40=8E 70A2V4GCNBL, I> 70?8AC20G 1C2 7 #:@0W=8. A>1;8289 V=B5@5A AB0=>28BL B5, I> :=86:0 - C=V0BAL:>3> ?>E>465==O: "5@F0;> >3>A;>2VO", C:;045=5 VT@><>=0E>< 8@8;>< "@0=:2V;V>=>< 7 1;03>A;>25==O 0@;00<0 (5?B8FL:>3> 1615 @>:C. &5 40;> ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8 ?@> ?5@5?;5BV==O C=V0BAL:>W B0 ?@02>A;02=>W B@048FV9, ?>?@8 =0O2=VABL @5;V3V9=8E :>=D@>=B0FV9[160]. 024O:8 707=0G5=8< 72'O7:0< C A5@1AL:V9 <C78FV D>@<C202AO 60=@, I> 2V4V3@02 =091V;LHC @>;L C @>728B:C 4CE>2=>W ?VA=V, =0 >A=>2V O:>W 7@>AB0;0 A5@1AL:0 3@><04O=AL:0 <C78:0 =5F5@:>2=>3> 7<VABC. '5@57 =5W =>2V <C78G=V 5;5<5=B8 ?@>=8:0;8 2 F5@:>2=5 "?>O=T", A?@8G8=NNG8 70@>465==O =>2>3> B8?C <C78:8, ?>7=0G5=>3> =0FV>=0;L=8< :>;>@8B><. >?C;O@=VABL :0=B0 V H;OE8 9>3> ?>H8@5==O 2V41820NBL BV A0<V B5=45=FVW, I> <0;8 <VAF5 V 2 #:@0W=V: V7 B@048FV9=>3> 4;O A5@54=L>2VG=>W :C;LBC@8 >A5@54:C - F5@:>2=>3> - <8AB5FB2> 7<VICTBLAO C H:>;8, 72V4:8 @>7=>A8BLAO ?V4 G0A "@5:@50FV9" <0=4@V2=8<8 <C78:0=B0<8 - CG=O<8 G8 "4O:0<8". &5@:>2=0 :C;LBC@0 AB0T =0410==O< <VAL:>3> =0A5;5==O, ?@>=8:0T C D>;L:;>@. >4=>G0A 2V41C20TBLAO 72>@>B=89 ?@>F5A ?5@5E>4C A2VBAL:>W, D>;L:;>@=>W B@048FVW 2 F5@:>2=C 70 ?>A5@54=8FB20 <0=4@V2=8E 4O:V2, :>B@V, ?>25@B0NG8AO 7 @5:@50FV9, =5A;8 4> H:V; B0 <>=0AB8@V2 4CE>2=C :C;LBC@C A2>WE @>48=. $>;L:;>@=89 :><?>=5=B 1C2 =52V4'T<=>N G0AB8=>N 7030;L=>3> :><?;5:AC A5@1AL:>W <C78:8 XVIII AB. 0@>4=0 <C78:0, ?VA=O, E>@5>3@0DVO, <C78G=89 V=AB@C<5=B 1C;8 ?>2AN4=8<8 2 A5@1AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V, 0;5 2 F5@:>2=C 70 E0@0:B5@>< :C;LBC@C ?@>=8:0;8 ?>2V;L=>. &L><C ?@>=8:=5==N 7=0G=>N <V@>N A?@8O;8 :0=B8, I> C2V1@0;8 2 A515 V=B>=0FVN =0@>4=>W ?VA=V. "0:C B5=45=FVN, O: 707=0G0;>AO, 70A2V4GCT V .>70G8=AL:89, :>B@89 ?52=>N <V@>N >@VT=BC202AO =0 D>;L:;>@=V <>45;V A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4=>3> A?V2C. &5 =5 AC?5@5G8;> ?@8=F8?0< 10@>:> 7 9>3> ?>HC:0<8 H;OEV2 4>ABC?=>ABV 4;O H8@>:>W 0C48B>@VW. >4V1=V ?@03=5==O 28?@0240;8 A515. &5 ?V4B25@46CT ?>?C;O@=VABL ?VA5=L .>70G8=AL:>3> C =0@>4=><C A5@54>28IV. &V ?VA=V ?5@54020;8AO CA=8< H;OE><, 4020;8 ?>HB>2E 4;O AB2>@5==O =>28E ?VA5=L, O:V 265 22060;8AO >@83V=0;L=8<8 =0@>4=8<8 B2>@0<8, I> =0928@07=VH5 V;NAB@CT 4>;O =09?>?C;O@=VH>W ?VA=V "!5@1VO ?@5A;02=0" - :0=B0 70 ?>E>465==O<. :@5<V 7 F8E 20@V0=BV2 ?>B@0?;O;8 4> 71V@>: .0@0468G0 O: 157?>A5@54=L> A5@1AL:V =0@>4=V. >A;V4=8:8 2V47=0G0NBL, I> FV 4CE>2=V ?VA=V <0NBL G8<0;> A?V;L=>3> 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 ?A0;<0<8[161]. :@V< 4CE>2=8E ?VA5=L, ?>1CBC20;8 9 A2VBAL:V, I> B0:>6 E0@0:B5@87C20;8AO 1;87L:VABN 4> =0@>4=>W B@048FVW 2 A8=B57V 7 5;5<5=B0<8 :=86=>ABV AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O: "E ?>3=0;0 4V2G8=:0 >25G>: C ?>;5", "V302 70TFL ?>;5<" B0 V=.[162]. "5 A0<5 AB>ACTBLAO ?VA5=L A2VBAL:>3> A5@54>28I0 (")> :><C O 28=C20B89, 70 I> 38=C", "E, A:06VB5 <>W <8A;V" B>I>)[163]. 0 A?>AB5@565==O<8 4>A;V4=8:V2, >:@5<V ?VA=V, I> ?>E>4OBL 2V4 :0=BV2, V AL>3>4=V <>6=0 ?>GCB8 =0 =0@>4=8E 7V1@0==OE, F5@:>2=8E B0 <>=0AB8@AL:8E A2OB0E. <VAB V =0728 F8E ?VA5=L 4>A8BL ?5@5:>=;82> 2:07CNBL =0 WE=V9 35=578A, O:89 AO30T 10@>:>2>W 4>18. &5 AB>ACTBLAO :0=BV2 B8?C "AV O78FV...", ">A?;5I8B5 @C:0<8...", " :B>, :B> 8:>;0O ;N18B..." B>I>. @>B5 <5;>4VW F8E ?VA5=L C65 2V4@V7=ONBLAO 2V4 ?>G0B:>28E[164]. >?C;O@=VABL :0=BV2, WE=T AB@V<:5 ?>H8@5==O V ABV9:VABL ?>1CBC20==O 1C;8 70:>=><V@=8< O28I5< V <0;8 0=0;>3VW 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V. &L><C A?@8O2 V 265 7304C20=89 E0@0:B5@ A5@1AL:>W 4CE>2=>W B@048FVW, I> DC=:FV>=C20;0 =0 <56V ?8A5<=>W B0 CA=>W D>@<. "0:V >A>1;82>ABV DC=:FV>=C20==O 1C;8 1;87L:V ?@8@>4V :0=B0, O:89 28=8:02 C ?@>D5AV9=><C, >A2VG5=><C A5@54>28IV, 0;5 40;V 682 =0 <56V ?@>D5AV9=>3> B0 0=>=V<=>3> <8AB5FB20, :=86=>W B0 CA=>W :><C=V:0FVW[165]. /: V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <C78FV, :0=B ?@>=8:02 =5 ;8H5 C D>;L:;>@=5 A5@54>28I5 - 2V= 1C2 BVA=> ?>2'O70=89 V7 ?>40;LH8< @>728B:>< ?@>D5AV9=>W B2>@G>ABV, 2?;8202 =0 V=AB@C<5=B0;L=C <C78:C, ?>7=0G82AO =0 B2>@0E 2V4><8E A5@1AL:8E :><?>78B>@V2 XIX AB. &5 >A>1;82> AB>ACTBLAO B8E <8BFV2, O:V 1C;8 ?>2'O70=V 7 >T2>48=>N, 2V4><>N 2 <8=C;><C BVA=8<8 :>=B0:B0<8 7 #:@0W=>N. > B0:8E =0;568BL >@=5;VT !B0=:>28G, :>B@89 ?V4 2?;82>< 2V45=AL:8E A;>2'O=>DV;LAL:8E :V; ?@81C2 C !@5<AL:V 0@;>2FV, 45 C 1855-1857 @>:0E 70?8AC202 =0@>4=5 F5@:>2=5 "?>O=T" XVIII AB., O:5 ?>1CBC20;> ;8H5 2 CA=V9 B@048FVW. >4=>G0A 2V= 70?8AC202 V A2VBAL:V B0 =0@>4=V <5;>4VW O:V ?>BV< 2:;NG02 C 2;0A=V :>=F5@B8. 0 >A=>2V A8=B57C 7V1@0=8E <5;>4V9 .!B0=:>28G 4>AO3 B2>@G8E @57C;LB0BV2 O:V 22060NBLAO =>28< O28I5< C A5@1AL:V9 <5;>3@0DVW. 5@I 70 2A5 F5 AB>ACTBLAO AB2>@5=>3> =8< F5@:>2=>3> A?V2C, I> @0=VH5 28:>=C202AO >4=>3>;>A5. >3> 040?B0FVW =0@>4=>3> <5;>AC 4> :;0A8G=>W 30@<>=V70FVW, ?@87=0G5=>W 4;O E>@C, :>@8ABC20;8AO 25;8:>N ?>?C;O@=VABN, 2V4?>2V40NG8 ?0B@V>B8G=8< ?@03=5==O< A5@1AL:>3> 3@><04O=AL:>3> ?@>H0@:C XIX AB.[166]. =0G=89 :@>: C @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W <C78:8 AB0=>28;0 B2>@GVABL :><?>78B>@0 V E>@5>3@0D0 !B520=0 >:@0=OFO (1856-1914), O:89 ?>-=>2><C ?V4E>482 4> =0@>4=>W <5;>4VW. V= ?@0FN202 C A5@54>28IV, O:5 1C;> BVA=> ?>2'O70=5 7 ?0B@V0@E0;L=>N B@048FVTN A5;0 V ?>ABC?>2> B@0=AD>@<C20;>AO C 3@><04O=AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2>, 2?;820NG8 =0 EC4>6=V B0 5AB5B8G=V V450;8 <VAB0. "0:89 72'O7>: A?@8O2 @>728B:>2V 2V4GCBBO <V@8 C AB02;5==V 4> =0@>4=>W B2>@G>ABV. ><?>78B>@ =5 V450;V7C202 WW ?>4V1=> 4> @><0=B8:V2 - 2V= HC:02 WW 2=CB@VH=V9 A5=A. @82=>AOG8 C 2;0A=V B2>@8 D>;L:;>@=89 :><?>=5=B C A8=B57V 7 V=H8<8 70?>78G5==O<8, 2V= A?@8O2 @>728B:>2V @50;VAB8G=>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> =0?@O<C 2 <C78FV. # A2>WE :><?>78FVOE <8B5FL 28:>@8AB>2C202 V F5@:>2=C <5;>48:C, I> V;NAB@CNBL 9>3> 71V@=8: "A<>3;0A=8:" B0 "=>75<=5 A?V20==O" ("!B@0=> ?5=8X5"). >@V2=O;L=V 4>A;V465==O A5@1AL:>3> =0@>4=>3> "?>O=O" 7 ?VA5==>N B@048FVTN ?@02>A;02=>3> :>;0 - 2V70=BV9AL:>N, 402=L>A5@1AL:>N, C:@0W=AL:>N, @>AV9AL:>N B0 1>;30@AL:>N F5@:>2=>N <C78:>N XVII-XVIII AB. - 70A2V4G8;8, I> <5;>4VO "A<>3;0A=8:0" <VAB8BL 45O:V <5;>48G=V E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 3@5FL:>3> @>7A?V2C XVIII-XIX AB. V 45O:V B>=0;L=V B0 D>@<0;L=V E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 :8W2AL:>3> @>7A?V2C, >A>1;82> C DV=0;L=V9 G0AB8=V[167]. '5@57 A5@1AL:5 ?>A5@54=8FB2> C:@0W=AL:0 4CE>2=0 <C78:0 ?>H8@N20;0AL 06 4> VB0;V9AL:8E :>@4>=V2, I> ?V4B25@46CT 4CE>2=0 <C78:0 A5@1AL:>W F5@:28 C "@VTABV. !5@18 ?5@5A5;O;8AO AN48 7 E>@20BAL:>W 0;<0FVW 265 2 ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVIII AB.,:>;8 F5 ?>A5;5==O 1C;> 2V;L=8< ?>@B>28< V B>@3>25;L=8< F5=B@>< ?V2=VG=>W 4@V0B8:8. &O =091V;LH 2V440;5=0 >1I8=0 A5@1AL:>W 4V0A?>@8 1C;0 V =0970EV4=VH8< 2V430;C65==O< ?>H8@5==O C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 A5@54 ?@02>A;02=8E A;>2'O=. 525;8G:0 A5@1AL:0 >1I8=0, ?5@51C20NG8 2 :0B>;8FL:><C >B>G5==V, ?@03=C;0 715@53B8 =0FV>=0;L=C A0<>1CB=VABL V @>72820;0 BV D>@<8 ?@02>A;02=>3> <8AB5FB20, I> 68;8 C A5@1AL:8E <>=0AB8@OE =0 10BL:V2I8=V. "CB 28:>=C202AO C25AL @5?5@BC0@ A5@1AL:8E F5@:>2 >T2>48=8, B>1B> :8W2AL:89 F5@:>2=89 @>7A?V2, 0 B0:>6 E>@>2V :>=F5@B8. ;O FL>3> 1C;> AB2>@5=> 1030B>3>;>A89 E>@, O:89 70 B8?>< A?V2C 1C2 GC689 A5@1AL:V9 2V70=BV9AL:V9 B@048FVW.  #:@0W=V 2V= 28=8: C XVII AB. O: @57C;LB0B A?V;:C20=L 7 T2@>?59AL:>N <C78G=>N :C;LBC@>N. # A5@1V2 1030B>3>;>AAO 70?0=C20;> 7=0G=> ?V7=VH5 - 7 30-E @>:V2 XVIII AB. - 7=>2C 6 C=0A;V4>: ?@O<8E 72'O7:V2 V7 AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8<8 :C;LBC@=8<8 B@048FVO<8. > >T2>48=8 V 40;V =04E>48;0 4@C:>20=0 ?@>4C:FVO 7 5B5@1C@30, 7>:@5<0 <C78G=V B2>@8 0:A8<0 5@57>2AL:>3> B0 <8B@0 >@B=O=AL:>3>. "2>@8 F8E 02B>@V2 1C;8 2V4><V B0 28:>=C20;8AO =0 ?>G0B:C XIX AB. A5@1AL:>N >1I8=>N C "@VTABV. $0:B8G=> A0<5 FO >1I8=0 AB0;0 >A5@54:><, G5@57 O:89 VB0;V9AL:V :><?>78B>@8 <0;8 ?@O<C 7<>3C >7=09><8B8AL V7 F5@:>2=>N <C78:>N ?@02>A;02=8E. 87:0 ?@8:;04V2 70A2V4GCT, I> VB0;V9AL:V 02B>@8 282G0;8 WW A0<5 BCB, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 C AB2>@5==V F5@:>2=>W <C78:8, ?@87=0G5=>W 265 157?>A5@54=L> 4;O A5@1AL:>W 0C48B>@VW[168]. "0:, 2 VB0;V9AL:><C >B>G5==V A2>T@V4=> 70<:=C;>AO :>;> 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>W :C;LBC@=>W F8@:C;OFVW. >4V1=> 4> B>3>, O: :=86=0 ?VA=O, :0=B ?@>9H;8 C XIII-XIV AB. 7 A?0=VW B0 B0;VW G5@57 V<5GG8=C, '5EVN, >;LIC, 4VAB02H8AL 4> #:@0W=8 B0 T;0@CAV, 72V4B8, @>72820NG8AL C?@>4>26 XVI-XVIII AB, 4V9H;8 4> >A:>2VW, 0 C XVIII AB. - 4> A5@1V2 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028, B0:89 H;OE ?@>9H;0 V <C78G=0 :C;LBC@0. !5@1AL:V 4CE>2=V >A5@54:8 AB0;8 >AB0==L>N ;0=:>N 2 FL><C ;0=FN3C :C;LBC@=8E F8@:C;OFV9. 024O:8 C:@0W=AL:><C 2?;82C V ?>A5@54=8FB2C FO <C78:0 72V;L=O;0AO 2V4 A5@54=L>2VG=>W 70:>=A5@2>20=>ABV, ?V4:;NG0;0AL, 0 ?>BV< V 2;820;0AL C 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:89 :C;LBC@=89 ?5@51V3, I> C A2>T@V4=V9 <V:@><>45;V FL>3> ?@>F5AC A?>AB5@V30T<> =0 A;>2'O=>-VB0;V9AL:8E :>=B0:B0E C "@VTABV, 45 =0 ?>G0B:C XIX AB. 2V41C20;0AO 7CAB@VG 42>E B@048FV9 - 70EV4=>W (T2@>?59AL:>W) B0 ?V245==>-AEV4=>W (C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:>W), >?@8 @5;V3V9=V :>=D@>=B0FVW, 4CE>2=0 :C;LBC@0 @>7?820;0AO, 4>;0NG8 :>=D5AV9=5 2V4GC65==O, 2 T48=><C :>;V 7030;L=>T2@>?59AL:>W F8@:C;OFVW, 2 =0FV>=0;L=8E 20@V0=B0E, >4=8< V7 O:8E 1C;0 A5@1AL:0 4CE>2=0 <C78:0, ?>7=0G5=0 AB8;L>28<8 @8A0<8 10@>:>. # A8=B57V @>7<0WBBO 707=0G5=8E :><?>=5=BV2 (=>B=5 ?8AL<> A2OB>3>@AL:8E <>=0AB8@V2 7 D>=C; :8W2AL:89 @>7A?V2 C 28:>=0==V C:@0W=AL:8E "?52G8:V2", O:V ?>T4=C20;8 =>B=C A8AB5<C :0B>;8FL:>3> 1>3>A;C6V==O V7 ?@02>A;02=8< A?V2><, D>;L:;>@=0 B@048FVO) D>@<C20;0AO A5@1AL:0 <C78G=0 :C;LBC@0 XVIII AB O:0 265 =5 1C;0 70 E0@0:B5@>< 2V70=BV9AL:>N. >;0NG8 C:@0W=AL:89 2?;82, O:89 AC25@5==5 ?0=C202 =0 B5@5=V 0@;>20FL:>W <8B@>?>;VW, ?>H8@NNG8AO H;OE0<8 A5@1AL:>W 4V0A?>@8 4> E>@20BAL:>W 4@V0B8:8 B0 B0;VW, 2>=0 ?>ABC?>2> ?5@5B2>@N20;0AO =0 =0FV>=0;L=89 A5@1AL:89 20@V0=B ?@02>A;02=>3> 10@>:>. >73;O=CB89 ?@>F5A AB0=>28BL I5 >48= 203><89 @57C;LB0B 35=5B8G=8E V :>=B0:B=8E 72'O7:V2 7 C:@0W=AL:>N, 0 2V4B0: V T2@>?59AL:>N <C78:>N. V65B=VG=V 72'O7:8 4>18 10@>:> !5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW 2 #:@0W=C O: ?@>O2 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C 52?8==> @>W;8AL 4C<:8 ?@> 2V4W74 - ?@> 2V4W74 C 40;5:C >AVN, ?@> O:C , 7=52V@82H8AL, C ?>2=><C 7=5A8;5==V 2V= B0: <@VO2. 8;>H &@=O=AL:89, 5@5A5;5==O ><?;5:A=5 4>A;V465==O :C;LBC@8 10@>:> 70:>=><V@=> ?>B@51CT 2@0EC20==O B0:>3> 206;82>3> 0A?5:BC, O: 5B=>;>3VG=89, ?>2'O70=>3> V7 7030;L=>N ?@>1;5<>N "25;8:V AB8;V V D>;L:;L>@". &O ?@>1;5<0 AB>A>2=> 10@>:> 2A5 I5 70;8H0TBLAO =54>AB0B=L> @>7@>1;5=>N V >E>?;NT H8@>:5 :>;> ?8B0=L, >4=8< 7 O:8E T @>;L 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8 V <8AB5FB20 C @>728B:C 5B=VG=8E ?@>F5AV2. :@V< ?>A8;5==O <V65B=VG=8E 72'O7:V2 C B0:C, 2V47=0G5=C ?V428I5=>N :><C=V:0B82=VABN, 4>1C, O: 10@>:>20, 5B=>;>3VG=89 0A?5:B <0T ?@O<5 2V4=>H5==O 4> 7'OAC20==O AB8;L>28E >A>1;82>AB59 :C;LBC@8 O: B8?>;>3VG=>3> O28I0. # =0CFV ?52=89 G0A VA=C20;> ?5@5:>=0==O I>4> "5;VB0@87<C" 10@>:>, 9>3> 2V4GC65==O 2V4 =87>2>W :C;LBC@8, >A:V;L:8 C B2>@0E 1030BL>E <8BFV2 FVTW 4>18 ?5@52060;0, =0 ?5@H89 ?>3;O4, @5;V3V9=VABL, B@048FV9=> 2V440;5=0 2V4 D>;L:;>@C. >4=>G0A =5>4=>@07>2> 2V47=0G0;0AO =0O2=VABL 1030BL>E @8A D>;L:;>@=>3> ?>E>465==O C @V7=8E 2840E 10@>:>2>3> <8AB5FB20 V ;VB5@0BC@8. /:I> ;VB5@0BC@=>-D>;L:;>@=8< 72'O7:0< A5@54=L>2VGGO =0C:>2FV ?@84V;O;8 7=0G=C C203C, B> 10@>:>20 :C;LBC@0 I5 ?>B@51CT ?>3;81;5=>3> 4>A;V465==O, 0465 7 FVTW B5<8 VA=CNBL ;8H5 ?>>48=>:V ?C1;V:0FVW[1]. >10 10@>:>, O:C 45O:V 4>A;V4=8:8 2;CG=> =0720;8 4>1>N A?@026=L>3> @>7:2VBC =0@>4=>W B2>@G>ABV, A?>2=5=0 G8A;5==8E ?@8:;04V2 270T<>72'O7:C ?@>D5AV9=>W B0 D>;L:;>@=>W B@048FV9, @V7=8E D>@< 270T<>?@>=8:=5==O "28A>:>W" B0 "=87>2>W" :C;LBC@. 572060NG8 =0 >?>78FV9=VABL F5@:28 4> =0@>4=>W B2>@G>ABV, >AB0==O 7 @V7=8E ?@8G8= ?@>=8:0;0 2 F5@:>2=5 <8AB5FB2>, 15@CG8 7 =L>3> 01> 7 "?0=AL:>W" :C;LBC@8 <>B828 V D>@<8, I> >AV40;8 2 =0@>4=><C <8AB5FB2V. A>1;82> F5 ?><VB=> C A;>2'O=, 45 D>;L:;>@=VABL 1C;0 B@048FV9=>N 4><V=0=B>N :C;LBC@8 @V7=8E 5?>E, C BV< G8A;V 9 10@>:>. #:@0W=AL:C 10@>:>2C A?04I8=C 3>4V 9 CO28B8 157 D>;L:;>@=>3> ?V4@C=BO, >A:V;L:8 =0FV>=0;L=0 "28A>:0", ?@842>@=0 :C;LBC@0 BCB 7 2V4><8E VAB>@8G=8E ?@8G8= 1C;0 2V4ACB=O. ;5 V 2 >AVW, 45 7>A5@5482AO C:@0W=AL:89 V=B5;5:BC0;L=89 ?>B5=FV0; V 45 7 G0A>< =018@0;0 <>=C<5=B0;L=8E D>@< :C;LBC@0 ?@842>@=0, D>;L:;>@87< B0:>6 ?>AV2 A2>T 2;0A=5 <VAF5. $>;L:;>@ 2;8202AO 2 @>AV9AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C XVII AB. H8@>:>N B5GVTN. $0:B F59 V 4>AV =5 4VAB02 4>AB0B=L>3> ?>OA=5==O, I> =5>4=>@07>2> 2V47=0G0;8 4>A;V4=8:8, 0 ?@>F5A 270T<>4VW D>;L:;>@C V ;VB5@0BC@8 C 2AV9 9>3> ?>2=>BV 9 A:;04=>ABV 2A5 I5 28<030T 2A51VG=>3> DC=40<5=B0;L=>3> 282G5==O[2]. "0:5 A?>AB5@565==O .CAT20 I>4> @>AV9AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 AB>ACTBLAO 9?@>1;5<8 A8AB5<=>3> 0=0;V7C D>;L:;>@87<C 10@>:>2>W :C;LBC@8 O: A;>2'O=AL:8E, B0: V V=H8E =0@>4V2. A>1;8289 V=B5@5A C FL><C ?;0=V AB0=>28BL 4>A;V465==O AD>@<C;L>20=>W I5 ..4@V0=>2>N-5@5BF ?@>1;5<8 A?V22V4=>H5==O 42>E A2VB>3;O4V2 V 42>E EC4>6=VE <5B>4V2, O:V B> 71;86CNBLAO 06 4> ?>2=>3> 7;8BBO, B> @>7E>4OBLAO G5@57 A2>N ?@8=F8?>2C =5?@8<8@5==VABL[3]. @8 FL><C =5<>6;82> =04020B8 ?5@5203C >4=><C 284C :C;LBC@8 O: D0:B>@C 2?;82C - =0@>4=><C, @5;V3V9=><C G8 A2VBAL:><C, >A:V;L:8 270T<>?5@5?;5BV==O G0AB> 1C;> B0:8< IV;L=8<, I> ?>45:C48 =5;53:> 7'OAC20B8 ?5@28==VABL B>3> G8 B>3> 465@5;0 C 28=8:=5==V ?52=>3> :C;LBC@=>3> O28I0. 8A>:0 :C;LBC@0 G0AB> 28:>=C20;0 ?>A5@54=8FL:C @>;L C ?5@540GV T2@>?59AL:8E <>4=8E B5GV9 2V4 4>18 5=5A0=AC V =040;V.  G0A>< F5 ?>7=0G0;>AO =0 B@048FV9=><C >4O7V, <C78FV, E>@5>3@0DVW B>I>. #:@0W=AL:89 D>;L:;>@=89 >@=0<5=B =5A5 G8<0;> A;V4V2 10@>:>2>W >@VT=B0FVW, 0 <5;>A C:@0W=AL:>W =0@>4=>W ?VA=V ?>B@51CT 28O2;5==O V @5B5;L=>3> 282G5==O 10@>:>28E 5;5<5=BV2 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O. &5@:>2=V ;535=48, 0?>:@8D8 ">AV40;8" C D>;L:;>@V, ?5@5B2>@NNG8AL =0 A>;V4=89 ?;0AB E@8AB8O=AL:>3> D>;L:;>@C, O:89 B@820;89 G0A 70;8H02AO ?>70 <560<8 =0C:>28E 4>A;V465=L. BV< A?5FV0;L=5 282G5==O 9>3> 40;> 1 <>6;82VABL ?>:070B8 B@048FV9=5 BO6V==O =0@>4=>W :C;LBC@8 4> @5;V3V9=>W B5<0B8:8, 0 2>4=>G0A V O28I5 ?@>B8;56=5 - @C9=0FVW @5;V3V9=>W :0=>=VG=>ABV O78G=8FL:8< 0=B8:;5@8:0;V7<><. C;LBC@0 10@>:>, E>G0 9 ?@>B8AB>O;0 0=B8G=V9 5AB5B8FV, ?@>B5 =5A;0 2 A>1V O78G=8FL:V, 4>E@8AB8O=AL:V 5;5<5=B8 C D>@<V <VD>;>3VG=>W 0;53>@8:8, A8<2>;V:8 B>I>. :@V< B0:>W ?@548A?>78FVW 4> E@8AB8O=AL:8E 70 ?>E>465==O< :><?>=5=BV2, 10@>:>20 5AB5B8:0 70:>=><V@=> 28B@8<C20;0 =0B8A: 7 1>:C D>;L:;>@=>W B@048FVW, I> ?>OA=NTBLAO CG0ABN H8@>:8E =0@>4=8E 25@AB2 C :C;LBC@=8E B0 A>FV0;L=8E ?>4VOE B>3> G0AC. # @V7=8E D>@<0E D>;L:;>@=0 AB8EVO ?@>=8:0;0 C =09@V7=><0=VB=VHV AD5@8 <8AB5FB20, ;VB5@0BC@8, C <>2C B>I>. :BC0;V70FVO D>;L:;>@C - A:;04>20 V =52V4'T<=0 G0AB8=0 4CE>2=>3> :;V<0BC 4>18. !0<5 =0 F59 G0A ?@8?040T ?V49>< C AB2>@5==V VAB>@8G=8E ?VA5=L B0 V=H8E 284V2 5?VG=>W B2>@G>ABV[4]. 8<030T A?5FV0;L=>W C2038 ?>@V2=O==O EC4>6=L>W A8AB5<8 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:>3> 5?>AC B0 5?VG=>W ?>57VW 10@>:>. 030B89 <0B5@V0; 4;O B0:8E 4>A;V465=L AB0=>28BL ;VB5@0BC@0 C1@>2=8:0, 45 1C;> AB2>@5=> :@0I89 7@07>: 10@>:>2>3> 5?>AC A;>2'O= - ?>5<C 20=0 C=4C;8G0 "A<0=". C1@>2=8FL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 40T <0B5@V0; 4;O 282G5==O =5 ;8H5 D>;L:;>@87<C ;VB5@0BC@8 10@>:>, 0 9 70@>465==O D>;L:;>@8AB8G=>W 4C<:8, O:0 2 FL><C @53V>=V AO30T I5 4>18 5=5A0=AC[5]. A=CT G8<0;> ?@8:;04V2 70FV:02;5=>ABV =0@>4=>N B2>@GVABN 7 1>:C >A2VG5=>W ?C1;V:8. >A8;NTBLAO 718@0FL:0 4VO;L=VABL. C1;V:CNBLAO 7@07:8 CA=>W B2>@G>ABV, =0A0<?5@54 ?@8A;V2'O :>B@8< =040TBLAO ?5@52030 =5 ;8H5 O: @57C;LB0B>2V 10@>:>2>3> ?>;V3VAB5@AB20. &5 ?>OA=NTBLAO B@048FV9=8< V=B5@5A>< 4> =0@>4=>W <C4@>ABV. 87:0 ?C1;V:0FV9 B0 A2V4G5=L ?@> ?>1CBC20==O D>;L:;>@C C A;>2'O=, O:8< FV:02;OBLAO 70@C1V6=V <0=4@V2=8:8, 3>2>@8BL ?@> 7=0G5==O V <VAF5 CA=>W B@048FVW 2 :C;LBC@V XVII-XVIII AB. 024O:8 F8< D0:B0< AB2>@N202AO DC=40<5=B D>;L:;>@8AB8G=>W =0C:8 =5 ;8H5 C A;>2'O=, 0 9 C FV;><C 2 2@>?V, =0 I> 725@=C2 C203C 2V4><89 D>;L:;>@8AB .>:'O@0; ">A;V46CNG8 ?8B0==O ?@> 28B>:8 D>;L:;>@8AB8:8 O: A0<>ABV9=>W 48AF8?;V=8, 2G5=V <0965 >4=>AB09=> 28A;>2;NNBL 4C<:C, I> AB>A>2=> 5B=VG=8E B@048FV9 D>;L:;>@8AB8:0 AO30T DV;>A>DAL:>3> @CEC XVII V XVIII AB>;VBL"[6]. 4=VTN 7 =0928@07=VH8E >A>1;82>AB59 D>;L:;>@87<C 10@>:> 1C2 @>728B>: <VD>;>35<8 ?@> A;>2'O=AL:C T4=VABL. 02=V ;535=48 ?@> ?>E>465==O A;>2'O= 2V4 1@0BV2, CO2;5==O ?@> A?V;L=VABL O: ?>B@51C T4=0==O 2 C<>20E ?>;VB8G=>W 703@>78 ?>@>46C20;8 =>2V D>@<8 B2>@V2, O:8<8 B0: 1030B0 10@>:>20 :C;LBC@0 A;>2'O=. @0A;>2'O=AL:0 0=B8B570 "<8 - 2>=8", >A>1;82> 0:BC0;V7>20=0 =0 A;>2'O=>-=5A;>2'O=AL:><C >1<V66V, =5 2B@0G0;0 A2>3> 7=0G5==O C XVII AB. 70 C<>2 =0?@C65=8E @5;V3V9=8E, <V65B=VG=8E :>=D@>=B0FV9, ?>@>46CNG8 @V7=V 5:A?;V:0FVW A;02V7<C O: 2V4>1@065==O =>AB0;L3VW ?> <>3CB=L><C A;>2'O=AL:><C A2VBC. !;>2'O=AL:>N B5@<V=>;>3VTN @OA=VNBL =0728 G8A;5==8E ;5:A8:>=V2, 3@0<0B8:, VAB>@V>3@0DVG=8E B2>@V2, E@>=V: ?>5B8G=8E 71V@=8:V2, I> ?>OA=NTBLAO =5 ;8H5 @57C;LB0B>< I5 =5 :>=:@5B87>20=>3> 287=0G5==O 5B=VG=>W =0;56=>ABV (45 >A>1;82> E0@0:B5@87CT C:@0W=AL:C, E>@20BAL:C, 0 7 G0A>< V A5@1FL:C DV;>;>3VW), 0 9 ?@03=5==O< 02B>@V2 =03>;>A8B8 A0<5 =0 WE=L><C A;>2'O=AL:><C ?>E>465==V. @VW ?@> T4=VABL ?@>=87CNBL 25;8:89 ?@>ABV@ 2V4 4@V0B8:8 4> =V?@0, 45 28=8:0;8 G8A;5==V B2>@8 7 V45TN 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C. #65 =0 ?>G0B:C XVII AB. 4C1@>2G0=8= 02@> @1V=V C :=87V ">@>;52AB2> A;>2'O=", O:0 1601 @>:C 289H;0 4@C:>< C 570@V ;0B8=AL:>N <>2>N 7 :>=:@5B=8< 04@5A0B>< - ;0B8=><>2=8< A2VB><, AB2>@82 D0=B0A<03>@8G=89 "A;>2'O=AL:89 A2VB", 4> O:>3> 2:;NG82 V BV :>=B8=5=B8, =0 O:8E A;>2'O=8 =V:>;8 =5 ?5@51C20;8. !;02V7<>< ?@>9=OB> B2>@8 4C1@>2=8FL:8E ?>5BV2, 0 =097=0G=VH89 ?@54AB02=8: 10@>:>2>3> 5?>AC 20= C=4C;8G C 7304C20=V9 ?>5<V "A<0=" >A?V2CT ?5@5<>3C A;>2'O=AL:>W 71@>W ?V4 %>B8=><. =H89 E>@20BAL:89 02B>@ .@V9 @860=8G ?>AB@0640@ 70 "A;>2'O=AL:C V45N", 7 O:>N ?@8WE02 4> >A:28, 72V4:8 ?>B@0?82 =0 ?'OB=04FOBL @>:V2 C A81V@AL:5 70A;0==O. 5@54 B8< 2V= ?>1C202 2 #:@0W=V, B0:>6 >E>?;5=V9 ?>GCBBO< A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV, I> AB0;> >4=VTN 7 <>@0;L=>-?A8E>;>3VG=8E <>B820FV9 ?V4B@8<:8 A>N7C 7 >A:>2VTN. BV;5==O< 2V@8 C <>6;82VABL 28@VH8B8 A:;04=V ?>;VB8G=V ?@>1;5<8 H;OE>< A;>2'O=AL:>3> T4=0==O 1C;8 ?5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 2 #:@0W=C 2 A5@548=V XVIII AB., O30 A;V4 @>73;O40B8 O: >AB0==N E28;N 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C. :@V< ?>;VB8G=8E, AB@0B53VG=8E <>B82V2, O:V AC?@>2>46C20;8 F59 ?@>F5A, VA=C202 I5 >48= AB8<C; A2V4><8E <V3@0FV9 =0 A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4 - 2V@0 C T4=VABL, I> AO30T <VD>;>3VG=8E CO2;5=L, @50;V7>20=8E C F59 G0A G5@57 10@>:>2V AB8;L>2V 70A>18. "><C, 4>A;V46CNG8 :0@B8=C B>3>G0A=8E C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2, =5 <>6=0 >1<8=CB8 F5 7=0G=5 O28I5. 5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 2 #:@0W=C T >4=8< 7 =091V;LH ?>:07>28E ?@8:;04V2 <V65B=VG=8E 72'O7:V2 0=0;V7>20=>W 4>18. C4CG8 OA:@02>N VAB>@8G=>N ?>4VTN, F59 ?@>F5A AB0=>28BL >A>1;8289 V=B5@5A, >A:V;L:8 40T :>=:@5B=V @57C;LB0B8 157?>A5@54=L>W 5B=VG=>W V=B5@0:FVW, :>;8 420 B8?>;>3VG=5 9 VAB>@8G=> A?>@V4=5=V =0@>48 ?5@51C20NBL C ?@O<><C 270T<>72'O7:C. ;O @>7C<V==O F8E ?@>F5AV2 ?>B@V1=> 2@0E>2C20B8 :>=:@5B=>-VAB>@8G=V C<>28 @>728B:C, O:V T =5 ?@>AB> B;>< 4>A;V465==O, 0 9 ACBBT28< D0:B>@>< D>@<C20==O :C;LBC@8. !?5F8DV:C @>728B:C :C;LBC@8 A;V4 HC:0B8, 7>:@5<0, C A2>T@V4=>ABV VAB>@8G=>3> B0 A>FV0;L=>3> 68BBO =0@>4C, :>B@89 ?>@>482 B5 01> B5 EC4>6=T O28I5. !5@1AL:>-C:@0W=AL:V 5B=VG=V 72'O7:8 A5@548=8 XVIII AB. 40NBL G8<0;> ?V4B25@465=L B8?>;>3VG=>W A?>@V4=5=>ABV 42>E =0@>4V2 157?>A5@54=L> 2 5B=>D>;L:;>@=V9 AD5@V, 9 >4=8< 7 2V4>1@065=L FL>3> T 4>;O A5@1V2, :>B@V >?8=8;8AO =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE 2 A5@548=V XVIII AB. &L><C ?5@54C20;8 25;8:V A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5==O 1690 @>:C =0 02AB@>-C3>@AL:V 75<;V, O:V =5 ?@8=5A;8 >GV:C20=>3> ?>;53H5==O. '5@57 6>@AB:C ?>;VB8:C 2AB@VW, @5;V3V9=V 701>@>=8 68BBT2C A:@CBC 2V41C20;8AO <0A>2V ?>25@=5==O =0704, =0 75<;V 70E>?;5=V >A<0=0<8. >4=>G0A C A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV 68;0 V 7@>AB0;0 =04VO 7=09B8 ?>@OBC=>: =0 AE>4V, C <560E 40;5:>W >AVW. 45O ?@> <>3CB=N AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:C 45@602C-70ABC?=8:0 <0;0 3;81>:5 :>@V==O C A5@1AL:><C A5@54>28IV 9 ?>E>48;0 I5 7 D>;L:;>@=>W A2V4><>ABV, 0 2 A5@548=V XVIII AB. 4VAB0;0 :>=:@5B=C ?>;VB8G=C ?V4B@8<:C 7 1>:C @>AV9AL:>W 48?;><0BVW, :>B@0 ?@03=C;0 A5@1AL:8<8 ?5@5A5;5=FO<8 7<VF=8B8 #:@0W=AL:C ;V=VN, I> AO30;0 <56 0?>@>7L:>W !VGV, AB0=>2;OG8 A2>T@V4=89 ?;0F40@< 4;O ?V43>B>2:8 4> ?>40;LH>3> 70E>?;5==O >AVTN C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L. >AVW V<?>=C20;8 =0AB@>W A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2, =0BE=5=8E <VD>< ?@> "T48=>2V@=>3>" @>AV9AL:>3> F0@O O: 70ABC?=8:0 V 70E8A=8:0 B0 =5704>2>;5=8E ?>;VB8:>N V45=AL:>3> 42>@C. # @57C;LB0BV A?V;L=>W 4VO;L=>ABV @>AV9AL:>W 48?;><0BVW B0 A5@1AL:>W 2V9AL:>2>W 25@EV2:8 C 1750 V 1753 @>:0E ?@>:>B8;8AO 42V E28;V A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=L 4> >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW, 0 ?> ACBV - 2 #:@0W=C. &L><C D0:BC 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW ?@8A2OG5=> G8<0;> C2038. >73;O=5<> 9>3> C :>=B5:ABV C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E <V65B=VG=8E 72'O7:V2 B0 WE 2V4>1@065==O 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V. 5@5A5;5==O A5@548=8 XVIII AB. AB0=>28;8 >48= 7 5B0?V2 =091V;LH <0A>28E V ?>;VB8G=5 >@30=V7>20=8E <V3@0FV9 A5@1V2 =0 A;>2'O=AL:89 AEV4. 87:0 ?@8:;04V2 40T ?V4AB028 ?@8?CAB8B8, I>?>ABC?>2V ?5@5AC20==O A5@1V2 C =0?@O<:C 4> #:@0W=8 2V41C20;8AO 7=0G=> @0=VH5 XVIII AB., :>;8 703@>70 >A<0=AL:>3> ?>=52>;5==O ?@8<CHC20;0 HC:0B8 ?@8BC;>: =0 AE>4V, =0 O:89 7 402=VE-4025= 4828;8AO O: =0 @OBV2=8:0. >;L 8T20, :>B@89 7402=0 220602AO 5?VF5=B@>< @CAL:>W A;028, 7=0=L ("F0@AB2CNI89, >3>< @OB>20=89 3@04"), C 682;5==V CO2;5=L, O:8<8 :5@C20;8AO A5@18 C A2>T<C BO6V==V 4> CAV, 1C;0 =5 >AB0==L>N. @>B5 =5 ;8H5 A5@54=L>2VG=V B@048FVW F5@:>2=8E B0 V=B5;5:BC0;L=8E :><C=V:0FV9, I> 715@V30;8AL V 2 =0@>4=V9 ?0<OBV, 7<VF=N20;8 B0:V ?5@5:>=0==O. #A2V4><;5==O ?>4>@>6V =0 AEV4 O: <>6;82>ABV "?>25@=5==O" 4> 7030;L=>A;>2'O=AL:>3> "F5=B@C", 0 2V4B0: 2V4=0945==O H;OEC 4> A;>2'O=AL:>W :>=A>;V40FVW B0 28@VH5==O 1>;NG8E 5:78AB5=FV9=8E ?8B0=L 5B=>AC, <0T =01030B> 3;81H89 35=578A. >6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> CO2;5==O ?@> A;>2'O=AL:C T4=VABL <0T <VD>;>3VG=C >A=>2C, ?>2'O70=5 7 0@E0WG=8<8 ?5@V>40<8 D>;L:;>@=>W ?0<'OBV. B65, :@V< :>=:@5B=8E ?>;VB8G=8E >1AB028=, O:V ?@8A:>@N20;8 CB2>@5==O A5@1AL:8E ?>A5;5=L 2 #:@0W=V, VA=C20;8 9 3;81HV ?@8G8=8, <>6;82>, ?A8E>;>3VG=>3> E0@0:B5@C, I> A2V4G8;8 ?@> :>;5:B82=C ?0<'OBL BVTW 4>18, :>;8 <VD AB0=>282 >A=>2C :>;5:B82=>W A2V4><>ABV. V245==V A;>2'O=8 ?>@V2=O=> V7 AEV4=8<8 1V;LH>N <V@>N 715@53;8 2V4GCBBO A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV, O:5 =5A;8 7 A>1>N ?V4 G0A @>7A5;5==O =0 0;:0=0E.  C<>20E =5A;>2'O=AL:>3> >B>G5==O, =5>1EV4=>ABV 715@V30B8 5B=VG=C 02B5=B8G=VABL CA2V4><;5==O ?@> =0;56=VABL 4> 25;8:>W A;>2'O=AL:>W @>48=8 =5 2B@0G0;> 0:BC0;L=>ABV. #65 2V47=0G0;>AO, I> VA=CNBL G8A;5==V ?@8:;048 =0 :C;LBC@=><C ?@>AB>@V 2V4 8T20 4> C1@>2=8:0, O:V <VABOBL 5;5<5=B8 A?V;L=>W <VD>;>3VG=>W B@048FVW[7]. >@V2=O;L=V 4>A;V465==O :C;LBC@ 5?VG=>W V ;V@8G=>W ?>57VW C:@0W=FV2 B0 N3>A;>2'O= <>3;8 1 @>7H8@8B8 CO2;5==O ?@> 7=0G=C A?>@V4=5=VABL 402=L>A;>2'O=AL:8E ?;5<5=, O:V 4> @>7A5;5==O <0;8 1030B> A?V;L=>3> C 4CE>2=><C B0 <0B5@V0;L=><C 68BBV. 0@H@CB - A;>2'O=AL:89 ?V245=L B0 ?V245=L AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:>W 25@B8:0;V - 1C;> ?@>:;045=> I5 7 402=VE-4025=, V A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV A5@548=8 XVIII AB. B0 =0ABC?=V - C XIX AB. 9H;8 265 ?@>:;045=8< H;OE><. !;V48 <V3@0FV9 402=VE G0AV2 ?>B@51CNBL @5B5;L=>3> @5:>=AB@CN20==O, ?@>B5 =0 AL>3>4=V VA=CT 7=0G=0 465@5;>7=02G0 1070, O:0 40T <>6;82VABL ?@>AB568B8 5B0?8 V H;OE8 ?>ABC?>2>3> ?5@5AC20==O A5@1V2 2 #:@0W=C. &V 465@5;0 <>6=0 @>74V;8B8 =0 :V;L:0 3@C?. 4=VTN 7 206;828E T B>?>=V<8. 5>3@0DVG=V =0728 70 ?>E>465==O< 4V;OBLAO =0 42V :0B53>@VW. > ?5@H>W =0;560BL BV =0728, I> <0NBL 4>:C<5=B0;L=V ?V4B25@465==O A2>3> A5@1AL:>3> ?>E>465==O. &5 AB>ACTBLAO ?5@54CAV< B>?>=V<V2, I> 28=8:;8 C >2V9 !5@1VW B0 !;>2'O=>A5@1VW 2 A5@548=V XVIII B0 =0 ?>G0B:C V 2?@>4>26 XIX AB. > 4@C3>W =0;560BL B>?>=V<8, I>4> O:8E =5 VA=CT ?V4B25@465=L, I> 2>=8 28=8:;8 C 157?>@54=L><C 72'O7:C V7 A5@1AL:8<8 <V3@0FVO<8, E>G0 9 <0NBL ?0@0;5;L=V =0728 =0 B5@8B>@VW !5@1VW G8 H8@H5 - =0 N3>A;>2'O=AL:8E 75<;OE. =0;>3VW 2 35>3@0DVG=8E =0720E =0 H8@>:><C A;>2'O=AL:><C ?@>AB>@V =5 >1>2'O7:>2> ?>28==V >7=0G0B8 @57C;LB0B ?@O<>3> 2?;82C (B>?>=V< 8W2, A:06V<>, <>6=0 7=09B8 C 1030BL>E A;>2'O=), ?@>B5 A;V4 725@=CB8 C203C =0 =87:C =072 2 #:@0W=V, I> AB0=>2;OBL V=B5@5A O: <>6;82V 465@5;0 @5:>=AB@C:FVW A;>2'O=AL:8E @>7A5;5=L. 45BLAO, =0?@8:;04, ?@> :0@?0BAL:89 B>?>=V< >AV2 B0 A5@1AL:5 >A>2>, =0728 2V==8FL:8E AV; 7 >A=>2>N =0 A5@1- B0 2V4?>2V4=V 0=0;>38 2 N3>A;>2'O= O:->B: C:0 0@AL:0, 0@; B5 A0<5 AB>ACTBLAO =072 B8?C V;0 &5@:20, /3>B8=, >28;L, !0<1>@ B>I>. "0:V =0728 ?@>AB56CNBLAO ?> 2AV9 #:@0W=V - 2V4 0@?0B 4> AE>4C V 7 ?V2=>GV =0 ?V245=L, 45 70A2V4G5=V G8 ?@8?CA:0NBLAO <>6;82V A;V48 A5@1AL:8E @>7A5;5=L. !CG0A=V 4>A;V465==O ?>:07CNBL, I> N3>A;>2'O=8 (?5@5206=> V7 !5@1VW, '>@=>3>@VW, >A=VW B0 5@F53>28=8, 7 V=H8E @53V>=V2) ?@>6820;8 ?@0:B8G=> 2 CAVE @09>=0E #:@0W=8[8]. 0BC20==O G0AC 28=8:=5==O ?>4V1=8E B>?>=V<V2 =5 702648 ;53:> 7'OAC20B8, >A>1;82> :>;8 F5 AB>ACTBLAO 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:>3> @53V>=C. =0G=> ;53H5 7 B8<8, I> 28=8:;8 C XVIII AB. =0 AE>4V B> ?V24=V #:@0W=8. V;LH5 A:;04=>IV2 28=8:T 7 402=V<8 B>?>=V<0<8 - =09FV:02VH8<8 I>4> @5:>=AB@C:FVW ?>G0B:C A5@1AL:8E <V3@0FV9 2 #:@0W=C. 3V4=> 7 =09402=VH8<8 D0:B0<8, O:V <0NBL CA=5 ?>E>465==O, =0728 AV; ACG0A=>W V==8FL:>W >1;0ABV B8?C !5@18, !5@18=V2:0, !5@18=>2FV 70DV:A>20=V 2 XVI AB. 0728 B8?C 0@, AB>A>2=> O:8E <>65<> ;8H5 3V?>B5B8G=> ?@8?CA:0B8, I> 2>=8 T <>6;828<8 0=0;>3VO<8 N3>A;>2'O=AL:8E B>?>=V<V2, 7304CNBLAO 2?5@H5 1425 @>:C (0@), 0 C:0 0@AL:0 - C XVI AB.[9] 0ABC?=5, XVII, AB>;VBBO <0T 7=0G=> 1V;LH5 ?8A5<=8E A2V4G5=L ?@> ?@8ACB=VABL A5@1V2 2 #:@0W=V, 0 465@5;0 XVIII-XIX AB. C65 =5 28:;8:0NBL AC<=V2C I>4> A5@1AL:>3> ?>E>465==O :>=:@5B=8E =072. 0ABC?=5 465@5;> AB0=>2;OBL 0=B@>?>=V<8. !N48 2E>4OBL >:@5<V ?@V728I0 =0 -8G, ->28G/-T28G, B8?>2V 4;O C:@0W=AL:>W B0 1V;>@CAL:>W =><5=:;0BC@8 (=0 2V4<V=C 2V4 @>AV9AL:>W), I> 71;86CT C:@0W=AL:C 0=B@>?>=V<VN V7 A5@1AL:>N B0 E>@20BAL:>N.  C:@0W=FV2 F5 2 >A=>2=><C ?@V728I0, O:V 28=8:;8 2V4 E0@0:B5@=8E ?0B@>=V<V2 B0 <5B@>=V<V2[10]. >4=>G0A 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 28=8:0NBL ?>4V1=V 70 ?>E>465==O< ?@V728I0 C F5=B@0;L=V9 B0 ?V245==>-AEV4=V9 #:@0W=V. 4=V 70 A2>W<8 ACDV:A0<8 B0 >A=>20<8 ?>E>4OBL 7 G0AV2 A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=L (0=48G, >=A0@528G, 0@0GC=, >:>H, 820=, >;528G B>I>), V=HV AB0=>2;OBL C:@0W=V7>20=C <>45;L 7 ?>:07>2> 5B=VG=>N >A=>2>N (!5@18=, !5@18G5=:>, !5@1AL:89, !5@18=>2). 06;82C 465@5;>7=02GC 107C AB0=>28BL V D>;L:;>@. #A=V 465@5;0 ?@> B@820;V :>=B0:B8 <V6 N3>A;>2'O=0<8 B0 C:@0W=FO<8 <>6=0 @>74V;8B8 =0 B@8 3@C?8. > ?5@H>W =0;560BL BV, I> 157?>A5@54=L> @>7?>2V40NBL ?@> A5@1V2 ?VA;O WE=L>3> ?5@5A5;5==O 2 #:@0W=C B0 ?@> AB02;5==O 4> =8E <VAF52>3> A5;O=AB20. > 4@C3>W 2E>4OBL VA=CNGV 2 C:@0W=AL:><C D>;L:;>@V 10;048 7 <>B820<8 7@048 2 :>E0==V, 45 ?@8ACB=V9 >1@07 A5@10. "@5BN AB0=>28BL 25;8:89 :>@?CA C:@0W=AL:>3> B0 A5@1AL:>3> 5?>AC, O:89 40T ?V4AB028 ?@8?CAB8B8 <>6;82VABL :>=B0:B=8E 270T<>4V9, ?@> I> 9B8<5BLAO 40;V. > 5B=>3@0DVG=8E 465@5; A;V4 2:;NG8B8 V ?>@V2=O;L=5 282G5==O <0B5@V0;L=>W :C;LBC@8 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C B0 =0@>4=>W B@048FVW N3>A;>2'O=, O:5, E>G V <0T =87:C FV:028E A?>AB5@565=L, I5 =5 4VAB0;> =0;56=>3> 28A2VB;5==O. 8A5<=V VAB>@8G=V 465@5;0 B0:>6 =5ACBL 1030BC V=D>@<0FVN. >B@51CNBL @5B5;L=>3> 282G5==O VAB>@8G=V 2V4><>ABV ?@> =09402=VHV <V3@0FVW N3>A;>2'O= 4> #:@0W=8. )5 20= $@0=:> ?><VB82, I> ?8B0==O C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2 XVI-XVII AB. T 4>A8BL B5<=8< <VAF5< 2 VAB>@VW. :@V< 70DV:A>20=8E 402=L>N VAB>@V>3@0DVTN CA=8E A2V4G5=L XVI AB. A8AB5<0B8G=>3> 28A2VB;5==O ?>B@51CNBL 465@5;0 XVII AB., O:V 3>2>@OBL ?@> CG0ABL A5@1V2 C VAB>@8G=8E ?>4VOE 2 #:@0W=V, 45 7304CNBLAO "A5@18 :>70:8" C 2V9AL:C :=O7O AB@>7L:>3>, =0 0?>@>66V. @> A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5==O 2 #:@0W=C C =0ABC?=8E XVIII-XIX AB. 2V4><> 45I> 1V;LH5. 5 A;V4 28?CA:0B8 7 ?>;O 7>@C V ACG0A=V CA=V 465@5;0. =:5BC20==O ACG0A=8E =>AVW2 ?@V728I, I> <0NBL 28@07=> A5@1AL:5 ?>E>465==O, >A>1;82> 7 >1;0AB59, 45 7=0E>48;8AO :>;8AL >20 !5@1VO G8 !;>2'O=>A5@1VO, <>3;> 1 40B8 ?52=V 2V4><>ABV ?@> A5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW B0 ?>40;LHV B@0=AD>@<0FVW A5@1AL:>3> 5B=>AC 2 C:@0W=AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V. A=CNGV =0 AL>3>4=V @57C;LB0B8 A?>AB5@565=L ?@> A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5==O 40NBL ?V4AB028 7@>18B8 ?52=V 28A=>2:8 V ?@8?CI5==O, 0 A0<5: "@820;V <V3@0FVW N3>A;>2'O=, =0A0<?5@54 A5@1V2, 7 ?V24=O =0 AEV4, T @50;L=8< D0:B><.  >A=>2V <>B82V2 ?5@5A5;5=L 1C;8 D0:B>@8 O: :>=:@5B=> ?>;VB8G=>3>, B0: V ?A8E>;>3VG=>3> D>;L:;>@=>3> ?>E>465==O. V3@0FVW <0;8 :V;L:0 E28;L, <5=H8E G8 1V;LH8E 70 A2>TN V=B5=A82=VABN. %@>=>;>3VG=> <V3@0FVW <>6CBL 1CB8 40B>20=V G0A>< <V6 ?>@07:>N =0 >A>2> C 1389 @>FV V ?>G0B:>< XIX AB. 5@5A5;ONG8AL =0 AEV4, N3>A;>2'O=8 ?5@5=>A8;8 A2>N 5B=VG=C 0B@81CB8:C, I> =091V;LH5 715@53;0AO C B>?>=V<VW, 0;5 =5 28:;NG5=0 V<?;VF8B=0 @50;V70FVO A5@1AL:8E 2?;82V2 C V=H8E 2840E <0B5@V0;L=>W B0 4CE>2=>W :C;LBC@8. 572060NG8 =0 <0A>2VABL, FV;5A?@O<>20=VABL B0 ?>;VB8G=>-04<V=VAB@0B82=C >@30=V7>20=VABL A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=L 2 #:@0W=C, A5@18 B0 V=HV N3>A;>2'O=8 =5 7<>3;8 715@53B8AO O: A0<>ABV9=0 5B=VG=0 D>@<0FVO. >;O A5@1V2 (?5@5A5;5==O V 7=8:=5==O) 1C;0 1;87L:>N 4> 4>;V 70?>@>7L:>3> :>70FB20, O:5 ?VA;O ;V:2V40FVW !VGV ?5@5A5;8;>AO =0 ?@84C=09AL:V 75<;V, 72V4:8 ?@89H;8 A5@18, ?52=>N <V@>N ?@8G5B=V 4> FVTW B@03VG=>W ?>4VW 2 VAB>@VW #:@0W=8. !?@>1CT<> 284V;8B8 =091V;LH E0@0:B5@=V ?@8G8=8, I> 2?;820;8 =0 E0@0:B5@ <V65B=VG=8E 72'O7:V2, @57C;LB0B>< O:8E AB0;> B5, I> 7 CAVE 5B=VG=8E 3@C? ;8H5 A5@18 =5 28ABC?0NBL A0<>ABV9=>N 5B=VG=>N >48=8F5N. &59 D0:B AB0=>28BL >A>1;8289 V=B5@5A O: C ?;0=V 5B=>;>3VG=8E :><?0@0FV9 C:@0W=AL:>W B0 A5@1AL:>W <5=B0;L=>ABV, B0: V 7 B>G:8 7>@C =0A;V4:V2 V45W A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?0B@V>B87<C, :>B@C 2 40=><C ?5@V>4V V<5=CT<> 10@>:>28< A;02V7<><. /: 2V47=0G0;>AO, A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5==O 2 #:@0W=C <V6 1750 V 1753 @>:0<8 1C;8 >AB0==L>N E28;5N 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C. /: V V45W @860=8G0, C:@0W=AL:V A?>4V20==O 1654 @>:C, 2>=8 707=0;8 ?>@07:8. V3@0FVW A5@1V2 70:V=G8;8AO ?>ABC?>2>N 0A8<V;OFVTN V 7=8:=5==O< ?5@5A5;5=FV2 O: >:@5<>W =0FV>=0;L=>W <5=H8=8. !5@1AL:V 2V9AL:>2V ?>A5;5==O =0 #:@0W=AL:V9 ;V=VW 1C;8 28:>@8AB0=V F0@AL:>N >AVTN 4;O ;V:2V40FVW 0?>@>7L:>W !VGV, ?>40;LH>3> =0ABC?C V<?5@VW =0 ?V245=L V ?VA;O 28@VH5==O F8E 70240=L 7;V:2V4>20=V 04<V=VAB@0B82=>. @>B5 ;8H5 ?>;VB8G=8<8 <0=52@0<8 >AVW, O: 25;8G57=>W <0H8=8 4;O :>=3;><5@0FVW =0@>4V2, =5 28G5@?CNBLAO ?@8G8=8 7=8:=5==O A5@1V2. >OA=5==O, <>6;82>, A;V4 HC:0B8 C B@8:CB=8:C A5@1AL:8-C:@0W=AL:>-@>AV9AL:8E 5B=VG=8E B0 ?>;VB8G=8E AB>AC=:V2. A>1;8289 V=B5@5A AB0=>28BL ?@8@>40 "2=CB@VH=VE" C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 270T<8=, AB>A>2=> O:8E >AVO 1C;0 7>2=VH=V< D0:B>@><, I> ?@8A:>@82 0A8<V;OFVN 42>E, A?>@V4=5=8E <V6 A>1>N O: 5B=VG=>, B0: V VAB>@8G=>N 4>;5N =0@>4V2. :;NG5==O <V65B=VG=8E :>=B0:BV2, D>;L:;>@=>W ?@>1;5<0B8:8 C 28A2VB;5==O C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 270T<8= 70A2V4GCT, I> FV 72'O7:8 2V41C20;8AO 40;5:> =5 @V2=><V@=> V =5 ;8H5 C ?;0=V 4CE>2=>W A>;V40@870FVW. V4><>, I> :C;LBC@=V, ?5@54CAV< F5@:>2=V, V=AB8BCFVW A5@1V2 B0 C:@0W=FV2 A5@54=L>2VG=>W V 10@>:>2>W 4>18 25;L<8 ?;V4=> A?V2@>1VB=8G0;8 <V6 A>1>N, I> ?>:070=> 2 ?>?5@54=VE @>74V;0E. >;8 6 V45BLAO ?@> @V25=L 270T<>@>7C<V==O C 157?>A5@54=L> =0@>4=><C A5@54>28IV, B> BCB A?>AB5@V30T<> V=HC :0@B8=C, O:C <>6=0 AE0@0:B5@87C20B8 O: 42>5B0?=89 ?@>F5A <V65B=VG=8E :>=B0:BV2 - 2V4 :>=D@>=B0FVW 4> ?>ABC?>2>3> 7;8BBO. >6=89 7 F8E 5B0?V2 1C2 FV;:>< 70:>=><V@=8< O28I5<, 7C<>2;5=8< O: 7>2=VH=V<8, B0: V 2=CB@VH=V<8 G8==8:0<8. >=D@>=B0FVO A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 A5;O=0<8 =0 B0: 720=V9 #:@0W=AL:V9 ;V=VW <0;0 A2>W ;>3VG=V ?>OA=5==O, >A:V;L:8 <>B828, O:8<8 :5@C20;8AO A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV C A2>WE <V3@0FVOE, =5 <>3;8 7=09B8 ?>2=>3> @>7C<V==O 2 C:@0W=AL:><C A5@54>28IV 7 1030BL>E ?@8G8=. >=OBBO A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV, 0:BC0;V7>20=5 =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C ?V24=V, =5 <0;> B0:>3> ?>H8@5==O C AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E 75<;OE, >A>1;82> 2 =87>28E :>;0E. !;>2'O= O: "5B=VG=> A?>@V4=5=8E 1@0BV2" C 4CAV 10@>:>2>3> A;02V7<C A?@89<0;> 2 >A=>2=><C 2C7L:5 :>;> C:@0W=AL:>W V=B5;5:BC0;L=>W 5;VB8.  E>G0 B5<0 A;>2'O=AB20 1C;0 4>A8BL 28@07=> ?@54AB02;5=0 C B2>@0E C:@0W=AL:8E 10@>:>28E 02B>@V2, C A5;O=AL:8E <0A0E 2>=0 =5 <0;0 B0:>3> ?>H8@5==O, O: C A5@1AL:V9 D>;L:;>@=V9 A2V4><>ABV. !>FV0;L=>-CB>?VG=0 V45O ?@> ?>HC:8 45AL B0<, =0 A;>2'O=AL:><C AE>4V, 75<;V >1VB>20=>W B0 "4>1@>3> F0@O-70E8A=8:0" 157?>A5@54=L> =0 AE>4V 265 =5 <0;0 ?V4@C=BO, >A:V;L:8 AEV4 (B>1B>, ?> ACBV, C:@0W=AL:0 =0@>4=VABL) C65 ?5@5682 @>7G0@C20==O C FL><C <VDV. "><C A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV, O:V =5A;8 =0 AEV4 A2V9 ?V245==89 <VD, =5 <>3;8 BCB 7=09B8 @>7C<V==O. 45O @5;V3V9=>W A>;V40@=>ABV (?@02>A;02=8E V7 ?@02>A;02=8<8), 0:BC0;L=0 4;O A5@1V2, C XVIII AB. =5 <0;0 265 BVTW 3>AB@>B8 4;O C:@0W=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O, :>B@5 707=020;> CB8A:V2 A0<5 7 1>:C ?@02>A;02=>3> A5@54>28I0 ( >AVO), E>G0 B0B0@AL:>->A<0=AL:89 ?V245=L V =040;V 70;8H02AO =5A?>:V9=8<. >;VB8G=V <>B828 A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=L 1C;8 B0:>6 GC6V 9 =02VBL 2>@>6V C:@0W=AL:><C =0A5;5==N: A5@1V2 >AVO A?@O<>2C20;0 =0 ?V245=L 7 <5B>N ;V:2V4C20B8 C:@0W=AL:C =570;56=VABL 0?>@>66O =0A0<?5@54. /: ?@82V;59>20=0 :0B53>@VO :>;>=VABV2, A5@1AL:0 <V3@0FVO >7=0G0;0 4;O <VAF528E 68B5;V2 2B@0BC 75<5;L, O:V ?5@54020;8AO 70940<, I> 28:;8:0;> >1C@5==O V ?@>B5AB 7 1>:C :>@V==>3> =0A5;5==O. =B@>?>;>3VG=V, 5B=VG=V @8A8 ?5@5A5;5=FV2, O:V 2?@>4>26 AB>;VBL 70?>78GC20;8 >A<0=AL:V 728G0W, 28:;8:0;8 ?>482, 0 =5@V4:> 9 3;C7C20==O 7 1>:C <VAF52>3> =0A5;5==O, 9 F5 ?5@5A5;5=FV 2V4GC;8 265 =0 2C;8FOE 8T20. !5@18 =02VBL 1C;8 7<CH5=V A:0@68B8AO =0 B0:5 AB02;5==O 4> =8E @>AV9AL:><C C@O4>2V. %>G0 2V9AL:>2>-04<V=VAB@0B82=V A5@1AL:V ?>A5;5==O =0 #:@0W=AL:V9 ;V=VW ?52=>N <V@>N 2V4?>2V40;8 AB8;52V 68BBO 0?>@>7L:>3> :>70FB20 (I> 2V47=0G0;>AO 2 VAB>@8G=8E ?@0FOE), :>=:@5B=0 AB@0B53VG=0 DC=:FVO ?5@5A5;5=FV2 O: A8;8, I> 7 G0A>< 1C45 28:>@8AB0=0 4;O ;V:2V40FVW 0?>@>66O, =5 2V4?>2V40;0 V=B5@5A0< >AB0==L>3> V 2V4B0: =5 <>3;0 1CB8 A?@89=OB0 O: 4>1@>ACAV4AB2>. &0@AL:0 >AVO FV;5A?@O<>20=> 25;0 4> ?>;VB8G=8E :>=D@>=B0FV9 420, ?> ACBV A?>@V4=5=8E <V6 A>1>N, 5B=>A8 V 4>AO3;0 A2>TW <5B8 - ;V:2V40FVW >1>E D>@<C20=L O: ?>;VB8G=>W A8;8. # 72'O7:C 7 =0720=8<8 28I5 ?@8G8=0<8 A5@1AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV, :5@>20=V V;N7VO<8, 7=09H;8 =5 ?>@OBC=>: V 3>AB8==89 ?@89>< =0 =>28E 75<;OE, 0 A5@9>7=V B@C4=>IV, O:V ?@8725;8 4> @>7G0@C20=L V 2B@0B8 =04V9. >@V==O ?>ABC?>2>3> 7=8:=5==O A;V4 HC:0B8 V 2 A:;04=8E ?>;VB8G=8E B0 5B=VG=8E 2V4=>A8=0E A5@1AL:>-C:@0W=AL:>-@>AV9AL:>3> B@8:CB=8:0. !5@9>7=0 ?@8G8=0 ?>;O30;0 C <>@0;L=><C =0AB@>W A0<8E A5@1V2. 5@5:>=0==O, O:8<8 2>=8 :5@C20;8AO C A2>WE <V3@0FVOE =0 AEV4, C >AV9AL:C V<?5@VN, 2V4V3@0;8 A2>N @>;L C WE=L><C A2V4><><C 7@5G5==V 2V4 2;0A=>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> V45=B8B5BC. "@048FV9=> 70E>?;5=V V45TN "A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV B0 ?>HC:0<8 "?>@OBC=:C" =0 AE>4V, A5@18 B8< A0<8< C65 A ?@8@5G5=V =0 ?>@07:C. 45O A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV 2?@>4>26 A2>3> 1030B>AB>;VB=L>3> VA=C20==O =V:>;8 =5 @50;V7C20;0AO ?>78B82=> V 707=020;0 ?>@07:8, =04B> O: 70AV1 28@VH5==O ?>;VB8G=8E ?@>1;5<. >2=VH=V >1AB028=8 1C;8 I5 >4=VTN ?@8G8=>N. ?8=82H8AL <V6 ?>;VB8G=8<8 V=B5@5A0<8 V4=O V 5B5@1C@30, A5@18 AB0;8 ?@54<5B>< 48?;><0B8G=8E <0=V?C;OFV9 42>E B>4VH=VE "AC?5@45@602", O:V 2V4@V7=O;8AO 5B=VG=> V @5;V3V9=5, 0;5 1C;8 AE>6V 2 ?;0=V V<?5@AL:><C. !5@1AL:89 5B=VG=>-@5;V3V9=89 <VD 2V4?>2V402 V=B5@5A0< @>AV9AL:>W ?>;VB8:8, I> 7>A5@548;0AO =0 ?@>AC20==V 4> <>@O G5@57 3>;>2C <0965 ?V4:>@5=>W #:@0W=8, :@V< WW >AB0==L>3> 10ABV>=C - 0?>@>66O. 5B5@1C@3 28:>@8AB>2C202 ?5@5A5;5=FV2 7 BVTN A0<>N <5B>N, I> 9 >DVFV9=89 V45=L: A5@18 1C;8 ?>B@V1=V O: 2V9AL:>25 C3@C?C20==O, O:5 1 >1>@>=O;> <56V V<?5@VW 2V4 C:@0W=AL:>3> :>70FB20 V B0B0@AL:>-BC@5FL:8E =01V3V2, 0 7 G0A>< - ;V:2V4C20;> FV A8;8. 0@0=BCNG8 A5@10< ?52=V ?@82V;5W, @>AV9AL:89 C@O4 WE =5 =040202 B0: A0<>, O: V 02AB@V9AL:89: A5@18 =5 >B@8<0;8 ?@020 =0 2;0A=C F5@:2C, O:0 1 40;0 W< <>6;82VABL 715@53B8 =0FV>=0;L=C A0<>1CB=VABL, =0B><VABL 4>2>48;>AO 704>2>;L=OB8AO 265 VA=CNG8<8 F5@:20<8, ?V4?>@O4:>20=8<8 <>A:>2AL:V9 ?0B@V0@EVW. /: V 02AB@V9AL:0, @>AV9AL:0 2;040 ?>1>N20;0AO A5@1AL:>W =0FV>=0;L=>W A0<>ABV9=>ABV, B>6 =5 72>;V:0;0 7 WW ;V:2V40FVTN. >;8 A5@18 28:>=0;8 A2>N @>;L ;V:2V40B>@0 0?>@>66O, :>;8 #:@0W=AL:0 ;V=VO 2B@0B8;0 A2>N AB@0B53VG=C 7=0G8<VABL, >20 !5@1VO B0 !;>2'O=>A5@1VO 1C;8 0=C;L>20=V O: A0<>ABV9=V 04<V=VAB@0B82=>-B5@8B>@V0;L=V >48=8FV. 07>< 7 V=H8<8 5B=VG=8<8 3@C?0<8 ?V245==>-AEV4=>W #:@0W=8 A5@18 B0:>6 ?5@5B2>@8;8AO =0 >1'T:B 0A8<V;OFVW, B>1B> @CA8DV:0FVW. # FL><C ?>;O30;0 WE=O AE>6VABL 7 V=H8<8, 265 >157?@02;5=8<8 ?5@5A5;5=FO<8; ?@>B5 O:I> V=HV 5B=VG=V 3@C?8 (1>;30@8, 3@5:8, ?>;O:8, G5E8, 0;10=FV B>I>) 715@53;8AO, A5@18 A2>N A0<>1CB=VABL 2B@0B8;8 - 2>=8 7;8;8AO 7 <VAF528< =0A5;5==O<, C:@0W=FO<8, 01> 6 @CA8DV:C20;8AO.  >AB0==L><C - @CA8DV:0FVW - 7 CAVE 5B=VG=8E 3@C? 2>=8 1C;8 =091V;LH 1;87L:V 70 AB0=>28I5< 4> C:@0W=FV2. "0:5 71;865==O AB8<C;N20;0 9 5B=VG=0 A?>@V4=5=VABL ?5@5A5;5=FV2 7 :>@V==8< =0A5;5==O< - C:@0W=FO<8. &59 B@5BV9 0A?5:B BVA=> ?>2'O70=89 7 ?>@V2=O;L=8< 4>A;V465==O< C:@0W=AL:>W B0 A5@1AL:>W =0@>4=8E B@048FV9. >A;V465==O <0T =0 <5BV 2AB0=>28B8, O:>N <V@>N 2 5B=VG=><C, <5=B0;L=><C, ?>;VB8G=><C ?;0=V C:@0W=FV B0 A5@18 AB0=>28;8 0=0;>3VW V O:C @>;L FO AE>6VABL <>3;0 2V4V3@0B8 C ?>ABC?>2><C 7;8BBV A5@1V2 7 C:@0W=FO<8. B65, @>73;O40TBLAO =5 >?>78FV9=89, 0 040?B82=89 D0:B>@, 2 O:><C 4><V=C20;> 270T<=5 ?@8BO30==O[11]. V4?>2V4L =0 F5 ?8B0==O 28<030T 2A51VG=>3> ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 282G5==O 4CE>2=>W B0 <0B5@V0;L=>W =0@>4=>W :C;LBC@8 C:@0W=FV2 V A5@1V2 >73;O=CBV BCB <V65B=VG=V :>=B0:B8 A5@548=8 XVIII AB. AB0=>2;OBL ;8H5 >48= V7 A53<5=BV2 25;8:>3> :>;0 4>A;V465=L. :@V< 2V47=0G5=8E 2V4<V==>AB59, I> VA=C20;8 <V6 C:@0W=FO<8 B0 A5@10<8, ?>1CBC20;8 9 A?>@V4=5=V O28I0 O: C B8?>;>3VG=><C, B0: V 2 35=5B8G=><C 2V4=>H5==V. #:@0W=AL:0 =0@>4=0 :C;LBC@0 2 WW >:@5<8E @53V>=0E 2V4 044=V?@O=I8=8 4> 0@?0B <0T G8<0;> ?>4V1=>3> 4> =0@>4=>W B@048FVW A5@1V2, I> 4020;> ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8 ?@> A?V;L=VABL WE=L>3> ?>E>465==O. &V 0=0;>3VW, O: 707=0G0;>AO 28I5, 4>A8BL GVB:> ?@>AB56CNBLAO 2 >A=>2=8E 5B0?0E VAB>@8G=>W 4>;V 42>E =0@>4V2. 18420 2>=8 <0;8 A2>N "7>;>BC 4>1C" - A5@54=L>2VGGO. E=V :>;8AL <>3CB=V A5@54=L>2VG=V 45@6028 1C;8 7=8I5=V 2>@>30<8 =5E@8AB8O=AL:>3> - <>=3>;LAL:>3> G8 >A<0=AL:>3> - ?>E>465==O. #A2V4><;5==O B@03VG=>ABV 2;0A=>W 4>;V, A?>4V20==O =0 2872>;5==O 4VAB0;8 2V4>1@065==O 2 =0@>4=V9 B2>@G>ABV, =0A0<?5@54 2 5?VG=V9 ?>57VW, :>B@0 V 2 C:@0W=FV2, V 2 A5@1V2 E0@0:B5@87CTBLAO 28A>:8< @>728B:><, =87:>N B8?>;>3VG=8E 0=0;>3V9. @>BO3>< AB>;VBL >18420 =0@>48 ?5@51C20;8 C :>=D5AV9=><C ?@>B8AB>O==V, >18420 1C;8 70E>?;5=V <VD>< A;>2'O=>-?@02>A;02=>W T4=>ABV, >18420 707=0;8 ?>@07:8 C A2>WE A?>4V20==OE.  >1>E 28?04:0E =0FV>=0;L=0 F5@:20 1V;LH>N <V@>N 2@OBC20;0 A2>N 02B5=B8G=VABL =5 2 B8E A8BC0FVOE, :>;8 ?@03=C;0 4> T4=>ABV, :>B@0 ?@8725;0 4> 0A8<V;OFVW, 0 B0<, 45 1C;0 >B>G5=0 =5A?>@V4=5=>N @5;V3VTN (70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:0 F5@:20, B0 A5@1AL:0 2 :0B>;8FL:><C G8 >A<0=AL:><C >B>G5==V). 57?>A5@54=L> 2 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE A5@18, O: V C:@0W=FV, 1C;8 =0@065=V =0 @CA8DV:0FVN, 0;5 :>;8 1 2>=8 A?@89<0;8 C:@0W=FV2 O: GC68E, B> F5, <>6;82>, 40;> 1 1V;LH5 H0=AV2 =0 715@565==O, O: F5 B@0?8;>AO 7 V=H8<8 ?@02>A;02=8<8 ?5@5A5;5=FO<8 - =0?@8:;04, 3@5:0<8 G8 0;10=FO<8. @>B5 A0<5 F59 D0:B>@ 7=0G=>W 5B=VG=>W ?>4V1=>ABV B0 71;865==O A5@1V2 7 C:@0W=FO<8 1C2 >4=8< V7 G8==8:V2, I> 2?;8=C2 =0 A2V4><5 V 2>4=>G0A 70:>=><V@=5 7;8BBO A5@1V2 7 <VAF528< =0A5;5==O<. =8:=5==O A5@1V2 O: A0<>ABV9=>W =0FV>=0;L=>W <5=H8=8 =5 70;8H8;>AO 157A;V4=8< - 2>=> ?>7=0G8;>AO 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 VAB>@VW, B>?>=V<VW, D>;L:;>@V 9 D>;L:;>@8AB8FV. V4>1@065==O A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=L 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 :C;LBC@V V9 4V4 1C2 A5@1... >;>48<8@ !>AN@0. ;O #:@0W=8 2B@0B0 =570;56=>ABV >70FL:>W E@8AB8O=AL:>W @5A?C1;V:8 >7=0G0;0 ?04V==O >AB0==L>3> 10ABV>=C =0FV>=0;L=>W 2>;V 9 >AB0B>G=C >:C?0FVN WW 75<5;L V<?5@AL:8< 702>9>2=8:><. "@0354VO A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 ?>;O30;0 =5 BV;L:8 2 BV<, I> 2>=8 =5 7=09H;8 >GV:C20=>W "75<;V >1VB>20=>W", 0 9 C BV<, I> 2>=8 AB0;8 7=0@O44O< 03@5AVW ?@>B8 =0@>4C, :C;LBC@0 O:>3> 2V4V3@0;0 ?@>2V4=C @>;L C :@8B8G=><C ?5@V>4V A5@1AL:>W VAB>@VW. 0@04>:A0;L=VABL V B@03V7< 28O28;8AO 9 C BV<, I> A5@18 ?>2B>@N20;8 4>;N #:@0W=8. /:I> C:@0W=AL:0 VAB>@8G=0 9 =0FV>=0;L=0 B@0354VO @>72820;0AO C D0B0;L=><C B@8:CB=8:C B@L>E B>4VH=VE A8; - :0B>;8FL:>W ?>;LAL:>W 03@5AVW, <03><5B0=AL:>W BC@5FL:>-B0B0@AL:>W 703@>78, 0 7 G0A>< - V @>AV9AL:>3> ?@02>A;02=>-V<?5@AL:>3> ?>=52>;5==O, B> A5@1AL:0 B@0354VO <0;0 BV A0<V 28B>:8: >A<0=AL:0, 02AB@V9AL:0 703@>70 V 7=8:=5==O G5@57 4>2V@'O 4> @>AV9AL:>-V<?5@AL:>3> ?@02>A;02'O. 0NG8 0=0;>3VG=89 B8? "2V425@B>3>" 03@5A>@0 - <03><5B0=AL:>3> V :0B>;8FL:>3>, V A5@18, 9 C:@0W=FV 707=0;8 CB8A:V2 A0<5 2V4 A?V;L=>3> 2 :>=D5AV9=><C, <>2=><C 9 5B=VG=><C 2V4=>H5==V "A>N7=8:0" - >AVW 7 BVTN @V7=8F5N, I> =0 B5@8B>@VW #:@0W=8 1C;> 45=0FV>=0;V7>20=> ;8H5 G0AB:C A5@1AL:>3> 5B=>AC, >A=>2=0 6 A5@1AL:0 =0@>4=VABL 2 C<>20E <CAC;L<0=AL:>-:0B>;8FL:>3> >B>G5==O 715@53;0AO; C:@0W=AL:89 5B=>A, 2BO3=CB89 C ?@02>A;02=>-45@602=C A?V;L=VABL, 707=02 :0B0AB@>DVG=8E 2B@0B O: 70;8H:V2 A2>TW 45@602=>ABV, B0: V =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV.  C:@0W=AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVG=V9 =0CFV <8=C;>3> AB>;VBBO CG0ABL A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 C ;V:2V40FVW 0?>@>66O ;>3VG=> <0;0 =530B82=V V=B5@?@5B0FVW, @>AV9AL:0 V @04O=AL:0 VAB>@VO 70<>2GC20;0 B>9 D0:B, I> A5@1V2 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 O: 2V9AL:>2C A8;C. B65, A5@1AL:V HC:0GV :@0I>3> 68BBO =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE AB0;8 7=0@O44O< @>AV9AL:>W ?>;VB8:8, 7>:@5<0 C 2BV;5==V ?;0=V2 I>4> 7<VF=5==O :>@4>=V2 =0 #:@0W=AL:V9 ;V=VW. /: A8AB5<0 C:@V?;5=L, 71C4>20=8E C 1731-1733 @>:0E 2 #:@0W=V 4;O ?>40;LH>3> ?@>AC20==O 4> <>@O, FO ;V=VO 70 G0AV2 A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=L ?V4E>48;0 2?@8BC; 4> 0?>@>66O. >7BO3=C2H8AL C 4>268=C 4> 285 :< V 2 H8@8=C 4> 30-80 :< #:@0W=AL:0 ;V=VO, O:0 <0;0 ?;>IC 12 500 :2. :<, 28:>@8AB>2C20;0AL O: ?;0F40@< 4;O ;V:2V40FVW 10ABV>=C C:@0W=AL:>W =570;56=>ABV. 1>@>=O;8 ;V=VN 20 ;0=4<V;VF59AL:8E ?>;:V2, WE =5>1EV4=> 1C;> ?>ABV9=> 7<VF=N20B8, B>6 >DVFV9=><C 5B5@1C@3>2V A?>4V20==O ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:>3> =0@>4C, O:89 HC:02 ?@8BC;>: V 70E8AB =0 ?V24=V #:@0W=8, ?>I0AB8;> 28:>@8AB0B8 4;O 2BV;5==O ?>;VB8G=8E ?;0=V2. 7 A5@1V2 AD>@<C20;8 ?>;:8 :>B@V ?>G0;8 72>48B8 A2>W "H0=FV" (75<;O=V C:@V?;5==O) =0 CB2>@5=V9 @>AV9AL:8< C@O4>< B5@8B>@VW >2>W !5@1VW. !5@1AL:0 :>;>=V70FVO, @>7?>G0B0 @>AV9AL:8< C@O4>< C 1751 @>FV, AB0=>28;0 "=09?@8:@VH5 =5?>@>7C<V==O" C =87FV 702>9>2=8FL:8E 4V9 ?@>B8 0?>@>66O[12]. >2>AB2>@5=0 A5@1AL:0 ?@>2V=FVO 7 F5=B@>< C ;8A025B8=AL:V9 D>@B5FV (?V7=VH5 <VAB> ;8A025B3@04) V 2AO B0: 720=0 >20 !5@1VO 1C;8 28:@>T=V V7 70?>@>7L:8E 2>;>4V=L 157 ?>?5@54=L>W 73>48 A0<8E 2;0A=8:V2. # B0:89 A0<89 A?>AV1 =0 AE>4V 70?>@>7L:8E 75<5;L 1C;> AB2>@5=> !;>2'O=>-!5@1AL:C ?@>2V=FVN 7 <VAB>< 0E<CB O: F5=B@><, B0:>6 70A5;5=C A5@1AL:8<8 28EV4FO<8. 5@5A5;5=FV >B@8<C20;8 25;8:V >1H8@8 75<;V, I> 28:;8:0;> >1C@5==O A?@026=VE 2;0A=8:V2.  <5B>N 70:@V?;5==O A5@1AL:8E ?>78FV9 @>AV9AL:89 C@O4 ?V4B@8<C202 WE <0B5@V0;L=>, 72V;L=82 2V4 1C4L-O:8E ?>40B:V2. V4B@8<C20=V 5B5@1C@3><, A5@18 =5 @0EC20;8AO V7 70?>@>6FO<8, G0AB> 2ABC?0;8 7 =8<8 C 2V4:@8BV 71@>9=V AC?5@5G:8 (>4=VTN 7 =091V;LH8E 1C;0 ACB8G:0 1764 @>:C =04 @VG:>N "0H;8:><). !:0@38 =>28E 2;0A=8:V2 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L =0 C:@0W=AL:5 :>70FB2> 2V4V3@0;8 A2>N @>;L C ?@8A:>@5==V ;V:2V40FVW 0?>@>66O. 0B5@8=0 II 7 WW 5:A?0=A82=>N ?>;VB8:>N ?>AB028;0 A>1V 77 <5BC ?@>AC=CB8AO =0 ?V245=L, A:0AC20B8 2AV 02B>=><VW C <560E V<?5@VW, ;V:2V4C20B8 45<>:@0B8G=C :>70FL:C @5A?C1;V:C, 0 A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 >1@0;0 7=0@O44O<. VA;O B>3>, O: 70?>@>6FV2 @07>< V7 A5@10<8 1C;> 28:>@8AB0=> C @>AV9AL:>-BC@5FL:V9 2V9=V 1768-1774 @>:V2, :>;8 ?5@HV 7@>18;8 4;O >AVW 206;82V ?>A;C38 2 >?5@0FVOE =0 C=0W, @>AV9AL:89 C@O4 @>7?>G02 402=> A?;0=>20=C 0:FVN @>7?@028 V7 0?>@>66O<. > C:;045==V <8@C 7 BC@:0<8 2 1775 @>FV @>AV9AL:V 2V9AL:0 4VAB0;8 =0:07 7>A5@548B8AO 1V;O D>@B5FV A2. ;87025B8. @<VO G8A5;L=VABN 60 000 G>;>2V: ?@8 50 30@<0B0E =5A?>4V20=> @CH8;0 =0 !VG. 0 G>;V FVTW C40@=>W A8;8 AB>O2 A5@1AL:89 35=5@0; "5:5;VO, O:89 4 G5@2=O 1775 @>:C @0?B>2> >B>G82 0?>@>66O. 0;V 2V= 4VO2 E8B@>I0<8 V A8;>N: 70?>@>7L:0 AB0@H8=0, 28:;8:0=0 =V18B> =0 @04C, =VG>3> =5 ?V4>7@NNG8, ?>WE0;0 B0 1V;LH5 =5 25@=C;0AO[13]. 0 >B>G5=V9 2V9AL:0<8 7 28AB02;5=8<8 30@<0B0<8 !VGV ?>G02AO 70:>;>B. '0AB8=0 :>70:V2 1C;0 3>B>20 2ABC?8B8 2 1>@>BL1C 7 ?V4ABC?=8< 2>@>3><. >6;82>, :>;8 1 F5 AB0;>AO, =570;56=VABL !VGV 240;>AO 1 2V4AB>OB8. @>B5 9 BCB 2V4V3@02 D0B0;L=C @>;L D0:B>@, O:89 ?>=04 AB>;VBBO 4> FVTW B@0354VW 702V2 #:@0W=C 2 V<?5@AL:5 O@<>, - 4>2V@'O 4> ?@02>A;02'O. !0<5 0@EV<0=4@8B >;>48<8@ !>:0;LAL:89 C<>282 :>70:V2 =5 2ABC?0B8 2 :@>2>?@>;8B=89 ?>T48=>: 7 "T48=>2V@=8<" ?@02>A;02=8< 2>@>3><. 57;0<0=V 9 =5?V4:>@5=V <03><5B0=AL:8< G8 :0B>;8FL:8< AC?@>B82=8:0<8, :>B@V =5@V4:> 7=0G=> ?5@528IC20;8 WE G8A5;L=VABN, 70?>@>6FV, 2V440=V ?@02>A;02'N, A:>@8;8AO ?5@54 T48=>2V@FO<8, I> <0;8 :>=:@5B=C <5BC 7;V:2V4C20B8 !VG. "V;L:8-=> G0AB8=0 :>70:V2 ?V440;0AO =0 C<>2;O==O, "5:5;VO 725;V2 7@C9=C20B8 !VG, 700@5HBC202 AB0@H8=C V ?5@5402 WW 0B5@8=V, O:0, =5 7=0NG8 <56 C A2>W9 6>@AB>:>ABV, ?>@>7A>2C20;0 :>70FL:C 25@EV2:C ?> 2AVE V<?5@AL:8E 2'O7=8FOE - 2V4 !>;>2:V2, 45 70?>@>7L:0 =57;0<0=0 <5=B0;L=VABL, C>A>1;5=0 C :>H>2><C 0;=8H52AL:><C, 1C;0 ?>E>20=0 C <C@0E, 4> !81V@C, 2 O:><C A:V=G8;>AO 68BBO :>H>2>3> AC44V >;>20B>3> V ?8A0@O ;>18. 0=VD5AB>< 2V4 3 A5@?=O 1775 @>:C 0B5@8=0 70A2V4G8;0 A<5@BL !VGV[14]. # F8E 0:FVOE 3>;>2=C @>;L 2V4V3@020;8 ?>;VB8:0 >AVW B0 WW 2V9AL:0, =0 G>;V O:8E G5@57 71V3 >1AB028= >?8=82AO A5@1 @>4><, 35=5@0;, AE>689 =0 V=H8E 35=5@0;V2, :>B@V >G>;N20;8 A8;8, A?@O<>20=V =0 >AB0B>G=5 ?V4:>@5==O #:@0W=8. '0AB8=0 :>70FB20, I> 2V4<>28;0AO ?5@59B8 =0 1V: "T48=>2V@=>3>" 2>@>30, ?>40;0AO 4> B8E, EB> :>;8AL 1C2 AC?@>B82=8:><, 0;5 28O282AO 1V;LH 3C<0==8<, =V6 ?@02>A;02=89 702>9>2=8:. >20 04C=09AL:0 !VG, 70A=>20=0 2 >1@C46V, 28=8:;0, 70 ?V4B@8<:8 AC;B0=0, 2 <560E A<0=AL:>W V<?5@VW. ;5 9 BCB 70?>@>6FV >?8=8;8AO 2 :>=D;V:B=V9 A8BC0FVW 7 ?@02>A;02=8<8 ACAV40<8 - @>AV9AL:8<8 2BV:0G0<8-@>7:>;L=8:0<8, I> ?@81C;8 AN48 70 G0AV2 5B@0 . '5@57 2>@>6VABL ACAV4V2 70?>@>6FV 7<CH5=V 1C;8 ?>:8=CB8 FV 75<;V 9 28@CH8B8 BC48, 72V4:8 ?@89H;8 WE=V 702>9>2=8:8-A5@18, - =0 =044C=09AL:V 75<;V <091CB=L>W >T2>48=8. >;>=V70FVO 70?>@>7L:8<8 :>70:0<8 =044C=09AL:>W >T2>48=8 >A>1;82> FV:020 B8<, I> ?>;VB8G=V 4VW =02:>;> FL>3> 0:BC I5 @07 2V41820;8 ?>4V1=VABL 4>;V C:@0W=FV2 B0 A5@1V2 C WE=VE 0=0;>3VG=8E ?>HC:0E ?@8BC;:C 70 C<>2 ?>;VB8G=8E V=B@83 25;8:8E 45@602. 5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 7 >T2>48=8 2 #:@0W=C 1752 @>:C ?>AB028;> ?V4 703@>7C 02AB@V9AL:V :>@4>=8 7 >A<0=0<8. >4V1=> 4> B>3>, O: @>AV9AL:89 C@O4 7<VF=N202 #:@0W=AL:C ;V=VN A5@10<8, 02AB@V9AL:89 70FV:0282AO C:@0W=AL:8<8 :>70:0<8 O: AB@0B53VG=>N A8;>N V B><C 268202 G8<0;> 70E>4V2 4;O ?5@5A5;5==O 70?>@>6FV2 =0 75<;V, ?>:8=CBV A5@10<8.  FVTN <5B>N 1060NG8E ?5@5A5;8B8AO 70>E>GC20;8 >1VFO=:0<8 2AV;O:8E ?@82V;5W2; B5 A0<5 9 >AVO >1VFO;0 A5@10< =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE. 6 :2VB=O 1785 @>:C ?@54AB02=8:>2V 02AB@V9AL:>3> C@O4C 2 '5@=V2FOE =04V9H;> ?>2V4><;5==O 7 0=0BC, I> C =8=VH=V9 >T2>48=V, ?@> "42>E 45?CB0BV2 2V4 70?>@>7L:>3> :>70FB20", :>B@V >A5;8;8AO =0 BC@5FL:V9 B5@8B>@VW 7 >1>E 15@53V2 C=0N. 0 F8E 75<;OE, ?>2V4><;O;>AO 40;V, :>70:8 7<CH5=V ?V4 B8A:>< @>AVO= 68B8 @07>< 7 >AB0==V<8 2 A5;0E V B5@?VB8 2AV;O:V ?>AO30==O =0 WE=V 728G0W 9 B@048FVW. # 72'O7:C 7 F8< C:@0W=AL:5 :>70FB2> FV:028BLAO <>6;82VABN 72V;L=5==O 2V4 B0:>3> ACAV4AB20 9 ?5@5E>4C =0 75<;V 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028. >=8 =0@0E>2CNBL 7-8 B8AOG >AV1, 7 O:8E G0AB8=0 <>65 28ABC?0B8 :V==>B>N, G0AB8=0 >71@>T=0, @5HB0 3>B>20 AB0B8 4> 71@>W 70 ?V4B@8<:8 7 1>:C C@O4C. >=8 ?>3>46CNBLAO ?@89=OB8 =5>1EV4=C AC1>@48=0FVN ?V4:>@5==O <091CB=L><C :><0=4C20==N, 0;5 "=5 1060NBL =>A8B8 =VO:>3> V=H>3> >1<C=48@C20==O, :@V< =0@>4=>3> :>70FL:>3>, V ?@8 FL><C =VO: =5 <CAOBL 1CB8 ?@8A8;5=8<8 =0 >4@C65==O, I>1 =5 2B@0G0B8 2;0A=>W 2>9>2=8G>W E>@>1@>ABV, V... =V:>;8 =5 70E>GCBL B5@?VB8 <V6 A>1>N :>3>AL >4@C65=>3>. 5@51C20NG8 =0 A;C61V 70 2>T==8E G0AV2, 2>=8 ?@>AOBL B>3> 6 ?>AB0G0==O, I> =04020;>AL V ?>?5@54=V< >E>@>==8:0< :>@4>=V2, 0 2 <8@=V G0A8 - ?52=89 284V;5=89 H<0B 75<;V =0 BC@5FL:8E :>@4>=0E, 45 1 2>=8 4;O 2;0A=8E ?>B@51 28@>IC20;8 E;V1... /:I> EB>AL 18 G0A>< 7010602 >4@C68B8AO, B> <CA82 18 2V4A5;8B8AL >:@5<> 2V4 V=H8E, WE=O @5;V3VO T ?@02>A;02=>N, ?@8 FL><C 2>=8 <0NBL 2;0A=8E A2OI5=8:V2... @8 =8=VH=L><C AB0=>28IV =5 A;V4 2V4<>2;OB8 :>70:0<, 2V4><8< 0< WE=L>N E>@>1@VABN... &5 1C2 18 4V9A=> E>@>1@89 V 7=0G=89 70A;V=, O:89 18 :>HBC202 =5 4>@>3>..."[15]. 2AB@V9AL:89 FVA0@ 4>23> =5 :20?82AO 7 2V4?>2V44N, V =57010@>< 70?>@>7L:8< :>70:0< 1C;> 70?@>?>=>20=> >A5;8B8AO =5 2 C:>28=V, O: 2>=8 ?@>A8;8, 0 =0 @V2=8=0E 0=0BC V 0G:8 ?> >18420 1>:8 "8A8. V47=0G0;>AO, I>, >A:V;L:8 70?>@>6FV 2V4><V A2>TN <09AB5@=VABN 2 1>9>28E 4VOE =0 2>4V, 0 @>AVO=8 WE G0AB> 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 C 2V9=0E =0 C=0W, 2>=8 >E>@>=OB8<CBL C3>@AL:>-BC@5FL:V :>@4>=8. &VA0@ WE >A5;8BL, O: 2>=8 1060NBL, V 2AV 7-8 B8AOG :>70:V2 1C4CBL >4O3=5=V 2 <C=48@8, ?>H8BV 70 WE=V<8 :>70FL:8<8 B@048FVO<8[16]. >2=VABN AE20;N20;0AO WE=O 3>B>2=VABL =5 702>48B8 @>48=8. < >1VFO;8AO 2AV;O:V ?@82V;5W, DV=0=A>20 B0 V=H0 ?V4B@8<:0, >71@>T==O, 018 ;8H5 2>=8 ?>3>48;8AO A;C68B8 =0 :>@4>=0E. 25 B@02=O 1785 @>:C @842>@=89 2V9AL:>289 A5=0B ?>2V4><82 :><0=4C20==N !;02>=AL:>W 35=5@0;L=>W :><0=48 "?@> ?@81CBBO 0?>@>7L:8E >70:V2" B0 WE @>7A5;5==O 2 0=0BV 9 0G:V9 7 45B0;L=8<8 2:07V2:0<8 ?@> =040==O :V;L:>< B8AOG0< C:@0W=FV2 @V7=><0=VB=>W 4>?><>38 O: :>;>=VAB0<. &O 0:FVO AC?@>2>46C20;0AO B@820;8< ;8ABC20==O< ?V4 =03;O4>< 28I8E V=AB0=FV9 02AB@V9AL:>3> 42>@C V C 25;8:V9 B0T<=8FV, 018 =5 28:;8:0B8 ?V4>7@8 9 ?5@5?>= 7 1>:C >A<0=AL:>3> C@O4C, =5 70FV:02;5=>3> 2 ?5@5BO3C20==V E>@>1@>3> :>70FB20 =0 1V: 2>@>6>W E@8AB8O=AL:>W 45@6028. @>B5 A?>4V20==O C:@0W=AL:>3> :>70FB20 7=09B8 ?@8BC;>: V :@0I5 68BBO =0 =>28E 75<;OE =5 74V9A=8;>AO. @EV2=V 40=V 70A2V4GCNBL ?>ABC?>25 230A0==O 5=BC7V07<C 2V45=AL:>3> 42>@C I>4> 2BV;5==O ?@>?>78FV9 70?>@>6FV2 ?@>6820B8 :><?0:B=> V7 715@565==O< 2;0A=8E B@048FV9. 50;V70FVO B0:8E =0<V@V2 >7=0G0;0 1 ?V4B@8<:C D>@<C20==O ?52=>W 02B>=><VW ?@02>A;02=>3> A;>2'O=AL:>3> >A5@54:C =0 C=0W, O:5 <>3;> 1 V7 G0A>< AB0B8 =5?V42;04=8< V4=N. ">6 >AB0==V9 ?>G02 74V9A=N20B8 ?>;VB8:C, 0=0;>3VG=C ?>;VB8FV I>4> A5@1AL:8E <V3@0=BV2, O:V ?5@5A5;O;8AO I5 @0=VH5 V7 70E>?;5=8E >A<0=0<8 75<5;L. 5 4>72>;8B8; :>=A>;V40FVW, @>7?>@>H8B8 :>;>=VABV2, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 WE O: ?V4?>@O4:>20=C A8;C, 1C;> <5B>N 2V45=AL:>W 04<V=VAB@0FVW, :>B@0 ?>ABC?>2> ?>G0;0 74V9A=N20B8 FN ?@>3@0<C, <0NG8 G8<0;89 4>A2V4, 7>:@5<0 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 ?@8:;04 V=H8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2. #:@0W=AL:8E :>70:V2 =0?@8:V=FV XVIII AB. A?>AB83;0 B0:0 A0<0 4>;O, I> 9 A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 2 2AB@VW =0?@8:V=FV XVII AB. 01> 2 B>9 A0<89 G0A 2 #:@0W=V, - 2>=8 AB0;8 >1'T:B>< FV;5A?@O<>20=>W ?>;VB8:8 45=0FV>=0;V70FVW. 5@5A5;5==N 70?>@>6FV2 G8=8;0 A?@>B82 C3>@AL:0 ?@842>@=0 :0=F5;O@VO, >A:V;L:8 C:@0W=FV 70A5;O;8 75<;V, O:V, E>G V 1C;8 ?>:8=CBV C3>@FO<8 =0 :>@4>=0E 7 >A<0=0<8, 0;5 =0;560;8 #3>@I8=V. 0A?>:>NNG8 A2>WE A>N7=8:V2, V45=L V=D>@<C202, I> @VH5==O ?@> DV=0=A>25 70157?5G5==O 0:FVW ?5@5A5;5==O :>70:V2 I5 =5 ?@89=OB5[17]. 28 ;NB>3> 1786 @>:C @842>@=89 2V9AL:>289 A5=0B ?>2V4><82, I> FVA0@ =5 BV;L:8 =5 CE20;82 @VH5==O ?@> E0@GC20==O 9 >1<C=48@C20==O 70?>@>6FV2, 0 9 4>72>;82 >A5;OB8AO ?>@CG 7 =8<8 @>48=0< V=H8E =0FV>=0;L=>AB59, I> >7=0G0;> ?>@CH5==O :>70FL:8E B@048FV9 V ?>40;LHC 0A8<V;OFVN C:@0W=AL:8E :>;>=VABV2[18]. =>A8;0AO ?@>?>78FVO 2V4<>28B8AL 2V4 D>@<C20==O A?;0GC20=>W 2V9AL:>2>W D>@<0FVW C:@0W=AL:>3> :>70FB20, =0B><VABL ?5@5410G0;>AO @>7A5;5==O WE ?> ?>@>6=VE 4><V2:0E =0 ?@8:>@4>==8E 75<;OE. #65 2 G5@2=V 1786 @>:C, 73V4=> 7 FVA0@AL:8< =0:07><, @0=VH5 :><?0:B=C <0AC C:@0W=AL:>3> :>70FB20 1C;> @>7?>4V;5=> 2 ?@8:>@4>==8E ?>A5;5==OE C 3@C?8 ?> ?V2B>@8 A>B=V 2 :>6=V9 - CAL>3> 760 >AV1, O:V 28O28;8 1060==O ?VA;O 04<V=VAB@0B82=8E 72>;V:0=L >A5;8B8AO 70 C=0T<. 0ABC?=V 0@EV2=V D0:B8 70A2V4GCNBL, I> :V;L:VABL 70?>@>6FV2 7<5=HCTBLAO; 7>:@5<0, 1791 @>:C 7304CNBLAO 28 70?>@>7L:8E :>70:V2, O:V 70 =0:07>< ?>:V9=>3> V<?5@0B>@0 >A8D0 II 70A5;8;8AO 2 G>B8@L>E E0B0E, I> C <VAB5G:C >28;L, =8=VH=O >T2>48=0[19].  B8E :>70:V2 ?V4 G0A >AB0==L>W 02AB@>-BC@5FL:>W 2V9=8 1V;LHVABL 01> 7038=C;8, 01> ?>2BV:0;8, B><C, O: ?>2V4><;O;>AO, 70;8H8;>AO 2AL>3> 9 >AV1. "&V ;N48 =5 <0NBL 6V=>:, 2>=8 =VO: =5 74V1=V 709<0B8AO 3>A?>40@AB2><, 2>=8 1V;LH>N <V@>N =5ACBL A;C61C A5@54 V=H8E ?@8:>@4>==8:V2, 0 E0B8, ?@87=0G5=V 4;O =8E, AB>OBL ?>@>6=V"[20]. # 72'O7:C 7 B8<, I> FV >AB0==V 9 :>70:V2 ?VA;O 70:V=G5=0O 2>T==8E 4V9 =5 <0;8, 45 ?@8BC;8B8AO, V =5 7=0;8, G8< 709=OB8AO, 1C;> ?@89=OB> @VH5==O 28:>@8AB>2C20B8 WE O: =09<8BV2 B0 @VG:>2><C ?5@52>7V, ">A:V;L:8 F5 1C45 :>@8A=VH5, =V6 FV ;N48 1C4CBL =040=V A0<V A>1V, 2V4 G>3> <>6CBL 1CB8 =5157?5G=8<8 01> 6 ?>AB0=CBL BO30@5< V 7024020B8<CBL :;>?>BC V=H8< 75<;5@>10<..."[21]. @87=0G5=V 4;O :>70:V2 V ?>:8=CBV =8<8 E0B8 ?@>?>=C20;>AO 70A5;8B8 A5@1AL:8<8 5<V3@0=B0<8. ""0:8< 65 @>1>< 7=8:;8 9 BV :>70:8, I> 1C;8 @>7A5;5=V ?> 0G:V9, 0 >A:V;L:8 2>=8 =5 >4@C6C20;8AO, B> 9 =5 70;8H0;8 ?VA;O A515 =VO:>3> A;V4C"[22]. "0: 70:V=G8;0AO :>;>=V70FVO 70?>@>7L:>3> :>70FB20 2 ACG0A=V9 >T2>48=V C XVIII AB. OBCNG8AL 2V4 ?>AO30=L =0 WE=N 2>;N 7 1>:C >4=VTW V<?5@VW - >AV9AL:>W, 2>=8 =5 7=09H;8 ?@8BC;:C V 7=8:;8 2 <560E V=H>W - 2AB@V9AL:>W. 57=0G=0 G0AB8=0 70?>@>6FV2, I> 70;8H8;0AO, =5 1060;0 B5@?VB8 02AB@V9AL:89 @568<, 4@V1'O7:>289 :>=B@>;L =04 CAV< A2>W< 68BBO< V C 1811-1812 @>:0E ?>25@=C;0AO 2 <56V A<0=AL:>W V<?5@VW[23]. >;O B8E, EB> ?@89H>2 =0 C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V, - A5@1V2 1C;0 0=0;>3VG=>N. >=8 B0:>6 AB0;8 7=0@O44O< ?>;VB8G=8E ?;0=V2 >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW V, 28:>=02H8 ?@87=0G5=C 4;O =8E DC=:FVN, 7=8:;8, 0;5 70;8H8;8 ?> A>1V FV;C =87:C A;V4V2. ">?>=V<VO #:@0W=8 O: 206;820 465@5;>7=02G0 1070 @5:>=AB@C:FVW <V65B=VG=8E 72'O7:V2, C 40=><C @07V C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E, =5A5 7=0G=C V=D>@<0FVN, :>B@0 40T ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8 ?@> A5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW 2 #:@0W=C I5 4> A5@548=8 XVIII AB. ;5 O:I> FV =0728 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 B>?>=V<VW, I> BO3=CBLAO V7 0EV4=>W #:@0W=8, T V=>4V 3V?>B5B8G=8<8 9 28<030NBL @5B5;L=8E 4>A;V465=L, B> 40=V ?@> =091V;LH <0A>2V ?5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 C 1751-1753 @>:0E 7=0G=>N <V@>N ?V440NBLAO @5:>=AB@C:FVW, <0NBL ?V4B25@465==O O: B0:V, I> ?@8=5A5=V 7V A;>2'O=AL:>3> ?V24=O. 8=8:=5==O 9 ?>40;LH0 4>;O F8E =072 ?52=>N <V@>N C>A>1;NNBL C25AL ?@>F5A C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E <V65B=VG=8E 72'O7:V2, WE=T BVA=5 ?5@5?;5BV==O, 270T<>2?;828, ?>ABC?>25 7=8:=5==O 01> 6 715@565==O ?@8=5A5=8E =0-72 7 WE=L>N 040?B0FVTN 4> C:@0W=AL:8E <>2=8E <>45;59 V B.V=. #<>2=> A5@1AL:V B>?>=V<8 A5@548=8 XVIII AB. <>6=0 @>74V;8B8 =0 42V 3@C?8 - BV, I> 715@53;8AO, 45I> 7<V=82H8 D>=5B8G=C :>=AB@C:FVN, 9 BV, I> 7=8:;8 2=0A;V4>: @V7=8E VAB>@8G=8E ?@8G8=. # FV;><C @5:>=AB@C:FVO A5@1AL:8E B>?>=V<VG=8E A;V4V2 =0 #:@0W=AL:V9 ;V=VW 70A2V4GCT =0O2=VABL B@L>E =0H0@C20=L C 1V;LH>ABV =072. > ?5@H>3> =0;560BL =0728, ?@8=5A5=V 157?>A5@54=L> 7 10BL:V2I8=8 :>;>=VABV2. /: ?@028;>, A5@18 >A5;O;8AO =0 <VAFV 265 VA=CNG8E ECB>@V2 G8 AV;, I> =0;560;8 70?>@>6FO<, B>6 =0 ?>?5@54=N =072C =0H0@>2C20;0AO =>20, ?@8=5A5=0 ?5@5A5;5=FO<8. 09G0ABVH5 A5@18 4020;8 =072C B8E ?>A5;5=L 72V4:8 2>=8 ?@81C;8. A:V;L:8 F5 1C;8 =0728 7 =8=VH=L>W >T2>48=8, I> <0;0 ?>?5@54=V ?>A5;5==O C3>@AL:>3> 01> @C<C=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O, 2>=8 1C;8 4>A8BL =5728G=8<8 4;O B>?>=V<VW AB5?>2>W #:@0W=8.  G0A><, :>;8 A5@1AL:V ?>A5;5==O 2B@0B8;8 AB@0B53VG=5 7=0G5==O, 0 A5@18 265 =5 <0;8 ?@82V;5W2 V ?V4B@8<:8 7 1>:C @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C, FV =0728 7<V=N20;8AO: 01> ?>25@B0;8AO AB0@V, O: 4@C389 5B0? 7<V=, 01> 6 C @V7=V G0A8, 06 4> @04O=AL:>3>, 2V41C20;8AO ?>40;LHV 7<V=8, I> AB0=>28;8 B@5BV9 B>?>=V<VG=89 H0@. !?>4V20NG8AL AB2>@8B8 =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE >2C !5@1VN, 2 G><C WE A?>G0B:C @>AV9AL:89 C@O4 ?V4B@8<C202, A5@18, 70 A2V4G5==O< ?5@H>3> VAB>@8:0 F8E ?>A5;5=L .!:0;L:>2AL:>3>, "709=OBV A2>W<8 ?>A5;5==O<8 C@>G8I0 01> A04818 =07820;8 V<5=0<8 4;O =8E 4>@>3>FV==8<8: AV; 01> <VAB !@5<AL:>W >1;0ABV"[24]. A:V;L:8 ?>?5@54=V =0728 W< 702060;8, B> ?@54AB02=8: A5@1V2 .%>@20B C A2>WE 0?5;OFVOE 4> !5=0BC 28<0302 4>72>;C ?5@59<5=>2C20B8 ?>A5;5==O, =0 I> 5B5@1C@3 40202 73>4C. !0< D0:B ?5@5=5A5==O =072 1C2 70:>=><V@=8< O28I5<, O: A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 5B=VG=8E <V3@0FV9. >4=>G0A 2V= >7=0G02 2B@CG0==O 2 VA=CNGC :C;LBC@=C B@048FVN. >7<VI5=V 274>26 #:@0W=AL:>W ;V=VW CA0@AL:89 V 0=4C@AL:89 ?VE>B=V ?>;:8 A:;040;8AO 7 @>B, I> >E>?;N20;8 70 :0@B>N 1751 @>:C 40 ?>A5;5=L, 7 O:8E 1V;LH5 ?>;>28=8 1C;> ?5@59<5=>20=>. #AV ?5@5=5A5=V =0728 <0;8 2V4?>2V4=V 0=0;>38 2 =8=VH=V9 >T2>48=V. > B0:8E =0;560BL =0728 @>7<VI5==O CA0@AL:>3> ?>;:C: 5G:0, 04;0:, !5<48:, 0@B>=>H, 0=G52, 0=V6, !5=B0, C:>20@, $5420@, !C1>B8F, >H0@8=, !0<1>@, 5@H0F, 8<C=, 8;6=8FV, >28=, !;0=:0<5=, 5G5O, 0@0648=, ;03>20F, (>;=>H, '>=3@04, 02;8H, !5=B><0H B0 =87:0 V=H8E[25]. 0 AL>3>4=V 715@53;0AO =57=0G=0 G0AB8=0 F8E =072, =091V;L H5 C >2><8@3>@>4AL:><C @09>=V V@>2>3@04AL:>W >1;0ABV. 0=V6 - A5;> =0 @VGFV 5;8:0 8A0, 28=8:;> C XVIII AB. O: "@8 09@0:8.  1751 @>:C 2>=> ?5@540=5 >2V9 !5@1VW O: H0=5FL CA0@AL:>3> ?>;:C %>@20B0. VA;O ;V:2V40FVW >2>W !5@1VW AB0;> 2;0A=VABN >AV9AL:>W 45@6028. !5@1AL:5 ?5@59<5=C20==O ?>E>48BL 2V4 0=V60, I> 2 ACG0A=V9 >T2>48=V. 0@B>=>H0 - B0:>6 A5;> =0 @VGFV 5;8:V 8A0. 0 ACG0A=8<8 465@5;0<8, 70A=>20=5 2 A5@548=V XVIII AB "?5@5A5;5=FO<8 7 0;:0="[26]. >E>48BL 2V4 =0728 A5;0 0@B>=>H, I> ?>1;87C !5=B8 C >T2>48=V. 072C 040?B>20=> 2V4?>2V4=> 4> <>45;V ">;>B>=>H0". 04;>: - 70A=>20=5 =0 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB. :>70FL:5 ?>A5;5==O. 0;560;> 8@3>@>4AL:><C ?>;:C, 0 7 1734 @>:C - C3>3@04AL:V9 ?0;0=FV. "CB ?@>E>482 :>@4>= ?>;LAL:>3> V @>AV9AL:>3> ?0=C20==O 2 #:@0W=V. # ACG0A=8E B@0:BC20==OE 5B8<>;>3VO B>?>=V<0 ?>2'O7CTBLAO 7 ?>=OBBO< "=04 ;0><" (=04 4>;8=>N), E>G0 =0720 <0T 0=0;>3, 2V4?>2V4=5 A5@1AL:5 ?>A5;5==O =0 ?V2=>GV C<C=VW - 04;0:[27]. 02;8H - ?>?5@54=O =0720 CBV2:0 (70A=>20=0 =0 ?>G0B:C XVII AB. :>70FL:8< >B0<0=>< CB><). # 1752 @>FV BCB @>7<VI5=> 0=4C@AL:89 ?VE>B=89 ?>;:, 4;O 70E8ABC 2V4 B0B0@ 1C;> 72545=> H0=5FL V7 A5@1AL:>N =072>N, ?VA;O G>3> 2;0A=8:8 ?>A5;5==O - 70?>@>6FV 1C;8 7<CH5=V 2V4ABC?8B8 =0 ?V245=L. 0720 <0T 0=0;>3 - A5@1AL:5 A5;> 02;8H C >T2>48=V. 0=G525 - A5;> =0 @VGFV 5;8:0 8A0, ?>E>48BL 2V4 <VAB0 0=G52>, I> ?>1;87C T;3@040. 5B@>>AB@V2 - A5;> =0 @VGFV 5;8:0 8A0, 70A=>20=5 :>70:>< 8@3>@>4AL:>3> ?>;:C. # A5@1AL:V9 =072V 5B@>>AB@>2> 2V418;>AO A?@>I5==O 4> ACG0A=>W D>@<8 5B@>>AB@V2; C @>7<>2=V9 ;5:A8FV A5;O= - 5B@>25[28]. !C1>BFV - A5;>, =0720 O:>3> ?>E>48;0 2V4 ACG0A=>W !C1>B8FV, I> =0 C3>@AL:>-N3>A;02AL:><C :>@4>=V. 5@H0=FV - A5;> 2 '5@:0AL:V9 >1;0ABV, 2V4 @H0F C ACG0A=V9 .3>A;02VW. C:20@:0 - ?@8:;04 =0@>4=>W 5B8<>;>3VW, ?5@5B2>@5==O ?>G0B:>2>3> C:>20@ (ACG0A=5 <VAB> 2 %>@20BVW, 45 B0:>6 <5H:0;8 A5@18 =0 02AB@V9AL:>->A<0=AL:V9 <56V). !;>2'O=>A5@1VO, I> 28=8:;0 =0 75<;OE =8=VH=L>W C30=I8=8 7 F5=B@>< C 0E<CBV, <0;0 V 715@53;0 7=0G=> <5=H5 A5@1AL:8E =072. ;5 70;8H8;8AO >:@5<V 7 =8E, O:V 2:07CNBL =0 A5@1AL:5 ?>E>465==O. > B0:8E =0;568BL !;>2'O=>A5@1AL:, ACG0A=89 @09F5=B@. 0720 !5=B0=V2:0 AB0=>28BL ?@8:;04 C:@0W=V70FVW ?5@28==>W =0728, O:>N 1C;0 !5=B0, <VAB> 2 ACG0A=V9 >T2>48=V. >AV2:0 7 :>;8H=L>W !;>2'O=>A5@1VW O: =0720 2?5@H5 7304CTBLAO 2 A5@548=V XVIII AB., V <>6=0 ?@8?CAB8B8, I> ?5@54 =0<8 ?@8:;04 >4=>3> 7 5B0?V2 ?>H8@5==O A5@1AL:>3> >A>20 2V4 70E>4C 4> AE>4C #:@0W=8. 87:0 V V=V VA=CNG8E B>?>=V<V2 ?>2'O70=0 7 28=8:=5==O< 01> ?5@59<5=C20==O< <0TB:V2, I> =0;560;8 A5@1AL:8< >DVF5@0<, O:V >B@8<C20;8 C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V 2V4 @>AV9AL:>W 04<V=VAB@0FVW 70 70A;C38, 2:;NG0NG8 9 ;V:2V40FVN 0?>@>66O. "0:, 2V4 <09>@0 20=0 C:>B8G0 70;8H8;0AO =0720 A5;0 >2>0@E0=35;LAL:>3> @09>=C V@>2>3@04AL:>W >1;0ABV - C:>B8G525; ACAV4=T - 20=V2:0 ?>2'O7CTBLAO 7 V<'O< B>3> A0<>3> 70A=>2=8:0. V4 <09>@0 ;5:AVO 0=B07VO 28=8:;> V =8=V VA=CNG5 A5;> =0<5=AL:>3> @09>=C - 0=B078W2:0; 2V4 ?>;:>2=8:0 070@O "5:5;V - "5:5;VW2:0, 73>4>< - A5;> "5:5;8=5, ?VA;O 1967 @>:C ?5@59<5=>20=5 C 0A8;V2:C[29].  B8E A0<8E ?@8G8= 28=8:;8 B0:V =0728, O: 018G525, @0B>;N1V2:0, N1><8@V2:0, C:>;V2:0, CH5=:528G525, 8:>28G525, C68G525, N1>28G:0 B>I>. 0;:0=AL:5 ?>E>465==O <0NBL VA=CNGV =8=V B>?>=V<8 ;V@VO, 0:54>=V2:0 BV V=HV, O:V ?>B@51CNBL ?>40;LH>3> 4>A;V465==O AB>A>2=> G0AC B0 VAB>@VW 28=8:=5==O.  ;V:2V40FVTN >2>W !5@1VW 22 15@57=O 1764 @>:C 1V;O 42>E 45AOB:V2 A5@1AL:VE ?5@59<5=C20=L, ?>2'O70=8E 7 @>7<VI5==O< H0=FV2 =0 #:@0W=AL:V9 ;V=VW, ?>ABC?>2> 7=8:;8. @V7L A5@1AL:5 =0H0@C20==O 7=>2C ?@>ABC?8;8 402=V C:@0W=AL:V =0728, 45O:V 7 =8E V7 G0A>< 7<V=N20;8AO, I>, 7>:@5<0, V;NAB@CNBL B0:V ?@8:;048. 5;8:0 =4@CAV2:0 - A5;> 28=8:;> 2 A5@548=V XVII AB., C >2V9 !5@1VW ?5@5B2>@8;>AO =0 '>=30@4, 0 7 G0A>< ?>25@=C;0AO ?>?5@54=O >@83V=0;L=0 =0720. 8:V2:0 - 2?5@H5 7304CTBLAO 1742 @>:C O: 2;0A=VABL :>70:0 8:0, C >2V9 !5@1VW - !0<>1>@ (ACG0A=0 =0720 C >T2>48=V), O:89 VA=C202 7 FVTN =072>N 4> 1784 @>:C. V7=VH5 ?>25@=C;0AO ?5@H>465@5;L=0 =0720. ;5:A0=4@VO - 70A=>20=0, C:@0W=AL:8<8 :>70:0<8, ?5@59<5=>20=0 C 5G5N (5G0, 5G:0), VA=C20;0 7 B0:>N =072>N 4> 1768 @>:C, 7 1784-3> - ;5:A0=4@V9AL:0, 73>4>< - ;5:A0=4@VO, =8=VH=V9 @09F5=B@. 0@E><5=:> - ?>A5;5==O ?V4 =072>N 0:0@V2 /@ 2?5@H5 7304CTBLAO 1660 @>:C O: 2;0A=VABL 70?>@>7L:8E :>70:V2, 7 1773-3> - 2;0A=VABL A5@1AL:>3> ?>;:>2=8:0 . 0H:>28G0, 7 1775-3> =0 28<>3C 2;0A=8:0 A5;0 V<5=CTBLAO 0H:V2FV. >289 2;0A=8: >6540@>28G 1786 @>:C ?5@59<5=C202 A5;> 2 @E0=35;LAL:5. >4=>G0A V 40;V 68;0 402=O :>70FL:0 =0720 0:0@V2 /@. V7=VH5 A5;> =0;560;> ?><VI8:C 5?@5@04>28GC, 0 7 G0A>< 75<;V AB0;8 2;0A=VABN C:@0W=AL:>3> ?><VI8:0 ;;T=:0.  1951 @>:C A5;> ?5@59<5=>20=5 2 0@E><5=:> 2V4 V<5=V =0@>465=>3> BCB CG0A=8:0 3@><04O=AL:>W 2V9=8. @>B>?>?V2:0 - 75<;V =0;560;8 2 XVI-XVII AB. 70?>@>7L:><C :>70:C @>B>?>?C. 7 @>7<VI5==O< BCB 13-W @>B8 0=4C@AL:>3> ?>;:C A5;> ?5@59<5=>20=5 =0 0@0648= (=0720 VA=CT C %>@20BVW), 0 7 1803 @>:C ?>25@=5=> ?>G0B:>2C =072C. #A?5=:0 - ?>A5;5==O =0 FL><C <VAFV, O:5 ?>E>48BL 2V4 70?>@>6FV2, <0;> =072C ;0EBVW2:0. &O =0720 715@V30;0AO 4> 1752 @>:C, :>;8 75<;V 1C;> ?5@540=> %>@20BC, ?VA;O O:>3> A5;> ?>G0;> =07820B8AO 8<C= (2V4 @>7B0H>20=>3> 1V;O T;3@040 <VAB5G:0 5<C=, I> =8=V 7;8;>AO 7 T;3@04><), =07820;>AO B0: 4> 1784-3>, :>;8 ?>25@=C;0AO AB0@0 =0720; 7 G0A>< ?5@59<5=>20=5 2 #A?5=:C. :@5<V =0728 VA=C20;8 B@820;89 G0A ?0@0;5;L=> - C:@0W=AL:0 B0 A5@1AL:0, 0;5 =09G0ABVH5 ?5@5<030;0 2VBG87=O=0 D>@<0 01> 6 A5@1AL:0 7<V=N20;0AL, 040?BCNG8AL 4> <VAF528E <>45;59. 0720=V B>?>=V<8, ?>2'O70=V V7 A5@1AL:8<8 <V3@0FVO<8 A5@548=8 XVIII AB., 40;5:> =5 ?>2=VABN 2V4>1@060NBL 4>A8BL <>70WG=C :0@B8=C A5@1AL:8E A;V4V2 C B>?>=V<VW #:@0W=8. /: 707=0G0;>AO, B>?>=V<8 A5@1AL:>3> ?>E>465==O ?@>AB56CNBLAO ?> 2AV9 #:@0W=V V >E>?;NNBL 25;8:89 G0A>289 ?@>ABV@, O:89 3V?>B5B8G=> <>6=0 2V4@0E>2C20B8, ?>G8=0NG8 2V4 ?>ABC?>28E 2V4ABC?V2 A5@1V2 V7 75<5;L, 70E>?;5=8E >A<0=0<8 265 ?VA;O >A>2AL:>W 18B28. #:@0W=AL:0 B>?>=V<VO @V7=8E G0AV2 70A2V4GCT ?@8ACB=VABL =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE 5B=VG=8E 3@C? ?@02>A;02=>W :>=D5AVW, =0 I> 2:07CNBL =0728 '>@=>3>@0, 0:54>=V2:0, >A=0, ;V@VO. # =0C:>2V9 ;VB5@0BC@V V=>4V 4> 5B=VG=8E 3@C?, I> ?5@5A5;O;8AO 2 #:@0W=C, 70@0E>2CNBL V E>@20BV2, I> T <0;>2V@>3V4=8<. <'O %>@20B0, O:89 >G>;N202 ?5@5A5;5==O 1751 @>:C V 1C2 3>;>2=8< 04<V=VAB@0B82=8< ?@54AB02=8:>< >2>W !5@1VW, T ?>H8@5=8< A5@54 A5@1V2 >T2>48=8 V =0;568BL ?@54AB02=8:>2V ?@02>A;02=>W 2V@8. %>@20B8, O: 5B=VG=0 3@C?0, =5 <0;8 @0FVW ?5@5A5;OB8AO 4> >AVW, >A:V;L:8 1C;8 :0B>;8:0<8 V ?@8ACB=VABL WE 2 #:@0W=V 10@>:>2>W 4>18 2 B0:><C <0A>2><C >1AO7V, O: A5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW, =5 70A2V4G5=V. 09G0ABVH5 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 B>?>=V<VW 7CAB@VG0NBLAO =0728 7 >A=>2>N =0 A5@1-, I> <0NBL O: 5B=>=V<VG=5, B0: V 0=B@>?>=V<VG=5 ?>E>465==O[30]. &V =0728 ?@>AB56CNBLAO =0 70E>4V, AE>4V, ?V24=V #:@0W=8 V ?>E>4OBL =5 ;8H5 7 XVIII AB, 0 9 V7 @0=VH>W B0 ?V7=VH>W 4>18, 2:;NG0NG8 ?>G0B>: XX AB. !N48 2E>4OBL B0:V =0728 ?>A5;5=L =0 0EV4=V9 #:@0W=V, O: !5@18=V2 1V;O >;>G8AL:0, !5@1>-!;>1V4:0 ?V4 >2>3@04->;8=AL:8<; C V==8FL:V9 >1;0ABV - !5@18=V2FV, !5@15=V2:0, !5@10=V2:0, !5@18G0=8, !5@18. 0 ?V24:V #:@0W=8 2 45AL:V9 B0 8:>;0W2AL:V9 >1;0ABOE 7CAB@VG0NBLAO B>?>=V<8 =0 7@07>: !5@1C;V2:0, !;>2'O=>A5@1:0, !5@1:0 B>I>. # FV;><C =0 :0@B0E #:@0W=8 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XIX - ?>G0B:C XX AB. 28O2;5=> ?>=04 20 =0A5;5=8E ?C=:BV2, 72'O70=8E V7 =072>N "A5@1"[31]. :@5<V 7 =8E 7=8:0;8, O:, A:06V<>, A5;> !5@18, I> C V==8FL:V9 >1;0ABV, ?5@59<5=>20=5 1948 @>:C =0 A5;> >=BV2:0. "5 A0<5 AB>ACTBLAO V =87:8 >9:>=V<V2, I> ?>2'O70=V 7 ?@V728I0<8 A5@1AL:8E >DVF5@V2, :>B@V >B@8<C20;8 <0TB:8 2V4 @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C (8I528G520, '>@1V2:0, 04C;>28G520, !:>@8G520, !B0=:>28G520 B0 V=.). 8=V 70;8H8;0AO =57=0G=0 :V;L:VABL B0:8E >9:>=V<V2. 02545=V ?@8:;048 70A2V4GCNBL, I> C:@0W=AL:0 B>?>=V<VO 2 'WW VAB>@8G=><C @>728B:C AB0=>28BL 206;82C 465@5;>7=02GC 107C @5:>=AB@C:FVW C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2 2V4 A5@54=L>2VGGO 4> A5@548=8 XIX AB. &O V=D>@<0FVO ?V4B25@46CT B@820;VABL A5@1AL:8E <V3@0FV9, O:V 2V41C20;8AO :V;L:><0 E28;O<8, 2=>AOG8 2 C:@0W=AL:C B>?>=V<VN =>2V =0728, O:V 2A5 I5 ?>B@51CNBL ?>A;V4>2=>3> 282G5==O, I> 40;> 1 <>6;82VABL ?@>;8B8 A2VB;> =0 B5<=V <VAFO 2 VAB>@VW F8E 270T<8=, >A>1;82> 402=VE G0AV2[32]. B=VG=0 270T<>4VO 70:>=><V@=> 4VAB0T 2V4>1@065==O V 2 0=B@>?>=V<VW, I> AB0=>28BL 206;825 465@5;> 4;O 2V4B2>@5==O @V7=><0=VB=8E D0:BV2 VAB>@VW. !5@1AL:0 0=B@>?>=V<VO 4>A8BL 28@07=> ?@54AB02;5=0 2 #:@0W=V, I> ?>2'O70=> 7 @V7=8<8 VAB>@8G=8<8 ?>4VO<8, E@>=>;>3VN O:8E =5 702648 ;53:> 7'OAC20B8, >A:V;L:8 A5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW 2V41C20;8AO :V;L:><0 E28;O<8 2 @V7=V G0A8. # FL><C 0A?5:BV =5>FV=5==5 7=0G5==O <0NBL VAB>@8G=V 4>:C<5=B8, I> DV:ACNBL >=><0AB8G=V O28I0 :>=:@5B=>W 4>18. 4=8< 7 C=V:0;L=8E ;V=32VAB8G=8E 465@5; T 287=0G=0 ?0<'OB:0 VAB>@VW B0 :C;LBC@8 #:@0W=8 " 5TAB@0 2A53> >9A:0 0?>@>6A:>3> ?>A;5 1>@>2A:>3> 4>3>2>@0 A :>@>;5< ?>;LA:8< /=>< 078<8@><, A>AB02;5==K5 1649 3>40, >:BO1@O 16 4=O, 8 8740==K5 ?> ?>4;8==8:C ..>4O=A:8<" (>A:20, 1875). >=0 V;NAB@CT H8@>:C 35>3@0DVN :><C=V:0FV9 #:@0W=8 7 @V7=8<8 :@0O<8 B0 :@0W=0<8 =5 ;8H5 2@>?8, 0 9 7VW V =02VBL D@8:8[33]. &O >4=0 7 =091V;LH8E 0=B@>?>=V<VG=8E ?0<'OB>: #:@0W=8 V 2 FV;><C A;>2'O=AB20 =5A5 FV==C V=D>@<0FVN ?@> CG0ABL A5@1V2 C 206;828E VAB>@8G=8E ?>4VOE #:@0W=8, 7>:@5<0 2 B0:><C 2840B=><C O28IV, O: 0?>@>7L:5 V9AL:>. /:I> 27OB8 4> C2038, I> C:@0W=FV2 XVII-XVIII AB. V<5=C20;8 "=0FVTN :>70:V2", B0:>N 25;8:>N 1C;0 @>;L :>70FB20, B> ?@8ACB=VABL A5@1V2 C ?>4V1=V9 "=0FVW" =01C20T >A>1;82>3> 7=0G5==O, >A:V;L:8 945BLAO ?@> CG0ABL C 28@VH0;L=8E 4;O #:@0W=8 VAB>@8G=8E ?>4VOE. 0?8A 4> " 5TAB@V2" >7=0G02 ?52=5 A>FV0;L=5 287=0==O: C ?5@HC G5@3C AN48 70?8AC20;8 70A;C65=8E :>70:V2 70 A?5FV0;L=8< 2V41>@><. # 2872>;L=V9 2V9=V 1648-1654 @>:V2 1@0;8 CG0ABL ?@54AB02=8:8 1030BL>E =0@>4V2, A5@54 O:8E 1C;> G8<0;> 28EV4FV2 7 0;:0=. /: 707=0G0;>AO, 2>=8 I5 7 XVI AB. CBV:0;8 =0 C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V, @OBCNG8AL 2V4 >A<0=AL:>3> ?>=52>;5==O. =B8>A<0=AL:V =0AB@>W, A;020 0?>@>7L:>3> V9AL:0, A?@><>6=>3> >?8@0B8AO 3@V7=V9 BC@5FL:V9 A8;V, ?V4=>A8;8 #:@0W=C 2 >G0E ?V245==>3> A;>2'O=AB20. !0<5 #:@0W=0 4> WW ?>ABC?>2>3> >157?@02;5==O 1C;0 C XVI-XVII AB. B8< F5=B@><, 7 O:8< ?>2'O7C20;8AO A?>4V20==O =0 ?@>B8AB02;5==O >A<0=AL:V9 703@>7V. >:C<5=B8 70A2V4GCNBL, I> V 3@5:8, V 1>;30@8, V A5@18 2V4@O460;8 2 #:@0W=C A2>WE ?>A;0=FV2 7 <5B>N >1'T4=0==O C A?V;L=C A8;C ?@>B8 >A<0=V2.  G0A><, :>;8 #:@0W=0 2=0A;V4>: 7030@10==O WW 75<5;L ?5@5B2>@8;0AO =0 A:;04>2V G0AB8=8 5GV >A?>;8B>W 01> >A:>2AL:>3> F0@AB20, B0:C DC=:FVN ?@89=O;8 =0 A515 >;LI0 V 2V4?>2V4=> >AVO, O: 45@6028, I> 7 =8<8 =545@602=V A;>2'O=AL:V =0@>48 ?>2'O7C20;8 A2>W A?>4V20==O =0 2872>;5==O. # XVI-XVII AB. 4> 0?>@>7L:>3> V9AL:0 9H;8 ?@54AB02=8:8 @V7=8E =0@>4V2, C BV< G8A;V 9 A5@18, O: BV, I> @0=VH5 >A5;8;8AO C <VAB0E V A5;0E #:@0W=8, B0: V =>2V ?5@5A5;5=FV. " 5TAB@8" 2V41820NBL 4>A8BL 28@07=C ?@8ACB=VABL A5@1V2 C :>70FL:><C 2V9AL:C, WE=N CG0ABL C 872>;L=V9 2V9=V. "0:, C '5@:0AL:><C ?>;:C 7=0G0BLAO 0@:> C<8G, !0E=> >@420=>28G, C '838@8=AL:><C - @09:> !5@18=5=:>, C >@AC=AL:><C - @8HB>? !5@18=, C 5@5OA;02AL:><C - 20= %>F8G, @>:>? "0A8G, C7L<0 0?=8G; C V;>F5@:V2AL:><C - @8FL N1G8G, /:8< 0=LG8G B>I>. 5TAB@8 ?>;:V2, I> 28=8:;8 70 G0AV2 2V9=8, >A>1;82> =0 @02>15@566V, 70A2V4GCNBL 7=0G=5 71V;LH5==O A5@1AL:8E 0=B@>?>=V<V2. 8H5 2 #<0=AL:><C ?>;:C A;C68;8 CF8: 0@G8G, >@4V9 C328G, /F:> %C48G, !5<5= 52=8G, 0A8;L 5@0G; C @0F;02AL:><C - 20= .@8G, 8AL:> @B0G; C 8W2AL:><C - /AL:> @0G, =4@V9 %>G8G, !5<5= C<=8G, %254>@ (>:H8G, C:=8G B0 V=. :@V< B>3>, A5@18 1C;8 2 =>2>AB2>@5=8E ;V2>15@56=8E ?>;:0E 8@3>@>4AL:><C, @>?825=AL:><C, >;B02AL:><C V '5@=V3V2AL:><C - 2 FV;><C 1;87L:> 100 G>;>2V:[34]. " 5TAB@0<8" =0O2=VABL 0=B@>?>=V<VG=8E A;V4V2 A5@1V2 C :>70FL:><C 2V9AL:C B0 CG0ABL WE C 872>;L=V9 2V9=V 40;5:> =5 28G5@?CTBLAO. V7=V 465@5;0 7=0G=> @>7H8@NNBL :V;L:VA=C V=D>@<0FVN 7 FL>3> ?8B0==O V 3>2>@OBL ?@> 4>A8BL H8@>:C ?>?C;O@=VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> :>70FB20 =0 0;:0=0E B0 CG0ABL 28EV4FV2 72V4B8 C 2>T==8E 4VOE =0 B5@8B>@VW #:@0W=8 C XVI-XVII AB. )5 A;02VAB8 <8=C;>3> AB>;VBBO 28A;>2;N20;8 4C<:C, I> 265 C XVII AB. 70?>@>7L:5 :>70FB2> ?>?>2=N20;>AO 28EV4FO<8 7 N3>A;>2'O=AL:8E 75<5;L, C BV< G8A;V 9 3094C:0<8. &V 7304:8 >E>?;NNBL CAV C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V 2V4 70E>4C 4> AE>4C V ?>2'O70=V 7 @V7=8<8 VAB>@8G=8<8 ?>4VO<8. # :=O7O /=CH0 AB@>7L:>3> 2 1617 @>FV 1C;8 "?0=8 6>;=5@8, :>70:8 A5@18"[35], I> 1C;8 3094C:0<8, G8=8;8 @>71V9 =0 4>@>30E[36]. !5@18, @07>< 7 V=H8<8 ?@54AB02=8:0<8 10;:0=AL:8E =0@>4V2, 1@0;8 CG0ABL C 872>;L=V9 2V9=V 1648-1654 @>:V2. >340= %<5;L=8FL:89 2>A5=8 1649-3> 70O282 @>AV9AL:><C ?>A;C, I> <0T =0<V@ "?@><8H;OB8 =04 BC@AL:8< F0@5<" A?V;L=> 7 2>;>E0<8, <C=BO=0<8 V A5@10<8, >A:V;L:8 >AB0==V "?@> B5 157=0AB0==> ?@8A8;0NBL, I>1 =0 BC@AL:>3> F0@O V9AL:> 0?>@>7L:5 2V9=>N ?VH;>". '5@57 @V: 35BL<0= 3>2>@82 ?@> 1060==O "2AVE 1;03>G5AB828E": 3@5:V2, A5@1V2 B0 1>;30@ V 2>;>EV2 2AV< C 7 T4=0==V 1CB8"[37]. V4 G0A C:@0W=AL:>-<>A:>2AL:8E ?5@53>2>@V2 7 :>70:0<8 =0 >A:2C ?@8E>482 ">B0<0= 8;>H !5@18=", O:89 1C2 ?>BV< V 2 >A>;LAB2V .@VO %<5;L=8FL:>3>. !5@18 "7 E>@20BAL:>3> :>@4>=C" ?5@51C20;8 C 2V9AL:C =092V440=VH8E :>70:V2 35BL<0=0 83>2AL:>3>. 0 G>;V WE AB>O2 20= !5@18=, O:89 ?@81C2 2 #:@0W=C C 50-E @>:0E XVII AB. V 7 G0A>< 4>A;C682AO 4> G8=C @0F;02AL:>3> ?>;:>2=8:0[38]. V= 70E8I02 V45W C:@0W=AL:>W =570;56=>ABV, 28ABC?02 C ;020E 35BL<0=0 83>2AL:>3>, :>B@89 ?@03=C2 70E8AB8B8AL 2V4 <>A:>2AL:>W 5:A?0=AVW, V @07>< 7 =8< 707=02 ?>@07:8 C F8E ?@03=5==OE. 1AB>NNG8 V=B5@5A8 83>2AL:>3>, @0F;02AL:89 ?>;:>2=8: !5@18= 2 >4=V9 V7 ACB8G>: ?>B@0?82 C ?>;>= 4> ?@>B82=8:V2 - ?@><>A:>2AL:8 >@VT=B>20=>3> :>70FB20 V <>A:>2AL:8E 2>T2>4, O:V 70A;0;8 9>3> C 283=0==O. # B8E @5?@5AVOE ?@>B8 ?@8E8;L=8:V2 83>2AL:>3> ?>AB@06402 V ?>B@0?82 4> !81V@C E>@20BAL:89 ?>1>@=8: A;>2'O=AL:>W T4=>ABV .@V9 @860=8G, O:89 ?5@51C202 2 #:@0W=V ?V4 V<5=5< .@:0 !5@1;O=8=0. 20= !5@18= ?>25@=C2AO 2 #:@0W=C 1660 @>:C, V 265 1663-3> 9>3> 7=>2C 1C;> ?@87=0G5=> @0F;02AL:8< ?>;:>2=8:><. ;5 ?VA;O <>A:>2AL:>3> C2'O7=5==O 2V= C65 1C2 =0 1>FV B8E, 2V4 G8TW @C:8 ?>AB@06402 70 C:@0W=AL:V V=B5@5A8, B>1B> - ?@>B82=8:V2 83>2AL:>3>.  >4=V9 V7 ACB8G>: 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 ?@8E8;L=8:0<8 =570;56=>ABV 9 ?@>B8AB>O==O >A:2V @0F;02AL:89 ?>;:>2=8: 20= !5@18= 7038=C2 V C :2VB=V 1665 @>:C 1C2 ?>E>20=89 ?V4 #<0==N. !5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW A5@548=8 XVIII AB. 71V;LHCNBL =0O2=VABL A5@1AL:>W 0=B@>?>=V<VW 2 C:@0W=AL:V9, 0 =0ABC?=V E28;V ?5@5A5;5=L C XIX AB. A?@8ONBL WW 70:@V?;5==N. !CG0A=0 0=B@>?>=V<VO :>;8H=L>W >2>W !5@1VW 715@V30T G8<0;> ?@V728I, O:V 40NBL ?V4AB028 3>2>@8B8 ?@> WE=N =0;56=VABL :>;8H=V< :>;>=VAB0< C:@0W=AL:>3> ?V24=O. !N48 2E>48BL 1030B> 0=B@>?>=V<V2 7 B8?>2> ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:>N ?>1C4>2>N G8 1;87L:8E 4> =5W. &V ?@V728I0 01> 715@V30;8 ?5@28==C D>@<C, 01> 6 7<V=N20;8AO 2V4?>2V4=> 4> <VAF528E <>45;59, O: V =>AVW ?@V728I, I> ?>ABC?>2> 0A8<V;N20;8AO, 2V4GC20NG8 A515 A?>@V4=5=8<8 7 <VAF528< =0A5;5==O<, 15@CG8 CG0ABL C 2AVE ?>4VOE ?V24=O #:@0W=8. 5@53;O4 ?@0FV "AB>@VO <VAB V AV; #:@0W=8", >A>1;82> @>74V;V2 ?@> V@>2>3@04I8=C, C30=I8=C, V==8GG8=C B0 V=., 40T G8<0;> A2V4G5=L CG0ABV =0A5;5==O 7 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8<8 ?@V728I0<8 C ?>;VB8G=><C B0 :C;LBC@=><C 68BBV :@0W=8, I> AB0;0 WE=L>N 10BL:V2I8=>N. >:07>2>, I> >=B0 1C2 @>4>< V7 A5;0, O:5 V<5=C20;>AO !5@18 (7 1948 @>:C - >=BV2:0), E>G0 ?@V728I5 B8?>2> C:@0W=AL:5. /: CG0A=8:8 =0@>4=>3> ?>2AB0==O 1768 @>:C 7304CNBLAO >1CH:0@528G V "@51V=AL:89. >4>< V7 :>;8H=L>W !;>2'O=>A5@1VW 1C;8 8E09;> B0 .;VO AB@>28GV, 700@5HB>20=V 1897 @>:C O: =0@>4>2>;LFV. @030=>2, @>4>< 7 >2>W !5@1VW, 1C2 1902 @>:C 700@5HB>20=89 V C2'O7=5=89 70 B5, I> ?C1;VG=> 7=8I82 ?>@B@5B 8:>;8 II B0 28A<VN202 9>3>. V4 025;0 G0AB> 7304CTBLAO A5@54 1C=BV2=8:V2. 0 ?>G0B:C =0H>3> AB>;VBBO >4=V ?@V728I0 7CAB@VG0NBLAO A5@54 70<>6=8E 75<;52;0A=8:V2 (#3@8=>28GV, 0@0G0=8), V=HV - A5@54 1>@FV2 ?@>B8 =8E, O: A5;O=:0 0@0G0=AL:0, 700@5HB>20=0 1905 @>:C 70 0=B8F0@8ABAL:V 28ABC?8. ';5=0<8 1V;LH>28FL:8E 3C@B:V2 C F8E :@0OE 1C;8 84<8G, 0@0=8G; CG0A=8:0<8 ?>4V9 ?VA;O 1917 @>:C - 1V;LH>28:8 018G, >=F0@528G, >340=>28G, 0=8;>28G, @030=, 0;8G, >;>B>28G, @0A8;8G, 0@0GC=, C;8=8G. /: ?@54AB02=8:8 @04O=AL:>W 2;048 7304CNBLAO !0<>1>@AL:89, 04C;>2; C 3@><04O=AL:V9 2V9=V ?@>B8 1V;>W 320@4VW 28ABC?0;8 5;5=:>28G (@>4>< V7 02;8H0), !0<>1>@AL:89. "AB>@VO <VAB V AV; #:@0W=8" 7304CT A5@54 0:B82VABV2 "A>FV0;VAB8G=>W ?>1C4>28" 30-E @>:V2 B0:V ?>:07>2V ?@V728I0, O: 018G (C40@=8: V7 A5;0 >20 @030, I> 28=8:;> =0 <VAFV :>;8H=L>W 12-W @>B8), 025;0 (1@83048@); 7304CNBLAO :>;3>A?=8:8 !5@18=, %><8G V7 0;L=81>;>B0, >:>H V7 0=V60, 5:5;VO 7 0H:V2FV2; !028G, 0;8G, !5@18=, I> 2V47=0G0;8AO @V7=8<8 "B@C4>28<8 ?>42830<8" 2 F8E :@0OE. 0 A5@1AL:5 ?>E>465==O 2:07CNBL ?@V728I0 CG0A=8:V2 VBG87=O=>W 2V9=8 >20G528G, "C@G5;0 (@>4>< V7 >2>3> 8@3>@>40), V>:>2 (?>E>48BL 2V4 V<5=V 70A=>2=8:0 A5;0 2 >2V9 !5@1VW), %8<8G, @40, 018G B>I>.  2 ?>2>T==V G0A8 A5@54 2V4><8E ;N459 7 F8E >1;0AB59 7=0E>48<> B8?>2> A5@1AL:V 01> 6 1;87L:V 4> A5@1AL:>W 0=B@>?>=V<VW ?@V728I0: 0;L=81>;>BAL:89 - ?@>D5A>@ >4=>3> 7 :8W2AL:8E V=AB8BCBV2, 5@:>28G - 0@E5>;>3, >1@>;560 - EC4>6=8:, 0@CG8G - ?>5B5A0, 0H:548G - EC4>6=8:, 820= (@>4>< V7 A5;0 5B@>>AB@V2) - 2V4><89 CG5=891V>;>3, ?@>D5A>@; 0@8=8G - :>;8H=V9 <V=VAB@ ?@>A2VB8 #:@0W=8, G;5=-:>@5A?>=45=B  #:@0W=8 (@>4>< V7 !C1>B8FL, I> 2 :>;8H=V9 >2V9 !5@1VW); 28EV4FO<8 V7 A5;0 0;L=81>;>B (=8=V 5B0@>B0) 1C;8 2V4><V B50B@0;L=V 4VOGV 030@, 0<0;0B, >B528G; 7 V@>2>3@040 - :V=>@568A5@ >;T28G, EC4>6=8: 0=8G, @5:>@4A<5=:0 A2VBC 7 1V3C (1967) 0@0E>28G B0 V=.[39].  A2V4G5==O 9 ?@> A5@1AL:5 ?>E>465==O 5AV #:@0W=:8 (0@8A8 >A0G). &V:02>, I> @V4 ">1V;528GV2 B56 2545 ?>E>465==O 7 >2>W !5@1VW. =:5BC20==O =0A5;5==O 2 >:@5<8E A5;0E 707=0G5=8E >1;0AB59, ?@>2545=V 1989 @>:C 2 E>4V ?V43>B>2:8 4> 2V47=0G5==O 300-W @VG=8FV A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=L V 250-W @VG=8FV A5@1AL:8E <V3@0FV9 A5@548=8 XVIII AB. 2 #:@0W=C, 70A2V4G8;8 2V4ACB=VABL C @5A?>=45=BV2 7 E0@0:B5@=8<8 A5@1AL:8<8 ?@V728I0<8 =0O2=>ABV O:8E>AL A;V4V2 VAB>@8G=>W ?0<'OBV ?@> ?>E>465==O 2V4?>2V4=>3> B>?>=V<0 G8 0=B@>?>=V<0 V ?@82'O7:8 WE 4> A5@1AL:>W VAB>@VW. #AV >?8BC20=V, 7451V;LH>3> A5;O=8, 2V4@5:><5=4>2CNBLAO O: C:@0W=FV. 8H5 =57=0G=0 :V;L:VABL ?@54AB02=8:V2 V=B5;V35=FVW, 0=:5B>20=>W 2 8T2V, <0T >:@5<C V=D>@<0FVN ?@> <>6;825 A5@1AL:5 ?>E>465==O ?@V728I, I> =5 T, >4=0:, 4><V=0=B>N =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV, :>B@0, O: ?@028;>, 28@065=0 G5@57 45<>=AB@0FVN =0;56=>ABV 4> C:@0W=AL:>W =0FVW. V47=0G5=V ?@V728I0 40;5:> =5 ?>2=VABN 2V4>1@060NBL CAN :0@B8=C CG0ABV <V3@0=BV2 A5@1AL:>3> ?>E>465==O 2 :C;LBC@=><C V ?>;VB8G=><C 68BBV #:@0W=8 @V7=8E G0AV2 (>:@5<V 28?04:8 ?>B@51CNBL CB>G=5==O), 0;5 157C<>2=8<8 T D0:B8, I> A5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW 2 #:@0W=C ?>7=0G8;8AO =0 5B=VG=><C @>7<0WBBV C:@0W=AL:>W 0=B@>?>=V<VW, 2 G><C ?5@5A5;5==O XVIII AB. 2V4V3@0;8 =091V;LH ?><VB=C @>;L. !5@1AL:V <V3@0FVW =5 <>3;8 =5 2V418B8AO 2 CA=V9 B2>@G>ABV. &59 ?@>F5A 2V41C202AO C 2V4?>2V4=>ABV V7 7030;L=8<8 70:>=><V@=>ABO<8 <V65B=VG=8E 72'O7:V2, C O:8E =0@>4=0 :C;LBC@0 28:>=CT >E>@>==C V :>=A>;V4CNGC @>;L I>4> 5B=>AC V 5B=>A>FV0;L=>3> >@30=V7<C. !0<5 B0:C DC=:FVN 28:>=C202 D>;L:;>@ C GC6>@V4=><C 02AB@>-C3>@AL:>->A<0=AL:><C >B>G5==V, 45 74V9A=N20;>AO ?@8B0<0==5 5B=>AC ?@03=5==O :>=AB8BCN20B8AO A>FV0;L=5 9 ?>;VB8G=5 C <560E BVTW B5@8B>@VW, O:C 2V= >B@8<02. "CB ?@>AB56CNBLAO E0@0:B5@=5 ?@03=5==O 4> AB01V;L=>ABV, 715@565==O >A>1;82>AB59 :C;LBC@8 V <>2=>W A?V;L=>ABV, 5B=VG=>W 2V4>:@5<;5=>ABV, I> T 28@VH0;L=>N C<>2>N VA=C20==O 5B=>AC. #A5 F5 3>AB@> 28O2;OTBLAO 70 C<>2 :>=D@>=B0FVW 7 V=H8< 5B=>A><, >A>1;82> O:I> B0:89 ?5@51C20T C 157?>A5@54=L><C ACAV4AB2V, 45<>=AB@CNG8 >7=0:8 03@5A82=>ABV. >4=>G0A =0@>4=0 :C;LBC@0, 2V4V3@0NG8 >E>@>==C @>;L, =5 T 70<:=5=>N, 2>=0 70;8H0TBLAO 2V4:@8B>N 4;O 7>2=VH=VE 2B@CG0=L. V7=V 5B=VG=V 3@C?8, 2 =5>4=>7=0G=8E C<>20E V=H><>2=>3> >B>G5==O ?>-@V7=><C ?V440NBLAO 2?;82>2V 77>2=V. 091V;LH ABV9:8<8 T 5;5<5=B8 =0@>4=>W :C;LBC@8. !2>T@V4=VABL C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E <V65B=VG=8E 72'O7:V2 28O28;0AL C A?5F8DVG=8E >1AB028=0E 5B=VG=>W VAB>@VW. /: 2V47=0G0;>AO, ?5@5A5;5==O A5@1V2 AC?@>2>46C20;>AO ?>;VB8G=>N 4VO;L=VABN @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C, O:89 74V9A=N202 70A5;5==O V=H8<8 =0@>40<8 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L. "0:0 4VO;L=VABL 70:>=><V@=> 28:;8:0;0 ?@>B5AB :>@V==>3> =0A5;5==O 9 2V4?>2V4=C =530B82=C @50:FVN =0 ?@894V2. !0<5 B0:8<8 @8A0<8 ?>7=0G5=V 2V4><V =0< 5B=>;>3VG=V <0B5@V0;8, ?5@54CAV< ?VA5==89 D>;L:;>@, O:89 <VAB8BL FV==C V=D>@<0FVN ?@> A?@89=OBBO C:@0W=AL:8< =0A5;5==O< ?5@5A5;5=FV2, I> 709<0;8 9>3> 75<;V. @>B5 B0:5 AB02;5==O 1C;> ;8H5 ?5@H8< 5B0?>< 72'O7:V2. # ?>40;LH><C A?>AB5@V30TBLAO ?>ABC?>25 71;865==O 42>E 5B=>AV2, I> 28O28;>AO 2 0A8<V;OFVW A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2, ?@89=OBBV =8<8 C:@0W=AL:>W =0@>4=>W :C;LBC@8. &L><C A?@8O;8 2=CB@VH=V V 7>2=VH=V C<>28, O:V AB2>@N20;8 =5>1EV4=VABL B0 <>6;82VABL 70A2>T==O A5@10<8 V=H>5B=VG=>3> D>;L:;>@=>3> <0B5@V0;C, @>1;OG8 F5 70A2>T==O 70:>=><V@=8< 0:B><. #:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:><C <V65B=VG=><C 71;865==N A?@8O;0 "7CAB@VG=0 B5GVO" (.5A5;>2AL:89), O:0 28O28;0AO ?5@H 70 2A5 2 35=5B8G=V9, <>2=V9, 5B=VG=V9, @5;V3V9=V9 A?V;L=>ABV. >2=VH=V< D0:B>@>< 1C;8 ?>;VB8G=V, VAB>@8G=V C<>28 ?>40;LH>3> A?V;L=>3> VA=C20==O: A5@18, O: V C:@0W=FV, AB0;8 >1'T:B>< 0A8<V;OB>@AL:>W ?>;VB8:8 @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C, 4;O O:>3> 2AV 5B=VG=V 3@C?8 ?V24=O #:@0W=8 1C;8 7=0@O44O< 4;O @>7H8@5==O <56 V<?5@VW B0 7<VF=5==O WW :>@4>=V2. 0965 >4=>G0A=0 ;V:2V40FVO 04<V=VAB@0B82=>W =570;56=>ABV V2>15@56=>W #:@0W=8 B0 >2>W !5@1VW I5 @07 ?V4B25@46CT F5. A>1;82VABL A5@1AL:>W 5B=VG=>W 3@C?8 =0 B;V 5B=VG=>W :0@B8=8 #:@0W=8 XVIII-XIX AB. ?>;O30T C BV<, I> 2>=0 @>7G8=8;0AO 2 =0FV>=0;L=><C ?@>F5AV V <0B5@V0;V. 0A2>T==O FL>3> <0B5@V0;C A5@10<8 1;87L:5 4> BVTW A8BC0FVW, :>;8 "GC65" =5 ?@>AB> >@30=VG=> ?@89<0TBLAO, 0 9 0A8<V;NTBLAO, ?>3;8=0TBLAO "A2>W<". #:@0W=AL:0 :C;LBC@0 AB0T 4;O A5@1V2 =5 ?@>AB> "A2>TN" - 2>=0 28BVA=OT 2;0A=C, =0FV>=0;L=C, 70<V=NT A5@1AL:C O: A8AB5<C. @8G8=8 B0:>3> 7;8BBO 265 2V47=0G0;8AO 28I5 V, :@V< 35=5B8G=>W, <>2=>W A?>@V4=5=>ABV, ?>OA=NNBLAO B8?>;>3VTN :>=B0:B=8E 72'O7:V2 C D>;L:;>@V. %0@0:B5@ F8E 270T<8= <CA8BL 1CB8 A?V22V4=5A5=89 7 B8?>;>3VTN 72'O7:V2 <V6 5B=>A0<8. # FL><C ?;0=V A5@1AL:89 ?@8:;04 AB0=>28BL >A>1;8289 V=B5@5A 4;O ?>1C4>28 B8?>;>3VW ?@>F5AV2 70A2>T==O GC6>3> 5B=>;>3VG=>3> <0B5@V0;C O: @57C;LB0B 270T<>4VW 5B=VG=8E 3@C?, I> "?5@51C20NBL C B@820;><C 157?>A5@54=L><C A?V;:C20==V"[40]. !>FV0;L=0 B0 5B=VG=0 040?B0FVO A5@1AL:8E ?5@5A5;5=FV2 C =>2><C A5@54>28IV 2V41C20;0AO H284:>, ?@>B5 ?5@H89 5B0? ?@>E>482 =5 157 :>=D;V:BV2. VAF525 C:@0W=AL:5 =0A5;5==O =5 28O2;O;> 4> ?@8H5;LFV2 BVTW ?@8E8;L=>ABV, O:C 45<>=AB@C20;8 V=B5;5:BC0;L=V AD5@8, C:@0W=AL:5 4CE>25=AB2> 01> 6 - 7 2V4><8E ?@8G8= - @>AV9AL:0 04<V=VAB@0FVO. !B02;5==O 4> ?5@5A5;5=FV2 C =87>2><C A5@54>28IV 1C;> V@>=VG=8< B0 60@BV2;828<. #:@0W=AL:5 =0A5;5==O 28A<VN20;> 728G0W, 7>2=VH=V9 283;O4, ?>254V=:C A5@1V2, 4020;> W< 3;C<;82V ?@V728AL:0[41]. 0 A?>AB5@565==O< ./AB@51>20, 4;O AB>AC=:V2 <V6 A5@1AL:8<8 :>;>=VAB0<8 B0 :>@V==8< =0A5;5==O< 1C2 E0@0:B5@=89 7 1>:C >AB0==VE "7=5206;82>-3C<>@8AB8G=89 4CE". ./AB@51>2 >?C1;V:C202 ?VA=N, 70?8A0=C =8< C A5;V ;5:AVW2:0 ;8A025B3@04AL:>3> ?>2VBC. !5@1 7>1@065=89 C =V9 G>@=>2CA8< D@0=B><, O:8< 70E>?;NNBLAO 6V=:8. # =L>3> =5<0T E0B8, <09=0, =0E8;C 4> 75<;5@>1AL:>W ?@0FV, 6825 2V= 25A5;>, WABL, 3C;OT, ?@>B5 70;8H0TBLAO GC68< V 75<;V, 9 =0@>4C. "0:5 ?>@B@5BC20==O A5@1V2 C D>;L:;>@V C:@0W=FV2 4>A;V4=8: =07820T "=04728G09=> FV:02>N E0@0:B5@8AB8:>N A5@10 2 ?V245==>@CAL:V9 =0@>4=V9 ?VA=V". ?C1;V:>20=89 B5:AB ?V4 =072>N "VA=O ?@> A5@10" ?>OA=NT, I> A0<5 28:;8:0T V@>=VN 2 C:@0W=AL:>3> @5F8?VT=B0: =5@>1AB2>, 7=52030 4> 75<;V, 4> >AV;>3> 68BBO. #:@0W=AL:0 =0@>4=0 5B8:0 287=0G8;0 F59 AB8;L ?>=OBBO< "A5@1C20B8": 0 A5@18=>< 4>1@5 68B8, )> =VG>3> =5 @>18B8: >@V;>G:C B0 <54 ?8B8, %>@>H5=L:> ?>E>48B8. 0B><VABL A5@1C ?@>?>=CTBLAO ?>2>48B8 A515 B0:, O: F5 ?@89=OB> 2 C:@0W=AL:><C A5;V: 5@8 A5@? B0 948 2 AB5? H5=8G5=L:C 60B8[41]. "0:V ?VA=V 1C;8 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=8<8, I> ?V4B25@46CNBL 70?8A8 /.>;>20FL:>3>[43]. # "0@0A0 (52G5=:0 :>170@ A?V20T ?@> "A5@18=0 C H8=:C 7 ?0@C1:0<8", 0 .0H:528G 2V47=0G0T, I> "<0;>@CAL:V ?VA=V 3;C7;82>3> E0@0:B5@C ?@> A5@18=0 ?>1CBCNBL V 4>=8=V"[44]. .=0BN:, F8BCNG8 FV ?VA=V, ?>2'O7CT WE V7 A5@1AL:8<8 ?5@5A5;5==O<8 XVIII AB. =0 75<;V, I> =0;560;8 <VAF52><C =0A5;5==N, 70 I> "C:@0W=FV 2V4?;0GCNBLAO 70940< =0 WE 75<;N B0:>6 =5 <0;>N ?>@FVTN =5?@8E8;L=>ABV"[45]. >2=VH=V9 283;O4 10;:0=AL:8E A;>2'O= 28:;8:02 3;C7C20==O I5 C :8W2AL:8E <VI0=, O:V =07820;8 A5@1V2 F830=0<8, 9 F5 >B>B>6=5==O 7 GC6>75<=8< 5B=>A>< 70:@V?8;>AO 70 ?>=OBBO< "A5@1VO=8=". 0720 B0=FN "!5@1VO=:0" C 2V@HV .>@>=L:0, =0?@8:;04, :><5=BCTBLAO O: "F830=AL:89 =0@>4=89 B0=5FL H284:>3> B5<?C":  A5;V >4>;O=:0 C;O=:0 3C45.  A5;V >4>;O=:0 AN =VG A5@1VO=:0, 5B5;8FO AB5;8BLAO,  =>38 :;045[46]. =B@>?>;>3VG=V >A>1;82>ABV A5@1V2 B0:>6 <0;8 :>=:@5B=V 70:@V?;5==O 70 ?52=8<8 ?>=OBBO<8 O: =530B82=>3>, B0: V ?>78B82=>3> ?;0=C: "0GC O, I> ?>30=> 482;OBLAO =0 <5=5 G8WAL >GV. "> 1C2 ?@8OB5;L <>3> G>;>2V:0... '>@=89 1C2 C25AL, @>4>< V7 A5@1V2, 740TBLAO" (.%>B:528G); "V9 4V4 1C2 A5@1. >3> @C:8 O 9 4>AV 10GC, 68;8 A8=V, >1;8GGO @8A8, <>2 >@;8=V..." (.!>AN@0); "%09 A5@18= @>7:065, G8 <8 =5 1@0B0;8AL @C6=> C I0ABV 9 3>@V; 0 2V@C, 70 2>;N G8 <8 6 =5 @C10;8AL 0 ?>;V, =0 3>@0E, =0 <>@V?" (.!B0@8FL:89); " 0@'O=0 G>@BV2AL:8 B0:8 30@=0!  <V6 =0H8<8 A5@18=0<8 =5 ?@8E>48;>AL 10G8BL B0:8E" (!.0A8;LG5=:>); ""0<0@0 ?>7=09><8;0AO 7 ACAV4:>N-?>;L:>N V A<03;O2>N A5@1VO=:>N 0@>N" (%86=O:); /: O ?5@H89 @07 ?>GC2 FN :0@?0BAL:C 28<>2C, 2>=0 <5=V 740;0AL AE>6>N =0 A5@1AL:C 01> A;>20FL:C" (.5GC9-528FL:89)[47]. 02545=V ?@8:;048 7 ;VB5@0BC@8 @V7=8E G0AV2 70A2V4GCNBL 4>A8BL H8@>:C ?@54AB02;5=VABL ?>=OBBO "A5@1" 2 C:@0W=AL:><C ACA?V;LAB2V. V4 0A>FV0FVW 7 G8<>AL =530B82=8< ?>ABC?>2> ?@>AB56CTBLAO ?>78B82=5 A?@89=OBBO A5@1AL:>3> B8?C 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 5B=VG=><C A5@54>28IV. 530B82=0 @50:FVO, O: ?5@H>5B0?=0, 2 >A=>2=><C 1C;0 ?>2'O70=0 7 ?>;VB8G=8<8 0:FVO<8 @>AV9AL:>3> C@O4C, 70FV:02;5=>3> 2 <V65B=VG=8E :>=D@>=B0FVOE, I> 7=09H;> 2V4>1@065==O 2 ;VB5@0BC@V B0 VAB>@V>3@0DVW[48]. !5@1AL:0 2V9AL:>20 25@EV2:0, =0<030NG8AL ?@8A;C68B8AO @>AV9AL:><C C@O4C, 24020;0AL V 4> @5?@5A82=8E 4V9 ?@>B8 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O, O: F5 70A2V4GCT 70?8A =0 :=86FV ?@> >4=>3> 7 B0:8E AB02;5=8:V2 @>AV9AL:>W ?>;VB8:8 2 #:@0W=V "3@0D0" (7 @C:8 @>AV9AL:8E ?>:@>28B5;V2) .;048A;02;T28G0: "# FV G0A8 2 >AV9AL:V9 V<?5@VW 7=0E>482AO 2V4 A5@1AL:>W =0FVW, 2V4 ;V@8:C V 2V4 !5@1VW... 3@0D 02@8W; ;048A;02;T28G. V= 2 #:@0W=V =0 <0TB:0E 682... V= ;N48=>N 1C2 25;8:>3> @V7=>3> @>7C<C 9 ?@0:B8:8, ?5@A>=0 ?>482C 3V4=0, V 7 ?0=0<8 1C2 FV:0289, <02 1030B> 3>AB59 25;8:>@>AV9AL:8E; 2AO 0;0 >AVO 2V4 =L>3> 1C;0 >E>?;5=0 60E><, V <0;>@CAL:V 2;0ABV 1C;8 9><C 2>@>30<8, 0;5 =VG>3> =5 A<V;8 9><C ?>@>18B8, 2AV ?5@54 =8< ;8F5<V@8;8. V= >4@C682AO 7 4>G:>N 2;048:8 :>70FL:>3> 7 @>48=8 !B0@>4C10"[49]. C;L<V=0FVTN B0:>W 4VO;L=>ABV A5@1AL:>W 25@EV2:8 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 VAB>@VW AB0;0 157?>A5@54=O CG0ABL A5@10 C ;V:2V40FVW 0?>@>7L:>W !VGV. ;5 1C;> 1 ?><8;:>N >FV=N20B8 ?5@5A5;5=FV2 ;8H5 O: B0:8E, I> =5A;8 7;> 2 #:@0W=C. >;O ?5@5A5;5=FV2 A:;0;0AO ?>@V7=><C, 9 @V7=8<8 <>B820<8 :5@C20;8AO 2>=8 2 F8E ?5@5A5;5==OE. !5@1AL:0 2V9AL:>20 25@EV2:0 =0<030;0AO A2>TN AB0@0==VABN 70@>18B8 2 =03>@>4C 75<5;L=V <0TB:8, 9 70@>18;0. 0?VB0= 070@ !5@57;VO, I> 1C2 C 04<V=VAB@0FVW %>@20B0, 2 >4=><C 7 ;8ABV2 4> 75<;O:V2 28E20;OTBLAO 25;8:8<8 75<;O<8, >B@8<0=8<8 2V4 C@O4C. 4=8< V7 <>B82V2 704>2>;5==O A2>W< 68BBO< 1C;> CA2V4><;5==O @5;V3V9=>W A?>@V4=5=>ABV, =0 G><C 9 =03>;>HCT :0?VB0=: ""CB =0A =VEB> =5 =07820T AE87<0B8:0<8, 1> =V<FV 9 :0B>;8:8 <0NBL BCB B0:C 6 "H0=>1C", O:C 9 <8 <0T<> C <04O@V2", V =0?@8:V=FV 283C:CT B5, I> 9 AB0;> 5?V3@0D>< 4> 2AL>3> ?5@51C20==O A5@1V2 2 #:@0W=V: ""CB - =0H5 F0@AB2> V =0H0 2;040!"[50] !2OI5=8: 5B0@ C;8G 7 >2><8@3>@>40 2 ;8ABV 4> @V4=8E C 0=0BV ?V4E>?;NT FN B5<C, 28E20;ONG8 V<?5@0B@8FN ;87025BC O: "70E8A=8FN ?@02>A;02'O 2 CAL><C A2VBV". ;O =L>3> 206;82>, I> "BCB A;>2> >65 =5 ?>2'O70=5, O: B0<, 7 ;N4L<8 V=H>W 2V@8"; 2V= 220602, I> A0<5 BCB <>65 715@53B8AO 02B5=B8G=0 A5@1AL:0 A2V4><VABL, 0 =5 B0<, 2 >B>G5==V V=H>2V@=8E: ""0 45 6 2>=8 B5?5@, 70A;C38 20H8E ?@54:V2 B0 10BL:V2? 02VBL 20HV @V4=V 70A;C38 =5 FV=CT B0< 1V;LH5 =VEB>. "CB 65 - BV;L:8 =0H5 ?;5<'O V @V4, V =V:>3> =5<0 7 =52V@=8E, @8<;O=V2 B0 C=V0BV2"[51]. !2OI5=8: ?><8;O2AO: =0FV>=0;L=C A0<>1CB=VABL 1C;> 715@565=> A0<5 B0<, 72V4:8, 0 =5 :C48 ?@89H;8 ?5@5A5;5=FV. 5;V3V9=0 2V4GC65=VABL C >T2>48=V AB8<C;N20;0 ?@03=5==O 715@53B8 A2>T, 0 A?>@V4=5=VABL 1C;0 BVTN <>3CB=L>N B5GVTN, I> @>7<820;0 =0FV>=0;L=C A2V4><VABL, 25;0 4> 0A8<V;OFVW, O:C 74V9A=N202 @>AV9AL:89 C@O4. !5@18 ?>B@0?8;8 C B>9 A0<89 ?@>F5A, I> 9 C:@0W=FV AB>;VBBO< @0=VH5: A?>4V20==O H;OE>< @5;V3V9=>W A>;V40@870FVW 715@53B8 =0FV>=0;L=C =570;56=VABL =5 28?@0240;8AL, ?5@5B2>@NNG8AL =0 72>@>B=89 ?@>F5A. /:I> 2V@8B8 ;8ABC20==N A5@1V2 7 @V4=8<8, B> 9 =0 =87>2><C @V2=V A?>AB5@V30TBLAO ?@89=OBBO ?5@5A5;5=FO<8 C:@0W=AL:>W B@048FVW, ?>ABC?>25 >A<8A;5==O WW O: "A2>TW". # F8E ;8AB0E, I> 715@V30NBLAO C 5@602=><C 0@EV2V V4=O, A5@18 28E20;ONBL A2>T =>25 68BBO, 70?@>HCNBL @>48GV2 B0 7=09><8E =0A;V4C20B8 WE=V9 ?@8:;04, =03>;>HCNBL =0 A2>W9 ;>O;L=>ABV 4> <VAF528E 2;0AB59, 28A;>2;NNG8 W< 24OG=VABL. 5 1C45 ?5@51V;LH5==O< ?@8?CI5==O, I> ?@8 FL><C 02B>@8 ;8ABV2 <0;8 =0 C207V 9 B@5BL>3> 04@5A0B0 - F5=7C@C, @>AV9AL:C G8 02AB@V9AL:C, B>6 4> B0:8E >FV=>: A;V4 ?>AB028B8AO 7 2V4?>2V4=>N 48AB0=FVTN. V;LH89 V=B5@5A AB0=>2;OBL D@03<5=B8, I> 3>2>@OBL ?@> B5, O: =0@>4 >FV=N202 "A2>T" V "GC65", CA2V4><;NNG8 5B=>:C;LBC@=C A?V;L=VABL. 0@VO !B0=:>20, =0?@8:;04, V7 H0=FO @>?G8=0, I> =0 @VGFV 8A, =0 AEV4 2V4 >2><8@3>@>40, AE20;L=> 2V43C:CTBLAO ?@> C<>28 68BBO - 2A5 =54>@>35, >A>1;82> @5<VA=8FL:V 28@>18 30@=V. >=0 E>BV;0 1 =0?8A0B8 "?>-@CAL:8", 0;5 1>WBLAO, I> WW ;8AB0 =5 7@>7C<VNBL, >A:V;L:8 "@CAL:0 <>20 2V4 A5@1AL:>W 2V4@V7=OTBLAO. VB8, 0B0 V >20, 265 =5 7=0NBL ?>-A5@1AL:8. >A:>2AL:0 <>20 7=>2C 6 B0:8 V=H0 V :@0I0, =V6 @CAL:0"[52]. 0A8;L >?>28G ?8H5 B>3> 6 1753 @>:C 7 8@3>@>40 C >T2>48=C, 70:;8:0NG8 ?5@5E>48B8 ?V4 ?0B@>=06 @>AV9AL:>W F0@8FV 9 ?@8257B8 :V;L:0 A>:8@, >A:V;L:8 "B0< HBC:0 :>HBCT >48= =V<5FL:89 D>@8=B G8 B0;V@ 7 G8<>AL - 70 BV, I> <0NBL 283;O4, O: >BV 2 #3>@I8=V, BCB 65 A>:8@8 <0NBL V=HC D>@<C". V= ?@>A8BL B0:>6 "I5 >4=C H8@>:C @CG=C A>:8@C, >A:V;L:8 B0:8E BCB =5<0"[53]. >ABC?>289 ?@>F5A 7'T4=0==O 9 0A8<V;OFVW 7=86C202 B>9 ?>G0B:>289 @V25=L =0?@C65==O, I> E0@0:B5@87C202 ?5@HV @>:8 ?VA;O ?5@5A5;5==O. "0 <0B5@V0;L=0 V 4CE>2=0 :C;LBC@0, I> ?>28==0 2V4?>2V40B8 :>6=><C 5B=>AC, =0 ?>G0B:>2><C 5B0?V :>=D@>=BC20;0 7 C:@0W=AL:>N: A5@18-A:>B0@V >?8=8;8AO C A5@54>28IV, 45 4><V=C20;> 75<;5@>1AB2>. @>B5 A5@18 =5 <>3;8 B@820;89 G0A 715@V30B8 FN >A>1;82VABL, >A:V;L:8 =5 <0;8 7<>38 715@53B8 <0B5@V0;L=C :C;LBC@C, :>B@C ?@8=5A;8. "0:V 2848 <0B5@V0;L=>W :C;LBC@8, O: 7=0@O44O ?@0FV, 68B;> B>I> =0;560BL 4> <5=H :>=A5@20B82=8E O28I. >=8 7C<>2;5=V >A>1;82>ABO<8 35>3@0DVG=>3> A5@54>28I0, B8?>< 3>A?>40@AB20, B><C 70:>=><V@=> <CA8;8 2V41CB8AO 7<V=8 2 <0B5@V0;L=V9 :C;LBC@V A5@1AL:>3> 5B=>AC. $0:B8 70A2V4GCNBL, I> A5@10< =5 1C;0 ?@8B0<0==0 5=4>30<VO, 35@<5B870FVO H;N1V2 ;8H5 2A5@548=V 5B=>AC, I> <CA8;> 1 70157?5G8B8 157?5@5@2=VABL A?04:>T<=>W ?5@540GV 5B=VG=8E B@048FV9. !5@18 =5 1C;8 5B=VG=8<8 V7>;O=B0<8, G><C A?@8O;> AB02;5==O 4> =8E C:@0W=AL:>3> A5@54>28I0, B@048FV9=> 2V4:@8B>3>, =5 70<:=5=>3> 9 =5 2>@>6>3> AB>A>2=> V=H8E 5B=>AV2. )5 5@0A8< 5;8G 2V47=0G02, I> "=0@>4 <0;>@CAL:89 >A>1;82>, O: V A5@1AL:89, T 3>AB8==89..."[54] V47=0G5=V 28I5 ?@>O28 V@>=VG=>3> AB02;5==O 4> A5@1V2 <0;8 ?>1;06;8289 E0@0:B5@. V4A<VN20==O, 60@BC20==O T 2 FV;><C >4=VTN 7 D>@< AB>AC=:V2 <V6 @V7=8<8 5B=VG=8<8 3@C?0<8 V <>6CBL E0@0:B5@87C20B8AO O: =03>;>H5=0 45<>=AB@0FVO 71;865==O <V6 V=482V40<8 B0 3@C?0<8[55]. !0<5 B0:89 E0@0:B5@ <0T ?>@B@5B870FVO A5@10 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ?VA=V. !5@18= BCB E0@0:B5@87CTBLAO, O: "<8;89, G>@=>1@8289", "G>@=>CA89", "70 =8< 4>1@5 68B8". 4O3=5=89 2V= C65 2 C:@0W=AL:5 21@0==O: "6C?0=", ":0DB0=", "G5@528G:8 :@0A=V", "C A5@18=0 25G5@O - I>4=O :C@:0 ?5G5=0"; 2V= =02VBL WABL =5B8?>2V 4;O A5@1AL:>W :C;V=0@VW "20@5=8G:8 2 <0A;V". "'>< A5@18=0 =5 ;N18BL, '8 =5 ?>4>15=L:0?". # ?VA=OE ?@> "A5@18=0, A5@18=>G:0", O: V<5=CTBLAO 2V=, =0O2=89 V 5@>B8G=89 <><5=B, I> B0:>6 T 7030;L=>N @8A>N "?>78B82=8E ?V4A<VN20=L": "0 =8< 4V2:8 AB04>< E>4OBL. /: B>20@ @>30B89"; 2 =L>3> B><C "6C?0= :CA89", I> "!C:8 4V2:8 ?V4?>W;8, 0DB0= <5=V ?V4:@>W;8". !0< B8? ?>254V=:8 A5@18=0, O:89 1V;LH5 2V440202 ?5@5203C 2V;L=><C, =V6 >AV;><C 68BBN, 2 FV;><C 2V4?>2V402 B8?>2V C:@0W=AL:>3> 70?>@>6FO: 2V= =5 ;N18BL >1BO6C20B8 A515 4><0H=V< 3>A?>40@AB2><, 1V;LH 2>;VT "=VG>3> =5 @>18B8. >@V;>G:C B0 <54 ?8B8, %>@>H5=L:> ?>E>48B8". 0 60@BV2;8289 4>:V@ C:@0W=AL:>3> 3>A?>40@O: ">4V A5@1C20B8, 5@8 A5@? B0 948 2 AB5? H5=8G5=L:C 60B8" F59 2V;L=89 25@H=8:, AE>689 =0 :>70:0, "B>3> =5 7;N182, "V;L:8 CA>< 70:@CB82. VH>2 :>=O >AV4;02: "@>I09, 4V2G8=>!" - A:0702". 1@07 68BBO A5@18=0 45I> 1;87L:89 4> B8?C ?>254V=:8 2V;L=>3> :>70FB20: "# A5@18=0 GC60 E0B0. > 9 A0< A5@18= O: 30@<0B0... /: AV2 =0 :>=O, "0 9 2AO EC4>1>=L:0"[56]. 0 B8?>;>3VG=C AE>6VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> :>70FB20 B0 A5@1AL:8E "3@0=8G0@V2" V7 2V9AL:>28E ?>A5;5=L 02AB@V9AL:>-BC@5FL:>3> ?>3@0=8GGO 2:07C20;>AO 28I5. ?8=82H8AL C BV9 A0<V9 @>;V =0 @>AV9AL:>-70?>@>7L:><C ?>3@0=8GGV, >:@5<V A5@1AL:V ?>A5;5=FV ?5@5E>48;8 =0 1V: 70?>@>6FV2, O:V, 70 A?>AB5@565==O< !:0;L:>2AL:>3>, ?5@5<0=N20;8 4> A515 A5@1V2, :>B@V, "7201;5=V WE 1C9=8< 68BBO<, 4> =8E ?@8T4=C20;8AO"[57]. 0 ?V4AB02V =02545=8E ?@8:;04V2 <>6=0 3>2>@8B8 ?@> =0O2=VABL :V;L:>E A>FV0;L=8E 3@C?, I> 2;820;8AO 2 C:@0W=AL:5 A5@54>28I5. :@V< V=B5;5:BC0;L=8E :><C=V:0FV9, I> 2V41C20;8AO >:@5<> 70 C<>2 270T<>@>7C<V==O V ?V4B@8<:8, =0 E0@0:B5@V A?@89=OBBO A5@1V2 ?>7=0G8;8AO ?>;VB8G=V D0:B>@8, 28@07=8:0<8 O:8E 1C;8 A5@1AL:V 2V9AL:>2V G8=8. 0 ?>1CB>2><C @V2=V 284V;OT<> A5@1V2-75<;5@>1V2, I> ?>ABC?>2> 2BO3C20;8AO 2 C:@0W=AL:C 5B=>:C;LBC@=C A?V;L=VABL, A?@89<0NG8 WW O: "2;0A=C , 2V4<>2;ONG8AL 2V4 @V7=8E D>@< 5B=VG=>W >?>78FVW, G><C A?@8O;8 7CAB@VG=V B5GVW: @5;V3V9=0, 5B=VG=0 >4=>@V4=VABL ?5@54CAV<. "!0<5 2 A8;C A?V;L=>ABV AB@0640=L V ?>ABV9=>W 1>@>BL18 70 =52V4'T<=V, 2VG=V ?@020 >A>18 <>6;828< 1C;> 4;O ?V245==>@CAV2 A?V;:C20==O 7 N3>A;>2'O=0<8, <V6 V=H8<, V =0 3@C=BV >4=0:>2>W ;V@>-5?VG=>W ?>57VW, I> 2V4>1@060;0 BV AB@0640==O", - @>18BL 28A=>2>: C:@0W=AL:89 4>A;V4=8: .0H:528G[58], 2:07CNG8 =0 >4=C 7 ?@>2V4=8E V =5282G5=8E AD5@ C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:8E 72'O7:V2 - ?>@V2=O==O 5?>AC 42>E =0@>4V2, - I> 28@07=> 2?;8=C;0 =0 C:@0W=AL:C D>;L:;>@8AB8G=C 4C<:C. @>1;5<0 ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 282G5==O 5?VG=>W ?>57VW 4OG=5 ?>;5 4;O 4>A2V4C... 20= $@0=:>. &O B5<0 ?@825@B0;0 4> A515 C203C 2V4><8E A;02VABV2 - /.>;>20FL:>3>, .>4O=AL:>3>, .$@0=:0, . 8;LAL:>3> B0 V=. 4=0: A?5FV0;L=>W <>=>3@0DVW, O:0 1C;0 1 W9 ?@8A2OG5=0, =5<0T 9 4>AV. B65, V AL>3>4=V =5 2B@0G0NBL 0:BC0;L=>ABV A;>20 >4C3> 7 =092V440=VH8E ?>1>@=8:V2 ?>3;81;5=>W @>7@>1:8 40=>W ?@>1;5<8 .$@0=:0, 70 O:8< A?@020 ?>4V1=>ABV V VAB>@8G=8E 270T<8= <V6 A5@10<8 V @CA8=0<8-C:@0W=FO<8 T =04728G09=> ?5@A?5:B82=>N[39]. #:@0W=AL:8< CG5=8< V 4VOG0< :C;LBC@8 XIX AB. 702648 1C2 ?@8B0<0==89 V=B5@5A 4> VAB>@VW, :C;LBC@8 E>G0 B5@8B>@V0;L=> 9 2V440;5=8E, ?@>B5 5B=VG=> B0 4CE>2=> A?>@V4=5=8E ?V245==8E A;>2'O=, D>;L:;>@, 2 O:><C >A>1;825 <VAF5 ?>AV402 5?>A 1C2 >4=8< 7 206;828E 465@5; 4;O 282G5==O 68BBO A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@>4V2[60]. >HB>2E>< 4;O ?>A8;5==O 70FV:02;5=>ABV F8< ?8B0==O< 1C;8 71V@:8 C:0 0@0468G0, O:89 =0?@8:V=FV 4@C3>3> 45AOB8;VBBO XIX AB. (:>;8 AB0;8 ?><VB=8<8 ?@>O28 A?V;:C20=O C:@0W=AL:8E CG5=8E 7V A;02VAB0<8 70@C1V6=8E 75<5;L) ?@81C2 4> >AVW, 2V42V402 #:@0W=C, 7>:@5<0 %0@:V2 B0 8W2[61]. &5 7=0G=> A?@8O;> 1;86G><C >7=09><;5==N 7 4VO;L=VABN B0 70?8A0<8 A5@1AL:>3> 2G5=>3>, I> ?>ABC?>2> 2E>48;8 2 =0C:>289 >1V3, AB020;8 =52V4'T<=>N G0AB8=>N @>728B:C C:@0W=AL:>W A;02VAB8:8. 82G0NG8 BV 01> V=HV ?8B0==O 2VBG87=O=>3> D>;L:;>@C 01> 6 157?>A5@54=L> ?>@V2=NNG8 9>3> V7 A5@1>E>@20BAL:8<, C:@0W=AL:V =0C:>2FV 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 71V@:8 0@0468G0, V=H8E ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E 718@0GV2 9 B8< A0<8< @>18;8 A2V9 5A>: C @>728B>: <V6A;>2'O=AL:8E D>;L:;>@8AB8G=8E 270T<8=[62]. )>4> 5?>AC, C:@0W=AL:V9 A;02VAB8G=V9 4C<FV ?@8B0<0==5 ?5@5:>=0==O C 28=OB:>2V9 V459=>-5AB5B8G=V9 FV==>ABV ?VA5=L A?>@V4=5=>3> =0@>4C, I> V;NAB@CT G8<0;> 28A;>2;N20=O 2V4><8E CG5=8E, ?8AL<5==8:V2, 3@><04AL:8E 4VOGV2[63]. 459=>N 4><V=0=B>N 1V;LH>ABV ?@0FL, ?@8A2OG5=8E FV9 ?@>1;5<V, T ?5@5:>=0==O C 1;87L:>ABV, AE>6>ABV =0@>4=>W B2>@G>ABV, >A>1;82> 4C< V N=0FL:8E ?VA5=L, >4=0: :>=:@5B=V ?@>O28 F8E 0=0;>3V9 B0 WE=V V=B5@?@5B0FVW 2 @V7=8E 02B>@V2 =5 >4=0:>2V, I> ?>OA=N5BLAO ?5@54CAV< 2V440;5=VABN WE=VE <5B>4>;>3VG=8E 70A04. 52=0 @VG, V=>4V FV 28A;>2;N20==O =5 1C;8 ?>7102;5=V :@09=>AB59 :><?0@0B82V7<C G8 6 01AB@0:B=8E 287=0G5=L B8?C "A?V;L=VABL AB@0640=L", 0;5 1V;LHVABL 02B>@V2 AB25@46C20;0 1;87L:VABL :C;LBC@8 42>E =0@>4V2, =0O2=VABL D>;L:;>@=8E :>=B0:BV2 V ?;V4=VABL WE=L>W 4VW =0 @>728B>: 5?VG=>W ?>57VW. #65 ?5@H89 2 >AVW <03VAB@ "A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@VG" .>4O=AL:89, >1'WE02H8 A;>2'O=AL:V 75<;V, ?>25@=C2AO =0 10BL:V2I8=C 7 <VF=8< ?5@5:>=0==O< ?@> 1;87L:VABL A5@1AL:>3> V C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4=>3> 5?>AC[64]. # 4CAV @><0=B87<C F59 >48= V7 ?V>=5@V2 C:@0W=AL:>W A;02VAB8:8, O: 9>3> V<5=C202 .$@0=:>, 220602 :@8B5@VT< 28I>W 4>A:>=0;>ABV VAB>@8G=>W ?VA5==>ABV A;>2'O= WW A?>@V4=5=VABL 7 0=B8G=8< 5?>A><. 0 9>3> 4C<:C (9 B0:0 4C<:0 1C;0 4>A8BL ?>H8@5=>N 2 BV G0A8), 72V4 C:@0W=AL:8E 4C< V A5@1AL:8E N=0FL:8E ?VA5=L 402 18 <>6;82VABL AB2>@8B8 ''A;>2'O=AL:C ";V04C", 0 ;V@8G=8E ?VA5=L - "4VAA5N". >@V2=O==O 7 0=B8G=8< 5?>A><, O:5 <0965 G5@57 ?V2AB>;VBBO ?V4B25@482 AB>A>2=> A5@1AL:8E ?VA5=L .$@0=:>[63], :@V< @><0=B8G=>W 7010@2;5=>ABV, =5A;> 2 A>1V @0FV>=0;L=5 75@=>: 2G5=V 725@B0;8 C203C =0 A?V;L=5 O28I5, =07820NG8 9>3> "35@>WG=8< 4CE><", 01> 6, C6820NG8 ACG0A=5 ?>=OBBO, "5?VG=>N A2V4><VABN".  2 A5@1AL:V9, V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 5?VG=V9 ?>57VW 4>A;V4=8:8 2V47=0G0;8 (72VA=>, 7 ?>3;O4C <5B>4>;>3VG=8E 70A04 =0C:8 B>3> G0AC) A?V;L=V <>B828 C 2V4>1@065==V 35@>WG=8E ?>4V9 =0@>4=>W 1>@>BL18 70 =570;56=VABL, VAB>@87< CA=>W ?>57VW, =04B> 5?>AC. )>4> 287=0G5==O <><5=BC ?>O28 FVTW A?V;L=>ABV, B> 45O:V 02B>@8, O:, A:06V<>, .!C<F>2, 7=0E>48;8 WW I5 70 G0AV2 8W2AL:>W CAV, 2:07CNG8, 7>:@5<0, =0 45O:V 0=0;>3VW C "!;>2V > ?>;:C 3>@52V<" B0 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:V9 =0@>4=V9 5?VFV[66]. BV< 1V;LHVABL 02B>@V2 AE8;L=V 1C;8 210G0B8 WW 28=8:=5==O 2 ?V7=VHV G0A8, :>;8 2V41C20;0AO =04728G09=> =0?@C65=0 1>@>BL10 A5@1AL:>3> B0 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4V2 V7 7>2=VH=V< 03@5A>@>< - >A<0=AL:8<8 G8 ?>;LAL:>-H;OE5BAL:8<8 702>9>2=8:0<8. &V >1AB028=8, =0 4C<:C @O4C 2G5=8E, =5<>218 28B8A=C;8 V7 A2V4><>ABV =0@>4C 402=V9 5?>A, ?>@>482H8 =>289, I> >A>1;82> ?@>BO3>< XVI-XVII AB. <02 G8<0;> A?V;L=>3> O: 2 #:@0W=V, B0: V 2 !5@1VW. !0<5 B>4V 1V;LHVABL 02B>@V2 7=0E>48;8 0=0;>3VW 2 VAB>@8G=8E C<>20E 28=8:=5==O V ?>H8@5==O 5?VG=8E ?VA5=L. :@5<V 4>A;V4=8:8, B>@:0NG8AL ?8B0==O ?>@V2=O;L=>3> 282 G5==O 5?>AC 42>E =0@>4V2, =02VBL ?5@5=>A8;8 =0 A5@1AL:V N=0FL: ?VA=V C:@0W=AL:C B5@<V=>;>3VN, =07820NG8 WE "4C<0<8". V47=0G8<>, I> B0:V >B>B>6=5==O 7CAB@VG0NBLAO I5 2 ;VB5@0BC@V XVII AB., 7>:@5<0 C ?>;LAL:8E 02B>@V2. "0:, C ?>?C;O@=V9 :=86FV "Roskosz Swiatowa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udrak M. Myroslava. Why Ukrainian and why Avant-garde? An Essay - Ukrajinska avangarda 1910-1930. - Zagreb, 1990. - . 61; 0I5=:> . #:@0W=AL:89 020=30@4 01> >1;8GGO =0H>W :C;LBC@8. - !;>2>. - 1993. - ! 2-3. 2 0;8209:> .! / @CA8=, 3>@489 F8<-.": #:@0W=FV 2 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E C=V25@A8B5B0E %V-%V AB. // 0C:0 V ACA?V;LAB2>. - 1970. - ! 3. - !. 37-40. 3 52@8: ". B@0G5=V 0@EVB5:BC@=V ?0<'OB:8 8T20. - LN->@:-8W2, 1991. - 64 A. 4 0I5=:> .. >=D5@5=F88, ?>A2OI5==<5 M?>E5 10@>::> // !>2. A;02O=>2545=85, - 1991. - ! 3. - !. 108-110. 5 European cultural routes - Baroque routes. Colloquy "The baroque contribution to European thought and art". - Strasbourg, 1988. - 228 @. 6 Kuchowicz Z. Czlowiek polskiego baroku. - Lodz, 1992. - 420 S. 7 0;8209:> .! #:@0W=AL:5 ;VB5@0BC@=5 10@>::> 2 T2@>?59AL:><C :>=B5:ABV // #:@0W=AL:5 ;VB5@0BC@=5 10@>::>. - , 1987. - !. 75. 8 $@0=:> . V1@0==O B2>@V2 C ?'OB45AOB8 B><0E. - ". 29. - , 1981. - !. 306. 9 06>20 .. CAA:>-N3>A;02O=A:85 >B=>H5=8O 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 XVIII 2. ., 1982. - 287 A, >;8B8G5A:85 8 :C;LBC@=K5 >B=>H5=8O >AA88 A N3>A;02O=A:8<8 75<;O<8 2 XVIII 2. >:C<5=BK. - ., 1984. - 429 A. 10 5@25A .. @> >A=>2=V <5B>4>;>3VG=V ?@8=F8?8 2840==O // #:@0W=AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 2 7030;L=>A;>2'O=AL:><C :>=B5:ABV. - ". 1. - ., 1987. - !. 9-28; >3> 6: #:@0W=AL:0 :C;LBC@0 C :>=B5:ABV A;>2'O=AL:>3> V4@>465==O (:V=5FL XVIII - ?5@H0 ?>;>28=0 XIX AB.) // !;>2'O=AL:V ;VB5@0BC@8: >?>2V4V. V6=0@>4=89 7'W74 A;02VABV2. @0BVA;020, 0 A5@?=O - 8 25@5A=O 1993 @. - , 1993. - !. 240-271. 11 #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> B0 T2@>?59AL:89 :>=B5:AB. - , 1991. - 255 A, >;B>2AL:89 .. %C4>6=T 68BBO =0 #:@0W=V 2 XVI-XVIII AB. - ., 1983. - 178 A, 8E0G52 .!. >M78O A04>2. - !.-5B5@1C@3, 1991. - 369 A.; Hernas C. Barok. - Warszawa, 1978. - 669 S; Kuchowicz Z. Czlowiek polskiego baroku. - Lodz, 1992. - 420 S. Hanzal J. Od Baroka k romantizmu. - raha, 1987. - 225 S. AB>@8G=V C<>28 @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 %V-%V( AB. 1 0H0=8= , 5B@>28[ . !@?A:0 C<5B=>AB C >X2>48=8. - >28 !04, 1927. - 215 A, 540:>28[ . 5Y:> 5B@>28[ :0> 8AB>@8G0@ C<5B=>AB8 // ;0A=8: !. - 1968. - Z. XXIII. - ! 1. - !. 16-18. 2 0H0=8= . 20 25:0 A@?A:>3 A;8:0@AB20, - 5>3@04, 1942. - 75 !. 3 >;0@8[ . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII 25:0. - 5>3@04, 1953. - 73 A, >3> 6. !@?A:0 C<5B=>AB XVIII 25:0. - 5>3@04, 1954. - 112 !, >3> 6. >45@=870F8X0 A@?A:>3 A;8:0@AB20 C @>74>1Y5 7>3@0D0 8 <>;5@0 // ! - 1954. - ! 8. - !. 14-27; >3> 6. A=>2=8 ?@>1;5< A@?A:>3 10@>:0 // #! - 1967. - !3. - !. 235-275. 4 5d0kovic D. Probleme der serbischen Barockforschung // Die Welt der Slaven. - 1958. - ! 3. - . 407-422. 5 0A8[ . !;8:0@8 8:>=>AB0A0 <0=0AB8@0 >R0=0 8 @CH54>;0 // !B0@8=0@. - 1961. - ! 12. - !. 111-121; >3> 6. 0@>:=8 5;5<5=B8 C A@?A:>< A;8:0@AB2C ?@25 ?>;>28=5 XVIII 25:0 // ;0A=8E !&. - 1964. - ! 7-8. - !. 255-260. 6 O srpskom baroku // Delo. - 1959. - ! 12. - 5. 1479-1491. 7 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - 5>3@04, 1971. - 320 A. 8 540:>28[ . "@03>< A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - 5>3@04, 1976. - 280 A. 9 540:>28[ . 0@>:=5 B5<5 A@?A:5 C<5B=>AB8 // #! - 1979. - ! 15. - !. 343-353. 10 540:>28[ . !@?A:0 C<5B=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - 5>3@04, 1980. - 284 A. 11 04>XG8[ . 8X52A:0 :045<8X0 8 !@18 // !. - 1913. - ! 9. !. 669-675; 5B:>28[ !. CA:8 CB8F0X =0 A@?A:> A;8:0@AB2> XVII-XVIII 25:0 // !B0@8=0@. - 1961. - ! 12. - !. 10-24; 0A8[ . CA:8 CB8F0X C A@?A:>X C<5B=>AB8 // @0=8G52>. - 1964. - ! 1/2. - !. 7-26; >20=>28[ . CA:>-A@?A:5 C<5B=8G:5 2575 C XVIII 25:C // 1>@=8: $8;>7>DA:>3 D0:C;B5B0 - 1963. - ! 7. - !. 379-409. 12 0284>2   C:@0X8=A:>-A@?A:8< C<5B=8G:8< 2570<0 C XVIII 25:C / / #!. - 1968. - ! 4. - !. 211-236. 13 0I5=:> . #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> 2 !5@1VW // A5A2VB. - 1977. - ! 1. - !. 175-179. 14 0284>2  #:@0X8=A:8 CB8F0X8 =0 A@?A:C C<5B=>AB A@548=5 XVIII 25:0 8 A;8:0@ 0A8;8X5 ><0=>28G // #!. - 1969. - ! 5. - !. 137. 15 0284>2 . :>=5 A@?A:8E 7>3@0D0. - 5>3@04, 1977. - 198 A. 16 0284>2 . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII 25:0. - >28 !04, 1978. - 456 A. 17 8E08;>28[ . #B8F0X 70?04=>52@>?A:5 C<5B=>AB8 =0 A@?A:> A;8:0@AB2> XVIII 25:0 // #!, 1965. - !. 283-305. 18 8E08;>28[ . >R0=8 8 81;8X0 8A:0B>@0 // 1>@=8: $8;>7>DA:>3 D0:C;B5B0. - 1967. - ! 9. - !. 282-307. 19 8E08;>28[ .  :>=G5B8AB8G:8< >A=>20<0 A;8:0 ?@8@>45 C A@?A:>X C<5B=>AB8 XVIII 25:0 // #!. - 1968. - ! 4. - !. 191-210. 20 8E08;>28[ . @54AB025 0=R5;0 C C<5B=>AB8 XVIII 25:0 // #!. - 1972. - ! 8. - !. 281-361. 21 028[ . 02@8; !B5D0=>28[-5=F;>28[ // Z8652=>AB. - 1965. - ! 4-12. 22 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10 (%V-%V 25:). - 5>3@04, 1970. - 527 A. 23 AB>X8[ ". AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8. - 5>3@04, 1922. - !. 112. 24 Rousset J. La literature de l'age baroque en France. - Paris, 1963. - 190 @. 25 ngyal A. Barock in Ungarn. - Budapest, 1945. -; >3> 6: Das Problem der slawischen Barocks // Der Literarische Barockbegriff. - Buches, 1975. - . 329-359; >3> 6: Slawische Barockwelt. - Leipzig, 1961. - 321 @. 26 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - >28 !04 - 5>3@04, 1980. - 765 A. 27 5X>28[ ". #<X5B=>AB =0 B;C &@=5 >@5 >4 ?@08AB>@8X5 4> 40=0A // 24X5. - 1981. - ! 147-148. 28 >578X0 10@>:0. - "8B>3@04, 1976. - 456 A.; @>70 10@>:0. XVII 8 XVIII 28X5:. - "8B>3@04, 1978. - 592 A. 29 5@5B8[ . !@?A:8 @><0= 1800-1950. - 5>3@04, 1981. - 394 A. 30 04>XG8[ . C6=>A;>25=A:>-@CA:5 :C;BC@=5 2575 4> ?>G5B:0 XVIII 25:0 // 1>@=8: 0B8F5 A@?A:5 70 :Z86=52=>AB. - 1965. - Z. 13. - !. 261-309; >20G528[ . 0H5 2575 7 #:@0X8=>< // C3>A;028X0 - !!! . - 1947. - ! 21. - !. 25-28. 31 @8A5;:>2 .. G5@:8 ?> F5@:>2=>-?>;8B8G5A:>9 8AB>@88 852A:>9 CA8 %-% 22. - !1., 1913. - 219 A. 32 >328= . #:@08=A:>5 8:CAAB2> %-%V 22. - , 1963. - !. 59. 33 /38G . AB>@8O A;02O=A:>9 D8;>;>388. - !1, 1910. - !. 83. 34 >20G528[ . !@?A:8 8 E@20BA:8 >4=>A8 A CA8<0 8 #:@0X8=F8<0. - @53;54. - 1947. - ! 10. - !. 718. 35 0B5@8: 5G5@A:89. - 852, 1702. - !. 237. 36 #<0=F52 $.! "@>WFL:0 =041@0<=0 F5@:20 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8. - ., 1970. - !. 156. 37 C4789 .. 8B5@0BC@0 852A:>9 CA8 8 4@52=59H85 8=>A;02O=A:85 ;8B5@0BC@K // AA;54>20=8O ?> A;02O=A:><C ;8B5@0BC@>2545=8N 8 D>;L:;>@8AB8:5. - , 1960. - !. 39. 38 >7=O: . AB>@VO C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. - # 2-E B. - L2V2, 1920. - ". 1. - !. 16. 39 5B@>2A:89 .. ;;0@8>=, <8B@>?>;8B 852A:89, 8 ><5=B80=, 85@><>=0E %8;0=40@A:89 // 725AB8O  /! - 1908. - %III. - !. 17-24. 40 CB8;>2 .. CAA:89 8 N6=>A;02O=A:89 35@>8G5A:89 M?>A. - ., 1971. - 312 A. ; @8F0 !.. #:@08=A:0O ?5A5==0O M?8:0. - . 1990. - 259 A. 41 5B@>2 .. AB>@8G5A:89 273;O4 =0 2708<==5 >B=>H5=8O <564C A5@10<8 9 @CAA:8<8 2 >1@07>20=88 9 ;8B5@0BC@5. - 852, 1876. - !. 92; 5:@0A>2 . ;8O=85 !5@188 8 D>=0 =0 @CAA:CN ;8B5@0BC@C 2 %V-%V 25:0E // 0@O. - 1871. - ! 5. - !. 12-39; !>1>;52A:89 .. .6=>A;02O=A:>5 2;8O=85 =0 @CAA:CN ?8AL<5==>ABL 2 %V-%V 22. - !1., 1894. - 92 A. 42 AB>@VO C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. - # 8-9 B. - ".1. - , 1967. !. 196. 43 5;5H5=:> ... >728B>: C:@0W=AL:>W >@0B>@AL:>W 03V>3@0DVG=>W ?@>78 :V=FO XIV - ?>G0B:C XVI AB. - , 1990. - 144 A. 44 0H:528G . 5A:>;L:> A;54>2 >1I5=89 .6=>9 CA8 A N3>A;02O=0<8 2 ;8B>2A:>-?>;LA:89 ?5@8>455 8AB>@88, <564C ?@>G8< - 2 4C<0E // 71>@=8: 852A:89. - 852, 1904. - !. 124. 45 5AB=8: .3>-70?04=>9 8 70?04=>9 >AA88. - 1862. - N;L. 34. 1. - !. 7. 46 04>XG8[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 ?8AF8 @CA:5 =0@>4=>AB8 >4 :@0X0 XV 4> :@0X0 XVII 25:0 // >48HZ0: $8;>7>DA:>3 D0:C;B5B0 C >2><C !04C. - 1960. - ! 5. - !. 199-200. 47 >7=O: . AB>@VO C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8. - ". 1. - !. 66. 48 0;8[ . Z8652=5 8 :C;BC@=5 2575 // =F8:;>?548X0 C3>A;028X5. - ". 7. - 03@51, 1968. - 5. 460-480. 49 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ".1. - 5>3@04, 1902. - !. 453. 50 AB>@8O .3>A;0288. - # 2-E B. - ., 1963. - ". 1. - !. 263. 51 @CX8[ . 0:>A5 ?>ABC?0;> A0 A@?A:8< <>;10<0 =0 42>@C F5A0@0 0CAB@8XA:>3 ?>A;54Z5 3>48=5 682>B0 ?0B@8X0@E0 @A5=8X0 III '0@=>X528[0 // 1>@=8: 8AB>@8XA:8E 4>:C<5=0B0. - >28 !04, 1906. - ". 1. - !. 27. 52 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ".2. 5>3@04, 1902. - !. 468. 53 AB>@8X0 =0@>40 CB>A;028X5. - =.. 2. - 5>3@04, 1960. - !. 767. 54 !:5@;8[ . AB>@8X0 =>25 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8. - 5>3@04, 1967. - !. 26. 55 02;>28[ . 4<8=8AB@0B82=0 8 F@:25=0 ?>;8B8:0 0CAB@8XA:0 C !@18X8 // ;0A !@?A:5 @0Y52A:5 :045<8X5. - 1901. - %. - !. 170. 56 5B@>28[ .  =5:8< A?5F8D8G=>AB8<0 A@?A:5 =0F8X5 C %01A1C@H:>X 8<?5@8X8 // C3>A;>25=A:8 8AB>@8XA:8 G0A>?8A. - 1970. - ! 1-2. - A. 45. 57 5I8;>2A:0O .. 73;O4K >A8D5O 1@04>28G0 ?> =0F8>=0;L=><C 2>?@>AC // !;02O=5 8 >AA8O. - , 1972. - !. 92. 58 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - 5>3@04, 1923. - !. 43. 59 !:5@;8[ . AB>@8X0 =>25 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8. - !. 20. 60 =35;LA $. )> 1C45 7 2@>?59AL:>N "C@5GG8=>N // 0@:A ., =35;LA D. "2>@8. - ". 3. - !. 139. 61 C20@0F . >XA8X5 5B@>28[, <8B@>?>;8B 15>3@04A:8 1713-1730 // !?><5=8: !. - 5>3@04, 1898. - ! 34. - !. 140, 152. 62 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10 (%VII-%V 25:). - !. 62-71. 63 0284>2 . #:@0X8=A:8 CB8F0X =0 A@?A:C C<5B=>AB... - !. 119. 64 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 43. 65 028[ .- AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10- - !. 62. >;L :8W2AL:8E F5=B@V2 C @>728B:C A5@1AL:>W :C;LBC@8 %V-%V AB. 1 %86=O: 3.1. 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO. - ., 1981. - !. 53. 2 04>XG8[ . !@?A:> AE20B0=L5 8AB>@8X5 C >A0<=05AB>< 25:C // 5B>?8A 0B8F5 A@?A:5. - 1933. - Z. 339. - !. 133-134. 3 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - 5>3@04, 1909. - !. 93. 4 AB>@8O .3>A;0288:  2-E BB. - , 1963. - ". 1. - !. 267. 5 /38G . AB>@8O A;02O=A:>9 D8;>;>388. - !1., 1910. - !. 346. 6 %0@;0<?>28G .. 0;>@>AA89A:>5 2;8O=85 =0 25;8:>@CAA:CN F5@:>2=CN 687=L. - 070=L, 1914. - ". 1. - !. 42. 7 :BK 8 4>:C<5=BK, >B=>AOI85AO : 8AB>@88 852A:>9 :045<88. 852, 1904. - ". 1. - B4. II. - !. 122-123. 8 C20@0F . 8A<0 0:A8<0 !C2>@>20... // !?><5=8: !. - 5>3@04, 1910. - Z. 42. - !. 79. 9 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 310. 10 8G>28[ . (:>;A:> ?>7>@8HB5 :>4 !@10 C B>:C XVIII 8 =0 ?>G5B:C XIX 25:0 // 1>@=8: @04>20 !#. - 5>3@04, 1952. - Z. 2. - !. 99. 11 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0- !. 78. 12 C;0:>2A:89 . 0G0;> @CAA:>9 H:>;K C A5@1>2 2 XVIII 2. // 72. >B4. @CA, O7. 8 A;>25A=. 8<?. :04. =0C:. - 1903. - =. 3. - !. 278; %86=O: 3.1. 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO. - !. 197. 13 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 79. 14 @CX8[ . @8;>78 70 8AB>@8XC A@?A:8E H:>;0 C ?@2> ?>;>28=8 XVIII 25:0 // !?><5=8: !. - 5>3@04, 1910. - ! 42. - !. 126. 15 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 81. 16 "0< 65. - !. 85. 17 "VB>2 %2. !B0@0 28I0 >A2VB0 2 :8W2AL:V9 #:@0W=V :V=FO XVI - ?>G. XIX AB. - ., 1924. - !. 220. 18 5B@>2 .. =0G5=85 852A:>9 0:045<88 2 @0728B88 4CE>2=KE H:>; 2 >AA88 // "@. 852. 4CE>2=. 0:04. - 1904. - ". 11. - !. 52-54. 19 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0- - !. 106-110. 20 %86=O: 3.1. 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO. - !. 198. 21 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 120. 22 "0< 65. - !. 108. 23 A:>G5=A:89 . 852 A 4@52=59H8< 53> CG8;8VF5< :045<859. - 852, 1856. - '. II. - !. 88. 24 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 106. 25 "0< 65. - !. 93-94. 26 C20@0F . AB>@8:>-:@8B8G=0 F@B0 > 8[5=B8XC >20=>28[C. - 5<C=, 1886. - !. 53. 27 @CX8[ . !@?A:5 H:>;5 (>4 1718-1739 3.). - 5>3@04, 1908. - !. 140, 143. 28 0X8[ . AB>@8X0 0B8E8A<0 ?@02>A;02=8E !@10Y0 C F5A0@A:8< 4@6020<0. - 0=G52>, 1884. - !. 24. 29 "0<65. - !. 25-26. 30 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 535. 31 0X8[ . AB>@8X0 0B8E8A<0 ?@02>A;02=8E !@10Y0 C F5A0@A:8< 4@6020<0. - !. 125-128. 32 "0< 65. - !. 26. 33 >AB8[ . !8<>= ">4>@A:8 :0> CG8B5Y <5RC !@18<0 3>48=5 1737- 1738 // 1>@=8: @04>20 =AB8BCB0 70 ?@>CG020Z5 :Z8652=>AB8 !. - 5>3@04, 1951. - Z. 1. - !. 109-112. 34 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 162. 35 540:>28[ . "@03>< A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - >28 !04, 1976. - !. 262. 36 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 163-164. 37 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0- - !. 96 38 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 164. 39 C20@0F . >:@>2>->3>@>48G=5 H:>;5 C 0@;>2F8<0 (1749-1769). - !@. 0@;>2F8, 1926. - !. 40. 40 !@?A:0 HB0<?0=0 :Z830 XVIII 25:0. - >28 !04, 1963. - !. 118. 41 AB>@8X0 H:>;0 8 >1@07>20Z0 :>4 !@10. - 5>3@04, 1974. - !. 132-134. 42 $@0=:> . V1@0==O B2>@V2 C ?'OB45AOB8 B><0E. - ". 35. - !. 197. 43 >20=>28[ . !@18 C @CA:8< H:>;0<0 C XVIII 2. - !:>?Y5, 1926. - !. 3. 44 8<8B@8X528[ . !B0@0 3@0R0 70 A@?A:C 8AB>@8XC 87 @CA:8E 0@E820 8 181;8>B5:0 // !?><5=8: !. - 5>3@04, 1922. - ! 45. - !. 69. !. 257. 45 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 83. 46 5B@>2 . >A?8B0==8:8 852A:>9 0:045<88 87 A5@1>2 A =0G0;0 A8=>40;L=>3> ?5@8>40. - 725AB8O  /! - IX - !1, 1904. - !.4. 47 >20=>28[ . !@18 C @CA:8< H:>;0<0 C XVIII 2. - !. 16. 48 8B8X5 5@0A8<0 5;8[0. - 5>3@04, 1987. - ". 1. - !. 91. 49 8<8B@8X528[ !. !B0@0 @0R0 70 A@?A:C 8AB>@8VC 87 @CA:8E 0@E820 8 181;8>B5:0. - !. 60. 50 5B@>2 . >A?8B0==8:8 852A:>9 0:045<88 87 A5@1>2 A =0G0;0 A8=>40;L=>3> ?5@8>40 8 4> F0@AB2>20=8O :0B5@8=K II (1721-1762). - !. 5-6. !. 68. 51 @03><0=>2 . #:@0W=FV V F5=B@8. - @><040. - 1878. - ! 2. - !. 514; 5;T7=O: .. 8E09;> >70G8=AL:89 V ;VB5@0BC@=0 <>20 A5@1V2 // 3 VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W B0 V=H8E A;>2'O=AL:8E ;VB5@0BC@. - ., 1965. - !. 165. 52 !:5@;8[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 XVIII 2. - 5>3@04, 1923. - !. 120. 53 >;B>2AL:89 .. %C4>6=T 68BBO =0 #:@0W=V 2 XVI-XVIII AB. - ., 1983. - !. 162. 54 "0< 65. - !. 162. 55 >20=>28[ . !@18 C @CA:8< H:>;0<0 C XVIII 2. - !. 11-12. 56 ?8A0=VT 4>:C<5=B>2 8 45; A2. !8=>40. - ". XXXIV. - ! 554; >20=>28[ . !@18 C @CA:8< H:>;0<0. - !. 11. 57 $@0=:> . .6=>@CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 // V1@0==O B2>@V2 C ?OB845AOB8 B><0E. - ". 41. - ., 1984. - !. 109. 58 C48H0, . >G5F8 B8A:0@AB20 C 52@>?A:8E =0@>40. - 03@51, 1984. - A. 190-200. (;0B.) 59 028[ . !8<5>= 8HG528[ // Z8652=>AB. - 1963. - ! 7-8. - !. 125. 60 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 62. 61 >;=>5 A>1@0=85 @CAA:8E ;5B>?8A59. - !1., 1843. - ". II. - !. 355. 62 >?>2 .. A5@54:8 :=83>4@C:C20==O =0 !EV4=V9 #:@0W=V. - ., 1964. - !. 86. 63 =830 V 4@C:0@AB2> =0 #:@0W=V. - , 1964. - !. 74. 64 "0< 65. - !. 75. 65 AB>X8[ ". !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB >4 25;8:5 A5>15. - !@. 0@;>2F8, 1905. - !. 31-32. 66 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 76. 67 0X8[ . AB>@8X0 0B8E8A<0 ?@02>A;02=8E !@10Y0 C F5A0@A:8< 4@6020<0. - !. 21. 68 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". . - !. 471. 69 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. ". II. - !. 134. 70 !@?A:0 HB0<?0=0 :=830 XVIII 25:0. - !. 22. 71 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 88. 72 >20=>28[ . !@18 C @CA:8< H:>;0<0 C XVIII 2. - !. 13. 73 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". II. - !. 65. 74 "0< 65. - !. 303. 75 @48=8[ . >@0;=0 A8<1>;8:0 8 5<1;5<0B8:0 C:@0X8=A:>3 ?>@5:;0 C A@?A:>X :Z8652=>AB8 18. 8 ?@25 ?>;>28=5 19 25:0 // 1>@=8: 70 A;028AB8:C. - >28 !04, 1983. - ! 24. - !. 45. 76 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". . - !. 113. 77 "0< 65. - !. 622. 78 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". II. - !. 23. 79 "0< 65. - !. 252. 80 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". . - !. 465. 81 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". II. - !. 65. 82 !@?A:0 HB0<?0=0 :Z830 XVIII 25:0. - !. 25. 83 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 64. 84 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". II. - !. 393. 85 0;8[ . Z8652=5 8 :C;BC@=5 2575 // =F8:;>?548X0 C3>A;028X5. - ". 7. - !. 466. 86 8E0X;>28[ . !@?A:0 181;8>3@0D8X0. XVIII 25:. - 5>3@04, 1964. - !. 69, 97, 215. 87 "0< 65. - !. 90. 88 0=F 3. 0A;>2=0 AB@0=0 A@?A:5 HB0<?0=5 :Z835. - 5>3@04, 1965. - !. 11. 89 0284>2 . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII 25:0. - !. 84. 90 028[ . !8<5>= 8HG528[. - !. 125. 91 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. 92 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 197. 93 ">;AB>9 .. ?;82 C:@0W=AL:>W A;>25A=>W :C;LBC@8 =0 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:C 2 %V-%V AB. // "578 4>?>2V459 VI #:@. A;02. :>=D. - '5@=V2FV, 1964. - !. 103-106. 94 5;T7=O: 1.. !B0=>2;5==O ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28 2 0;<0FVW C %V-%V AB. // "578 4>?>2V459 VI #:@. A;02. :>=D. - !. 82-83; W 6: .>70G8=AL:89 V ;VB5@0BC@=0 <>20 A5@1V2 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. // 3 VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W B0 V=H8E A;>2'O=AL:8E <>2. - , 1965. - !. 157-170. 95 V<GC: .. >2>7=02AB2> =0 #:@0W=V 2 %#-%V AB. - ., 1985. - 222 A. 96 ">;AB>9 .. AB>@8O 8 AB@C:BC@0 A;02O=A:8E ;8B5@0BC@=KE O7K:>2. - ., 1988. - !. 91. 97 !1>@=8: >B25B>2 =0 2>?@>AK ?> ;8B5@0BC@>2545=8N. VI 564C=0@>4=K9 AJ574 A;028AB>2. - , 1958. - !. 81. 98 V;>4V4 1.. 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO V @>728B>: AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E ;VB5@0BC@=8E <>2 2 %V-%V AB. - ., 1973. - !. 48. 99 @CX8[ . @8;>7870 8AB>@8XC A@?A:8E H:>;0 C ?@2>X ?>;>28=8 XVIII 25:0. - !. 119. 100 "0< 65. 101 >?>28[ . !@18X0 8 5>3@04 4> 5>3@04A:>3 <8@0. - 5>3@04, 1950. !. 356. 102 "0< 65. - !. 357. 103 !5;8<>28[ . 0 8 ?@>B82 C:0 //  C:C 0@0_8[C. - 5>3@04, 1968. - !. 105. 104 !:5@;8[ . AB>@8X0 =>25 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8. - 5>3@04, 1914. - !. 54. 105 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 197. 106 !@?A:0 HB0<?0=0 :Z830 XVIII 25:0. - !. 127. 107 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 38. 108 V;>4V4 .. 8T2>->38;O=AL:0 0:045<VO V @>728B>: AEV4=>A;>2'O=AL:8E ;VB5@0BC@=8E <>2 2 %V-%V AB. - !. 70. 109 8H=52A:89 . 852A:0O 0:045<8O 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=> XVIII AB. // "@. 852. 4CE>2=. 0:04. - 1902. - ! 10. - !. 226. 110 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10- - !. 211. 111 5;T7=O: .. .>70G8=AL:89 V ;VB5@0BC@=0 <>20 A5@1V2 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. - !. 163. 112 "0< 65. - !. 168. 113 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 217. 114 5;T7=O: .. .>70G8=AL:89 V ;VB5@0BC@=0 <>20 A5@1V2 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. - !. 166. 115 C20@0F . AB>@8G=>-:@8B8G=0 F@B0 > 8[5=B8XC >20=>28[C. - !. 56. 116 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 200. 117 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 200. 118 "0< 65. 119 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 323. 120 "0< 65. - !. 539. 121 "0< 65. - !. 541 122 "0< 65. - !. 495. 123 "0< 65. - !. 541. 124 "0< 65. - !. 555. 125 "0< 65. 126 "0< 65. - !. 559. 127 "0< 65. - !. 219. 128 ">;AB>9 .. 8B5@0BC@=K9 O7K: A5@1>2 2 XVIII 2. (4> 1780 3.) // !;02O=A:>5 8 10;:0=A:>5 O7K:>7=0=85. - ., 1974. - !. 162. 129 "0< 65. 130 "0< 65. - !. 163-164. 131 !B520=>28[ . !02@5<5=8 A@?A:>E@20BA:8 X578:. - 5>3@04, 1964. - Z. . - !. 64. 132 0G52 .. !>45@60B5;L=>ABL EC4>65AB25==KE D>@<. -?>A. 8@8:0. "50B@. - , 1968. - !. 73. 133 !B520=>28[ . !02@5<5=8 A@?A:>E@20BA:8 X578:. - !. 25; ;045=>28[ . !;025=>A@?A:8 X578:. - >28 !04, 1989. - 90 A. 134 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 197. 135 0@0_8[ .!.  A@?A:>X ?>578X8. - 5>3@04, 1964. - !. 283. 136 $@0=:> . V1@0==O B2>@V2 C ?'OB45AOB8 B><0E. - ". 31. - !. 198. 137 C4:>2 .. =86=>-?8AL<5==K9 O7K: C A5@1>2 2 XVIII - =0G. XIX 22. // $>@<8@>20=85 =0F89 2 &5=B@0;L=>9 8 .3>->AB>G=>9 2@>?5. - , 1981. - !. 135-149. 138 ">;AB>9 .. 8B5@0BC@=K9 O7K: A5@1>2 2 :>=?5 XVIII - =0G. XIX 22. // 0F8>=0;L=>5 2>7@>645=85 8 D>@<8@>20=85 A;02O=A:8E ;8B5@0BC@=KE O7K:>2. - ., 1978. - !. 269-328. 139 C4:>2 ..  87CG5=8N @CAA:>3> ;5:A8G5A:>3> =0A;548O 2 A5@1A:>E>@20BA:>< O7K:5 // 5AB=8: >A:. C=-B0. D8;>;>38O. - 1978. - !4. - !. 72. 140 28[ . !@?A:8 =0@>4 8 Z53>2 X578:. - 5>3@04, 1977. - !. 171. 141 5;T7=O: .. .>70G8=AL:89 V ;VB5@0BC@=0 <>20 A5@1V2 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. - !. 16. VB5@0BC@=0 :C;LBC@0 A5@1AL:>3> 10@>:> 1 $>;:;>@=8 B50B0@ C 10;:0=A:8< 8 ?>4C=02A:8< 75<Y0<0. - 5>3@04, 1984. - 275 A. 2 !>D@>=>20 .. 840:B8G5A:0O DC=:F8O ?>;LA:>3> B50B@0 7?>E8 @>A25I5=8O // "50B@ 2 =0F8>=0;L=>9 :C;LBC@5 AB@0= &5=B@0;L=>9 8 .3>->AB>G=>9 2@>?K %V-%% 22. - , 1976. - !. 56-57. 3 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 254. 4 A:>G5=A:89  852 A 4@52=59H8< 53> CG8;8I5< :045<85N. -  2-E B. ". 2. - 852, 1856. - !. 518. 5 !>1>;52A:89 .. 58725AB=0O 4@0<0 >70G8=A:>3>. - 852, 1901. - !. 2. 6 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 157. 7 "0< 65. - !. 141-185. 8 A0T28G /.. 5@H>4@C:0@ 20= $54>@V2 V 28=8:=5==O 4@C:0@AB20 =0 #:@0W=V - L2V2, 1975. - !. 41. 9 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8. - !. 232-282. 10 AB>@8O 52@>?59A:>3> 8A:CAAB2>2545=8O. - , 1963. - !. 200. 11 >;B>2AL:89 .. #:@0W=AL:89 682>?8A %V-%V AB. - , 1978. - !. 233, 237. 12 5@5BF .. @52=5@CAA:85 68B8O 2 C:@08=A:8E ?5@52>40E XVII 2. // AA;54>20=8O 8 <0B5@80;K ?> 8AB>@88 AB0@8==>9 C:@08=A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@< %V-%V 22. - .-., 1962. - !. 115. 13 !5@1AL:0 =0@>4=0 ?>57VO. - ., 1955. - !. 102. 14 04>XG8[ . 535=40 > A<@B8 E@20BA:>3 :@0Y0 8<8B@8X0 2>=8<8@0 // ;0A !. - !. XXI. - 5>3@04, 1936. - !. 21-39. 15 5R5? . 535=40 > :@0YC 2>=8<8@C. - >28 !04, 1987. - 92 A. 16 AB>@VO CAV2. - , 1991. - 257 A. 17 '8AB>2 .. CAA:85 =0@>4=K5 A>F80;L=>-CB>?8G5A:85 ;535=4K. - ., 1967. - !. 15. 18 04>XG8[ . !B0@0 A@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C !@54Z5< >4C=02YC // >48HZ0: $8;>7>DA:>3 D0:C;B5B0 C >2>< !04C. - 1975. - ". II. - !. 263. 19 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 260. 20 "0< 65. - !. 445. 21 "0< 65. 22 "0< 65. - !. 447. 23 "0< 65. - !. 458. 24 @02F>2 .. !;02O=A:89 D>;L:;>@. - ., 1976. - !. 130. 25 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 455. 26 !B0@5 A@?A:5 18>3@0D8X5. - 5>3@04, 1975. - !. 256-257. 27 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 489. 28 "0< 65. - !. 497. 29 "0< 65. - !. 509. 30 "0< 65. - !. 511-513. 31 K;L=8:>2 .!. 535=40 > @CAA:>< ?@8=F5. - ., 1987. - !. 103. 32 /F8<8@A:89 .. 65-5B@ III C G5@=>3>@F52 // AB>@8G5A:89 25AB=8:. - 1907. - ! 8. - !. 515-516; K;L=8:>2 .!. 535=40 > @CAA:>< ?@8=F5. - !. 32-33. 33 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 562-563. 34 !>D@>=>20 .. >MB8:0 A;02O=A:>3> B50B@0 XVII-XVIII 22. - ., 1984. - !. 4. 35 AB>@8O 52@>?59A:>3> 8A:CAAB2>2545=8O. - !. 199-200. 36 "0< 65. 37 Opalinski L. Poeta Novy. - Klimovicz M. Oswiecenie. - Warszawa, 1972. - S. 56. 38 >E0A D. !5;5AB8=0. - , 1959. - !. 10-11. 39 !>D@>=>20 . >MB8:0 A;02O=A:>3> B50B@0 XVII-XVIII 22. - !. 121-122. 40 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 439. 41 "0< 65. - !. 469. 42 >@>7>2 .. >2K5 0A?5:B8 87CG5=8O A;02O=A:>3> 10@>::> // CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0. - 1973. - ! 3. - !. 12. 43 0I5=:> .. ">;8B8:0" ..@860=8G0 :0: ?@>872545=85 ;8B5@0BC@K 10@>::> // !>25BA:>5 A;02O=>2545=85. - 1983. - ! 5. !. 48-56. 44 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 533. 45 08G . ">G=>5 87>1@065=85 0B8E8A<0 // >;C18F0. - 1840. - ! 2. - !. 7-8. 46 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. !. 305. 47 "0< 65. - !. 483. 48 @CX8[ . @8;>78 70 8AB>@C A@?A:8E H:>;0 C ?@2>X ?>;>28=8 XVIII 25:0 // !?><5=8: !. - 5>3@04, 1910. - !. 12,9. 49 0I5=:> . CAB@VG 7 ;0AB8<8@>< @G8G5< // A5A2VB. - 1974. - ! 5. - !. 158. 50 !>D@>=>20 .. 8W2AL:89 H:V;L=89 B50B@ V ?@>1;5<8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>::> // #:@0W=AL:5 ;VB5@0BC@=5 10@>::>: 1V@=8: =0C:>28E ?@0FL. - ., 1987. - !. 109-130. 51 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 291. 52 !>D@>=>20 .. #:@0W=AL:89 B50B@ 10@>::> B0 E@8AB8O=AL:V :C;LBC@=V B@048FVW // #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> B0 T2@>?59AL:89 :>=B5:AB. - ., 1991. - !. 198. 53 5=F;>28[ . &@=8 182> C A@FC. - 5>3@04, 1986. - !. 411-435. 54 028[ . 02@8; !B5D0=>28[-5=F;>28[. - !. 443. 55 @>70 10@>:0. XVII 8 XVIII 28X5:. - 592 A. 56 @G8[ . AB>@8XA:0 4@0<0 :>4 !@10 >4 1736 4> 1860. 5>3@04, 1974. - 291 A. 57 @CX8[ . @8;>78 70 8AB>@8XC A@?A:8E H:>;0 C ?@2>X ?>;>28=8 XVIII 25:0. - !. 132. 58 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 447. 59 08G . "@035480 A8@5G 5G0;=0O ?>25ABL > A<5@B8 ?>A;54=O3> F0@O A5@1A:03> #@>H0 OB03> 8 > ?045=<8 !5@1A:03> &0@AB20. - C48<, 1798. - !. 1-4. 60 8@8;>28[ 8<. >28 @8;>78 ?@>CG020ZC >20=0 0X8[0 // @8;>78 70 :Z8652=>AB. - 5>3@04, 1956. - Z. XXII. - !2. 3-4. - !. 193-194. 61 >20G528[ . !B5D0= !B5D0=>28[ 8 Z53>2> 45;> // !<@B #@>H0 5B>3>: "@03548X0 C 5 G8=>20. - 5>3@04, 1951. - !. 5-20. 62 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 274. 63 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 198. 64 !?><5=8: ! - 5>3@04, 1910. - =. XIX. - !. 135-141. 65 0I5=:> . ">;8B8:0" ..@860=8G0 :0: ?@>872545=85 ;8B5@0BC@K 10@>::>. - !. 48-56. 66 !>D@>=>20 .. >MB8:0 A;02O=A:>3> B50B@0 XVI-XVII 22. - !. 242. 67 "50B@ 2 =0F8>=0;L=>9 :C;LBC@5 AB@0= &5=B@0;L=>9 8 .3>->AB>G=>9 2@>?K %V-%% 22. - !. 25. 68 #:@0W=AL:0 ?>57VO: :V=5FL XVI - ?>G0B>: XVII AB. // #?>@O4=8:8 ..>;>A>20, ..@5:>B5=L. - , 1978. - 512 A.; !C;8<0 . @> 25@A8DV:0FV9=V >A>1;82>ABV :=86=>W C:@0W=><>2=>W ?>57VW A5@548=8 XVI AB. // #:@0W=AL:0 ?>57VO: A5@548=0 XVII AB. - ., 1992. - !. 24; @5:>B5=L .. !B0=>2;5==O ?>5B8G=8E D>@< 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 ;VB5@0BC@V XVII AB.: 2B>@5D. ?@0FL, ?@54AB02;. =0 74>1CBBO CG5=. ABC?. 4-@0 DV;>;. =0C:. - ., 1992. - 68 A. 69 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 224. 70 @CX8[ . !@?A:5 H:>;5 (>4 1718-1739 33.). @8;>3 :C;BC@=>X 8AB>@8X8 A@?A:>3 =0@>40. - 5>3@04, 1908. - !. 153-154; @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 201. 71 >578X0 10@>:0. - !. 456. 72 "0< 65. - !. 97. 73 028[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 189. 74 "0< 65. - !. 148. 75 "0< 65. - !. 37. 76 !:5@;8[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 56. 77 540:>28G . 0H0 4CE>2=0 T4=VABL // 8W2. - 1986. - ! 6. - !. 126-128. 78 ?>;>=>20 ;NB=O. - , 1982. - !. 56. 79 "0< 65. 80 "0< 65. - !. 38. 81 "0< 65. - !. 101. 82 "0< 65. - !. 148. 83 &8B. 70: 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 109. 84 &8B. 70: >@>7>2  725G20O :>=AB0=B0 8;8 8AB>@8G5A:89 AB8;L // CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0. - 1979. - ! 3. - !. 85. 85 ?>;>=>20 ;NB=O. - !. 137. 86 "0< 65. - !. 103. 87 >@>7>2 .. 725G=0O :>=AB0=B0 8;8 8AB>@8G5A:89 AB8;L. !. 83. 88 ?>;>=>20 ;NB=O. - !. 105. 89 "0< 65. 90 "0< 65. - !. 159. 91 04>XG8[ . !B0@0 A@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB. - !. 280. 92 ?>;>=>20 ;NB=O. - !. 24. 93 !CG528[ . 5:>;8:> ?@8<5@0 A@?A:5 3@0R0=A:5 ;8@8:5 XVIII 25:0 // 1>@=8: ! - >28 !04, 1955. - ". III. - !. 167. 94 ?>;>=>20 ;NB=O. - !. 51. 95 &8B. 70: 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 103. 96 ?>;>=>20 ;NB=O. - !. 81. 97 "0< 65. - !. 91. 98 !CG528[ . 5:>;8:> ?@8<5@0 A@?A:5 3@0R0=A:5 ;8@8:5 XVIII 25:0. - !. 167. 99 &8B. 70: 028[ . !@?A:0 :Z8652=>AB 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 111. 100 Arkiv JAZU. - Ruk. . - S. 29. 101 Kalista Z. Ceska barokna gotika a jeji zdarske ohnisko. - Brno, 1970. - S. 12-15. 102 &8B. 70: 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. !. 112. 103 "0< 65. 104 "0< 65. 105 ?>;>=>20 ;NB=O. - !. 72. 106 "0< 65. - !. 84. 107 &8B. 70: 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10 - !. 116. 108;>;>=>20 ;NB=O. - !. 103-104, 108. 109 "0< 65. - !. 110. 110 "0< 65. 111 "0< 65. - !. 67. 112 "0< 65. 113 "0< 65. - !. 82-83. 114 "0< 65. - !. 194. 115 "0< 65. - !. 142. 116 "0< 65. 117 "0< 65. - !. 173. 118 "0< 65. - !. 179. 119 !?><5=8: !, 1910. - =.. XIX - !. 135-141. 120 !@?A:> 3@0R0=A:> ?5A=8HB2>. - >28 !04, 1988. - !. 104-117. 121 !B5D0=>28[ . 5A<5 >20=0 0X8[0 C @C:>?8A=8< ?5A<0@8F0<0 // !@?A:> 3@0R0=A:> ?5A=8HB2>. - !. 106-107. 122 "0< 65. - !. 107. 123 5A:>20F . =B>;>38X0 AB0@8X5 A@?A:5 ?>578X5. - >28 !04, 1953. - !. 192-194. 124 @0H:0 ?5A<0@8F0. - raha, 1957. - !. 252. 125 >340=>28[ . 0H0 3@0R0=A:0 ;8@8:0 C XVIII 25:C. - !. - XXIII. - !2. 7. - 1928. - !. 506. 126 @48=8[ . >@0;=0 A8<1>;8:0 18 8 ?@25 ?>;>28=5 19 25:0 // 1>@=8: 70 A;02. 0B8F5 A@?A:5. - 1983. - ! 24. - !. 28. 127 "0< 65. - !. 48. 128 8<8B@8X5 0=B0:C78=. - 5>3@04, 1964. - !. 44. 129 =R0; . 5:>;8:> ?8B0Z0 <0=8@87<0 // 040@A:0 @528X0. - 1967. - ! 1. - A. 1-8. (;0B.) 130 &8B. 70: 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 210. 131 "0< 65. 132 "0< 65. - !. 211. 133 "0< 65. 134 1@04>28[ . !01@0=0 45;0. - 5>3@04, 1961. - Z. 2. - !. 414. 135 8@8;>28[ . >?C;0@=>AB @D5;8=>25 ?5A<5 ";0G !@18X5" // 5B>?8A !. - 1951. - ! 368. - !. 112. 136 'C@8[  !B8E>28 >A8B5X0 1@04>28[0, <0=C8;0 >70G8=A:>3 8 >20=0 0X8[0 C ?5A<0<0 52@5<0 070@528[0 > 0@0R>@R52>< CAB0=:C // @8;>78 70 :Z86=52=>AB, X578:, 8AB>@8XC 8 D>;:;>@. - 1967. - ! 33. - !. 12-24. 137 AB>X8[ "., >@>28[ . !@?A:0 3@0R0=A:0 ;8@8:0 XVIII AB. 7 AB0@8E ?5A<0@8F0. - !@. 0@;>2F8, 1926. - !. 75. 138 >=52 . J;30@>-A@6A:8 ;8B5@0BC@=8 2708<>>B=>H5=8O ?@57 XIX 25:. - !>D8O, 1964. - !. 63-64. 139 0A;N: .. 0B8=><>2=V ?>5B8:8 V @8B>@8:8 XVII - ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. B0 WE @>;L C @>728B:C B5>@VW ;VB5@0BC@8 =0 #:@0W=V. - , 1983. - A. 84. 140 V;5FL:89 .. !8<5>= >;>FL:89 B0 C:@0W=AL:5 ?8AL<5=AB2> XVII AB. // 0B5@V0;8 4> 282G5==O VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W ;B5@0BC@8. - ., 1959. - ". 1. - !. 319-328. 141 028[ . 0@>: // AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8. - ". 2. - 5>3@04, 1991. - !. 115. 142 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 386. 143 1@04>28[ . 82>B 8 ?@8:YCG5=8X0. - 5>3@04, 1970. - !. 78. 144 "0< 65. - !. 83, 87, 90. 145 5@5B8[ . >5B8:0 ?@>A25[820Z0 // Z8652=>AB 8 =0C:0 C 45;C >A8B5X0 1@04>28[0. - 5>3@04, 1989. - !. 37. !5@1AL:5 10@>:>25 <8AB5FB2> 1 04>XG8[ . 0XAB>@8 AB0@>3 A@?A:>3 A;8:0@AB20. - 5>3@04, 1955. - !. 98. 2 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - 5>3@04, 1974. - !. 63. 3 AB><8= .. 1CG5=85 682>?8A8 2 852>-5GA@A:>9 ;02@5 2 XVIII 25:5 // A:CAAB2> 8 EC4>65AB25==0O ?@><KH;5==>ABL. - 1901. - ! 10. - !. 3-27. 4 "8B>2 $. 852A:0O 0:045<8O 2 M?>EC @5D>@< (1769-1819). - 852, 1910-1915. - K?. 1-5. - !. 220-221. 5 (52G5=:> $.. >;L 8T20 2 <V6A;>2'O=AL:8E 72'O7:0E XVII-XVIII AB>;VBL. ., 1963. - !. 33-37. 6 V;OT20 . >AV9AL:>-C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:V 72'O7:8 XIV-XVIII AB>;VBL // 1@07>B2>@G5 <8AB5FB2>. - 1976. - ! 4. - !. 7-12. 7 04>XG8[ . 8X52A:0 :045<8X0 8 !@18. - !. 669. 8 0I5=:> .. 7CG5=85 A5@1A:>3> 10@>::> 2 !$ . // 0@C156=0O 8AB>@8>3@0D8O A;02O=>2545=8O 8 10;:0=8AB8:8. - ., 1986. - !. 282-301. 9 0284>2 . #:@0X8=A:8 CB8F0X8 =0 A@?A:C C<5B=>AB A@548=5 XVIII 25:0 8 A;8:0@ 0A8;8X5 ><0=>28G. - !. 131. 10 0284>2 .  C:@0X8=A:>-A@?A:8< C<5B=8G:8< 2570<0 C XVIII 25:C. - !. 229 11 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 18. 12 0284>2 . :>=5 A@?A:8E 7>3@0D0. - 198 A. 13 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. 14 540:>28[ . !@?A:0 C<5B=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 77. 15 0284>2 . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII 25:0. - !. 55. 16 C20@0F . &8@:C;0@ ?0B@V0@E0 @A5=8X0 >20=>28[0... // >3>A;>2A:8 3;0A=8:. - 1911. - ! 1/ 6. - !. 27-31. 17 0284>2 . 0@>:=8 8:>=>AB0A 87 !C1>B8F5 // #!. - 1975. - ! 11. - !. 159. 18 540:>28[ . :>=>AB0A @83>@8X0 5@0A8<>20 >A:>28B5@0 C >Z>X >20G8F8 87 1724 3>48=> // #!. - 1985. - ! 21. - !. 375. 19 540:>28[ . 540= A;8:0@A:8 C3>2>@ XVIII 25:0 // @8;>78 70 :Z8652=>AB, X578:, 8AB>@8XC 8 D>;:;>@. - 1955. - XXI. - ! 1-2. - !. 125. 20 540:>28[ . 540= A;8:0@A:8 C3>2>@ XVIII 25:0. - !. 129. 21 0A8[ . >10 10@>:0. - !. 40. 22 C20@0F  &8@:C;0@ ?0B@8X0@E0 @A5=8X0 >20=>28[0. - !. 29. 23 >;B>2AL:89 .. %C4>6=T 68BBO =0 #:@0W=V 2 XVI-VIII AB. - !. 159. 24 0A8[ . >10 10@>:0. - !. 32. 25 "0< 65. 26 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". II. - !. 193. 27 5A5: . :>=>AB0A F@:25 A2. >3>@>48F5 C >@>28[C // 04 >X>2>R0=A:8E <C75X0. - >28 !04, 1971-1972. - ! 21-22. - !. 59-65. 28 8;>20=>28[->28[ . :>=>AB0A 8:>;0X52A:5 F@:25 C @83C // #!. - 1969. - ! 5. - !. 159-173. 29 5A5: . @8;>3 ?@>CG020ZC 0A8;8X0 ><0=>28G0 // !25A:5. - 1979. - ! 7-8. - !. 8. 30 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3> 10@>:0. - !. 41. 31 0A8[ . >10 10@>:0. - !. 32. 32 "0< 65. - !. 68. 33 "0< 65. - !. 76. 34 540:>28[ . !@?A:0 C<5B=>AB C XVIII 25:C. - !. 4-35. 35 0;02VG . ">G:8 7VB:=5==O AB8;N 10@>::> 2 <8AB5FB2V #3>@I8=8 B0 #:@0W=8 // #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> B0 T2@>?59AL:89 :>=B5:AB. - ., 1991. !. 140-141. 36 8:8[ . 0XAB>@8 ?@5;07=>3 ?5@8>40. - >28 !04, 1981. - !. 79. 37 >;0@8[ . A=>2=8 ?@>1;5<8 A@?A:>3 10@>:0 // #! - 1967. - ! 3. - !. 266. 38 540:>28[ . !@?A:0 C<5B=>AB XVIII 25:0. - !. 42-43. 39 0A8[ . >10 10@>:0. - !. 140-141. 40 5A5: , :A5=B8X5 AB>X8[ // 04 >X2>R0=A:8E <C75X0. - 1971. ! 20. - !. 319-334. 41 !B5?>28: . 8W2AL:0 H:>;0 @8AC=:C B0 WW <V6=0@>4=V 72'O7:8 // 0@>4=0 B2>@GVABL B0 5B=>3@0DVO. - 1980. - ! 4. - !. 52-60. 42 >;B>2AL:89 .. %C4>6=T 68BBO =0 #:@0W=V 2 XVI-XVIII AB. !. 162. 43 0284>2 . #:@0X8=A:8 CB8F0X8 =0 A@?A:C C<5B=>AB A@548=5 XVIII 25:0 8 A;8:0@ 0A8;8X5 ><0=>28G. - !. 121. 44 "0< 65. 45 0A8[ . >10 10@>:0. - !. 116-117. 46 0284>2 . 0@>:=8 8:>=>AB0A 87 !C1>B8F5 // #!. - 1975. - ! 11. - !. 159. 47 >20=>28[ . !@18 C @CA:8< H:>;0<0 C XVIII 2. - !. 14. 48 @18[ . 0@;>20G:> 2;048G0=AB2>. - 0@;>20F, 1891. - !. 168. 49 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 291. 50 >20=>28[ . !@18 C @CA:8< H:>;0<0 C XVIII 2. - !. 15. 51 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". . - !. 328. 52 V;OT20 . >AV9AL:>-C:@0W=AL:>-A5@1AL:V 72'O7:8 XIV-XVIII AB>;VBL. - !. 28-30. 53 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 125. 54 0H0=8= . 20 25:0 A@?A:>3 A;8:0@AB20. - !. 12. 55 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 126. 56 C20@0F  &8@:C;0@ ?0B@8X0@E0 @A5=8X0 >20=>28[0... - !. 27-31; 0284>2 . :>=5 A@?A:8E 7>3@0D0. - !. 10. 57 8<8B@8X528[-8:8[ . !B5D0= "5=5F:8 - 10=0BA:8 A;8:0@ 87 XVIII 25:0. - 04 >X2>R0=A:8E <C75X0. - 1957. - ! 6. - !. 143. 58 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 130. 59 8:8[ . >28 0@E82A:8 ?>40F8 > A;8:0@C !B5D0=C "5=5F:><. - #!. - 1969. - ! 5. - !. 339. 60 0284>2 .  C:@0X8=A:>-A@?A:8< C<5B=8G:8< 2570<0 C XVIII 25:C. - !. 223. 61 &8B. 70; 8:8[ . >28 0@E82A:8 ?>40F8 > A;8:0@C !B5D0=C "5=5F:><. - !. 339-340. 62 04>X:>28[ . !8B=0 ?;0AB8:0 C AB0@>X A@?A:>X C<5B=>AB8. - 5>3@04, 1977. - 120 !. 63 5B0;L=VH5 ?@> F5 482.: 0I5=:> . #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> 2 !5@1VW. - !. 176-178. 64 0A8[ . !;8:0@8 8:>=>AB0A0 <0=0AB8@0 >R0=0 8 @CH54>;0. - !. 111-121. 65 0284>2 .  C:@0X8=A:>-A@?A:8< C<5B=8G:8< 2570<0 C XVIII 25:C. - !. 233. 66 0284>2 . #:@0X8=A:8 CB8F0X8 =0 A@?A:C C<5B=>AB A@548=5 XVIII 25:0 8 A;8:0@ 0A8;8X5 ><0=>28G. - !. 131. 67 >;B>2AL:89 .. !;>2=8:-4>2V4=8: EC4>6=8:V2, I> ?@0FN20;8 =0 #:@0W=V 2 XIV-XVIII AB. // 0B5@V0;8 7 5B=>3@0DVW B0 <8AB5FB2>7=02AB20. - ., 1963. - !. 221; 5B@>2 .. 852A:0O >645AB2>-@54B5G5=A:0O F5@:>2L // "@C4K 852A:>9 4CE>2=>9 0:045<88. - ., 1896. - !. 52-53. 68 0H5=:> . #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> 2 !5@1VW. - !. 176-177. 69 AB>@VO C:@0W=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20. -  6 B. - ". 3. ., 1968. - !. 189; V V;OT20 ., >328= . #:@0W=AL:5 <8AB5FB2> XIV - ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVII AB. - ., 1963. 70 #<0=F52 $.! "@>WFL:0 =041@0<=0 F5@:20 8T2>-5G5@AL:>W ;02@8. - ., 1970. - !. 156. 71 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 125. 72 @CX8[ . !@?A:5 H:>;0 (>4 1718-1739). - !. 41; C20@0F . >:@>2 1>3>@>48G=5 H:>;5 C 0@;>2F8<0 (1749 4> 1769). - !@5<A:8 0@;>2F8, 1926. - !. 150. 73 8E0X;>28[ . #B8F0X 70?04=>52@>?A:5 8:>=>3@0D8X5 =0 :><?>78F8X5 "#4>28G8=0 ;5?B0" 8 "73=0Z5 B@3>20F0 87 E@0<0", @0R5=>X C A@?A:>< A;8:0@AB2C XVIII 25:0 // #! - 1966. - ! 3. - !. 298. 74 Aurenhammer H. Mariengnadenbilder Wiens und Nidersterreihes in der Barockzeit. - Wien, 1956. - . 61. 75 0284>2 . @CH54>;. - 5>3@04, 1964. -9 A. (;0B.) 76 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 114. 77 "0< 65. - !. 126. 78 "0< 65. - !. 28. 79 0284>2 .  C:@0X8=A:>-A@?A:8< C<5B=8G:8< 2570<0 C XVIII 25:C. - !. 232. 80 >328= ..  3;818=. @02N@8 C:@0W=AL:8E AB0@>4@C:V2 %V-%V AB. - , 1990. - 212 A. 81 0284>2 . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII AB. - !. 59. 82 "0< 65. - !. 82. 83 8E08;>28[ . !@?A:0 181;8>3@0D8X0 XVIII 25:0. - 5>3@04, 1964. - !. 69. 84 >20=>28[ . CA:>-A@?A:5 C<5B=8G:5 2575 C XVIII 25:C. - !. 389-390. 85 !B5?>28: .. 5>=BV9 "0@0A>28G V C:@0W=AL:5 <8AB5FB2> 10@>::>. - ., 1986. - !. 207. 86 $><5=:> -. 8W2AL:0 H:>;0 3@02N@8 (A5@548=8 1610-E - 1718 @@.): 2B>@5D. 48A. =0 74>1CBBO 2G5=. ABC?5=O 4-@0 <8AB5FB2>7=. - ., 1993. - 41 A. 87 0284>2 . !@?A:8 10@>:@578 C C48<A:>X 5?0@E88 // 1>@=8: !25B>70@0 04>X8[0. - 5>3@04, 1968. - !. 58-61. 88 0284>2 . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII 25:0. - !. 134. 89 540:>28[ . !@?A:8 A;8:0@8 XVIII 25:0. - !. 16. 90 0284>2 . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII 25:0. - !. 136. 91 >328= ..  3;818=. @02N@8 C:@0W=AL:8E AB0@>4@C:V2 %V-%V AB. - !. 16-24. 92 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 172. 93 "0< 65. - !. 175. 94 0284>2 . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII 25:0. - !. 118. 95 0=F 3. 0A;>2=0 AB@0=0 A@?A:5 HB0<?0=5 :Z835: 0B0;>3 C75X0 ?@8<5Z5=5 C<5B=>AB8. - 5>3@04, 1965. - !. 78. 96 >?>2 . 0B5@V0;8 4> A;>2=8:0 C:@0W=AL:8E 3@025@V2. - , 1926. - !. 96. 97 >?>2 . A8;>3@0DVG=V 4>H:8 02@AL:>3> <C75N. - , 1927. - !. 8-11. 98 >;B>2AL:89 .. @0DV:0 // AB>@VO C:@0W=AL:>3> <8AB5FB20. -  6 B. - ". 3. - , 1968. - !. 309. 99 0=F 3. >6=8 ?>257 A@?A:5 [8@8;A:5 :Z835. - 5>3@04, 1974. - !. 38. 100 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 100. 101 >;B>2AL:89 .. #:@0W=AL:89 682>?8A %V-%VII AB. - ., 1978. - !. 13; 2AV9GC: . 09AB@8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 10@>::>. - , 1991. - 400 A. 102 0284>2 . !B8;A:8 ?@5>1@060X D@CH:>3>@A:8E <0=0AB8@0 // 0=0AB8@ (8H0B>20F. - 5>3@04, 1989. - !. 49. 103 540:>28[ . !@?A:0 C<5B=>AB C XVIII AB>;5[C. - 5>3@04, 1980. !. 163. 104 0?B5@52 . @8574 2 >AA8N 70 <8;>ABL3=5N A5@1A:8E 85@0@E>2 @07=KE :0D54@ 9 =0AB>OB5;59 @07=KE A5@1A:8E <>=0ABK@59 2 XVI, XVII 9 2 =0G0;5 XVIII AB>;5B8O // @8102;5=85 : 8740=8N > B2>@5=89 A2OBVE >BF>2 2 @CAA:>< ?5@52>45 70 1891 3>4. -  1891. - '. 48. - !. 461-476. 105 0A8[ . >10 10@>:0. - !. 19-35. 106 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 166. 107 "8<>B8X528[ . 45X=8 ?@>3@0< 784=>3 A;8:0@AB20 C ?@8?@0B8 @CH54>;0 // !0>?HB5Z0, 1987. - XIX. - !. 122. 108 8E0X;>28[ .  :>=G5B8AB8G:8< >A=>20<8 A;8:5 ?@8@>45 C A@?A:>X C<5B=>AB8 XVIII 25:0 // #!. - 1968. - ! 4. - !. 202-203. 109 C18=:>28[ . 5:>;8:> A0GC20=8E 8:>=0 AB0@>3@0=8G=>3 8:>=>AB0A0 XV 25:0 // 1>@=8: 0@>4=>3 <C75X0. - 5>3@04, 1959. ! 2. - !. 145; 8E0X;>28[ . :>=>AB0A XVIII 25:0. &8:;CA %@8AB>28E AB@040Z0 // 1>@=8: !25B>70@0 04>XG8[0. - 5>3@04, 1969. - !. 9-12. 110 5A5: . 5710@8X5 8:>=>AB0A0 F@:25 A2. @E0=R5;0 02@8;0 C >;>28=C // @0R0 70 ?@>CG020Z5 A?><5=8:0 :C;BC@5 >X2>48=5. - >28 !04, 1981. - !. 155. 111 04>X:>28[ . !8B=0 ?;0AB8:0 C AB0@>X A@?A:>X C<5B=>AB8. - !. 75. (;0B.) 112 02@8;>28[ . 5:8 4@2>@5710@A:8 F5=B@8 C >X2>48=8 // 04 >X2>R0=A:8E <C75X0. - 1954. - ! 3. - !. 32-42. 113 8:8[ . >H ?@8;>3 > A;8:0@C !B5D0=C "5=5F:>< // @0R0 70 ?@>CG020Z5 :C;BC@5 >X2>48=5. - >28 !04. - 1978-1979. - ! 8-9. - !. 253-254. 114 540:>28[ . CB528 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 62. 115 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8 8 =0B?8A8. - ". II. - !. 269. 116 "0< 65. - !. 276-277. 117 540:>28[ . 87=8F5 D@CH:>3>@A:8E <0=0AB8@0 // #!. - 1983. - ! 19. - !. 146. 118 028[ . AB>@8X0 A@?A:5 :Z8652=>AB8 10@>:=>3 4>10. - !. 187. 82. B0:>6: 0@0-0A8;LT20 ".. VBC@3V9=5 H8B2> #:@0W=8 %V-%V AB. (:>=>3@0DVO, B8?>;>3VO, AB8;VAB8:0): 2B>@5D. 48A. =0 74>1CBBO 2G5=. ABC?5=O 4-@0 <8AB5FB2>72. - , 1994. - 41 A. 119 >;B>2AL:89 .. #:@0W=AL:5 <8AB5FB2> XVII-XVIII AB. - !. 155; 5;5F:89 . #:@08=A:0O ?>@B@5B=0O 682>?8AL XVII-XVIII 22. - , 1981. - 256 A. 120 >;0@8[ . A=>2=8 ?@>1;5<8 A@?A:>3 10@>:0. - !. 238-245. 121 >@B@5B8 !@10 XVIII 25:0. 0;5@8X0 0B8F5 A@?A:5. - >28 !04, 1965. - 156 A. 122 8;0=>28[ .  ?>@B@5BC X54=>3 2>X=8:0 8 ?>@B@5B8<0 =0H8E @0B=8:0 C>?HB5 // #! - 1968. - !. 350. 123 0284>2 . :>=5 18 25:0 87 8:>;0X52A:5 F@:25 C !B0@>< !;0=:0<5=C // #! - 1970. - !. 352. 124 540:>28[ . !@?A:0 C<5B=>AB XVIII 25:0. - !. 87. 125 8@:>28[ . "5>4>@ @0GC=. - >28 !04, 1953. - 120 A. 126 C@8[-;0X= !. AB>@8XA:8 @072>X <C78G:5 :C;BC@5 C !@18X8. - 5>3@04, 1971. - 128 A. 127 5B@>2 !. G5@F8 ?> 8AB>@8O =0 J;30@A:0B0 <C78:0;=0 :C;BC@0. - !>D8O, 1959. - !. 37. 128 @83>@>28G0-0@A:03> CB5H5AB285 : !2OBK< <5AB0<. - !1, 1819. - !. 242-243, 255-256. 129 82:>28[ . &@:25=> ?>X0Z5 // >3>A;>2A:8 3;0A=8:. - 1903. ! 4. - !. 7-12. 130 C@8[-;0X= !. AB>@8XA:8 @072>X <C78G:5 :C;BC@5 C !@18X8. - !. 32-33. 131 5B@>28[ . (8H0B>20G:8 ?>XF8 // 0=0AB8@ (8H0B>20F. - 5>3@04, 1969. - !. 145. 132 5B@>28[ . !@?A:0 <C78:0 8 @CA:>-A@?A:5 :C;BC@=5 2575 C XVIII 25:C // C3>A;>25=A:5 75<Y5 8 CA8X0 C XVIII 25:C. - 5>3@04, 1986. - !. 304. 133 5B@>28[ . !@?A:> =0@>4=> F@:25=> ?>X0Z5 8 Z53>28 70?8A820G8 // !@?A:0 <C78:0 :@>7 25:>25. - 5>3@04, 1973. - !. 253. 134 07C<>2A:89 . &5@:>2=>5 ?5=85 2 >AA88. - , 1868. - ". 2. - !. 174-176. 135 5@0A8<>20-5@A84AL:0 .. !?5F8DV:0 =0FV>=0;L=>3> 20@V0=B0 10@>::> 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <C78FV XVIII AB. // #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> B0 T2@>?59AL:89 :>=B5:AB. - ., 1991. - !. 219. 136 Petrovic D. Liturgical Manuscript with the Russian "Hammerheaded" // Musica Antiqua. - III. - CAV0>73A3, 1972. - . 293-319. 137 @G8[ . 0=C8; (8E08;) >70G8=A:8X 8 Z53>20 "@054>:><548X0. - !. 137. 138 5B@>28[ . C78:0 C @D5;8=>2>< 45;C ">74@02 >XA5XC CB=8:C" // !@?A:0 3@0D8:0 XVIII 25:0. - 5>3@04, 1986. - !. 176. 139 Stefanovic D. Le musique baroque en Serbie // Barocco in Italia e nei paesi Slavi del Sud. - Firenza, 1983. - . 258. 140 Petrovic D. Hymns in Manuscripts and Modern Editions in Honour of Serbian Saints // Studies in Eastern chant. - IV. New York. - . 134-138. 141 A0T28G /.. @0BAB20 V <C78G=0 :C;LBC@0 %V-%V AB. // #:@0W=AL:5 <C78:>7=02AB2>. - 1971. - 8?. 6. - !. 53. 142 Petrovic D. Hymns in Manuscripts and Modern Editions in Honour of Serbian Saints. - . 134-135. 143 5@0A8<>20-5@A84AL:0 .. #:@0W=AL:V ?0@B5A=V <>B5B8 ?>G0B:C XVIII AB>;VBBO.  N3>A;02AL:8E 7V1@0=L. - , 1991. - !. 9. 144 2G5=:> .. #:@0W=AL:89 :0=B %V-%V AB. - , 1990. - !. 4. 145 5@5BF . "50B@0;L=K5 MDD5:BK =0 H:>;L=>9 AF5=5 2 8525 8 >A:25 XVII - =0G. XVIII 2. // !B0@8==K9 A?5:B0:;L 2 >AA88. - , 1928. - !. 74. 146 >@=V9 .. > ?8B0==O ?@> >A>1;82>ABV <C78G=>W G0AB8=8 C:@0W=AL:>W H:V;L=>W 4@0<8 XVII - ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. // #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> B0 T2@>?59AL:89 :>=B5:AB. - ., 1991. - !. 227, 229. 147 5B@>28[ . !@?A:0 <C78:0 8 @CA:>-A@?A:5 :C;BC@=5 2575 C XVIII 25:C. - !. 315-318. 148 !?5@0=A:89 . !5@1A:85 H:>;L=K5 28@H8 // CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 %-%V 25:>2 A@548 A;02O=A:8E ;8B5@0BC@. - .-, 1963. - !. 408. 149 C4L30 ". #:@0W=AL:0 ?VA=O V 4C<0 2 .3>A;02VW // 0@>4=0 B2>@GVABL B0 5B=>3@0DVO. - 1968. - ! 1. - !. 31. 150 2G5=:> .. #:@0W=AL:89 :0=B XVII-XVIII AB. - !. 6. 151 5B@>28[ . !@?A:0 <C78:0 8 @CA:>-A@?A:5 :C;BC@=5 2575 C XVIII 25:C. - !. 308. 152 C@8[-;0X= !. "@03>< <C78:5 C XVIII 25:C // !@?A:0 <C78:0 :@>7 25:>25. - 5>3@04, 1973. - !. 157. 153 C@8[-;0X= !. A5X8 > C<5B=>AB8. - >28 !04 - 5>3@04, 1966. - !. 160. 154 >=A>= . 5:8 284>28 ?5A=8HB20 0E0@8X5 @D5;8=0 // 4 10@>:0 4> :;0A8F87<0. - 5>3@04, 1966. - !. 155, 192. 155 5@0A8<>20-5@A84AL:0 .. #:@0W=AL:V ?0@B5A=V <>B5B8 ?>G0B:C XVII AB>;VBBO. - !. 7, 9. 156 C@8[-;0X= !. AB>@8XA:8 @072>j <C78G:5 :C;BC@5 C !@18X8. - !. 43. 157 /A8=>2AL:89 ... #:@0W=AL:0 3V<=>3@0DVO 2 T2@>?59AL:><C :>=B5:ABV // #:@0W=AL:5 10@>::> B0 T2@>?59AL:89 :>=B5:AB. - !. 219-224. 158 5B@>28[ . C78:0 C @D5;8=>2>< 45;C ">74@02 >XA5XC CB=8:C". - !. 179. 159 Petrovic D.Ukrainian Melodies in the Serbian Monaster of Krka (Dalmatia) // Muzikoloski zbornik. - XIV. - Ljubljana, 1978. - . 35-46. 160 "0< 65. - !. 48. 161 !?5@0=A:89 . !5@1A:85 H:>;L=K5 28@H8. - !. 403-413. 162 >74=552 .. 5A5==0O :=86=0O ?>M78O 2 A;02O=A:8E AB@0=0E // CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 %-%V 25:>2 A@548 A;02O=A:8E ;8B5@0BC@. - .-., 1963. - !. 416-417. 163 C4L30 . #:@0W=AL:0 =0@>4=0 ?VA=O V 4C<0 2 .3>A;02VW. - !. 31. 164 C@8[-;0X= !. "@03>< A@?A:5 <C78:5 C XVIII 25:C. - !. 184. 165 820=>20 ". CAA:0O <C7K:0;L=0O :C;LBC@0 XVIII 25:0 2 55 A2O7OE A ;8B5@0BC@>9, B50B@>< 8 1KB><. - ., 1951. - ". 1. - !. 462-463. 166 @02>A;02=> ?>X0Z5 C A@?A:>30 =0@>40. - ". 1. - 5G, 1862. - !. 17. 167 5B@>28[ . !@?A:> =0@>4=> F@:25=> ?>X0Z5 8 Z53>28 70?8A820G8. - !. 257. 168 5B@>28[ . CE>2=0 <C78:0 C A@?A:>X F@:25=>X >?HB8=8 C "@ABC // C78:>;>H:8 71>@=8:. - C1Y0=0. - %%V. - 1983. - !. 56. (;0B.) V65B=VG=V 72'O7:8 2 4>1C 10@>:> 1 8H0=8G .. #:@0W=AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII AB. V CA=0 =0@>4=0 B2>@GVABL. - ., 1980; B:>28G .. 0@>4=0 B5GVO 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 682>?8AV %V-%V AB. - , 1990. 2 CA52 ..  D>;L:;>@87<5 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K XVII 2. // " , 1969. - ". XXIV. - !. 280. 3 4@80=>20-5@5BF .. @52=5@CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 8 D>;L:;>@. // " , 1949. - ". VII. - !. 5. 4 82.: @8F0 !.. 5;>A C:@0W=AL:>W =0@>4=>W 5?V:8. - ., 1979; CB8;>2 .. CAA:89 8 N6=>A;02O=A:89 35@>8G5A:89 M?>A. - ., 1971. 5 !;>2'O=AL:0 D>;L:;>@8AB8:0. 0@8A8 @>728B:C. 0B5@V0;8. - ., 1988. - !. 14-17; 0I5=:> .. 5@54VAB>@VO E>@20BAL:>W D>;L:;>@8AB8:8 (%V-%V AB.). - !;>2. ;VB5@0BC@>7=02AB2> V D>;L:;>@8AB8:0. - 8?. 16. - 1987. - !. 79-84. 6 >::LO@0 . AB>@8O D>;L:;>@8AB8:8 2 2@>?5. - ., 1960. - !. 23. 7 0I5=:> .. C1@>2=8: 2 A@02=8B5;L=>< 87CG5=88 A;02O=A:>9 <8D>;>388 // 0;:0=A:85 GB5=8O . !8<?>78C< ?> AB@C:BC@5 B5:AB0. - , 1990. - !. 133-136. 8 02;NG5=:> .. #:@0W=0 2 @>AV9AL:>-N3>A;>2'O=AL:8E ACA?V;L=8E 72'O7:0E (4@C30 ?>;>28=0 XIX - ?>G0B>: XX AB.). - , 1992. - !. 12. 9 82., AB>@VO <VAB V AV; #:@0W=8. V==8FL:0 >1;0ABL. - , 1965. 10 #=1530C= .. CAA:85 D0<8;88. - , 1989. - !. 201-226. 11 82.: @8F0 !.- 56MB=8G5A:85 A2O78 2 D>;L:;>@5 ?>3@0=8G89 // 0F8>=0;L=K5 B@048F88 8 ?@>F5A5 8=B5@=0F8>=0;870F88 2 AD5@0E EC4>65AB25==>9 :C;LBC@K. - ., 1987. - !. 73-108. 12 >@>H5=:> . 0@8A VAB>@VW #:@0W=8. - ". II. - N=E5=, 1966; 8W2, 1992. - !. 236. 13 =B>=>28G . @> :>70FL:V G0A8 =0 #:@0W=V. - ., 1991. - !. 201. 14 >@>H5=:> . 0@8A VAB>@VW #:@0W=8. - ".. - !. 238. 15 Drzavni arkiv. Zagreb // Slavonska generalna komanda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nomastica Jugoslavica (Zagreb). - ! 6. - S. 68-69. 26 AB>@VO <VAB V AV; #:@0W=AL:>W ! . V@>2>3@04AL:0 >1;0ABL. - 8W2, 1972. - !. 650. 27 0@?5=:> ..., !<>;LA:0O .. .3>A;02A:85 A;54K 2 B>?>=8<88 .30 #:@08=K. - !. 68. 28 3 ?>;L>28E 4>A;V465=L 02B>@0. 29 0@?5=:> ..., !<>;LA:0O .. .3>A;02A:85 A;54K 2 B>?>=8<88 .30 #:@08=K. - !. 73-74. 30 OG5=:> .. @> =0728 =0A5;5=8E ?C=:BV2 5B=>=V<VG=>3> ?>E>465==O // 8B0==O B>?>=V<V:8 B0 >=><0AB8:8. - , 1962. - !. 161-162; 0@?5=:> ..., !<>;LA:0O .. .3>A;02A:85 A;54K 2 B>?>=8<88 .30 #:@08=K. - !. 75. 31 02;NG5=:> .. #:@0W=0 2 @>AV9AL:>-N3>A;02AL:8E ACA?V;L=8E 72'O7:0E (4@C30 ?>;>28=0 - ?>G0B>: XX AB.). - ., 1992. - !. 11. 32 82.: !B@860: .!. B=>=V<VO B>;><5T2>W !0@<0BVW. - ., 1991. - !. 167-193. 33 V65B=VG=V 72'O7:8 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 0=B@>?>=V<VW XVII AB. - , 1989. - !. 3. 34 "0< 65. - !. 36-38. 35 0H:528G . 5A:>;L:> A;54>2 >1I5=8O... - !. 127. 36 @E82 .3>-0?04=>9 >AA88. - '. III. - ". 1. - ., 1863. - !. 204-205. 37 V65B=VG=V 72'O7:8 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 0=B@>?>=V<VW XVII AB. - ., 1989. - !. 36. 38 0H:528G . 5A:>;L:> A;54>2 >1I5=8O... - !. 127. 39 AB>@VO <VAB V AV; #:@0W=8. V@>2>3@04AL:0 >1;0ABL. - ., 1972. 40 CB8;>2 .. 5B>4>;>38O A@02=8B5;L=>-8AB>@8G5A:>3> 87CG5=8O D>;L:;>@0. - , 1976. - !. 114. 41 >?>2 . :BK 8 4>:C<5=B8, >B=>AOI85AO : 8AB>@88 852A:>9 :045<88. - ., 1913. - ". II. - !. 103. 42 5A=O > !5@15. - 852A:0O AB0@8=0, 1884. - =. 12. - !. 757-758. 43 >;>20FL:89 /. 0@>4=V ?VA=V 0;8FL:>W B0 #3>@AL:>W CAV. - ". . - !. 206; ". II. - !. 582. 44 0H:528G .. 5A:>;L:> A;54>2 >1I5=8O .6=>9 CA8 A N3>A;02O=0<8. - 852A:0O AB0@8=0, 1904. - =. , II. - !. 128. 45 =0BN: . =>A8=8 C:@0W=FV2 7 A5@10<8. - L2V2, 1906. - !. 46-47. 46 !;>2=8: C:@0W=AL:>W <>28. - ". IX. - ., 1978. - !. 128. 47 "0< 65. 48 >;8F:89 . !5@1K 2 35B<0=I8=5. - 852A:0O AB0@8=0, 1896. ! 6, 7, 8, 9. 49 !B>X0=>28[ . !B0@8 A@?A:8 70?8A8. - ". 2. - !. 131-132. 50 >AB8[ . !@?A:0 =0A5Y0 C CA8X8. - 5>3@04, 1923. - !. 98. 51 "0< 65. - !. 97. 52 "0< 65. 53 "0< 65. 54 8B8X5 5@0A8<0 5;8[0. - 5>3@04, 1897. - '. 1. - !. 91. 55 !2>4 MB=>3@0D8G5A:8E ?>=OB89 8 B5@<8=>2. !>F80;L=>-M:>=><8G5A:85 >B=>H5=8O 8 A>F8>=>@<0B82=0O :C;LBC@0. - ., 1986. - !. 146. 56 5A=O > !5@15. - !. 757-758. 57 !:0;L:>2A:89 .. ?KB AB0B8AB8G5A:>3> >?8A0==O. - ". 1. - !. 18. 58 0H:528G . 5A:>;L:> A;54>2 >1I5=8O .6=>9 CA8 A N3>A;02O=0<8. - !. 136. 59 $@0=:> . #:@0W=AL:0 ?VA=O 2 !5@1VW // V1@. B2>@V2 C 50 B. - ., 1981. - ". 32. - !. 7. 60 82.: (C<040 .!. !?V;L=V @8A8 1>;30@AL:>W B0 C:@0W=AL:>W 5?VG=>W ?VA5==>ABV // AA;54>20=8O 2 G5ABL =0 0:045<8: 8E08; @=0C4>2. - !>D8O, 1970; CFL .. !5@1>E>@20BAL:0 =0@>4=0 ?VA=O =0 #:@0W=V. - ., 1966. - !. 205. 61 82. !CE>1@CA .!. >;L C:@0W=AL:8E A;02VABV2 ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XIX AB. C @>728B:C <V6A;>2'O=AL:8E D>;L:;>@8AB8G=8E 72'O7:V2 // $V;>;>3VG=89 71V@=8:. - ., 1958. - !. 289. 62 82.: 0HG5=:> 523., 0H:>28[ !. #:@0X8=F8 8 A@?A:0 =0@>4=0 ?5A<0 // @52>4=0 :Z8652=>AB; !1>@=8: @04>20 II 5>3@04A:8E ACA@5B0 ?@52>48>F0. - 5>3@04, 1978. - !. 174-181. 63 "5;8:89 A5@1AL:89 5?>A, 157 AC<=V2C, =0925;8G=VH89 <V6 CAV<0, O:V CB2>@8;0 D0=B07VO A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@>4V2", - AB25@46C202, 7>:@5<0, .$@0=:>. - $@0=:> . V1@. B2>@V2 C 50 B. - ". 26. - !. 52. 64 "0:, 2V=, 7>:@5<0, ?8A02: ";5 =VG8W 35@>WG=V G8 5?VG=V ?VA=V B0: =5 AE>6V <V6 A>1>N.., O: ?VA=V 402=VE V =>28E 3@5:V2 V A;>2'O=, >A>1;82> A;>2'O= ?>4C=09AL:8E (A5@1V2) V ?V245==>-@CAL:8E (@CA8=V2 01> <0;>@>AVO=)". - >4O=A:89 .  =0@>4=>9 ?>M788 A;02O=A:8E ?;5<5=. - , 1837. - !. 106. 65 "C<C ">A>2> ?>;5" O A:>@VH5 2AL>3> =07202 18 ";V04>N" A5@1V2.  A?@024V, 2 A;>2'O=AL:V9 VAB>@VW 3>4V =09B8 25;8G=VH>3> ?@54<5B0 4;O 5?>AC, O: 18B20 =0 >A>2V< ?>;V. !2>1V4=89 ;8F0@AL:89 =0@>4, =57028A=5 F0@AB2>, A;020 V A8;0 V ?>G0B>: @>7F2VB0NG>W ?@>A2VB8, - 2A5 38=5-?@>?040T-." - $@0=:> . V1@. B2>@V2 C 50 B. - ". 26. - !. 54-55. 66 @>2>4OG8 A?5FV0;L=5 ?>@V2=O==O, 707=0G0T: "'8A;> A?V2AB02;5=L <>6=0 1C;> 1 71V;LH8B8 7 70;CG5==O< 71V@=8:V2 .0@0468G0 B0 V=H8E G8A;5==8E 71V@=8:V2 A5@1>E>@20BAL:8E ?VA5=L, 0;5 V =02545=8E 4>AB0B=L>, I>1 ?@89=OB8 28A=>2>: ?@> 1;87L:C ?;5<V==C A?>@V4=5=VABL "!;>20.." 7 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8< 5?>A><" // 852A:0O AB0@8=0, 1893. - ! 7. - !. 88. 67 /38G .  A;02O=A:>9 =0@>4=>9 ?>M788 // !;02O=A:89 5653>4=8:, 1878. - !. 246. 68 82.: 0I5=:> .. .@V9 @860=8G V =0@>4=0 :C;LBC@0 // 0@>4=0 B2>@GVABL B0 5B=>3@0DVO, 1983. - ! 6. - !. 46-52. 69 $@0=:> . V1@. B2>@V2 C 50 B. - ". 26. - !. 51-59. 70 82.: 8H0=8G !. >@V2=O;L=5 282G5==O 5?>AC C:@0W=AL:>3> ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:>3> =0@>4V2 // 0@>4=0 B2>@GVABL B0 5B=>3@0DVO. - 1974. - ! 4. - !. 24-37. 71 "0:, .%0;0=AL:89, 7>:@5<0, 2V47=0G02: "'8<0;> VAB>@8G=8E, ?>1CB>28E V =0@>4=>?>5B8G=8E 40=8E T <VF=>N ?V4AB02>N 2V@>3V4=><C ?@8?CI5==N ?@> @CE CA=>-?>5B8G=>3> <0B5@V0;C 7 ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:8E :@0W= 4> @CAL:>3> ?V24=O V AE>4C. >70FB2> <0;>@CAL:5 V 25;8:>@CAL:5, 4=V?@>2AL:5 V 4>=AL:5 1C;>, 157 AC<=V2C, 24OG=8< A5@54>28I5< 4;O A;>2'O=AL:>W 270T<=>ABV =0 FL><C 3@C=BV" // %0;0=A:89 . .6=>A;02O=A:85 A:770=8O > A<5@B8 0@:0 @0;528G0. - !1, 1904. - !. 8. > 9>3> 4C<:8 1;87L:89 V .0H:528G: "024O:8 707=0G5=8< 7=>A8=0< ?V245==>W CAV 7 ?V245==>-A;>2'O=AL:8< A2VB>< V ?@>=8:=5==N ?V245==8E A;>2'O= 2 A5@54>28I5 <0;>@CAL:>3> :>70FB20, 2V4:@820;0AO 4>@>30 2?;82C N3>A;>2'O=AL:>W ?>57VW =0 5?>A 4C<" // 0H:528G . 5A:>;L:> A;54>2 >1I5=89 .6=>9 CA8 A N3>A;02O=0<8 2 ;8B>2A:>-?>;LA:89 ?5@8>4 55 8AB>@88, <564C ?@>G8< - 2 4C<0E. - 71>@=8: 852A:89. - 852, 1904. - !. 127-128. 72 !C<F>2 . C;LBC@=K5 ?5@56820==O // 852A:0O AB0@8=0. - 1889. - ! 26. - !. 647. 73 %0;0=A:89 . .6=>-A;02O=A:85 ?5A=8 > A<5@B8 0@:0 @0;528G0. - !1., 1904. - !. 78. 74 82.: 8;LAL:89 .", !CE>1@CA .!, .725=:> ., 0E0@652AL:0 .. #:@0W=AL:V 4C<8 V 5?>A A;>2'O=AL:8E =0@>4V2. - ., 1963. - !. 8. 75 $0<8=FK= .! ><@0 8 A@>4=K5 59 <C7K:0;L=K5 8=AB@C<5=BK @CAA:>3> =0@>40. - !6., 1891. - !. 142. 76 !C<F>2 . C;LBC@=KA ?5@56820==O // 852A:0O AB0@8=0. - 1889.- ! 26. - !. 642. 77 "/:I> AE>6V VAB>@8G=V ?>4VW ?>@>46C20;8 AE>6V =0A;V4:8, B> =5 <5=H 2V@=5 ?>;>65==O, I> <>6;82VABL 2?;82C 7C<>2;NTBLAO AE>6VABN :C;LBC@=8E C<>2, V ?0=4C@8 <>3;8 2 A8;C FL>3> ?>;>65==O 74V9A=8B8 2?;82 =0 ?V245==>@CAL:5 :>70FB2>, ?5@54CAV< 70?>@>6FV2", - AB25@46C202 .!C<F>2. - "0< 65. - !. 642. 78 82. V=>: ?VA=59 <0;>@CAL:8E. - 5@5<8H;L, 1906. - !. 19-22. 79 %0;0=A:89 . 0;>@CAA:0O 4C<0 ?@> 094C // >25ABL. - %0@L:>2, 1908. - !. 27. 80 !B0@8FL:89 , =0?@8:;04 AB25@46C202: "#:@0W=AL:0 <>20 =091V;LH 740B=0 4;O ?5@540GV 5?VG=>3> B8?C F8E 4C<". - !5@1AL:V =0@>4=V 4C<8 V ?VA=V. - , 1876. - !. 2. 81 "8<G5=:> . > ?8B0==O ?@> AB>AC=>: C:@0W=AL:8E 4C< 4> ?V245==>A;>2'O=AL:>3> 5?>AC // 0?8A:8 #" 2 8T2V. - 1908. - ! 11. - !. 239-247. 82 0@5B8[ ". Z8652=0 >17=0=0. - Rad JAZU. - ". XXXII. - S. 17. (;0B.) 83 $@0=:> . V1@. B2>@V2 C 50 B. - ". 26. - !. . 84 "0< 65. 85 "0< 65. - !. 30-31. 86 "0< 65. - !. 33. 87 "0< 65. - ". 42. - !. 144. 88 "0< 65. - !. 63. 89 @03><0=>2 . AB>@8G5A:85 ?5A=8 <0;>@CAL:>3> =0@>40. - ., 1883. - 852. - ". 1. - !. 306. 90 $@0=:> . V1@. B2>@V2 C 50 B. - ". 42. - !. 85. 91 >4O=A:89 .  =0@>4=>9 ?>M788 A;02O=A:8E ?;5<5=. - , 1837. - !. 106. 92 >:07>2>, I> B0:V 4C<:8 28=8:;8 C $@0=:0, :>;8 2V= >7=09><82AO 7 :=86:0<8 0@0468G0: ")> :>;><89:>289 @>7<V@ 7=0E>48BLAO 2 A5@1AL:8E =0@>4=8E ?VA=OE, A5 O 7=02 V 402=VH5 V7 71V@>: .0@0468G0. !5, 7@5HB>N, =0BC@0;L=>, 1>6 :>;><89:8 A5, 15@CG8 @8B<VG=>, B0 A0<0 A5@1AL:0 N=0FL:0 ?VA=O, BV;L:8 @>7H8@5=0 2 ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V 2V@H0 >4=>N G>B8@8A:;04=>N AB>?>N". - $@0=:> . V1@. B2>@V2 C 50 B. - ". 32. - !. 17. 93 >B51=O .. 1JOA=5=85 <0;>@CAL:8E 8 A@>4=KE =0@>4=KE ?5A5=. - 0@H020, 1883-1887. - ". 1-2. 94 >4O=A:89 .  =0@>4=>9 ?>M788 A;02O=A:8E ?;5<5=. - !. 113. 95 !0< B>= =0H>W 4C<8 G0AB> <V=OTBLAO, =03;> ?5@5E>48BL V7 BC6=>3>, AC<=>3> 2 60@BV2;8289, 0 B> 9 W4:> =0A<VH;8289, G>3> 2 A5@1AL:8E 4C<0E =V:>;8 =5 AB@VG0T<>". - $@0=:> . V1@. B2>@V2 C 50 B. ". 26. - !. 59. 96 "0:, .$@0=:> 220602, I> ":>70FL:V 4C<8 A:;040;8AO =0 1V;LHV9 G0ABV 2 :>70FL:8E :C@5=OE, 45 :8?V;> =5=0AB0==> 2>W2=5 68BBO, 45 @V4:> 9 GCB:0 4>E>48;0 ?@> B8E89 A?>:V9 68BBO @>48==>3>, ;8F0@O< BCB =V:>;8 1C;> C18@0B8 A2>W 4C<8 C 3;04:C D>@<C, =V:>;8 1C;> ?>4C<0B8 > >4=>;8B=V< B>=V...  B8< G0A>< A5@1AL:V N=0:8 ?VA;O 2V9=8 728G09=> 25@B0;8 4> A2>WE >A5;L, 45, ?><8<> BO6:>3> BC@5FL:>3> 3=VBC, @V4:> :>;8 70E>482 HC< 2V9=8, V BCB, A5@54 @>48==>3> 68BBO... B2>@8;8AO V B2>@OBLAO 9 4>AV ?8H=V AB28 ?@> 402=N A;02C, ?@> B5?5@VH=N 1>@>BL1C". - "0< 65. 97 =0BN: . =>A8=8 C:@0W=FV2 V7 A5@10<8. - L2V2, 1906. - !. 19. 8A=>2:8 1 >;5=8I52-CBC7>2 .. C<0=87< C 2>AB>G=KE A;02O=: #:@08=0 8 5;>@CAA8O. - , 1962. - !. 73. 2 82.: 0I5=:> . 0HV 2 8<V. - !;>2>, 1993. - '8A;> 5. 3 82.: @860=8G .. >;8B8:0. - ., 1965; 0I5=:> . .@V9 @860=8G V #:@0W=0. - A5A2VB, 1983. - ! 9. - !. 135-139. 4 0284>2 . !@?A:0 3@0D8:0. - !. 54. 5 0EB8= .. -AB5B8:0 A;>25A=>3> B2>@G5AB20. - ., 1979. - !. 334. 6 @0G>BBV !. !?04>: 5=5A0=AC 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 10@>:> // #:@0W=AL:5 10@>:>. 0B5@V0;8  :>=3@5AC V6=0@>4=>W 0A>FV0FVW C:@0W=VABV2. 8W2, 1993. - !. 8. 7 0284>2 . :>=5 XVIII C 8:>;0X52A:>X F@:28 C !B0@>< !;0=:0<5=C. - #!, 1970. - ! 6. - !. 354. 8 /38G . AB>@8O A;02O=A:>9 D8;>;>388. - !1., 1910. - !. 396.      PAGE  PAGE 6   p  P ^ $ h x & v D  p  $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0 \ d @ D F N P b   ( ( J3 T3 H6 R6 9 9 G G U U U U W W } } ކ    D F   \ ^ ƚ К £ D N  L V ( 2 > F ^ h   h*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0h*0mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*06]mHsHN  `     " & *( , "4 : 2= F L Q tU ^ h p &s Ry } " Ά  $Ifgd*0 F <  : h H Ƣ P Z , f $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 \ ` r |   $ &$ ^* h* x- - J5 T5 2: <: B B N N ` ` p v x  D F z | L V ė H R Z d L V     b l ZFdFlNvNVVYY4bbh*0h*06]mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0h*0mHsHN ~  Z T  B l  R# \) , L2 4 8 = F@ E H O LR U Y ^ Pa $Ifgd*0Pa h k p 0w z ~ R Z "  F ( ( 4  ^ b  $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0 F r H : D v 6 F#%,179Z;HDGL>W[_4bb $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0bbbbcd dddddeennnn>tHtyyDJ `j ʭBLblv   &!!&&((Z?`?????`AjA C&CTTTTWW>nFnHnRnpph*0h*0h*06]mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHTbc|eint>z$Tܑ*zȲ¹Pb& $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0b @v ~Pb $)-39<>AfH KOQX $Ifgd*0X^dinpvy L F b, $Ifgd*0pttjtt~ ̠Ҡ |jtX`(ltx~NX,6@J LVtzFPZ)^)`)h)11^6f6P>Z>hArAHHZI`IbIjI.J4JJJh*0h*0h*0mHsH_.T(  "%+,2*6F;?CVIMS\` e $Ifgd*0JJRJDRNRSTXVbV _*_ggiinnoo{{{{r|x̜֜ƣУңأt~6@ lrpz>H  N    h*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0mHsHh*0Y eklsv`|6’T0(Nb $HN  $Ifgd*0N   4~ r"&.025^<D KfOV|X]`fmp $Ifgd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0  2nv^9f9h9r9*<2<8<B<??E E4L>LTTnVxV~ZZa abbqr2r8rvvvv x~`jlr$PXΕؕڕv|PZ^( h*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0h*06]mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHNpjt|bZZȪ<j*^H4 $Ifgd*04 ^2f4*  \#%P)v5:?@GLO $$Ifa$gd*0 $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0( , EEnFvFPPbYlYt_~_DdNdvvblntR2\2lȂʂh*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHh*0TOTX\]dnelnuRvxrzb}J҄":RԖ& $Ifgd*0& h^ ιJfrvt $Ifgd*00#..z//v356<@GV^aTgjqw>>>DDxPP$W,W.W8WZZ^^0_6_fflfnfvfgh*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0h*0mHsHh*0h*06]mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHNУ.ְ(vX||2  >',"4J<AB $Ifgd*0BDDHOT[Hint@z6ޝ0&p , $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0ggnn}}^~h~ʔԔjtzRZFPdn8BPV|!!#%%l&v&|((((****b+n+p+r+v+++h*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*00J5\mHsHh*0h*0h*0mHsHh*0h*00JmHsHN^x*|T| !! ##$(%&),- $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0+++++++++++++,,,2,4,8,D,F,H,L,P,R,^,`,b,d,x,,,,,,-----d.n.V/`///1Z23344444*4,484@4H4x667777(929&:0:;;<<==??V@`@AAAABDGGG h*00Jh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHh*0X-./1Z244 554669:2;<<<B=">>?@PABBFCDEFfG $Ifgd*0GG`HjHJJ>PDPRSSSSSSSLURUhUnUX X X(X6\<\aaddddee|fffffghh~kkPmZmvm|mnnq$qrrrrvv||}}~~NR̄ք>H,6Ғ֒  h*00Jh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHh*0XfGGIJKKRLL\MNZObPzQ"TTUVWXPY"ZZF[\]^^_` $Ifgd*0`a:bbpcbd eee|fggnhhtiijkZllnnppq.rVrs$t $Ifgd*0$tt.uuuvBwrwxxyyFzz{n||f}}p~~(Bԁ| $Ifgd*0|j@,VЊ~0>Ύn܏BlLVڔ $Ifgd*0 *2<Ĕ 4>ҝܝޞŸğ̟Οʠ̡Ρ"&JLTVhjrt  >HX^vȺ02:h*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHh*0ZhʗNҘ0:T Hp>V $Ifgd*0¦Xʧ*ƫv6ƭ8ԮlįH`Ա $Ifgd*0n`ҴPڵj Ⱥ*pȿx~T $Ifgd*0:<ln:>L @Jdlr|z>DHP pv TH"(HR   b l B J L V     t~Hh*0h*00JmHsHh*0h*0mHsHh*0ZJX0\ ,"L<l $Ifgd*0lV.XB<,8r6 $Ifgd*0b"Ht2Nx8Nx>8T $Ifgd*0H FpT>l@l| $Ifgd*0Zr<Tvl      r $Ifgd*0HR&0$.8|nr@J     (!2!"">$H$P%V%X%b%($(.*8*^-h-..////112 25566h8r8 9 99999":,:::==\>f>>>d?f?l?n?\@f@DDDDFFGGGGGHnJtJJJh*0h*0mHsHh*0_r0~P,\Xhp 0 $Ifgd*00~*&  !!!"###d$$%%\&&'())\*++X,,-j. $Ifgd*0j.01B22T3466F77778N999n::;<=>>>??"@@ $Ifgd*0@lABBbCCXDpEFFFILIIJKMN`O>PXQQDRxR"SU>VV\W,X $Ifgd*0J*K4KLLLL&R*RTT$T&TpUxUzUUUVV VVV2Yҕp $Ifgd*0pܖd&|<(*@֜N̝ "n ¡~ڤ8§ $Ifgd*0h bv̺ػD&V~ $Ifgd*0Z  $$Ifa$gd*0 $Ifgd*0 $(,0268<>BDVXZh]hgd*0 &`#$gd*0gd*0gd*0Hkd$$IfT-634-ap T48:>@DFRTVZ\hjlnptvxhK-0JmHnHuh*0 h*00Jjh*00JUjhUhZprtvxgd*0h]hgd*0 &`#$gd*021h:pN/ =!"#$% Dd$<P  3 3"((b$$If!vh#v:V -6,534-p T^ 2 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~_HmHnHsHtH@`@ NormalCJ_HaJmHsHtH X@X *0Naslov 1dd@&[$\$5CJ0KH$\aJ0mH sH T@"T *0Naslov 2dd@&[$\$5CJ$\aJ$mH sH T@2T *0Naslov 3dd@&[$\$5CJ\aJmH sH >A`> Zadani font odlomkaVi@V Obi na tablica4 l4a .k . Bez popisa 0W@0 *0 Naglaaeno5\N^@N *0Standard (Web)dd[$\$mH sH 4U@4 *0 Hiperveza >*phFV!F *0SlijeenaHiperveza >*ph0X@10 *0 Istaknuto6]&A& *0style108 @R8 *0Podno~je  %2)@a2 *0 Broj stranicePK![Content_Types].xmlN0EH-J@%ǎǢ|ș$زULTB l,3;rØJB+$G]7O٭V,cy$wc.bQKG7fK˵Riv4HN@!Fco#c (QR/L A]#Tv@=!<İT̟qu gDL--_FFGzѺU7q^۫ >Xju)lꝜg d֚/_ӹtLԀ~\vd9|:x9|Jk (b49C2lZ "/_䗟?Byߞ=yէ) ҘHt}a+d$G10-Sl& R*ToN1ˢ!hU{ƒHLps ;ZVIV 2n*]8MRyZ:w#⨹ppH~._w/cR%C:riFMc˴f;Y[EBU`V0ǍDḊǬXEUJ/zRAC8D*[-}CǪ ..R(zP漌iv@@@bU|!8Y;8>ܦ,AuLj;:5nFs[ ׸UqokބݫfO4EE@'ߢ5w7E|-yօAYfNc@M!-a 4A 64HpU ) uO3 e:(fQ!sHvy`Wr~(Bshgr%c VF5iP./L›0 ˫pעᰃ m(\ddH= R+sh;l2)^+Ikio ,A*k,GMg,Jd9\,AGm\nzi9~)D]9|%lڟZ̦gl冹EP9> ljWY DK/7e@E7:+k G7d<&*}gV'A} ש Tu洷+9gEW38Y+MC*t0O%Jݍq7ŔRN)z?ۇ@GbDž8t4~_`zd kH*6 r5gyCڧ!# B-;Y=ۻ,K12URWV9$l{=An;sVAP9zs:Y'[`ۇ@Pf7[6DY*@Xi+hee*skfDqbX,?*|fv u"xA@V_ .`p64+lt^7 t '5;Kb8s9x<ڮ-t5Dd8?Șe/Y|t &LILJ`DCPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-![Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 0_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK] = T $$$'H DR , Fx*g  @  bpJJ ( ʂg+G :HJ4xm p t x z } (Ajf,*H,ptH\N5~) ` 0 u d    Pa  bX eN p4O&B-fG`$t|lr0j.@,X^opZxl n o q r s u v w y { | ~  p#13TjJCb= XXXXXXXX  '!!8@0(  B S  ?12Q= Q= Ќ!ь!Ҍ!ӌ!Ԍ!Ռ!֌!׌!،!ٌ!ڌ!ی!܌!݌!ތ!ߌ!!!!!!!!$a $a Qc Qc c c is is ss ss s s Lt Lt s s     =      *a *a [c [c c c os os xs xs s s St St w w     =  B*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState  '(/045;>EFPjo+,23  &';<D &'+.3DLMWXdei&-./089CDI !'.89B (2?@HIPQWXa~  PR\^ijHIPcjkpq12479:FGOPTU]^efghst|~  $%*+/01289>?AD@@@@FFFFHHHH&H'H(H)H.H/H1H3HMMMMYYYYU[V[W[Y[c[d[f[g[q[s[u[v[}[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[______#_$_+_,_(b)b+b.bTgUgWgYgiiiiwwwwAxFxOxPxUxVx^x_xhxixqxrx|x}xxxzzzz||||ghjl4579:;CDJKOQSTYZbckltu}ʍ̍΍ύڍۍ܍ݍߍkluvstxyÜŜ"#%( rsuwȭɭ˭̭ԭխ٭ڭܭݭ &'13>?HIST\]_`jkqrtuwy"#()2367@AMORSTUZ[`ace BCEH()019:<=?@BDXY[]         1246BCJKWXYZdfmnstuv{|ghjlmnvw}~,)-)/)2)----4444GGGGGGGGGGGGwKxKzK|K P P PPPPPP'P(P.P/P7P8P?DEFGNOPQWX`afgik  !'(-./023:;>?AC"#%&,-;<DEJKUWXY\]^_cdfh6*7*9*;*E*F*M*N*W*X*]*^*g*i*l*n*r*s*w*x*z*{*********B,C,E,G,}7~7779999FQGQIQLQ!`"`$`'`vbwbyb{bffffpp p puuuuwwxwzw|wxxxxz z"z$z{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{| |||||(|)|0|1|6|7|9|;|˂̂΂Ђ   דؓړܓ%&(*/089ABHI]^bclmuwz{|}%&./89KLPRST^_cdklpqz{âdegilmuvwxyz§çʧ˧ϧЧԧէ֧קܧާ "#&')+STVX679; '(34;<BCIJSUXY^_efnostŲƲʲ˲Ͳв!#  !  &'/01278>?IJOPXY]^`bDEGJhiknIJLOQRabdeklpq}~ !")+1289DEFGMNOP[\`afgmnyz;<>ANOQS%&(*0135STXY[\abdeopxy|}                    & ' - . 0 1 8 : > ? F G P Q S T \ ] b c m n p r | }                                             " $ ( ) . / 8 9 > ? @ A I J Q R W X Y Z ` a b c i j u v z | ~          FGLM,---/-1-2222T>U>W>Z>RRRR0U1U3U5U6U7U@UAUEUFUKULUNUQU\\\\^^^^b b$b&beeeehhhhpp p prrrr=>@BGHOPY[]^ijrtÈĈLjȈʈˈ׈؈وڈ56=?%&'(23<>ABDEMNOPWX`aefjklmyz   UVXZu"v"x"{"^*f*h*l*m*6,>,?,K,L,/////1111PPPP$T%T'T)TUUUUWWWWaaaahhhhiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyyzy|y~y~~~~‚łABDG   ƔǔΔϔєҔ֔ؔޔߔ  #$)+,-./67<=BCEH  ]^`cefqrwxƛǛЛћ֛כٛۛ~ģ78:<=>FHSTWX\]cdjknotuxy} #$./:;BCIJRSUV\]`ahjlmnouv~°ðŰȰͰΰϰаݰް   ()/067>?@AJLVW^_eflnqrz{±ʱ˱бѱӱֱ   !(),-/1  #$+,34?@JLPQXYbcnopquv{|hikm#$&(?@BD  XY[]Z[]_4578<=?A !"#%%%%&&&&&&s+t+v+x+FFFFHHHHuRvRwRxRRRRRB]C]E]G] h!h#h%hiiiijjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjkk k kkkkk"k#k.k/k8k9k=k>kBkCkJkKkNkOkUkVk]k^kckdkfkhkjkkkrktkvkwkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk9o:oBoDorrrrrrrwwwwƀǀȀɀπр܀ހ"$jkmoz{Ăłт҂ӂԂڂۂ 189CEMN’Òɒʒ˒̒ϒВҒԒْے  !"+,-.0135efhjbcehęřǙə<=?B~ !,-57:;FGHIRSYZ\]abklnq0136tuwy}~[\]^`ahijkstwx   '(01:;=>GHMOQRZ[efhjOPRU####((((w)x)z)})....111122222222225555d9e9f9g9k9l9p9q9v9w9{9|9<<<<AAAA%D&D-D/D9D:DFDGDPDQDRDSD[D\D`DaDjDkDsDtDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDKIMIVIWIuPvPPPccccggg ghhhhllllooo oSsTsascsxxxxUVXZɝʝ̝ϝ؝ٝ  pqsvnoqt "$%34=>?@DEGHghjl"#%'!#&'*+019:;<=>HJNOQS[\_`fgnpstyz}~N O V X     noqt    %%%%((((],^,`,c,0000f1g1i1k1IIIIKK K#KMMMM3R4R6R9RXXXXzZ{Z}ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[ [[[[[[!["[$[%[-[.[2[3[8[9[=[>[@[C[,^-^5^6^.a/a1a3abbbbddddNfOfQfSfqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqrrrrrrrr#r%r(r)r4r5r=r>r?r@rDrErFrGrLrMrTrUr_r`rarbrjrkrtrvrwrxrrrrrrrrrrrzs{s}ss5|6|8|:|}}}}/024VWY[!"$&&'),=>@BQRSTUV`apqz{|}Š#$,./012:;JKLMPQSUlmoq)*,-!"$&"#&')+,-2357GHIJRSZ[ghpquvxz[\^`ŷƷȷʷ@AKLTUVW_`cdopyzżƼ̼μҼӼռּ޼߼ "#*+34<=CDST[\abfh89;>noyzST\^@ACEBCEGOPWX^_ijklsuvw~  |}^ _ g i v w                     jkmotu{|R S U X ####&%'%)%+%))))----435373938888BBBBCCCCEEEEIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJ J!J*J+J9J:JCJDJLJMJVJWJYJ[JKKKKPNQNSNUNWNXNaNbNlNmNnNoN{N|NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRR)R*R,R-R4R5R7R8R@RBRHRJRVRWR_R`RiRjRlRnRtRuRwRxRRRRRRRRRRR\T]T_TaTVVVVaaaannnnppppqqqqmtntptrtxx x xT|U|W|Y|#}$}&}(}+,.0wxz|bceh4578:;BCDEMNQRTV@ACElmoqvw{|ƓǓѓғ  !"#&'-.6>FGJKQRXYabjknoz{yz|~ɛʛϛЛ؛ٛܛݛߛ%&)*01789:DEKLMNUWYZdeklstuv}~œÜĜ͜Μל؜ڜܜ%&(*@ACE}~   "#%'_`jk        B C E G                                           & ' ( ) 2 3 5 6 = > C D F H         e f h k     " " " " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Q) R) S) T) [) \) ^) _) a) c) + + + + e1 f1 h1 j1 M3 N3 P3 R3 d4 e4 g4 i4 k6 l6 n6 p6 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; < < < < < < < < < < < < r@ s@ u@ w@ D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D E E E E E E E E E E E E I I I I R R R R V V V V ` ` ` ` k k k k F G I K Ɩ ǖ ɖ ˖ - . 0 2 Ĥ ˤ ̤ ͤ Τ פ ؤ ߤ       T U ^ ` 8 9 = ?          ! " # $ % ( ) - / 1 2 A B E F H J O P R T ' ( * - u v { | W X Y Z f g i j l m s t ~      " # % ( T U W Y                                  ! 9 : < ? @ A I J K L Q R T V     )! *! ,! .! ( ( ( ( @ @ @ @ E E E E G G G G I I I I JQ KQ MQ OQ SR TR VR XR \R ]R gR hR pR qR rR sR |R }R R R R R R R S S S S Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Z Z Z Z ] ] ] ] _ _ _ _ ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` wb xb b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d e e e e e e e e e e "e #e $e &e /e 0e *f +f ,f -f 2f 3f ;f i @i Ci Di Hi Ii Pi Qi [i ]i ^i _i fi hi li ni oi pi ri si ti vi wi xi i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i j j j j j j k k k k k k &k 'k 1k 2k ;k m @m Am Bm Em Fm Gm Im Km Lm Tm Um Vm Xm `m am jm km lm mm qm rm tm um xm zm {m |m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m n n n n n n n n n n n n %n &n (n )n 2n 4n 5n 6n :n n ?n @n Cn En Fn Gn Hn Jn Nn Pn Yn Zn [n ]n in jn sn tn xn yn zn {n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o !o "o $o +o -o /o 0o 7o 8o 9o ;o Eo Fo Mo No Oo Po Vo Wo Yo Zo ao co do eo io ko lo mo no oo po ro so to uo wo ~o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p p p p p p !p (p *p +p ,p 3p 5p 9p ;p

| @| B| C| L| M| P| R| Z| [| f| g| r| s| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | } } } } } } } } ~ ~     Y Z ^ ` a b c e j m o p w x y { „ ̄ ̈́ ΄ τ Ԅ Մ ل ۄ ܄ ݄ ބ         ! # % ) * 3 4 ; < = > F G P Q Y Z d e g i D E I K È Ĉ ň ̈ Έ ҈ Ԉ Ո ֈ ؈ ڈ ۈ ݈ ވ ߈         ' ( ) + - / 1 2 = > ? A G H O P U V W X ^ _ ` a f g h j y z ~  N O P Q T V Y Z \ ^ 1 3 4 5 6 7 E F J L M N O Q T W Y Z c d e g m n u v | ~   Ɛ Ȑ ɐ ʐ ː ͐ Ԑ ֐ ؐ ِ ސ ߐ           ! " ) * + - 3 4 > ? @ A F G K M N O P R U X Z [ b c d f y z  ‘ Ñ ˑ ̑ ё ґ ב ؑ ܑ ޑ          # % ' ( 1 2 3 5 9 : ; < B C J K L M R S T V h i t v Ŗ Ɩ ˖ ̖ Ζ ϖ ֖ ז ؖ ٖ           " & ' ( ) / 0 7 8 9 : ? @ A C D E F H M O Q R Z [ e f g h k l n p v x y z { } A C D E F G R T U V W Y \ ^ ` a g h p q v w | } ̛ Λ ϛ Л ћ ӛ ՛ ؛ ڛ ۛ          ! # ( ) / 0 6 7 8 9 @ B C D E G I K L M N O  Ý ĝ Ɲ ɝ ̝ Ν ϝ ٝ ڝ ۝ ݝ              $ % + , 2 3 4 5 < > ? @ A C E G H I J L N P R S Y Z b c h i n o s u v w x z |  ž Þ ͞ Ξ Ϟ ў ֞ מ ݞ ޞ           # $ ( ) + , 9 : E G H I J L M O P Q R T W Z \ ] g h i k q r  Ÿ ş ǟ ȟ ̟ ͟ Ο П ؟ ٟ ߟ            % & - . 3 4 8 : ; < = ? A D F G L M N P V W _ a b c d f i l n o t u v x ~    à ͠ Π Ϡ Р ՠ ֠ ڠ ܠ ݠ ޠ ߠ        2 3 4 5 ? @ B D F G K L U V X Y \ ^ b d h j k l t v z | } ~  ġ š ơ ǡ ѡ ҡ ԡ ֡ ء ١ ݡ ޡ         * + / 0 6 7 = > F G L M O Q S T U V ] ^ i j l m r s  Ţ Ƣ Ǣ Ȣ Т Ѣ Ӣ բ ֢ ע آ ۢ ߢ         & ' - / 0 1 2 5 9 ; < = > @ B D F G N O V W Y Z a b d e v x z { У ѣ ٣ ڣ ۣ ܣ           $ & ' ( ) + - 0 2 3 9 : ; = F G O P W X ] ^ _ ` e f n o t u y { ¥ å ĥ ť ǥ ʥ ̥ ϥ Х ֥ ץ ߥ        $ % - . 2 4 5 6 7 9 ; = @ A H I L N _ ` h i j k s t ¦ æ Ŧ ͦ Φ ֦ צ ئ ٦ ߦ               ! # & ( + , 1 2 3 5 = > D E P Q Y Z _ ` a b c e h j m n v w z | § ħ ǧ ʧ ͧ Χ ѧ ҧ ԧ ֧ ק ا ٧ ۧ ާ          " % & . / 2 4 B C D E P Q U V \ ] c d l m r s u w x y z |  ¨ è Ĩ ƨ Ȩ ʨ ͨ Ψ ը ֨ ר ٨ ߨ u v w y ? @ D F G H I K N P S T [ \ _ a b c j k r t u v }  ¬ ì Ĭ Ƭ Ȭ ʬ ˬ ̬ ͬ Ϭ Ҭ Ԭ ׬ ج ެ ߬              * + 0 1 2 3 > ? @ A N O U W X Y Z \ ` b c d e g n p s t { |  = > @ B ` a c e Բ ղ ײ ٲ ڲ ۲ ܲ ޲        " # , - 1 2 3 5 8 9 E F G H Q R T U \ ] f g q s } ~ ³ ó ij ų ȳ ̳ γ ϳ г ѳ ӳ ֳ س ڳ ۳          # $ ' ) * + , . 1 3 4 5 < = ޷ ߷ ޸ ߸     " # $ % ' . 0 2 3 6 7 9 ; = > G H I J ǹ ȹ ˹ ̹ ӹ Թ ߹    % & + - . / 2 3 4 6 8 9 > ? @ B L M R S V W [ \ ^ _ c d f g k m t v z | } ~ Ŀ ſ ʿ ˿ Ͽ ѿ ( * + , . / r t u v w y            " # ( ) * + 7 8 @ A F G R S T U b c i j s t v x y z { }        & ' 4 5 ; < D E H I K M O P Z [ a c k l p q s u v w x {             x y z { | }           w x z | ~              ! , - 4 5 6 7 ? @ D E F G M N V W \ ] _ a c d f g k l m n v w } ~ & ' + , - . 4 5 = > G I J K L N Q T V W ^ _ ` b c d v w        $ & ( ) 2 3 4 6 < = E F G H M N R T U V W Y [ ] _ ` g h i k q r y z       ( ) * + 2 4 5 6 : < = > A C D E F G J L M N O Q T W Y Z c d e g l m v w } ~          " # $ % - . 0 2 3 4 5 7 : < > ? D E F H L M S U V W X Z \ ^ ` a d e g i k l v w x z  2 3 5 7 8 : = ? A B I J K M W X _ ` b c i j r s z { \ ] ^ ` a b c e g j l m r s t v              & ' ( * / 0 6 7 = > ? @ G I J K L N O Q R S T V Y [ ] ^ e f g i                * + . 0 @ A K M O P Y Z \ ] d e f g p q s u ! % ' ( ) * , / 2 4 5 ; < ? A B C I K R S ^ _ j k t u w y z { | ~              ! * + , . : ; D E I J K L Q R V X          ! " # $ & ( + - . 5 6 7 9 ? @ G H M N R T U V W Y \ _ a b h i l n o p v x           ! F G I K 2 3 : < = > E G K M N P S U X Y a b c e k l m n t u w x ! # $ % & ( + - 0 2 < = > @ A B P Q Y Z _ ` g h i j q r { |         " & ( ) * + - . / 0 2 5 7 A B C E N O T U Y [        & ( / 1 4 6 8 9 A B F H O P T U ` b c d e g k m n o q r s u x y           % & - . 4 6 7 8 9 ; B D G H P Q U V [ \ ` b       " # ( ) * + 1 2 3 4 9 : > @                                   W X ] ^ _ a g h p q | } ~                                                       ! + , - .       ) * 2 3 9 : A B G H P R S T ` a h j k l m o s u v w x z { ~                                                               ( ) 2 3 4 5 ; = > ? @ B F H I J K M O Q T U [ \ _ a c d k l o p { |                                                    ! " $ * + 1 2 3 4 @ A I J N O P Q V W [ ] ^ _ ` b i k n o y z { }                                                  ! " ) * 3 4 6 7 A C D E I K L M N O P R S T U W Y \ _ ` g h k m x y } ~       U V ^ ` a b c e f h i k n o z { | ~      ! " # $ & ( * - . 8 9 : < D E M N S U V W X Z a c f g o p s u } ~           % & ' ( , - . / 8 : ; < = ? A D G H S T U W ] ^ d e k l m n s t x z { | }                                # $ . / 6 7 8 9 = > D E F G N O R T ^ _ i j p q y z                                                       % & * + , . 0 1 6 8 < > ? @ A C G I J K L N Q S T U e f i k x y                           R S T U \ ] _ ` d f                             " # % & - / 0 1 2 5 9 ; < = > @ C E G H Q R S U Z [ b c j l m n r t u v w y | ~                                                   # $ & ( ) * + - 1 3 4 5 6 7 ? A C D G H J L N O R S U W Y Z _ ` a c o p z {                                                                                       " # % ' ( ) * , 0 2 3 4 5 7 8 : < = @ A C E F G H J O Q S T \ ] ^ ` i j p q x | } ~                                                     T V W X Y [ ^ a c d i j k l q s t u } ~                                                                 & ' . / 4 5 9 : ; < H J K L T U \ ^ b d e f h j k m o q r s t v y { } ~                                           # # # # $ $ $ $ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 < < < < < < < < < < < < = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = "= %= '= (= )= -= .= /= 1= 8= 9= C= D= M= O= P= Q= T= W= [= ]= ^= _= `= b= e= |= }= }= = = = = = = = = = = = = = mo12 !"IK  1 2 ) 4 % , },-EJx-.23$&12twHIDFJ K !!!!d"p"""""Z$[$#%'%M%N% & &''((v)x)))**,*7+8+++,,-->.?.<0=000001122Y4Z444@5F5555566X8Z899,:.:k;n;8<:<====@@~AAA[CCCDDEEGGGGGGHHyIzIJJpKrKMM}N~N,O1OqOsOOPPPQQRRSS'T)T?U@U;VBnjȌ'(GKRTUh)-ݡޡ&(ae68dh $&dh_abftupƲԴ29׼ؼFH:<~ O$%()?@HIGP;=RV4559*+nouwWX8Z[afjlDGoq`a)+   D I     K L M O   79XY  op9>%,WX23{}&(op? @ i n -!.!!!""###!%B%C%'''((())3*8*** ++,,u,y,&-'-S-T-. .{.|.m/o///1111=2B23344i5t566:7=748688899K:P:z:}:/<1<5=:===L>M>p?q???@@BBBB*C,CDDEE9F@qs#$Y_ގߎ/0HK#%ٖږSTORxz'(͝Νde-.),֤פSUΨϨvw]^DG^c>?@Fghش۴bcϷзtwy}{|"#HJڿۿbk`lmnr[\^_<Elo58VYHIBCps)*+4./:<vyvzmn6;KMGH|;<DEhj9< LM79hi_ a               vx  IN b 8>  ux  M!P!"" ######V%W%v&x&I'J'L'M'(())))'*(*|**K+P+Y,Z,--..00000011'2*22233\5^555>6?67788v9x9=:>:::;;7<8<z={===>>k?m?@@@WBSCTCZD\D}DDDDEEFFAHCHIIaJbJcJjJEKFKYL[LLLcMdMMMhNkNOOOOPPLQOQRRRRSSSSzT|TVVWW6W=WXXjYlY,Z0Z?Z@Z<[C[c[d[\\!]#]]]]]]]^^H_I_c`e`/a0aaa#b$bccccldndffrfsfffWgYgggiiiijjllllmm(o*ofphpAqEqIrKrzr}rssttguiuMvOvgvhvwwxxxxxxCzDzzzt|w|||.}2}}}C~G~~~<D  OQ[^58ņƆ߇ȉ͉   mo&,{|cdAܓޓ?  \_>Μޝߝ"2+.̤Ϥ֧اW27qtTVz| nolpӲԲ36Y[ef׹عNOdez{$69HLPw')/3SUEG*-*I*,=>09ORcdC(* ")(*lmrt<AEJ)pr&'56 N(*;<y{      vwabdfvz9;%&nq<>   ! !""K#N#####H$I$$$$$&&''%((( ))F)I)G*J*g*h* ++v+w+,,\-]-e.g.l/p/0011 2 2r3s3c4d45555556797885868u9v9":$:;;+=.===>y???@@AdCCCDE EFFFGGDGFGkGqGGGCIEIIIIINJYJJJKpKKKNMOMNNeNjNOOOOPPQ QQQ@RBRRRdSlSSTUUUUoWqWXXqZrZ[[[[k\m\9_;_8`;```aaZbc eeOeTeeeffgglhthGiHiiikkxm~mnnooppqq ssssttuuuvvvwv&w'wwwxxyyzzr{{||||||~#~a~d~ #QU&(CFGHgz{~ۉ܉#%78 ēՓLNޕ$%—DU\ܙݝu}opYZ]EGKL̪ΪΫի!"DE'(ʱͱ\^۳xyYZHItuKLTUrtDFce89ghLN+-np(,1237p7:tvNOQX^_xz\]C/  .3jkmqwyijptLQhk03?@gm$ , , .   p r   7 8 _a<=PRQUDF45g h   ##$ $$$ '!'u(v((())9*D*{**+++%--...//j0l0c1f122]3`3T4Y4M5N526461737d7h78888!9$9::T:V:;;;;[<]<<<A=G=\=^=>>>>?@h@j@@E !ߣ%&@A234:aeȩ˩ ίӯmnrv {|_a]^   ýȽ$+cn*+"#Z[AD!"<()qr&+STgi$'&',/txKM]` "02/3xy)*vw}~no$%  46   :;HIklYuop  jk!bh      . 3 & ) OP[\CEikZ[$JLRTUV "   !!""# ###G$J$$$;%=%%%&&&(q(u()))*x+y+a,c,---...%/&/u1w122334455&6'6J6b67 777 8 8D8F8 9 999:9;5<7<*=,=F=G===Z>]>>>@@ AAAAAABBBBDDDDEEFFFFFF G GtGuGHH}II6J7JJJKKWLXLMCMEMNNiOjOQQQQURYRASCS:T;TeUjU8VWQYTYL[O[=\A\\\]]T^V^k_````abaaabbOdPdddeeffffgghh?jAjjjkk/m4mKmLmmmdnenoofogooohqjqssttpusuuuvvyvww*x,xfymy5z9z||~~/~0~~~ԂՂ˄V݆߆HIĈ<=čIKEJkw13ړۓ”ŔmoRWst(*knZ\9?(+=@56ޤ56hjRT')!%έϭŮȮ,-klȱʱдմruUY./48Z[ܿ޿klDHEFPUU[]^()*,BF)+IKX\fhuvjuST`beft{5:rtFqxFG`bch]ac$-`b'(ru  HJ23  g k   z ~ v x T ]   LM\]KLNOT[lmOP[\gh!!""##$$~%%&&''''()**++1,5,+-5-c-e-x/y/z////M1N15292 33444266667889888::;;<<==? ?@@AAXAYABBCCaEcEFFFF?()$%ŬƬUVƭk߯&'uwjk8;&\^йѹ]'= T= W= }= = = = = = 3>p &C)CQcqu= |= }= }= = = = = = = = = = = = jo|= }= }= = = = = = = = = = = =  VTI) Ț X+W9`tK85rPAl2"^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo( X+rPAl `tKI)h )SgH8? )SgHW4 )SgH)SgHH4u)SgHZd)SgHK()SgHfr*)SgH1)SgHz(@4)SgHX85)SgH+5)SgH4xv:)SgH)SgHxnS)SgHHS)SgHfSS)SgH1])SgH(]])SgH_)SgH`)SgHv d)SgHJm|f)SgHUww)SgH,~)SgH 9 *0(OGegp, {b'$NK-o`}= = @7#?= pp ppvpplp~ppppp*pp p( p4 pN p p UnknownG*Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3. *Cx Arial?= *Cx Courier New;WingdingsACambria Math"1 h5FgT y +fy +fx47 7 3HP?N2!xx Jevgenij PascenkoHenko      Oh+'0d   , 8DLT\Jevgenij Pascenko Normal.dotmHenko13Microsoft Office Word@@3@ߕ+y ՜.+,D՜.+,, hp|  f7   Naslov  8@ _PID_HLINKSA0N02W:\rastko.org.yu\rastko-ukr\au\epascenko-100.html8A02W:\rastko.org.yu\rastko-ukr\au\epascenko-100.html7@02W:\rastko.org.yu\rastko-ukr\au\epascenko-100.html6C0 2W:\rastko.org.yu\rastko-ukr\au\epascenko-100.html5B0 2W:\rastko.org.yu\rastko-ukr\au\epascenko-100.html4E02W:\rastko.org.yu\rastko-ukr\au\epascenko-100.html3D02W:\rastko.org.yu\rastko-ukr\au\epascenko-100.html2G02W:\rastko.org.yu\rastko-ukr\au\epascenko-100.html1  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  Root Entry Fлߕ Data  1Table WordDocument4TSummaryInformation( DocumentSummaryInformation8 CompObj}  F+Dokument programa Microsoft Word 97 2003 MSWordDocWord.Document.89q