ࡱ; !"  $#10%&'()*+,-./=32546789:;<>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdRoot Entry FWLzCompObjbWordDocument DObjectPool KzKz  !"#$&+-./013789:;<=>?@A FMicrosoft Word 6.0 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.6; ࡱ; L`4@ࡱ; `46=  .1  @& & MathType -R@Rܥe= e&QD N.......4_L.(VVVVVVÜŜŜŜޜT]4.V), VVVV4V..VVVVV.V.VÜBDr....VÜVmV CONCENTRATION OF MACRO AND MICROMINERALS IN MUSCLES OF KIDS B. Mio1, Vesna Pavi1, A. Ivankovi1, D. Havranek2 1 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia 2 Department of field crops forage and grassland, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to determine the influence that breed has on the concentration of macro and microelements in different groups of muscles in kids. Accordingly, the following meat samples were taken from 27 kids (14 Saanen and 13 Alpine): shoulder-blade muscles m. deltoideus, m. subscapularis and m. triceps brachi; back muscles m. longissimus dorsi, m. spinalis et semispinalis, m. trapezius and m. romboideus; thigh muscles m. biceps femoris, m. semitendineus and m. gastrocnemius. Initially, all visible elements of fat, cartilage and bone were removed manually. Samples were then minced, homogenized, packed in plastic bags and deep frozen in preparation for analysis. Mineral concentrations were determined using the atomic absorption method (AAS) on PU-9100X. Results obtained show that the highest concentration of macroelements found in all groups of muscles were K, Na and P, while the most widely represented among microelements were Zn, Fe and Cu. The research failed to establish that breed has a significant influence on the concentration of macroelements in the investigated groups of kid muscles. However, it was found that significant differences do exist between breeds with regard to the concentration of Zn and Fe in back muscles, and of Zn and Cu in shoulder-blade muscles. Also established were correlation coefficients between macro and microminerals between different groups of kid muscles. kids; Alpine; Saanen; meat; muscle; macro and microminerals INTRODUCTION All living organisms require inorganic elements, or minerals, to ensure the normal functioning of vital functions. In contrast to all other nutrients, living organisms are unable to synthesise inorganic elements. Minerals are found in specific mutual relations, and one element cannot be viewed separately, but in interaction with others, unrelated within the various physiological and biochemical processes that occur in an organism. The content and availability of the majority of macro and microelements in products of animal origin is higher than that found in plants (O l t e j n, D i n i u s, 1975). Minerals of animal origin are far more mobile and more accessible to man than those of non-animal origin (D o o r n e n b a l, M u r r a y, 1981; H a y s, S w e n s o n, 1984). Meat constitutes an extremely important source of minerals in the human diet. Mineral concentration in meat is directly linked to the type of animal, its feed, climate, accessibility of individual micro and macroelements in an organism, and within a specific species depends on the type of tissue or organ, and by the anatomical position of a particular muscle (G i l l e t et al., 1967; D o y l e, 1980; N u u r t a m o et al., 1980; L i t t l e d i k e e t a l., 1995). Within a particular breed each organ and each muscle possess a specific concentration of micro and macroelements in accordance with its function within the body. A number of scientific researches draw the attention to the fact that it is the anatomical position of a muscle, i.e., its function in the body, which crucially affects the concentration of micro and macroelements, rather than the breed of an animal. Many authors (K o t u l a, L u s b y, 1982; M a r c e l l o et al., 1984) state that concentration of macro and microelements in individual muscles of a bovine varies. W a g n e r et al., (1976) point out that their concentration in muscles is directly linked to physiological function, and that red muscle tissue is richer in essential mineral substances than light tissue. Several researchers have investigated problem related to the mineral composition of fresh and cooked goat meat (P a r k, 1988; P a r k, A t t a i e, 1988; J o h n s o n et al., 1995). In 1990, P a r k arrived at the conclusion that type and anatomical position of a muscle have a more significant impact on the concentration of macrominerals than do breed and sex of the animal. There is, however, almost no data available on the concentration of minerals in different muscles of slaughtered kids. It is the aim of this research to present the concentrations of macroelements (Ca, K, P, Mg, Na) and microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) in shoulder, back and thigh muscles in kids. We have also investigated the correlation coefficients of individual minerals between different groups of muscles in kids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscle samples were taken from 27 kids of two different breeds (14 Saanen, 13 Alpine). Up until the time of slaughter the kids were kept at a goat dairy farm, located in central Croatia. Immediately following parturition the kids were separated from their mothers. Subsequent to initial feeding on pasteurised colostrum all kids were fed on a milk substitute with a 22% protein content and a pelleted mixture with an 18% protein content. The kids were slaughtered using the classic kid dressing method, which includes bleeding, skinning, separation of lower parts of legs, and removal of innards. The average age of kids at the time of slaughter was about 70 days. Immediately upon slaughter samples for chemical analyses were taken from the left half of the carcass of every kid. From the shoulder blade: m. deltoideus, m. subscapularis and m. triceps brachi; from the back: m. longissimus dorsi, m. spinalis et semispinalis, m. trapezius and m. romboideus; from the thigh: m. biceps femoris, m. semitendineus and m. gastrocnemius. All visible elements of fat, cartilage and bone were removed manually, after which the samples were minced, homogenised, marked and stored in plastic bags, and deep frozen to await analysis. Wet tissue sample duplicates weighing 5 g. were taken from each sample. Mineral concentrations data were expressed in mg/on the wet tissue basis. Mineral concentrations were established by the AAS metod of atomic absorption, using a PU-9100X apparatus. Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn by atomic absorption spectrometry, by blowing a solution of burned sample into the flame of an air-acetylene mixture, with increased sensitivity by means of additional extension of the slotted tube atom trap; K and Na by the Labge flame photometry method by means of a flame photometer; P in accordance with Cavell spectrometry (1955) by means of digestion, or through break-up of samples applying moist combustion incineration prosedure. Differences in mineral concentration between the kids of Alpine and the Saanen breeds were tested according to the following model: yij = ( + bxij + Pj + eij , with ( - mean value corrected with all effective influences b - regression coefficient xij - age Pj - breed influence ij eij unexplained influence Correlations between individual minerals in thigh, back and shoulder blade muscles were calculated for both breeds. The obtained statistical data were processed according to the statistics package SAS STAT 1990. The basic statistical indicators were obtained using PROC MEANS SAS, while correlations were arrived at through PROC CORR SAS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Kid meat possesses a high nutritional value due to its protein content, low percentage of fat and abundance of macro and microelements (P o p o v - R e l j i et al., 1995). The results of our research confirm that the meat of young kids does contain high concentrations of macroelements comprising different microminerals (Table I). Statistical summary of data related to the concentration of macro and microelements in different muscle groups of Alpine and Saanen kids is presented in Table I. I. Mineral concentration in different muscle groups of kid BreedSaanenLegBackShoulderMinerals EMBED Equation.2 S E EMBED Equation.2 SE EMBED Equation.2 SECa15.770.6715.530.5615.320.80P68.591.3265.820.9764.363.87K132.592.65128.502.30129.472.74Mg19.080.4319.140.4418.580.35Na78.882.7377.902.6478.313.12Zn2.840.222.45a0.093.95c0.17Fe0.2090.0140.210a0.0110.1840.014Mn0.0550.0020.0600.0040.0560.002Cu0.3660.0680.3090.0460.310c0.033 AlpineCa16.600.4915.590.7416.260.70P62.161.7964.921.3860.631.79K135.023.40133.112.26133.163.52Mg18.990.3319.200.6319.270.50Na75.041.8972.181.4072.792.67Zn2.680.132.92b0.173.02d0.08Fe0.2050.0070.193b0.0050.2300.010Mn0.0580.0040.0630.0030.0660.005Cu0.1650.0010.2260.0190.145d0.017 EMBED Equation.2 = Least square mean; SE= Standard eror of mean a b= Mins with diferent superscripts within a column are significantly different (P(0.05) c d= Mins with diferent superscripts within a column are significantly different (P(0.01) Significant differences in concentrations of individual macroelements were found in all three groups of investigated muscle groups in Alpine and Saanen breeds of kids (Table I). The highest levels found were K, followed by Na and P, with the lowest levels being Mg and Ca. Breed was found to have no significant influence on the level of macrominerals. P a r k (1990) arrived at similar findings in his investigation into the possible influence of breed, sex and type of tissue on the concentration of macroelements in the meat of adult animals. Compared to the content of macroelements in muscles of adult Alpine and Nubian goats, muscles of young kids contain significantly lower levels of P and K, approximately equal levels of Mg and Na, and higher levels of Ca. In both breeds of kids the thigh muscles were found to contain a slightly higher level of K than the other two groups of muscles, which corresponds with results arrived at by P a r k (1990), whereby m. biceps femoris of the adult goat contains a higher level of K than m. longissimus dorsi. No significant influence of breed on the content of any of the macroelements was found in any of the three types of analysed kid muscles, which is in accordance with the conclusion arrived at by K u m a r et al., (1987), i.e. that breed of goat has no significant influence on the potassium content in blood. In their research into nine macro and microelements in liver and kidneys of Alpine and Saanen kids, carried out in 1998, M i o et al. point out that the only significant difference they found between the two breeds was in phosphorus content. B h a t and S i n g h (1987) draw attention to the differences in the content of sodium and potassium, which exists between the two breeds. Of the microelements, the highest levels found in the thigh, back and shoulder blade muscles of Alpine and Saanen kids were Zn, followed by Cu and Fe, with Mn being the lowest. Breed was found to have significant influence on the concentration of Zn and Fe in back muscles (P<0.01). Differences in the concentration of microelements between individual groups of muscles were not significant, which differs from the findings of a similar research carried out in bovines, pigs and lambs (S c h r i c k e r et al., 1982). D o r n e n b a l and M u r r a y (1981) established that concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in the long back muscle differed significantly from those found in m.semimembranaceus. In 1985, M a r c h e l l o et al. found that shoulder blade muscles in pigs have a higher content of Fe and Zn than thigh and loin muscles, while m. semimembranaceus has a lower content of Cu, Fe and Mn than other muscles under research. This research has established a higher variability between individual samples in the content of microelements than in the content of macroelements. A particularly high variation in content of Cu, amounting to 69.72%, was found in the thigh muscle of Saanen kids. In addition to providing sufficient quantities of macro and microelements, the human diet must ensure that these elements are in appropriate mutual correlation. Tables II, II and IV present the correlation coefficients between individual minerals found in different groups of kid muscles. II. Mineral correlations in thigh muscles BreedsSaanenMineralsPKMgFeZnMnCuNaCa0.50*0.060.57*-0.030.53*0.090.250.15P0.58*0.73**0.020.390.410.210.47K0.37-0.007-0.220.510.210.66**Mg0.140.56*0.62*0.220.27Fe0.250.040.32-0.31Zn-0.020.43-0.31Mn0.060.44Cu0.07 AlpineCa0.75**0.62*0.54*-0.23-0.56-0.340.130.39P0.72**0.54*-0.18-0.38-0.15-0.120.64*K0.69**-0.61*-0.330.240.050.89***Mg-0.24-0.38-0.070.300.52Fe0.50-0.63*0.08-0.60*Zn-0.18-0.32-0.11Mn-0.140.41Cu-0.12* P(0.05; ** P(0.01; *** P(0.001 The research has also established that the regularity of correlation between macroelements is greater than that between individual microelements in all three muscle groups of both breeds of kids. In most cases the correlation coefficients between individual macrominerals (Tables II, III and IV) are positive and significant. For instance, all muscle groups of Alpine kids showed positive significant correlations between the levels of Ca and P, Ca and Mg, P and K, P and Mg, K and Mg and K and Na. The existence of the positive correlation between P and K is in line with results arrived at by P a r k (1990), according to which K and P levels in m.longissimus dorsi and m. biceps femoris are in significant correlation. The above stated indicates that P and K, through ATP energy, play an active role in the body metabolism of skeletal tissues. III. Mineral corelation in back muscles BreedsSaanenMineralsPKMgFeZnMnCuNaCa0.59*0.57*0.57*-0.180.430.72**-0.310.62*P0.89***0.500.340.310.54*-0.010.81***K0.56*0.170.450.57*0.100.92***Mg-0.010.54*0.58*-0.060.50Fe-0.11-0.11-0.50-0.14Zn0.63*-0.190.44Mn-0.28_1002610782F[KzZKzOle PIC LMETA hTimes New Roman - 2 @x &  "System-ࡱ FMicrosoft Equation 2.0 DS Equation Equation.2ࡱ; ࡱ; h G;G G x ࡱ; CompObj ZObjInfo Equation Native <_1002610780 FKzPKz0.60*Cu0.25 AlpineCa0.69**0.380.61*0.39-0.68**0.210.19-0.04P0.71**0.84***0.39-0.53-0.090.040.25K0.66*0.42-0.27-0.080.020.59*Mg0.47-0.43-0.180.060.40Fe-0.49-0.50-0.030.12Zn-0.160.14-0.22Mn0.28-0.14Cu0.27* P(0.05; ** P(0.01; *** P(0.001 All the researched muscles of Saanen breed kids have been confirmed to possess a positive correlation between Ca and Mg levels, while the thigh muscles were found to have even more significant positive correlations between P and K, P and Mg, and K and Na. Contrary to the findings of M u r r a y et al., (1981), where the levels of Ca and Fe in the bovine m. semimembranosus are in positive correlation, the correlation of the same minerals in the thigh muscle of kids was found to be poor and negative. IV. Mineral corelations in shoulder blade muscles BreedsSaanenMineralsPKMgFeZnMnCuNaCa0.010.53*0.69**0.74**0.070.260.170.08P-0.49-0.22-0.520.17-0.32-0.005-0.38K0.65**0.74**0.270.160.470.63*Mg0.78***0.150.170.67*0.22Fe-0.060.270.350.30Zn-0.190.30-0.08Mn-0.13-0.25Cu0.18 AlpineCa0.72**0.330.57*-0.55*-0.230.290.030.17P0.480.55*-0.050.030.110.060.25K0.77**0.240.57*0.310.260.88***Mg0.010.420.330.310.54*Fe0.42-0.410.140.04Zn0.180.120.41Mn-0.55*0.46Cu0.05* P(0.05; ** P(0.01; *** P(0.001 Significant correlation coefficients between almost all macrominerals (Ca and P, Ca and K, Ca and Na, P and K, P and Na, K and Mg, K and Na) were found in the back muscles of Saanen breed kids (Table I). However, the shoulder blades muscles of the same breed showed a poorer correlation between individual macrominerals. Positive correlation coefficients were established between Ca and K, Ca and Mg, K and Mg and K and Na. There is no specific regularity with correlation either between individual microminerals, or between macro and microminerals. The positive or negative aspect and the level of correlation differ, depending on the mineral, the breed and the group of muscles. REFERENCES BHAT, P. P. SINGH, V. P.: Alkaline phosphatase, whole blood potassium, sodium and percent packed-cell volumenin Pashmina goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 57 (7), 1987: 773-774. CAVELL, A.F.: The colorimetric determination of phosphorus in plant material. J. Food Sci. Agric., 6, 1955: 479-480. DOORNENBAL, H. - MURRAY, A. C.: Effects of age, breed, sex and muscle on certain mineral concentrations in cattle. J. Food Sci., 47, 1981: 55-59. DOYLE, J. J.: Genetic and nongenetic factors affecting the elemental composition of human and other animal tissues A Review. Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 50, No. 6, 1980: 1173-1183. GILLETT, T. A. - PEARSON, A. M.- KIRTON, A. H.: Variation in potassium and sodium in muscle of the pig. J. Anim. Sci., 24, 1965: 177-181. GILLETT, T. A. - PEARSON, A. M. - ALEN, D. M. - MERKEL, R. A.: Variation in potassium and sodium content of bovine muscles. J. Anim. Sci., 26, 1967: 46-49. HAYS, V. W. - SWENSON, J. J.: Minerals and bones. In Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals, 10 ed. Comstock Publishing Assoc., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1984: 449. JOHNSON, D. D. - ESTRIDGE, J. S. - NEUBAUER, D. R., - McGOWAN, C. H.: Effect of sex class on nutrient content of meat from young goat. J. Anim. Sci., 73, 1995: 296-301. JOHNSON, D. D. - McGOWAN, C. H. - NURSE, G. - ANOUS, M. R.: Breed type and sex effects on carcass traits, composition and tenderness of young goats. Small Ruminant Research, 17, 1995: 57-63. KOTULA, A. W. - LUSBY, W. R.: Mineral composition of muscles of 1- to 6-year-old steers. J. Anim. Sci., 54(3), 1982: 544-548. KUMAR, S. - SINGH. D. - PAUL, S.: Inheritance of blood potassium concentration in North-West Indian breed of goats. World Review of Animal Production, 23 (4),5-6, 1987: 15-17. LITTLEDIKE, E. T. - WITTUM, T. E. - JENKINS, T. G.: Effect of breed, intake, and carcass composition on the status of several macro and trace minerals of adult beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 73, 1995: 2113-2119. MARCHELLO, M. J. - MILNE, D. B. - SLANGER, W. D.: Selected macro and microminerals in ground beef and longissimus muscle. J. Food Sci., 49, 1984: 105-109. MARCHELLO, M. J. - SLANGER, W. D. - MILNE, D. B.: Macro and microminerals from selected muscles of pork. J. Food Sci., 50, 1985: 1375-1378. MIO, B. - PAVI VESNA - KAP, M.: Mineral composition of liver and kidneys in Alpina and Saanen kids. Poljoprivredna znanstvena smotra, Vol. 63, No. 1-2, 1998: 61-66. NUURTAMO, M. - VARO, P. - SAARI, E. - KOIVISTOINEN, P.: Mineral element composition of Finnish foods, V meat and meat products. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Suppl. 22, 1980: 57-76. PARK, Z. W.: Concentrations of iron and zinc and their ratio in goat meat from Alpine and Nubian breeds. Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Animal Breeding Associations, 1998: 699-702. PARK, Z. W. - ATTAIE, R. : Iron content of muscle meat and liver in Alpine and Nubian goats. Small Ruminant Res., 1, 1988: 387-391. PARK, Y.W. : Effect of breed, sex and tissues on concentrations of macrominerals in goat meat. Journal of Food Science, Vol. 55, No. 2, 1990: 308-311. POPOV-RELJI, J. - KRAJINOVI, M. - KELEMEN-MAI, D. - CVETKOVI, T. - DNI, N. - POPOV, S. - KUNC, V.: Chemical composition of kid meat of the domestic white goat. Acta Veterinaria, 45 (5/6), 1995: 303-310. SCHRICKER, B. R. - MILLER, D. D. - STOUFFER, J. R.: Content of zinc in selected muscles from beef, pork and lamb. J. Food Sci., 47, 1982: 1020-1025. WAGNER, K. H. - SARICAN, C. - ALI, A. - WAGNER-HERING, E.: Ein Beitrag zur Verteilung von Mineralstoffen und Aminosauren in hellen und dunklem Schweinfleisch (m. longissimus dorsi und diaphragma). Die Fleischwirtschaft 11, 1976: 1651-1654. 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