ࡱ; Root Entry FQ)CompObjbWordDocument GObjectPool@@ 4@     ?@ABCDEFGSummaryInformation(  xx@ vK@}P)@=AQ)@BMicrosoft Word 6.05ࡱ;  FMicrosoft Word 6.0 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.6;  Oh+'0@d    <` $RTTRR(C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\NORMAL.DOTP 05-04/12xx;>WYbd(PS/268Emp14AD]~ ' !!'!@!C!!!!!!!D&b'no&}~c'w'{&}&K &   '''' & &'  & &&8 &  &t u & '''w x&   &'''' && '!'|A'  '''# $B'0''w''$'/0'K'C'''|''U ] ' ''' ! !J'!!'*!'!!'!'D"L"'"'##'''/#0#'#4##!49$:$G$"4w$E4%%F4j%x%H4%K4&#&&&,&pTimes New Roman Symbol &Arial&Arial CETimes New Roman CECRO_Swiss-Normal"h]&*f*fk\gO 05-04/12xxxxࡱ; ܥe= $e-&G!0p0p88888b;z8b;b;b;b;x;b;YFp;;;;;;;; <"<"<"<?<1=#>FTGgA>8;;;;;A>;88;;;;;;8;8; <8&:8@8888; <;; APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS IN A PREDICTION OF A COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MUSCLES T. Petrak*, S. Tonkovi**, H. Kovai*, A. Karaka***, I. Bauman* *Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, and Marchello, 1994). In the studies carried out with alive sheep (Cosgrove et al., 1988), the impedance measurements were done by puncturing the electrodes od the fore- and hindlimbs, defining lenght as the internal side distance from the distal, ventral face of the first rib to the anterior face of the symphysis pubis. Studies carried out on hogs (Swantek et al., 1992; Marchello and Slanger, 1992), lambs (Slanger et al., 1994), measured impedance by puncturing electrodes on the dorsal midline, when the distance between transmitter and detector electrodes were 10 cm. Readings of resistance (Rs) and reactance (Xc) were done, and lenght of animal was the distance between the detector electrodes. Determined lenhgt does not correspond to the real lenght of animal, so the basic BIA model is not applicable. Results of the impedance measurements carried out on animals, were compared with chemical analysis of 1 kg of muscular tissue, omitting the isotopic and densitometric data which are accustomed for BIA of human body. Therefore, in this study, simple and effective access is used for impedance measurements of alive animals and their carcasses. Material and Methods The electrical impedance measurements were done on broilers Lohman line. The fattening was going on for 45 days. Average slaughtery mass of carcasses after preliminar technological processes (slaughtering, stunning, killing, scalding, defeathering, evisceration and washing) was 1415 g (CCWT). The research was carried out on breast muscles (m. pectoralis maior) and leg muscles back side of the thigh bone (m. gluteus medius) at alive broilers. The HPRLC-Meter-4284A was used to measure the impedance module and phase angle by puncturing four-terminal electrodes on the middlepart of the breast and the leg muscles, along and across muscle fibres. The electrodes were atached to nonconductive plate. Distance among the electrodes (25 mm) and puncturing depth (0.8 mm) were constant. The electronic device worked on the frequency of 15, 20, 100, 200, 500 kHz and 1 MHz, and test current of 0.1 mAcf. The impedance module (Z) and phase angle were recorded. Total water content, pH, total fat, proteins and ashes were determined by standard chemical methods, post mortem. -13- Results and Discussion The results of electrical impedance measurements, a phase angle, total fat and water percentage in breast muscles (m. pectoralis maior) are shown with fig. 1-5, and leg muscles, back side of thigh bone (m. gluteus medius) are shown with fig. 6-10. The results of the impedance module measurements were most favourable on frequency of 15 kHz, and phase angle on frequency of 15 kHz and 1 Mhz. The linear regression analysis shows highly significant correlation between impedance module, phase angle and chemical results of total water and fat content in breast muscles (Fig. 1-5), and leg muscles (Fig. 6-10). These results are in high correlation with chemical findings and confirm reliability of a bioimpedance method for prediction of total water and total fat content in breast and leg muscles of broilers. CONCLUSION The results of present work shows high correlation with chemical findings and confirm reliability of bioimpedance method for determination of body composition. References Berg, E.P. ( Marchello, M.J. (1994). Bioelectrical impedance analysis for the prediction of fat free mass in lamb and lamb carcasses. J. Anim. Sci., 72 322-329.. Cosgrove, J.R., King, J.W.B. ( Brodie, D.A. (1988). A note on the use of impedance measurements for prediction of carcass composition in lambs. Anim. Prod., 47 311-318. Hoffer, E.C., Meador, C.K. ( Simpson, D.C. (1969). Correlation of whole body impedance with total body water volume. J.Appl. Physiol., 27 531-534. Jenin, P., Lenoir, J., Roullet, C., Thomasset, A.L. ( Ducrot, H. (1975). Determination of body fluid compartments by electrical impedance measurements. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 46 152-155. Keim, N.L., Mayclin, P.L., Taylor, S.J. ( Brown, D.L. (1988). Total body electrical conductivity method for estimating bo10000 Zagreb, CROATIA **Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA ***Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vukovarska 78, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA SUMMARY In the present work, the electrical impedance measurements were done on broilers Lohman line. The fattening was going on for 45 days and the average slaughtery mass of carcasses was 1415 g (CCWt). The research was carried out on the breast muscles (m. pectoralis maior) and leg muscles back side of thigh bone (m. gluteus medius). The HPRLC-Meter-4284A device was used to measure the impedance module by puncturing four-terminal electrodes on the middle part of the breast and leg muscles, along and across muscle fibres. The electrodes were attached to nonconductive plate. Distance among the electrodes and puncturing depth were constant. The electronic device worked on frequency of 15, 20, 100, 200 500 kHz and 1 MHz, and test current of 0.1 mAcf. The impedance module (Z) and phase angle were recorded. Total water content, total fat, proteins and ashes were determined by chemical analysis. The results of the impedance module measurements were the most favourable on frequency of 15 kHz and 1 MHz. The linear regression analyse show significant correlation between impedance module and chemical results of the total water content and fat. The results in this study ilustrate that impedance analysis can be used trustworthiness for the prediction of total water and total fat in breast and leg muscles of broilers. INTRODUCTION Prediction of a body composition is based on traditional and new methods. Tradicional methods predict the body composition by determining a total body water, pottasium, creatinine, and morphometric methods by measurements of body density. From new methods, highly significant is a bioelectrical impedance analyse (BIA) which clearly predicts the body composition, and it is also used for laboratory diagnostics (Thomasset, 1963; Hoffer et al., 1969; Jenin et al., 1975). Measurements were done by electronic devices EMME (Electronic Meat Measuring Equipment), and TOBEC (Total Body Electrical Conductivity). Alive hogs( fat free masses were predicted by electronic device EMME (lenght 2.4 m, height and width 1.8 m, which weights 628 kg). Apparatus has a tunel, which height is 81 cm and width 41 cm. At the entrance of the tunnel, series of photo-electric cells automatically measures impedance every 0.25 seconds, on different frequencies -2- (Joyal et al., 1987; Mersmanni et al., 1984; Keim et al., 1988). Apparatus TOBEC is used for prediction of a human body composition (Prest et al., 1983). Bioimpedance analysis are applicable, because of simple and noninvasive procedure. This method is based on Ohm's law, where Rs=pL2/V. Lukaski (1987) explained the mathematical manipulation of Ohm's law, where volume of a conductive mass equals height squared relative to impedance (Ht2/R). BIA model Ht2/R, show no statistical advantage over models for domestic animals. Therefore, it is not applicable for impedance measurements (Bergdy composition validation by direct carcass analysis of pigs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 47 180. Lukaski, H.C., Johnson, P.E., Bolonchuck, W.W. ( Lykken, G.I. (1985). Assesment of fat freee mass using bioelectrical measurements of the human body. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 41:810 . -14- Marchello, M.J. ( Slanger, W.D. (1992). Use of bioelectrical impedance to predict leaness of Boston butts. J. Anim. Sci., 70 3443-3450. Mersmann, H.J., Brown, L.J., Chai, E.Y. ( Foggs, T.H. (1984). Use of electronic meat measuring equipment to estimate body composition in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 58 85. Presta, E., Wang, J., Harrison, G.G., Bjorntorp, P., Harker, W.H. ( van Itallie T.B.(1983). Measurement of total body electrical conductivity: a new method for estimation of body composition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 37 735-739. Slanger, W.D., Marchello, M.J., Busboom, J.R., Meyer, H.H., Mitchell, L.A., Hendrix, W.F., Mills, R.R. ( Warnock, W.D. (1994). Predicting total weight of retail ready lamb cuts from bioelectrical impedance measurements taken at the processing plant. J.Anim. Sci., 72 1467-1474. Swantek, P.M., Crenshaw, J.D., Marchello, M.J. ( Lukaski, H.C. (1992). Bioelectrical impedance: A nondestructive method to determine fat free mass of live market swine and pork carcasses. J.Anim. Sci., 70 169-177. Thomasset, A. (1963). Bio-electrical properties of tissues. Lyon med., 209 1325-1352. Yoyal, S.M., Jones, S.D. ( Kennedy, B.W. (1987). Evaluation of Electronic Meat Measuring Equipment in predicting carcass composition in the live pig. Anim. Prod.. 45 97. /=ECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS IN PREDICTING COMPOSITION. content and fat. The results offor the predicting bioelectrical impedance analyse -2- onds, on different frequencies -3- chemical methods, post mortem. -14- on frequency of 15 kHz and 1 MH -15- /= ai*, A. Karaka***ABSTRACT Key words: impedance; poultry; composition -3- - -5- and,and, and, and , and, and41, and, and,and, -6- and j k ij{|"0fuw !#JKab ]xy{> P R T !!!)!*!!!!!!!4"A"B"D""" #V]c J&]c[]c U[]c]ch J']cU]c]cT ## #"###)$4$7$:$v$w$%%%%4%5%[%c%f%i%%%%%&&&&+&-&D&o&{&}&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&' '!'A'B'C'E'I'J'K'b'c'w'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''[]cu J&]cU]c]cV]cZB~h !"#./,Root Entry FG&CompObjbWordDocument,>ObjectPool@@ 4@ 4#%()*+-./0123 56789:;<=>'SummaryInformation(  xx@ vK@E@G@> Microsoft Word 6.04ࡱ;  FMicrosoft Word 6.0 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.6;  Oh+'0@d    <` b2W*b2W*b2W*b2W*b2W(C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\NORMAL.DOTP 05-04/12xx--#--#--#--#--#--#--#- -#--#--#--#--#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#--#--#--#--#--#--#- #b'D'E'xx B:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxxC:\WINDOWS\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOC@HP LaserJet 4LLPT1:HPPCL5EHP LaserJet 4L D  ɓ3, HP LaserJet 4L D  ɓ3, !!!!  U4=@O[BD()jyzPRUVW . %&*+  !232RVWnoF578<=>!!!!D&@no&}{&}&K &   & &&8 &&&  &t u & &&  &&&'  '!'|A' #B'0C' E'I'J'!#&&&,&pTimes New Roman Symbol &Arial&Arial CETimes New Roman CECRO_Swiss-Normal"h]&R&R&U\gO 05-04/12xxxxࡱ; !$"ܥe= e-&>!0p0p444447z47777,77=pB7B7B7B7B7B7B7B77777789=TK>g94B7B7B7B7B79B744B7B7B7B7B7B74B74B774&:4@4444B77B7B7 APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS IN A PREDICTION OF A COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MUSCLES T. Petrak*, S. Tonkovi**, H. Kovai*, A. Karaka***, I. Bauman* *Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA **Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA ***Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vukovarska 78, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA SUMMARY In the present work, the electrical impedance measurements were done on broilers Lohman line. The fattening was going on for 45 days and the average slaughtery mass of carcasses was 1415 g (CCWt). The research was carried out on the breast muscles (m. pectoralis maior) and leg muscles back side of thigh bone (m. gluteus medius). The HPRLC-Meter-4284A device was used to measure the impedance module by puncturing four-terminal electrodes on the middle part of the breast and leg muscles, along and across muscle fibres. The electrodes were attached to nonconductive plate. Distance among the electrodes and puncturing depth were constant. The electronic device worked on frequency of 15, 20, 100, 200 500 kHz and 1 MHz, and test current of 0.1 mAcf. The impedance module (Z) and phase angle were recorded. Total water content, total fat, proteins and ashes were determined by chemical analysis. The results of the impedance module measurements were the most favourable on frequency of 15 kHz and 1 MHz. The linear regression analyse show significant correlation between impedance module and chemical results of the total water content and fat. The results in this study ilustrate that impedance analysis can be used trustworthiness for the prediction of total water and total fat in breast and leg muscles of broilers. INTRODUCTION Prediction of a body composition is based on traditional and new methods. Tradicional methods predict the body composition by determining a total body water, pottasium, creatinine, and morphometric methods by measurements of body density. From new methods, highly significant is a bioelectrical impedance analyse (BIA) which clearly predicts the body composition, and it is also used for laboratory diagnostics (Thomasset, 1963; Hoffer et al., 1969; Jenin et al., 1975). Measurements were done by electronic devices EMME (Electronic Meat Measuring Equipment), and TOBEC (Total Body Electrical Conductivity). Alive hogs( fat free masses were predicted by electronic device EMME (lenght 2.4 m, height and width 1.8 m, which weights 628 kg). Apparatus has a tunel, which height is 81 cm and width 41 cm. At the entrance of the tunnel, series of photo-electric cells automatically measures impedance every 0.25 seconds, on different frequencies -2- (Joyal et al., 1987; Mersmanni et al., 1984; Keim et al., 1988). Apparatus TOBEC is used for prediction of a human body composition (Prest et al., 1983). Bioimpedance analysis are applicable, because of simple and noninvasive procedure. This method is based on Ohm's law, where Rs=pL2/V. Lukaski (1987) explained the mathematical manipulation of Ohm's law, where volume of a conductive mass equals height squared relative to impedance (Ht2/R). BIA model Ht2/R, show no statistical advantage over models for domestic animals. Therefore, it is not applicable for impedance measurements (Bergdy composition validation by direct carcass analysis of pigs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 47 180. Lukaski, H.C., Johnson, P.E., Bolonchuck, W.W. ( Lykken, G.I. (1985). Assesment of fat freee mass using bioelectrical measurements of the human body. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 41:810 . -14- Marchello, M.J. ( Slanger, W.D. (1992). Use of bioelectrical impedance to predict leaness of Boston butts. J. Anim. Sci., 70 3443-3450. Mersmann, H.J., Brown, L.J., Chai, E.Y. ( Foggs, T.H. (1984). Use of electronic meat measuring equipment to estimate body composition in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 58 85. Presta, E., Wang, J., Harrison, G.G., Bjorntorp, P., Harker, W.H. ( van Itallie T.B.(1983). Measurement of total body electrical conductivity: a new method for estimation of body composition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 37 735-739. Slanger, W.D., Marchello, M.J., Busboom, J.R., Meyer, H.H., Mitchell, L.A., Hendrix, W.F., Mills, R.R. ( Warnock, W.D. (1994). Predicting total weight of retail ready lamb cuts from bioelectrical impedance measurements taken at the processing plant. J.Anim. Sci., 72 1467-1474. Swantek, P.M., Crenshaw, J.D., Marchello, M.J. ( Lukaski, H.C. (1992). Bioelectrical impedance: A nondestructive method to determine fat free mass of live market swine and pork carcasses. J.Anim. Sci., 70 169-177. Thomasset, A. (1963). Bio-electrical properties of tissues. Lyon med., 209 1325-1352. Yoyal, S.M., Jones, S.D. ( Kennedy, B.W. (1987). Evaluation of Electronic Meat Measuring Equipment in predicting carcass composition in the live pig. Anim. Prod.. 45 97. /=ECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS IN PREDICTING COMPOSITION. content and fat. The results offor the predicting bioelectrical impedance analyse -2- onds, on different frequencies -3- chemical methods, post mortem. -14- on frequency of 15 kHz and 1 MH -15- /= j k ij{|"0fuw !#JKab ]xy{> P R T !!!)!*!!!!!!!4"A"B"D""" #V]c J&]c[]c U[]c]ch J']cU]c]cT ## #"###)$4$7$:$v$w$%%%%4%5%[%c%f%i%%%%%&&&&+&-&D&o&{&}&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&' '!'A'B'C'E'I'J'K'b'[]cu J&]cU]c]cV]c<B~h !"#./,.[ \ !!!!!!J"K"-#.#E$F$%%v%w%"&#&$&%&&&'&(&)&-&&&&&&&'B'D'-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#--#--#--#--#--#--#- -#--#*K @ Normal ]a c"A@"Default Paragraph Font-#-&!    -# #D&-&pxx B:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxxC:\WINDOWS\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOC@HP LaserJet 4LLPT1:HPPCL5EHP LaserJet 4L D  ɓD'E'-#!K'!!!   R&R8!!?\]FjkyQRV/ &*   RWnFQR678= !!!!!!!!!-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#--#-# -#-#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#.[ \ !!!!!!J"K"-#.#E$F$%%v%w%"&#&$&%&&&'&(&)&-&&&&&&&'B'D'-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#--#--#--#--#--#--#- -#--#*K @ Normal ]a c"A@"Default Paragraph Font-#-&!    -# #D&-&pxx B:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxxC:\WINDOWS\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOC@HP LaserJet 4LLPT1:HPPCL5EHP LaserJet 4L D  ɓD'E'''''''''''''''-#-#--#--#- -#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#-#-#edicting total weight of retail 0,Crenshaw, J.D., Marchello, M.J. and,, and,/=?\]FjkyQRV/ &*   RWnFQR678= !!!!!!!!!-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#--#-# -#-#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#'''''''''''''4!4"4E4F4H4K4L4c4uU]c]c!L4!      c!Z[8]^tM   I)*?cgvlwxcd'(DE &!'!!!!!!!!!!-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#--#-# -#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#- -#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#- -#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#--#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#-#--#--#--#--#--#--#- #'c4D''xx B:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxxC:\WINDOWS\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOCxx A:\INDIA2.DOC@HP LaserJet 4LLPT1:HPPCL5EHP LaserJet 4L D  ɓ3, HP LaserJet 4L D  ɓ3, |  U=>MYZ|57 \]^istu- L      HIJ)?@bcdfghVWVvlx