ࡱ> -0*+,[bjbj ΐΐfy   QQ$P5DyTQ>p=MMM v!D!$PPPPPPP$UWpQi%n " %%QQQMM!~Q000%QMMP0%P00EYhGM6*KFPQ0QeF^XS-lX4GG(XK!"|0#dl#!!!QQ.B!!!Q%%%%X!!!!!!!!! :Methods for Waste Disposal on Commercial Ships Mate Bari, B.Sc.; Marko Smokrovi, B.Sc.; Dra~en Butorac, B.Sc. Faculty of Maritime Studies Dept. of Logistics and Management Rijeka, Croatia leteca.utoka@gmail.com Abstract - The research paper titled "Methods for disposal of the cargo ship" includes wastes that are found in the seas, and generally define their chemical and physiological characteristics. A special attention is given to the legal regulations of international law which define the ways of dealing with waste and exhaust gases on board ships (MARPOL; MARPOL Annexes 5 and 6). Shipping books and documents are issued in accordance with the classification societies of particular countries due to standardization and automation in the handling of cargo on ships. Subject of research were systems for burning and disposal of waste on ships as well as technical - technological units and maintenance with them in "civilized way" in accordance with the standards given with conventions for disposal of waste from ships in the national and international navigation. Keywords: waste disposal, international law, shipping documents, systems for burning and disposal I. INTRODUCTION On merchant ships most of waste is generated by the crew, a small part is of the domestic waste materials. Because of this the biggest problem is the disposal of the same waste to prevent pollution and the environment. Particularly from an environmental aspect is considered air pollution from exhaust gases from ships. Due to the large amount of material that can not be discharged into the environment, and that can be destroyed by inceneration, it is necessary to provide space for waste and to reduce all the space for cargo. The consequences are rigorous checks and penalties for shipping companies and ships that do not comply with regulations. Improving procedures for inceneration and incorporating new machinery for waste treatment will lead to reduction in space required to accommodate the waste. Studying the legal regulations and procedures of waste disposal will try to explore possible methods of waste disposal. II. WASTE AND INCENERATION ON BOARD Classical division of the sources of waste in the marine environment recognizes coastal (terrestrial) and marine. Some marine sources of waste are: Boats of all types and purposes (shopping, fishing, passenger, military, ferries, travel cruise ships to smaller vessels for leisure, sport and personal pleasure of sailing) Oil and gas platforms. A. Sources, types and sizes of waste Sources of waste are important to know because it is much easier and, above all, cheaper to prevent its introduction into more than the removal of the marine environment and / or remediation of damage that may result. Unfortunately, much of it is not known origin. For some time it is considered that, on a global scale, about 80% of marine waste comes from land, while 20% occurs on the sea. The data that often relies show that 36% of marine waste comes from tourism, 13% of the fishery, and 10% for various types of sewerage and drainage systems. Only a small percentage of marine waste is one of the ships sailing in different properties (except fishing), but that does not mean that it is less significant. Although the method of expressing skepticism rough estimate precise figures are justified, we agree with the data that a large portion, about 40% of marine waste an unknown source. We can even consider that this part is unknown and the ships that do not comply with the MARPOL Convention or boats are not states parties to the Convention [1]. Marine Waste is everything that is found in the marine environment, and naturally does not appear and does not belong there. The main categories are the various types of plastics, metals, glass, rubber and paper. Among the cases that are in whole or in part become dominated by plastic packaging waste (for beverages, edible oils, dairy products, detergents, cosmetics, medicine, including injections), fishing crates of Styrofoam, mostly broken, and various bags, wrappers and foil, stoppers, one-time packaging for food, jars, cans, metal containers and sprays, different types of packaging paper, further plastic footwear, fishing tools like ropes, nets, fish traps, buoys, buoys and the like [2]. Waste (small) size which is a particular focus of researchers for possible direct entry into the food chain is divided into micro-waste (between 63 and 500 micrometers), mezzo-waste (under 5 mm to over 1 cm), macro-waste (generally up to 1 dm) and mega-waste (over 1 dm). B. The retention of waste in the marine environment Assuming that it is not removed before the bin will remain in the marine environment as much as he needs to dissolve, then depending on its decomposition. Time decay depends on its chemical and physical structure and the point where there is: if floating on the sea surface is located on the shore or sank to the seabed. In the case of biodegradation, then the action of bacterial material fully decomposed, decomposition, and dissolves, which is characteristic of mostly natural materials. Unfortunately, when it comes to trash plastic, glass, metal, rubber and so it is resistant to biodegradation and should be long until it is completely decomposed, but at the stage of microscopic size still retains its properties, and it is harmful become more dangerous . III. LEGAL REGULATIONS IN THE PROTECTION OF THE SEA AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT Control and monitoring of ships is important for the prevention of marine pollution. MARPOL enables, and also allows improving the rules of prevention of pollution itself. A. MARPOL - Convention 1973./1978. (Eng. The 1973./1978. MARPOL Convention) Oil pollution is recognized as a major environmental problem in the first half of the 20th century. Already at that time, many countries have begun to adopt national legislation in order to control the transshipment of oil in its territorial waters. However, the first convention in relation to the prevention of sea pollution by oil was made in 1954. year. It established [3] the restricted zone which went at least 50 nautical miles from the nearest coast, in which he was forbidden to spew oil or its mixture with more than 100 parts per million of oil [4]. While these conventions deal with oil pollution, a growing market and further development required a new measure of protection. As a motive for the action of the international community was the average tanker "Torry Canyon", which in 1967. was stranded at the entrance to the English Channel [5]. Oil slick spread on 270 square kilometers. After the disaster several conventions were brought, among which and 1973. MARPOL - Convention (Eng. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships). International Convention for the Protection of Pollution from Ships was adopted in second of November 1973. with the IMO. At the International Conference on Tanker Safety, held in London 1978. adopted the Protocol which forms an integral part of the MARPOL Convention. Unlike the convention in 1954. which regulates the prevention of sea pollution by oil, MARPOL. The Convention regulates the prevention of pollution of all harmful substances from ships discharging or discharged, either intentionally or accidentally. MARPOL - Conventions are constantly amended. New text entries, almost every year, no longer have to wait for ratification by states. And news automatically enter into force one year after the decision of the IMO, unless they explicitly object to third countries that have at least half of the world tonnage. Apart from the basic text of the Convention contains six annexes. In order that Annexes are: Annex I - Regulations on the Prevention of oil pollution. Appendix II. - The rules for pollution control of liquid substances transported by tankers. Annex III. - Regulations on the Prevention of pollution by harmful substances in packaged form. Annex IV. - Regulations on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships faeces. Annex V - Regulations on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships waste. Annex VI. - Regulations on the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships, emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. B. Ship documents For easier control, the ships were forced to take notes. This makes it easier to locate the offender, and tracking statistics to improve regulation. C. Garbage Record Book In accordance with Rule 9 of Annex V of the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973) [6]. Protocol and 1978. (MARPOL 73/78), any discharge or incineration of waste must be written in the book of Waste (Garbage Record Book). The book must have each ship with more than 400 BRT [7], and it issued by Croatian Register of Shipping in Croatia. Waste is considered litter, all related to nutrition, life and work of the board, except fresh fish and its remnants. Waste is not considered to be oil, hot water or noxious liquid substances; it is classified into five categories [8]: Plastics, Floating boards and packaging, Crushed paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, containers, etc., Food waste, Ashes. The book is a must keep receipts and stored on the dedicated waste in ports. The receipt should contain a list of persons or organizations that have accepted the waste, with a specified quantity and type. These certificates are kept with the book about the waste of at least two years, so that at any time be available for viewing to port authorities burning plastic and nylon on the boat, the remains are not allowed to spew ash into the sea, but it will be the first port of arrival to deliver appropriate services . D. Garbage Plan Pursuant to Rule 9.2. Annex V of MARPOL - Convention, any ship larger than 400 gross tonnages must have a "plan for handling waste". The plan includes procedures for collecting, storing and treating different types of waste. Detail the specific person responsible for the proper implementation of the plan. Waste is placed in containers should be marked accordingly. Container for waste that is disposed into the sea is prohibited, is colored red, it can be burned if you have a drive for burning - otherwise, must be kept until the arrival in port, where he taught for a charge to port services. Waste is committed to be issued appropriate certificates. Black color indicates the tank waste that is allowed to be disposed at a distance from the coast more than 25 miles, while that which can be disposed at a distance of 12 miles and more, indicates the green. White marks are intended for waste incineration in the ship's incinerator waste. The ship's kitchen, lounges and crew decks must have stickers printed in the language of the crew and English, pursuant to rule on the disposal of waste at sea (Appendix 5 of the Convention). E. The Garbage Prevention Certificate The certificate is issued in accordance with the provisions of Annex V of MARPOL - Convention and contains a detailed description of the device for the treatment of waste, such as a description of the device, manufacturer name, a description of the collecting tank and settling tank waste. The validity of the certificate is five years; an owner and equipment are subject to regular annual examinations. F. Regulations of the Croatian Register of Shipping Croatian Register of Shipping is responsible for the control of ships registered in the register of ships in Croatia. Their technical rules are consistent with international rules for controlling and monitoring of ships. G. General Appendix V. (Prevention of pollution by waste from ships) of the International Convention on prevention of pollution of MARPOL 73/78, focused reducing of pollution by waste generated by ships. Waste includes all waste excluding fresh fish and parts of the same (plastics, synthetic mesh, plastic bags, paper, rags, glass, metal, bottles, packaging, etc.) [9]. The requirements of Annex V shall apply from 31th December 1988 to all ships (new and existing in the national and international waters). Annex V is an optional part of the MARPOL Convention applied only to countries which have accepted it. All countries whose authorization has CRS (Croatian Register of Shipping) have accepted (or decided to implement requirements such as Malta) Annex V, and the requirements apply to ships under their flag. Annex V does not envisage compulsory examinations and issuing mandatory shipping documents. HRB at will and at the request of shippers may review and issue the board and the appropriate certificates attesting to compliance with the requirements of MARPOL 73/78 Annex V. HRB encourages shippers to seek certification of ships confirming compliance with the provisions of Annex V, and thus reduces the possibility of unpleasant surprises during inspections by port authorities. Amendments to Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 Convention, adopted Resolution MEPC 65 (37), requires the following: In all ships 12 m in length and over shall at appropriate locations to be placed posters with instructions for disposal of waste; All ships of gross tonnage> 400 and ships authorized to carry 15 or more persons must have a Garbage Management Plan. All ships of gross tonnage> 400 and ships authorized to carry 15 or more persons in international voyage must have Garbage Record Book Ships certified to carry 15 or more persons may be exempted from the requirement if the journey time is less than an hour. H. Posters Posters must be made of durable materials, the minimum dimensions of 200 x 125 mm and placed in a prominent place on the bridge, dining area and on the exposed deck of a passenger ship and the places of gathering a large number of passengers in the interior of the boat and on an exposed deck. Application: Vessels on international voyages Ships flying the Croatian flag must HAVE bilingual posters with the text according to the model in Annex 1 Ships of other flags that CRS is authorized to issue certificates of safety can have posters with the text of the aforementioned form. Vessels restricted navigation areas 5-8 Since the requirements of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 prohibits the dumping of any wastes in the Adriatic Sea within 12 nautical miles from the nearest land, requires as follows: a) Passenger ships - In areas designated for the accommodation of passengers and on exposed decks shall be placed a poster with the text [10]. b) Other ships (cargo ships, fishing ships, including fixed and mobile offshore units) should at least in the dining room crew to set up a poster with the text. Note: HRB at the request of the shipper for any ship to which the statutory certificates issued free to submit the appropriate posters. I. Garbage Management Plan Plan for handling the waste must contain the prescribed procedures for collecting, storing, processing and disposal of waste into the sea and the name of the responsible person on board to conduct the same. The plan must be made in the working language of the crew to the template specified in MEPC / Circ. 317. Although it does not require that the plan is approved, the HRB has been prepared at the request of the ship-owner to make the same approval for a fee of $ 100 in money equivalent to ships on international voyages or 30 USD to ship restricted navigation areas 5-8. Applying the rules of the Croatian Register on ships: All ships of gross tonnage> 400 as well as boats that are licensed to carry 15 or more persons must have a plan for handling waste. J. Garbage Record Book The Book of waste, according to the model PCH-055 for ships of the Croatian flag, or PCA -055 for ships of other flags that CRS is authorized to issue safety certificates to be completed in the official language of the country whose flag the ship, and in addition to English or French. The book fills a responsible person on board (according to the plan for handling), and the master shall initial each completed page. Once the book is filled with must be kept on board for at least another two years [11]. Application: The Book of waste must be on all ships of gross tonnage> 400 and ships authorized to carry 15 or more people who sail in international waters. The Book of waste must be on all ships of gross tonnage> 400 and ships authorized to carry 15 persons or more in the navigation area 5-8. from 1st July 2000. Note: The Book of waste for ships on international voyages may be obtained from the CRS regional offices or ordered at the Main Office at a cost of 20 USD in Kunas; Book of waste for the restricted area of navigation, ships can be purchased at the regional offices of CRS or order in the Supreme office at a cost of 10 USD in Kuna. IV. DEVELOPMENT OF WASTE INCENERATION Development of technology of waste disposal on land also is developing of technologies and methods of waste management on ships. The adoption of the new rules and laws that develop aimed at protecting the environment, while at the same time complying with the conditions of carriage. A. Waste Regulations According to the rules of the legislation mentioned in the chapter on protecting the marine environment must be disposed of waste on ships. Of course, the dynamic progress of life during the twentieth century came to a different phenomenon of waste on ships and thus to the constant improvement of methods for the disposal of waste on ships in the manner of storage of waste and in the manner of waste incineration in incinerators. The basic legal act of the MARPOL that are governed by state within the International Maritime Organization. Each state, through its registry and standardized norms with national legislation. (Lloyd's in the UK, American Bureau of Shipping in the U.S., including the Croatian Register of Shipping in the Republic of Croatia). Regulations to implement the legal and administrative level within the country and certain governments, and port-level inspection of the relevant ministries and port authorities. B. New generation of incenerators New generation of incenerators EVAC are designed to burn solid waste, waste oil, according to IMO standards. In this device the waste will be fed manually, and thus goes into a powerful food processor wastes. Compacted waste still goes into the repository of the device, which has a sensor waste, the detector temperature and the junction with fire extinguishers. Gravity from the tank waste going to the burner and sliding surfaces are hydraulically operated. In the incenerator burning is in two phases. In the first stage of decomposition of waste is achieved by partial pyrolysis. Complete removal of gases and waste residues occurs in the second phase, incenerator temperature is approximately 850 C to ensure destruction of all debris and gases. The device is equipped with a water injection in order to increase the amount of waste that can be processed, and to reduce oil consumption. The devices are equipped with automatic control of the gases emitted, and control the first and second phases of waste incineration. The system is designed for continuous use, with automatic ash removal. Ash is discharged into the reservoir which is subsequently stored on board until the disposal of the land. Figure 1. : EVAC incenerator V. POLLUTION OF THE SEA AIR BY EMISSION GAS Manufacturers of marine diesel engines and scientists explore a multitude of techniques that the basic goal of reducing diesel emissions in practical terms, as one of the segments of global pollution. The reason for intensifying the need for a solution to this problem is the growing increase in air pollution emissions of ships, and because the show is stationary manufacturers significantly reduced the adoption of various environmental laws. This issue became the primary, so join the international and national regulations in individual countries, particularly those exposed to more pronounced and shipping emissions, which are closer to the marine waterways. Legal aspects of marine pollution exhaust gases Air pollution only in recent times began international legal regulation. Until that contamination can occur in different ways. Whether it is harmful substances resulting from the land transferred by wind into the sea, whether pollution resulting directly from the air. Cause can be at sea activities such as waste incineration and transmission of harmful substances from ships into the air. The air is increasingly polluting the development of industry and energy use for different purposes, which comes to global warming. Pollution from the air is mainly regulated by international and regional treaties relating to land-based pollution from ships and agreements to control emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In this context we should mention the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution at large distances (Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution - LRTAP), in which provisions were made to limit or reduce and prevent air pollution in general, and therefore it must be indirectly polluting and more. The Convention was adopted under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Europe Economic and Social Council of the UN. It is general obligations of States and will be further developed protocols to the Convention adopted. So far, have been adopted: Protocol relating to long-term financing Cooperative Program for Monitoring and Assessment Long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP), Protocol on reducing emissions of sulfur [12], Protocol on Heavy Metals The Protocol on persistent organic pollutants, Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication II ground-level ozone Protocol on the Control of Emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes, As a party to the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, Croatia is participating in international programs for calculating and mapping critical loads (ICP Mapping & Modeling of Critical Load and Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends - ICP Modeling & Mapping). Protection of the ozone layer and reducing harmful emissions into the air apart from the aforementioned Convention and the Protocol deals with the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer and, with her adopted, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol are important international instruments for protection of the ecosystem of the entire Earth, including the seas and oceans. In fact, the past decade there has been a large increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and halogenated compounds, which resulted in a damaged ozone layer, this leads to changes in climate and to global warming. It is estimated that carbon dioxide is the most important cause of warming, and even accounts for 64% of all emissions, then with 20% methane, nitrous oxide by 6% and halogenated compounds with 10%. Not if they can control the emissions of these substances, there would be a further increase in temperature on Earth, which would become the man's survival doubtful. In this respect the Vienna Convention obliges States to protect the environment and human health from harmful effects which may arise due to ozone depletion, and so to reduce and gradually stop the production of harmful substances. Due to the control and impact on climate change by reducing emissions of hazardous substances into the air, was taken in Rio de Janeiro 1992 and The UN Convention on Climate Change. In its application the state are obliged to cooperate in developing national and regional programs of measures to mitigate climate change control emissions of gases that contribute to global temperature increase, are not covered by the Montreal Protocol. Along with the Convention and Protocol was adopted in Kyoto 1997. According to some opinions, the application of the Protocol, too late, because with the measures will be sufficient given that the earth has more signs of global warming. However, the entry into force of the Protocol, it is considered, the gases that cause the greenhouse effect will be reduced by 60%, which would stabilize the global climate. After Russia's ratification of the Protocol and its entry into force, all the industrial countries to the agreement until 2012. The reduced amounts of gases that cause the greenhouse effect - 5% below 1990 levels. According to some statistics, the share of Russia in the emission of these gases is 17%. On the other hand, the fact that the Protocol is not signed by the United States, and participates in air pollution with 36% of all emissions. China or other developing countries, is not required to reduce emissions even though it ratified the Kyoto Protocol. All these facts considerably reduce its effectiveness. However, only the entry into force is still a big step forward in an effort to reduce harmful emissions. B. Convention to be directly involved in marine pollution from the air Besides the conventions of a general character related to air pollution, and so indirectly, and has air pollution from the air is particularly concerned with the Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982. year, and its Section 212. In doing so, states are authorized to bring national regulations to prevent, reduce and control pollution from the air or indirectly through the air. While the legislation states must take account of internationally recognized norms and standards and recommended practices. They are committed to apply national legislation and international rules on prevention of air pollution in areas under their sovereignty, to ships flying their flag on the aircraft registry in their area while respecting the rules of air navigation. With regard to the adoption of general and regional rules, the Convention states that suggests the rules are established through competent international organizations or diplomatic conference. Emission control ship emissions - implementation of Annex VI. MARPOL Convention When talking about air pollution from ships, primarily refers to emissions from ships where the main propulsion system of a diesel engine. Slow-movement form the basis of diesel engines drive the majority of large commercial ships (tankers, bulk carrier ...). In order to achieve maximum efficiency of marine diesel engines, it shortens the time of fuel combustion in the cylinder, so the engines with a long merge by increasing the compression ratio. This leads to fuel combustion in the cylinder at higher temperatures, which cause the appearance of emissions. Sulfur is an ingredient in low-speed diesel fuel engines, increase fuel quality, i.e. the reduction of sulfur content in fuel, costly production and thus increases the price. Diesel engines and gas turbines, using higher quality fuels, thus reducing pollution, but they also have a lower degree of efficiency. Desulfurization fuel on board, or clean exhaust gases after combustion fuels are more expensive, requires additional storage and handling of residual products. Such limitation of high efficiency and increased environmental demands open, however, need to develop new propulsion systems. Passenger and ro-ro ships today because they have friendly electric drive, has been intensively working on developing a new generation of gas turbines, and combined operating systems are no longer the exception. At the same time major manufacturers of diesel engines busily working on new solutions to reduce harmful emissions; formed teams of experts whose only goal is the engine of high efficiency, profitability and environmental acceptability. NOx emissions and is recognized as the most harmful, so the new rules apply just to reduce these emissions, while other regulations to reduce emissions only in the developing world. From all draw the conclusion that the protection of the marine environment from air pollution from more recent times. There are no international or regional treaties that are committed to protecting our seas from pollution from the air. For this reason, the rules to prevent pollution from the air found in the conventions dealing with controlling and preventing emissions into the atmosphere and conventions on pollution from ships and from land-based sources. Shipping, shipbuilding industry and manufacturers of a variety of marine equipment, as well as legislation, are working intensively on the creation of new knowledge essential for the selection of propulsion systems and fuels, and to adapt those existing requirements for safety and environmental protection. VI. CONCLUSION Today we can say that control of waste on ships is one of the important factors in preventing environmental pollution. The same can be said about the fact that the marine industry is one of a growing industry, and a large number of ships that sail the seas of the world. Also, control and manipulation of waste by ships is very important in the fact that the waste occupies space ship, thus reducing the payload of the ship. Today's methods are managed much of the waste, while the other part such as the plastic waste problem. The proposed method can solve part of the plastic waste. It is very important and legal support that allows the very control of ships, and punishes those who do not respect the rules. Today, MARPOL Convention provides very rigorous rules governing itself prevention and punishment of those who do not respect the rules. Further modernization and implementation of the rules will protect the world's more than pollution and allow shippers greater efficiency of its own fleet. REFERENCES Miloevi  Pujo, B., Radovan, H.: Sprje avanje one iaenja mora po MARPOL konvenciji, Naae more , 2005. 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!$%,-0ллл(h^O{h^O{0J>*B*mHnHphsHh^O{h^O{0J>*B*phUjh^O{h^O{Uh^O{h^O{mHnHsH h^O{h^O{Jited_States?topic=49485" http://www.eoearth.org/article/Oil_Pollution_%28OILPOL%29_Convention_of_1954,_United_States?topic=49485  HYPERLINK "http://marinemanagement.org.uk/protecting/pollution/incidents_torreycanyon.htm" http://marinemanagement.org.uk/protecting/pollution/incidents_torreycanyon.htm  HYPERLINK "http://marinemanagement.org.uk/protecting/pollution/incidents_torreycanyon.htm" http://marinemanagement.org.uk/protecting/pollution/incidents_torreycanyon.htm  HYPERLINK "http://www.propisi.hr/print.php?id=8032" http://www.propisi.hr/print.php?id=8032  HYPERLINK "http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/256_amended_1.pdf" http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/256_amended_1.pdf  HYPERLINK "http://www.pfst.hr/data/materijali/ZMMO_predavanje_8.pdf" http://www.pfst.hr/data/materijali/ZMMO_predavanje_8.pdf http://www.imo.org/Search/Results.aspx?k=marpol%20annex%205 (13.01.2011.) http://cadial.hidra.hr/searchdoc.php?query=azbest&searchText=on&searchTitle=on&searchDescriptors=on&resultlimitnum=10&lang=en&resultoffset=100&annotate=on&bid=Ly5YxwYPQCEopltfVZglnA%3D%3D (14.01.2011.) http://amnautical.com/show/PB1256Z (13.01.2011.) http//: www.hrcak.srce.hr/file/1280 (21.04.2011.)     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