Naslov
Load parameters in the total physical, multiple and single-joint weight exercises

Autori
Harasin, Dražen ; Milanović, Luka ; Šimek, Sanja

Vrsta, podvrsta i kategorija rada
Radovi u zbornicima skupova, cjeloviti rad (in extenso), znanstveni

Izvornik
Proceedings Book of the 3rd International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology “Kinesiology New Perpectives” / Milanović, Dragan ; Prot, Franjo - Zagreb, 2002, 345-348

ISBN
953-6378-36-1

Skup
3rd International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology “Kinesiology New Perpectives”

Mjesto i datum
Opatija, Hrvatska, 25.09.2002. - 29.09.2002

Vrsta sudjelovanja
Ostalo

Vrsta recenzije
Međunarodna recenzija

Ključne riječi
weight training ; athlete

Sažetak
Weight training, as one of the ways of training with external load, is basically strength training which demands from the muscle system of an athlete the generation of force that is opposed to the force of external load (Siff & Verkhoshansky, 1998). To be able to efficiently manage the transformational effects of a training process, the volume of load in this type of resistance training must be quantified in this segment of conditioning training, that is, it must be defined as load parameters. There are three basic parameters in weight training: force, work and power or the intensity of work. When weight appears as an aspect of external load, then the force generated by the muscles may be described by the 2. Newtonian Law of motion (Zatsiorsky, 1994). Since the force generated by the muscles depends both on the mass and on the current acceleration of load, and it is known that a lighter weight may be accelerated more quickly, a higher external load does not necessarily imply a bigger muscle force exertion. The same muscle force may also be achieved by using a lighter weight, but at a higher work rate. The generation of muscle force may be the same, however, the training effects may be considerably different. Still, when we are talking about lifting and lowering a weight, the external force may be well approximated by the weight mass as well (Beachle & Earle, 2000). Force is a parameter of the intensity of the total load and is directly proportionate to the volume of the total load. An important dynamic magnitude in defining the component of load extensity in weight training is the length of the distance of force exertion. Work is the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the object moves. The distance the object moves is determined by the type of an exercise, by the amplitude of movement and by the number of repetitions. The exercises such as standing-up on one's tiptoes or a full squat will produce a varying amount of work by an athlete, regardless of the possibly equal external force. Additionally, the amount of work also depends on the amplitude of movements, so that it will be smaller in partial repetitions than in the repetitions executed with a maximal amplitude. A larger number of repetitions implies increased distance and consequently a larger volume of work. Work is a parameter of the extensity of the total load (Beachle & Earle, 2000). Power, that is, the intensity of work, is the time rate of doing work. If a certain volume of work be done in a shorter period of time, then an athlete is said to be working with a higher intensity. Since work is the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the object moves and since the distance the object moves in unit time is regarded as speed, it may be concluded that power is a mathematical function of force and speed. Power is a parameter of the intensity of work. In practice, the distance the object (weight) moves is the vertical distance of the weight lifted. External force is well approximated by the weight mass at rest (Beachle & Earle, 2000). The basic load parameters in three weight exercises were computed for a 180cm-tall athlete, namely, the bench press, the squat and the standing-up on one's tiptoes. Bench press (Figure 1) is a weight exercise that recruits two joints. In it a weight is lifted straight up from a five-support balance posture (lying on a bench). The concentric contraction of agonists generates muscular force in the transversal plane directed away from the centre of gravity. The shoulder and the elbow angles change during the movement.

Izvorni jezik
Engleski

Znanstvena područja
Kineziologija

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