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However, they determined that this enhanced intellectual capacity was related to spatial intelligence (the dependent variable), and that it only lasted about 15 minutes. Each of 36 college students was given three treatments (the independent variable) before being tested three respective times: listening to K. 448 for 10 minutes; a relaxation tape for 10 minutes; and sitting in silence for 10 minutes. Directly after each treatment was applied, the test subject was assigned to tackle spatial reasoning exercises (such as paper-folding problems), and the associated score was then converted to a Stanford-Binet intelligence scale. Statistical analyses showed that the mean IQs corresponding to the second and third treatments were not significantly different from one another, but the average IQ for the first treatment was significantly higher than the other two treatments. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion  HYPERLINK "http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Anne+J.+Blood&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" Anne J. Blood HYPERLINK "http://www.pnas.org/content/98/20/11818" \l "fn-1" * and  HYPERLINK "http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Robert+J.+Zatorre&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" Robert J. Zatorre  HYPERLINK "http://www.pnas.org/content/98/20/11818" + Author Affiliations Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 Edited by Marcus E. Raichle, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, and approved July 16, 2001 (received for review July 11, 2001) Abstract We used positron emission tomography to study neural mechanisms underlying intensely pleasant emotional responses to music. Cerebral blood flow changes were measured in response to subject-selected music that elicited the highly pleasurable experience of “shivers-down-the-spine” or “chills.” Subjective reports of chills were accompanied by changes in heart rate, electromyogram, and respiration. As intensity of these chills increased, cerebral blood flow increases and decreases were observed in brain regions thought to be involved in reward/motivation, emotion, and arousal, including ventral striatum, midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex. These brain structures are known to be active in response to other euphoria-inducing stimuli, such as food, sex, and drugs of abuse. This finding links music with biologically relevant, survival-related stimuli via their common recruitment of brain circuitry involved in pleasure and reward. 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