ࡱ > bjbj > 4 & E# E# E# E# E# Y# Y# Y# 8 # , $ T Y# I & & " 3& 3& 3& ' ( T) \ nG pG pG pG pG pG pG $ J QM G E# ) ' ' ) ) G E# E# 3& 3& H $ , , , ) E# 3& E# 3& nG , ) nG , , ? bA 3& 4- Y# t* X :@ ZG H < I P@ M * M , bA bA T M E# A , ) ) ) G G P, j ) ) ) I ) ) ) ) M ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) " : I r m a K a l i n o v i 1 , Z l a t k o K o r u n i 2 , V l a t k a R o z m a n 1 , D a r k a H a m e l 3 A n i t a L i ak a 1
1 P o l j o p r i v r e d n i f a k u l t e t u O s i j e k u , S v e u
i l i at e J o s i p a J u r j a S t r o s s m e y e r a u O s i j e k u
1 F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e i n O s i j e k , J o s i p J u r a j S t r o s s m a y e r U n i v e r s i t y i n O s i j e k
2 D i a t o m R e s e a r c h a n d C o n s u l t i n g I n c . , T o r o n t o , O N , C a n a d a
3 H r v a t s k i c e n t a r z a p o l j o p r i v r e d u , h r a n u i s e l o , Z a v o d z a z a at i t u b i l j a , Z a g r e b
S u z b i j a n j u at e t n i h k u k a c a u s k l a d i at e n e p ae n i c e s p i n o s a d o m
S a ~e t a k
U H r v a t s k o j s u z b i j a n j e at e t n i h k u k a c a u s k l a d i at e n i h z r n a t i h proizvoda s prirodnim insekticidom spinosadom (derivat bakterije aktinomiceta Saccharopolyspora spinosa) do sad se jo ne provodi. Spinosad pod imenima Laser (KS) 24% i Success Bait (KS) 24 g/L + atraktant u nas se koristi za suzbijanje kukaca stetnika vo a i p o v r a t i j e k o m v e g e t a c i j e .
O v i m i s t r a ~i v a n j e m h t j e l a s e j e u t v r d i t i d j e l o t v o r n o s t s p i n o s a d f o r m u l a c i j e L A S E R S C n a s k l a d i an e k u k c e S i t o p h i l u s g r a n a r i u s ( L . ) , R h y z o p e r t h a d o m i n i c a ( F . ) , C r y p t o l e s t e s f e r r u g i n e u s ( S t e p h e n s ) , T r i b o l i u m c a s t a n e u m ( H e r b s t ) u l a b o r a t o r i j s k i m u v j e t i m a .
P ae n i c e s a s a d r ~a j e m v l a g e o d 1 3 % j e b i l a o b r a e n a s k o n c e n t r a c i j a m a 0 , 0 ; 0 , 5 ; 1 , 0 i 1 , 5 p p m s p i n o s a d d j e l o t v o r n e t v a r i . N a k o n u n o ae n j a k u k a c a u p o s u d e s o b r a e n o m p ae n i c o m ( 3 p o n a v l j a n j a s a p o 5 0 o d r a s l i h i n s e k a t a u s v a k o m p o n a v l j a n j u ) , p o s u d e s u d r ~a n e n a 3 0 + 1 0 C a n d 7 0 + 5 % r e l a t i v n e v l a g e z r a k a .
O c j e n o m r e z u l t a t a , u t v r e n o j e d a j e 1 0 0 % - t n i m o r t a l i t e t S . g r a n a r i u s p o s t i g n u t s k o n c e n t r a c i j o m o d 1 , 0 p p m n a k o n 7 d a n a , a s k o n c e n t r a c i j o m 0 , 5 p p m n a k o n 2 6 d a n a e k s p o z i c i j e o d r a s l i h k u k a c a n a o b r a e n o j p ae n i c i . K o n c e n t r a c i j a o d 0 , 5 p p m n i j e b i l a d o v o l j n a z a s u z b i j a n j e p o t o m s t v a o v e v r s t e . K o d v r s t e R . d o m i n i c a 1 0 0 % - t n i m o r t a l i t e t p o s t i g n u t j e n a k o n 2 6 d a n a s k o n c e n t r a c i j o m 0 , 5 p p m . K o n c e n t r a c i j o m 0 , 5 p p m p o t o m s t v o o v e v r s t e je bilo 100%-tno suzbijeno. Koncentracija od 0.5 ppm je izazvala 100%-tni mortalitet odraslih i potomstva vrste C. ferrugineus. T. castaneum je bio najtolerantniji na djelovanje spinosada. Koncentracija od 1,5 ppm nakon ekspozicije od 26 dana izazvala je 86,1%-tnu smrtnost odraslih kukaca.. Koncentracije 0,5 ppm smanjila je populaciju potomstva za 95,5%.
Spinosad formulacija Laser SC u koncentraciji od 1 i 1 , 5 p p m a k t i v n e s u b s t a n c e u s p j e an o m o ~e s u z b i j a t i o d r a s l e o b l i k e i p o t o m s t v o S . g r a n a r i u s , k o n c e n t r a c i j a o d 0 . 5 p p m s u z b i j a o d r a s l e i p o t o m s t v o v r s t a R . d o m i n i c a i C . f e r r u g i n e u s . Z a u s p j e an o s u z b i j a n j e p o t o m s t v a T . c a s t a n e u m p o t r e b n o j e r a b i t i k o n c e n t r a c i j u o d 1 p p m a z a s u z b i j a n j e o d r a s l i h o b l i k a k o n c e n t r a c i j u v i au o d 1 . 5 p p m .
K l j u
n e r i j e
i : p ae n i c a , S . g r a n a r i u s , R . d o m i n i c a , C . f e r r u g i n e u s , T . c a s t a n e u m , s p i n o s a d , s u z b i j a n j e .
U v o d
S p i n o s a d j e p r o i z v o d m e t a b o l i z m a b a k t e r i j e S a c c h a r o p o l y s p o r a s p i n o s a i s a d r ~i d v a m a k r o c i k l i
n a l a k t o n a k o j i d j e l u j u k a o a k t i v n e t v a r i . S p i n o s a d s a d r ~i o k o 8 5 % s p i n o s i n a A i o k o 1 5 % s p i n o s i n a D ( D o w 1 9 9 7 , 2 0 0 1 ) . D j e l u j e n a n i k o t i n i k a c e t i l k o l i n i G A B A r e c e p t o r e ~i v
a n o g s u s t a v a k u k a c a ( S a l g a d o , 1 9 9 7 ) . N i s k e j e o t r o v nosti na toplokrvne organizme i brzo se raspada na UV zrakama (Crouse et al. 1999).
Rezultati djelotvornosti spinosada objavljeni su u brojnim radovima (Fang et al. 2002; Fang and Subramanyam 2003; Mutambuki et al. 2003; Subramanyam et al. 2003; Toews and Subramanyam 2003; Huang et al. 2004; Nayak et al.2005; Daglish and Nayak 2006; Subramanyam et al. 2007; Chintzoglou et al. 2008).
USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registrirala je spinosad za zatitu uskladitenih poljoprivrednih proizvoda uporabom doze od 1 mg aktivne tvari na 1 kg proizvoda (1 ppm) (Subramanyam et al. 2006). Medutim, u pojedinim objavljenim radovima rezultati su pokazali da 1 ppm nije dovoljno visoka doza za uspjeno suzbijanje odraslih kukaca iz roda Tribolium i odrasle vrste Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Subramanyam et al. 2002; Fang et al. 2002; Chintzoglou et al. 2008).
U Hrvatskoj formulacija Laser SC Naturalyte koja sadrzi 240 g spinosad aktivne tvari u litri ima dozvolu za suzbijanje tetnih kukaca u vo n j a c i m a , n a p o v r u i u h o r t i k u l t u r i . P r o i z v o d a
s p i n o s a d a n a m j e r a v a r e g i s t r i r a t i u o v u f o r r m u l a c i j O v i m i s t r a z ~v a n j i m a h t j e l o s e u t v r d i t i d a l i j e 1 p p m a k t i v n e t v a r i s p i n o s a d a d o s t a t a n z a s u z b i j a n j e S i t o p h i l u s g r a n a r i u s ( L ) , R h y z o p e r t a d o m i n i c a ( F . ) , C r y p t o l e s t e s f e r r u g i n e u s ( S t e p h e n s ) i T r i b o l i u m c a s t a n e u m ( H e r b s t ) n a u s k l a d i at e n o j p ae n i c i .
u z a z a at i t u u s k l a d i at e n i h p o l j o p r i v r e d n i h p r o i z v o d a u E u r o p s k i m z e m l j a m a
O v i m i s t r a z ~v a n j i m a h t j e l o s e u t v r d i t i d a l i j e 1 p p m a k t i v n e t v a r i s p i n o s a d a d o s t a t a n z a suzbijanje Sitophilus granarius (L), Rhyzoperta dominica (F.), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) i Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) na uskladitenoj penici.
Materijal i metoda rada
Kukci u pokusu: Sitophilus granarius (L), Rhyzoperta dominica (F.), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) i Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), odrasli kukci stari 7 do 21 dan, mjeovita spola. S. granarius, R. dominica i C. ferrugineus uzgajani su na penici a T. castaneum na bijelom branu sa 5% kvasca. Uzgoj kukaca se obavljao na k o n s t a n t n o j t e m p e r a t u r i i r e l a t i v n o j v l a z i z r a k a ( r h ) ; 3 0 + 1 0 C a n d 7 0 + 5 % r h .
P ae n i c a : O
i ae n a n e - i n f e s t i r a n a p ae n i c a C a n a d i a n W e s t e r n H a r d w h e a t s 1 3 % v l a g e p r e k o n d i c i o n i r a n a u k l i m a t s k o j k o m o r i r i j e k o m t j e d a n d a n a n a 3 0 1 0 C i 7 0 5 % r . h .
O p i s m e t o d e : U s v a k o m p o n a v l j a n j u b i l o j e p o 1 0 0 g p ae n i c e ( z a S . g r a n a r i u s , R . d o m i n i c a i C . f e r r u g i n e u s ) , o d n o s n o 9 9 g
i t a v i h z r n a i 1 g s l o m l j e n i h z r n a p ae n i c e z a T . c a s t a n e u m .
P r i m j e n j e n e k o n c e n t r a c i j e a k t i v n e t v a r i s p i n o s a d a b i l e s u 0 , 5 , 1 , 0 i 1 , 5 m g / k g ( p p m ) . O b r a e n a s u t r i p o n a v l j a n j a ( r e p e t i c i j e ) z a s v a k u k o n c e n t r a c i j u . U p o k u s u s s u b i l e I 3 r e p e t i c i j e k o j e n i s u b i l e o b r a e n e s p i n o s a d o m ( 0 k o n c e n t r a c i j a ) .
U s v a k o m p o n a v l j a n j u , n a k o n o b r a d e s a s p i n o s a d o m , s t a v l j e n o j e p o 5 0 o d r a s l i h j e d n e v r s t e k u k c a . O c j e n a r e z u l t a t a d j e l o t v o r n o s t i s p i n o s a d a n a o d r a s l e k u k c e o b a v l j e n a j e n a k o n 2 , 4 , 7 i 2 6 d a n a i z l o ~e n o s t i k u k a c a n a t r e t i r a n o j i n e t r e t i r a n o j p ae n i c i . U t j e c a j n a p o t o m s t v o o c j e n j i v a n j e n a k o n 4 8 d a n a o d d a n a p o s t a v l j a n j a p o k u s a .
R e z u l t a t i s u a n a l i z i r a n i m e t o d o m O N E W A Y A N O V A , p = 0 . 0 5 ; n = 3 . S r e d n j e v r i j e d n o s t i u t a b l i c i 1 u o k o m i t i m s t u p c i m a o z n a
e n e s i s t i m s l o v o m n i s u s t a t i s t i
k i b i t n o r a z l i
i t e .
R e z u l t a t i i d i s k u s i j a
R e z u l t a t i p o k u s a s u p r i k a z a n i u T a b l i c i 1 .
T a b l i c a 1 . D j e l o t v o r n o s t s p i n o s a d f o r m u l a c i j e L A S E R S C N A T U R A L Y T E n a
e t r i v r s t e s k l a d i an i h k u k a c a
V r s t e k u k a c a
I n s e c t s p e c i e s K o n c e n t .
( p p m )
C o n c e n t .
( p p m ) S r e d n j a s m r t n o s t o d r a s l i h k u k a c a ( % ) s t d . d e v . n a k o n d a n a
M e a n a d u l t m o r t a l i t y ( % ) s t d . d e v . a f t e r d a y s ( d )
S r e d n j i b r o j p o t o m a ka std. dev. nakon dana
Mean number of progeny std. dev.
after days4 d7 d26 d48 dS. granarius0.00.0 0.0 a1.3 1.1 a5.3 3.1 a161.7 10.5 a0.50.0 0.0 a82.0 2.0 b100.0 0.0 b9.0 1.0 b1.016.0 2.0 b100.0 0.0 c100.0 0.0 b2.0 1.0 b1.520.6 3.0 b100.0 0.0 c100.0 0.0 b1.0 1.0 bR. dominica0.00.0 0.0 a16.3 2.5 a19.3 1.1 a1.0 1.0 a0.525.3 7.0 b72.0 2.0 b 100.0 0.0 b0.0 0.0 a1.038.0 4.0 c96.0 4.0 c100.0 0.0 b0.0 0.0 a1.550.0 4.0 d100.0 0.0 c100.0 0.0 b0.0 0.0 aC. ferrugineus
0.01.3 1.1 a6.6 3.0 a14.0 4.0 a21.3 5.5 a0.550.6 8.0 b96.6 1.1 b100.0 0.0 b0.0 0.0 b1.054.6 11.0b100.0 0.0 b100.0 0.0 b0.0 0.0 b1.590.0 2.0 c100.0 0.0 b100.0 0.0 b0.0 0.0 bT. castaneum0.00.0 0.0 a1.3 1.0 a4.0 0.0 a79.6 4.1 a0.50.0 0.0 a12.0 2.0 b34.0 2.0 b3.6 2.5 b1.00.0 0.0 a14.0 4.0 b62.0 6.0 c0.6 0.5 b1.50.0 0.0 a48. 0 2.0 c86.7 1.1 d0.0 0.0 bTable 1. Rezultati i diskusija
The effectiveness of spinosad formulation LASER SC NATURALYTE against four stored grain insect pests
Koncentracija od 1 ppm aktivne tvari spinosada suzbila je u potpunosti odrasle kukce vrste S. granarius nakon 7 dana izlo ~e n o s t i n a t r e t i r a n o j p ae n i c i . M e d u t i m k o n c e n t r a c i j o m o d 1 , 5 p p m p o t o m s t v o o v e v r s t e n i j e u p o t p u n o s t i s u z b i j e n o .
K o n c e n t r a c i j a s p i n o s a d a o d 0 . 5 p p m u p o t p u n o s t i j e s u z b i l a o d r a s l e i p o t o m s t v o v r s t e k u k a c a R . d o m i n i c a i C . f e r r u g i n e u s .
a k i p r i m j e n o m n ajvie koncentracije spinosada od 1,5 ppm smrtnost odraslih kukaca T. castaneum bila je 86.7%. Ista koncentracija u potpunosti je suzbila potomstvo te vrste kukca.
Rezultati ovog pokusa pokazuju da se uporabom koncentracije spinosada od 1 i 1,5 ppm
mogu suzbiti odrasli kukci i potomstvo S. granarius i uporabom koncentracije od 0.5 ppm odraslih i potomstva R. dominica i C. ferrugineus. Za suzbijanje potomstva T. castaneum potrebno je primjeniti koncentraciju od 1 ppm, me > @ ^ ` | ~ B D X
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S u b r a m a n y a m e t a l . ( 2 0 0 2 ) s u s p i n o s a d o m t r e t i r a l i r a z l i c i t e k l a s e i s o r t e p ae n i c e ( D u r u m , H a r d R e d S p r i n g w h e a t , H a r d R e d W i n t e r w h e a t , S o f t R e d W i n t e r w h e a t , H a r d W h i t e w h e a t ) i p r o n a al i z n a t a n u t j e c a j k l a s a i s o r a t a n a d j e l o t v o r n o s t s p i n o s a d a . N a j b o l i r e z u l t a t i b i l i s u n a D u r u m s o r t i . V e s k o n c e n t r a c i j o m o d 0 . 1 p p m s m r t n o s t R . d o m i n i c a n a k o n 1 4 d a n a b i l a j e 1 0 0 % d o k j e i s t a k o n c e n t r a c i j a s p i n o s a d a i z a z v a l a t e k 4 5 . 7 % s m r t n o s t i n a H a r d W h i t e p ae n i c i . K o n c e n t r a c i j a o d 1 p p m s p i n o s a d a i z a z v a l a j e n a k o n 1 4 d a n a 5 4 % i 7 6 . 3 % s m r t n o s t i T . c a s t a n e u m i O . s u r i n a m e n s i s n a D u r u m i t e k 3 9 . 2 i 5 6 % s m r t n o s t i o v e d v i j e v r s t e n a H a r d W h i t e p ae n i c i .
F a n g e t a l . ( 2 0 0 2 ) j e j e p r o v e o p o k u s s a s p i n o s a d o m n a p ae n i c i H a r d R e d W i n t e r k o j a j e s a d r ~a v a l a 1 2 . 9 % v l a g e . P r i m j e n i o j e k o n c e n t r a c i j u o d 1 p p m i n a k o n 1 4 d a n a d o b i o j e o v e r e z u l t a t e : s m r t n o s t T . c a s t a n e u m j e b i l a 1 1 , 2 % , O . s u r i n a m e n s i s 1 4 . 4 % , S i t o p h i l u s o r y z a e ( L . )
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a k i S . o r y z a e n a p o j e d i n i m k l a s a m a p ae n i c e . S m a t r a m o d a j e p o t r e b n o p r i m j e n i t i k o n c e n t r a c i j e s p i n o s a d a v i ae o d 1 p p m z a u s p j e an o s u z b i j a n j e m j e ao v i t e p o p u l a c i j e k u k a c a u m a s i u s k l a d i at e n e p ae n i c e .
O v a j r a d j e d i o r e z u l t a t a i s t r a ~i v a n j a Z n a n s t v e n o g p r o j e k t a b r o j 0 7 9 - 0 7 9 0 - 5 7 0 - 0 4 2 7 , f i n a n c i r a n o g o d s t r a n e M Z O `, Z a g r e b .
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C h i n t z o g l o u , G . , A t h a n a s s i o u , C . G . , A r t h u r F . H . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . I n s e c t i c i d a l e f f e c t o f s p i n o s a d d u s t , i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h d i a t o m a c e o u s e a r t h , a g a i n s t t w o s t o r e d - g r a i n b e e t l e s p e c i e s . J o u r n a l o f S t o r e d P r o d u c t R e s e a r c h 4 4 : 3 4 7 - 3 5 3 .
C r o u s e , G . D . e t a l . ( 1 9 9 9 ) . C h e m i s t r y a n d i n s e c t i c i d a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e s p i n o s y n s . I n : G . T . B r o o k s a n d T . R . R o b e r t s . P e s t i c i d e C h e m i s t r y a n d B i o S c i e n c e . R o y a l S o c i e t y o f C h e m i s t r y ,
S p e c i a l P u b . N o . 2 3 3 , C a m b r i d g e , U K . 4 3 8 p p .
D a g l i s h G J , N a y a k M K . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . L o n g - t e r m p e r s i s t e n c e a n d e f f i c a c y o f s p i n o s a d a g a i n s t R h y z o p e r t h a d o m i n i c a ( C o l e o p t e r a : B o s t r y c h i d a e ) o n w h e a t . P e s t M a n a g e m e n t S c i e n c e 6 2 : 1 4 8 - 1 5 2 .
D o w A g r o S c i e n c e s . ( 1 9 9 7 ) . S p i n o s a d T e c h n i c a l B u l l e t i n . D o w A g r o S c i e n c e s . 1 5 p p .
D o w A g r o S c i e n c e s ( 2 0 0 1 ) . M a t e r i a l S a f e t y D a t a S h e e t f o r S p i n o s a d T e c h n i c a l . D o w A g r o S c i e n c e s , I n d i a n a p o l i s , I N .
F a n g L , S u b r a m a n y a m B h , A r t h u r F H . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s p i n o s a d o n f o u r c l a s s e s o f w h e a t a g a i n s t f i v e s t o r e d p r o d u c t i n s e c t s . J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m i c E n t o m o l o g y 9 5 : 6 4 0 - 6 5 0 .
F a n g L , S u b r a m a n y a m , B h . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . A c t i v i t y o f s p i n o s a d a g a i n s t a d u l t s o f R h y z o p e r t h a d o m i n i c a ( F . ) ( C o l e o p t e r a : B o s t r i c h i d a e ) i s n o t a f f e c t e d b y w h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e a n d m o i s t u r e . J o u r n a l o f t h e K a n s a s E n t o m o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y 7 6 : 5 2 9 - 5 3 2 .
H u a n g F , S u b r a m a n y a m B , T o e w s M D . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . S u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f l a b o r a t o r y a n d f i e l d s t r a i n s o f f o u r s t o r e d p r o d u c t i n s e c t s p e c i e s t o s p i n o s a d . J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m i c E n t o m o l o g y 9 7 : 2 1 5 4 - 2 1 5 9 .
M u t a m b u k i K , N g a t i a C M , M b u g u a J N , L i k h a y o P . I n : C r e d l a n d P F , A r m i t a g e D M , B e l l C H , C o g a n P M , H i g h l e y E , e d i t o r s . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . E v a l u a t i o n o n t h e e f f i c a c y o f s p i n o s a d d u s t a g a i n s t m a j o r s t o r a g e p e s t s . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 8 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n S t o r e d - P r o d u c t P r o t e c t i o n 8 8 8 - 8 9 1 . C A B I n t e r n a t i o n a l .
N a y a k M K , D a g l i s h G J , B y r n e V S . ( 2 0 0 5 ) . E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s p i n o s a d a s a g r a i n p r o t e c t a n t a g a i n s t r e s i s t a n t b e e t l e a n d p s o c i d p e s t s o f s t o r e d g r a i n i n A u s t r a l i a . J o u r n a l o f S t o r e d P r o d u c t s R e s e a r c h 4 1 : 4 5 5 - 4 6 7 .
S a l g a d o , V . L . ( 1 9 9 8 b ) . S t u d i e s o n t h e m o d e o f a c t i o n o f s p i n o s a d : i n s e c t s y m p t o m s a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o r r e l a t e s . P e s t i c i d e B i o c h e m . a n d P h y s i o l . 6 0 : 9 1 - 1 0 2 .
S u b r a m a n y a m B h , T o e w s M D , F a n g L . I n : C r e d l a n d P F , A r m i t a g e D M , B e l l C H , C o g a n P M , H i g h l e y E , e d i t o r s . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . S p i n o s a d : a n e f f e c t i v e r e p l a c e m e n t f o r o r g a n o p h o s p h a t e g r a i n p r o t e c t a n t s . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 8 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n S t o r e d - P r o d u c t P r o t e c t i o n 9 1 6 - 9 2 0 . C A B I n t e r n a t i o n a l .
S u b r a m a n y a m B h . I n : L o r i n i I , B a c a l t c h u k B , B e c k e l H , D e c k e r s E , S u n d f e l d E , d o s S a n t o s J P , B i a g i J D , C e l a r o J C , F a r o n i L R D A , B o r t o l i n i L , d e O F , S a r t o r i M R , E l i a s M C , G u e d e s R N C , d a F o n s e c a R G , S c u s s e l V M , e d i t o r s . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . P e r f o r m a n c e o f s p i n o s a d a s a s t o r e d g r a i n p r o t e c t a n t . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 9 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l W o r k i n g C o n f e r e n c e f o r S t o r e d - P r o d u c t P r o t e c t i o n 2 5 0 - 2 5 7 . A B R A P O S .
S u b r a m a n y a m B h , T o e w s M D , I l e l e j i K E , M a i e r D E , T h o m p s o n G D , P i t t s T J . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . E v a l u a t i o n o f s p i n o s a d a s a g r a i n p r o t e c t a n t o n t h r e e K a n s a s f a r m s . C r o p P r o t e c t i o n 2 6 : 1 0 2 1 - 1 0 3 0 .
T o e w s M D , S u b r a m a n y a m B h . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . C o n t r i b u t i o n o f c o n t a c t t o x i c i t y a n d w h e a t c o n d i t i o n t o m o r t a l i t y o f s t o r e d p r o d u c t i n s e c t s e x p o s e d t o s p i n o s a d . P e s t M a n a g e m e n t S c i e n c e 5 9 : 5 3 8 - 5 4 4 .
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