Naslov
Maksimijanov aureus iz skupnog nalaza u Petrijancu
(The Aureus of Maximianus from the 1808 Petrijanec Treasure)

Autori
Mirnik, Ivan

Izvornik
Archaeologia Adriatica (1846-4807) 2 (2009), 2; 433-452

Vrsta, podvrsta i kategorija rada
Radovi u časopisima, članak, stručni

Ključne riječi
Petrijanec; Maksimijan; aureus
(Petrijanec; Maximianus; aureus)

Sažetak
In October 2005 many newspapers' headlines witnessed the massive treasure trove in the village of Petrijanec, near the beautiful and prosperous baroque town of Varaždin, in Northwestern Croatia. While digging trenches for installations workmen struck upon the remains of a wooden barrel containing 114 kilogrammes of Roman imperial coins and three pieces of silver plate. We owe it to the presence of mind and energetic reaction of our young colleague Marija Šiša-Vivek that the entire treasure was saved, unlike several other recently unearthed monetary treasures (for instance Zbelava nr. Varaždin, Bjelovar, etc), whose remnants or parts reached the local museums, in spite of the good legislature. This treasure buried in A.D. 294 numbered 27.735 specimens of Roman billon coins. It was most probably the second largest Roman coin hoard in Croatia ; only in the 1918 treasure of Komin there were c. 30.000 specimens of Antoniniani. The latter hoard was buried after A.D. 276. This Petrijanec hoard, about which two reports by M. Šiša-Vivek, Hrvoje Kalafatić and Tino Leleković, have already been published, has preliminary been classified and the emperors and empresses represented are as follows: Gallienus (76), Salonina (6), Macrianus (1), Claudius II (52), Aurelianus (1.382), Severina (351), Tacitus (870), Florianus (151), Probus (10.567), Carus (829), Magnia Urbica (99), Numerianus (985), Carinus (1.616), Nigrinianus (19), Julianus (5), Diocletian (4.279), Maximianus (2.851), Constantius I (49), Galerius (14), totalling 24.201 specimens. The next stage will be the time-consuming and costly cleaning of both the silver plate and coins. This discovery at Petrijanec in 2005 reminded all the scholars of another important treasure trove, which occured exactly two hundred years previously at the same village, which in Roman times was most probably called Aquae Vivae. This earlier treasure has been mentioned and published on several occasions. Luckily the first-hand information can be found in the Archives of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum, some also in Vienna. All the documentation and publications were written in several languages: Latin (the official language in Croatia until mid-19th c.), French (the first publication), German, Croatian, and, of course English. The story is as follows: a local man, Matthew Hugjek, while digging for the cellar of his new house, on the site called Zelendvor (forming part of a demesne owned by the Counts of Drašković), struck upon an earthenware pot on June 20, 1805. It contained many Roman imperial gold coins, as well as several pieces of jewellery, damaged or intact, including several pendants and and a pair of bracelets with other Roman aurei mounted into them. The local Parish Liber Memorabilium mentions 230 coins as found in the hoard, but when the commission of the Royal Hungarian Financial Chamber, consisting of several highly placed officials of the realm assembled, their list contained only 115 specimens (Hadrian - 1 ; Antoninus Pius – 6 ; Valerianus – 1 ; Marcus Aurelius – 5 ; Faustina II – 7 ; Tacitus – 7 ; Probus – 36 ; Carinus – 29 ; Numerianus – 12 ; Diocletian – 10 ; Julianus - 1) plus the jewellery and the medallion of Carus and Carinus. The original list in Latin contains also an aureus of Gallienus struck on the occasion of the emperor’ s victory over the Germans (H. COHEN, VI, p. 329, Nos. 755 or 762, or 763). Therefore, as it normally happens, the finder did not declare everything. The treasure was weighed in marks (7 marchas id est 3 lib. 15 ¾ ; Lot.) and florins and valued in florins (3352 flor. 30 kreuzer). The commission for the evaluation of the treasure consisted of: Matthew Sztariczky, the Royal Tax Inspector for the Kingdom of Croatia, and Assessor of the Courts of the Counties of Varaždin, Zagreb and Križevci, who set up the list of the found objects ; Count Bartholomew Patachich de Zajezda, His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Majesty's Chamberlain and Supreme Count of the County of Požega ; in the presence of Donatus de Lukavszky, Vice-Banus of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Slavonia ; and finally Emeric de Jakopchich, Vice-Judge of the Nobles of the County of Varaždin. The Zagreb copy of this document was made by Stephen Lendvay Notary of the Supreme Royal Board. All the listed gold items were sent to Vienna and put at the disposal of the Imperial Collections, as acknowledged by Count Karl Zichy on behalf of the Imperial and Royal Chamberlain's Office on September 26, 1805. The jewellery – seven gold pendants with mounted coins (some with semi-precious stones), a pair of gold bracelets with mounted aurei, three bracelets of flexible gold wire (one damaged), one bracelet decorated with floral motifs (damaged), fragment of jewellery decorated with filigree and granulation, two pins - and the medallion are still at the Kunshistorisches Museum in Vienna. Not all the coins were kept for the Imperial Coin Cabinet, and those which stayed there were most probably incorporated into the collections. From some documents preserved in Vienna one can understand that the weight of the treasure was 556 ¾ ; Ducats, and that the Court Cabinet kept gold objects weighing only 344 ¼ ; Ducats. Another factor, not to be forgotten, was the treasure-trove law. In Austria there was a decree issued on October 25, 1771, also respected in the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia, as well as the Hungarian Kingdom, which ordered that all undug treasure should be divided into three parts, of which one should go to the treasury, one to the landowner and the third to the finder. In this sense was written a comment by Count Karl Zichy, in the previously mentioned statement, dated Vienna September 26, 1805. Therefore the finder Matthew Hugjek, his patron Count Drašković and the Fisc retained one third of the declared mass each. In Vienna in 1805 they had other, more serious preocupations than a treasure trove, when the mere existence of the Monarchy was at stake: Napoleon proclaimed himself King of Italy, Mack capitulated in Ulm on October 17, victorious Nelson fell during the naval battle of Trafalgar on October 21, the battle of the three emperors was fought at Austerlitz on December 2, the treaty between Napoleon and Prussia was signed in Schönbrunn on December 15, and the peace treaty between Austria and France at Bratislava (Pressburg, Pozsony) on December 26. The imperial crown jewels and many more valuables were speedily packed and brought to safety on time, because the rapacity of the Buonaparte family was well known and the French « ; Sacco di Venezia» ; of 1797/98 was still fresh in everyone's memory. Additional 16 gold coins found at Petrijanec - Gallienus (1), Tacitus (1), Probus (2), Carus (2), Numerianus (3), Carinus (2), Magnia Urbica (2), M. Aurelius Julianus (2), Diocletian (1) – were in the considerable numismatic collection of the Varaždin County Disctrict Judge Ivan Nepomuk Labaš de Blaškovec (b. 1783 – d. 1849), offered on sale in Vienna in 1814. This collection was purchased for the Hungarian National Museum in 1816, thanks to the interest shown by the Palatine Archduke Joseph. These gold coins too seem have been incorporated into the Budapest Coin Cabinet and cannot be identified any more. When the idea of the foundation of the Croatian National Museum was generally accepted in the late twenties of the 19th c., Ivan Nepomuk Labaš began sending numismatic material to Zagreb, from 1829 until his death. As proved by the inventory kept by Major Mijat Sabljar, the only aureus, weighing 5.46 grammes, known with certainty to have been found at Petrijanec, is the specimen struck by Maximianus (285-305) in Nicomedia in 305/306 (RIC 33), with the legend IOVICONS – ERVATORI(NK) and Jupiter standing facing left, on the reverse, presented to the Zagreb Coin Cabinet in mid-19th c. by Ladislaus Kiš de Šaulovec (b. 1819 – d. 1892), at that time judge of the Varaždin County. In 1880 Šime Ljubić, director of the Zagreb National Museum visited Petrijanec and gave a detailed report on the discovery of 1805. He also mentioned that at Vinica he saw a gold coin of Trajan, found at Petrijanec, in the hands of Vjekoslav Dolanski. All this has enabled us to set up the following list of 144 aurei: Trajan (98-117) (1) ; Hadrian (117-138) (1), Antoninus Pius (138-161) (6), Marcus Aurelius (161-180) (5) ; Faustina II (130-170) (8) ; Lucius Verus (161-169) (1) ; Julia Domna (-217) (1), Caracalla (198-217) (4) ; Gordianus III (238-244) (1), Valerianus (253-259) (1) ; Gallienus (253-268) (1) ; Aurelianus (270-275) (?1) ; Tacitus (275-276) (8) ; Probus (276-282) (37), Carus (282-283) (2) ; Magnia Urbica (-284) (5) ; Carinus (283-285) (31) ; Numerianus (283-284) (15) ; Nigrinianus (285) (?1) ; Diocletianus (284-305) (11), Maximianus (286-305) (1) and Julianus (285) (2). In the jewellery there were mounted the following coins: Hadrian (1), Antoninus Pius (2), Marcus Aurelius (2), Lucius Verus (1), Julia Domna (1), Caracalla (4), Gordianus III (2), Claudius II (1), and there, of course, is also the unique gold medallion struck under Carus and Carinus. The latter is a quinio, weighing 5 aurei (33 millimetres in diametre, 1.5 millimetres thick, 27.48 grammes), and was struck in Siscia in A.D. 282, and published by various eminent authors (H. COHEN 1882, p. 366, br. 11 ; F. KENNER, 1887, 42-43, Pl. V, 195 ; F. GNECCHI, 1912, p. 11, Pl. IV, 8 ; J.M.C. TOYNBEE, 1944, p. 266, Pl. XLII, 7.) The first publication of the Petrijanec treasure was written in elegant French by Anton von Steinbüchel in 1826, and the second in German by Josip Arneth, also Director of the Viennese Coin Cabinet, in 1850. Both used the same plate engraved by P. Fendi in 1825: Steinbüchel's Plate No. IV, and Arneth's Pl. XVIII depict the pendants with mounted coins and the medallion, not the bracelets or the pins. An open question remains, whether one can bring both treasures into connection, either topographically or chronologically. The recently found coin hoard can be listed into what numismatists normally consider army treasuries, the older gold treasure seems to have belonged to a rich individual. The 2005 treasure was concealed in A.D. 294. Because of lack of information – we do not know which 11 coins struck by Diocletian were buried there - the dating of the burial of the 1805 hoard depends entirely on the gold coin of Diocletian's co-ruler Maximianus, struck in 305/6, the year both senior emperors retired. Therefore this year can be taken as the terminus post quem.

Izvorni jezik
Hrvatski, engleski

Znanstvena područja
Arheologija

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