ࡱ> %`kbjbjNN 4,,6%0000000$???8?v@]FA:A"AAABBB3]5]5]5]5]5]5]$._hanY]E0}IBB}I}IY]00AA]uLuLuL}I0A0A3]uL}I3]uLuLVS@00TAA -? K^7T GV]0]CTxbkKbTb0TBDXuLF#GZBBBY]Y]YLBBB]}I}I}I}I&??DT6000000] FITNESS INSTRUCTORS PERCEPTION OF IMPORTANCE OF PARTICULAR ELEMENTS FOR EFFECTIVELY CONDUCTED PROGRAM Natalija `pehar1, Ksenija Fu kar Reichel2, Jelka Goanik3 1Technical Polytechnics Zagreb, Croatia 2Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia 3Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to determine the importance of particular exercise elements for an effective fitness class from the viewpoint of the instructor. Our survey included 120 fitness instructors in Croatia whose average age is 29.3 years and average career 6.3 years. A factor analysis with a component model in conjunction with the GK criterion for the truncation of extraction factors and varimax transformation of basic solution was applied in order to examine the dimensionality of instruments the importance of an effective fitness class. We have established four latent dimensions that can explain 58.8% of total variance. The data were processed using the SPSS statistics software. A well-trained and experienced fitness instructor is crucial for a program of exercises so that full potential and effectiveness may be achieved. Instructors should be good teachers, as well as good and competent demonstrators and experts. Quality education of instructors makes it possible for them to reach an appropriate level of knowledge and experience, and enables them to plan and conduct effective training and methods from which all the participants in a fitness class can truly benefit. Key words: aerobics, fitness, fitness instructor, education INTRODUCTION The importance of regular physical activity for the bio-psycho-social health of individuals and the society as a whole has been well documented in numerous research projects (World Health Organization, 2002, 2003; Vouri, 2004). Regular physical activity in spare time is recommended to everyone, in accordance with their age, functional and motorical abilities, their health condition and personal preferences. Joining some sort of recreational sports activities has become an indispensable need of modern man, and the diversity of these activities offers everyone the possiblity of finding the activity that suits them best. Aerobics, as a group fitness program, remains popular from its beginnings in the late 70s, especially among women (Francis, 1991). The times of movement structure series lacking any planning, professional work or scientific approach are over in aerobics. Too intensive exercising unadjusted to the psycho-physical abilities of an average recreationist has been replaced by professionally programmed training with precisely defined parameters and methods adjusted to a particular group of exercisers. Various programs have been designed with the goal of developing and maintaining different anthropological features of the individuals, with a focus on improving their health and physical fitness, as well as avoiding counterindicated exercises and movements. This created the need for a specific kind of adequately educated trainers. Good quality instructors of group fitness programs are the most important factor which enables the programs to be effectively conducted. They have to be not only good demonstrators and animators, but above all good pedagogues and teachers, experts who possess the appropriate knowledge which gives them competence in performing such a responsible task. Aerobics instructors are a specific category of trainers. They belong to a rare kind of trainers who work out with the people they train during the entire training, and due to the physical strain to which they are exposed on a daily basis, they are more liable to problems with their legs, feet (Komura & others, 1992) and vocal cords (Long & others, 1998). Also, they always have to be in a good mood and animate the exercisers in the group, so they would relax and enjoy the training. The elements of preparation which every instructor has to keep in mind from one aerobics class to another include adequate methodology, planning and programming, good choice of methods and exercises, different ways of organizing the work-out, appropriate choice of props and music, as well as adequately designed choreography, and, at the same time, respect for the principles and characteristics of work-out in order to achieve the set goals of a particular program. Not much research has been done so far regarding this particular population, especially in Croatia which does not fall far behind Europe, America or Australia when it comes to following the latest trends in exercising. THE GOAL OF THE RESEARCH The goal of this research was to determine the fitness instructors perception of the importance of particular elements for an effectively conducted fitness program, in order to see whether the instructors could be divided into different groups based on their perception, and whether their perception was influenced by their work experience or type of education. METHODOLOGY The research has been conducted during the 16th International Reebok Aerobics Convention in Zagreb and the 11thAerobics Day in Rijeka in November 2006. The informants were aerobics instructors from different parts of Croatia (N=120). A special questionnaire was designed for the needs of this research (`pehar, Fu kar-Reichel, Goanik, 2006) containing questions formulated in such a way as to determine 1) the general profile of the instructor; 2) the way they conduct and prepare group fitness programs; 3) the knowledge necessary for conducting group fitness programs according to the recommendations of world aerobics and fitness organizations: International Fitness Association (IFA), American Council on Exercise (ACE), Aerobics and Fitness Association of America (AFAA), American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). The poll was completely anonymous and the informants participated in it voluntarily. The average age of the informants was 29.26 (SD 6.0). The youngest instructor was 20 years old, and the oldest was 52. Work experience was 6.29 years (SD 4.90) on the average. 30 % of the instructors work full-time, while 70% of them work part-time. 25% of them work 6 hours per week, 35.8% work 7-12 hours, and 28.3% work more than 13 hours per week. 61.7% work on one location, 25.8% on two locations, and 7.5% work on 3 or more locations. The informants had various types of education: degrees from the Faculty of Kinesiology or Reebok University of Croatia, or courses organized by various fitness centers, the Olympics Academy, conventions, and other courses in Croatia and abroad. The data we obtained were processed with the SPSS statistical analysis software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The questionnaire contained the question: In your own opinion, how important are the following elements for an effectively conducted fitness program? and a list of 14 elements. The participants were asked to assess each of the listed elements on a five-level ordinal scale (1 = completely unimportant, 5 = extremely important). Table 1 shows the instructors answers regarding the importance of an effectively conducted program in percentages. Not all of the instructors answered all of the questions, which is most obvious in the question on cueing, while the question on the importance of a complicated choreography divided the opinions in the greatest degree. Table 1. The instructors answers regarding the importance of an effectively conducted program in percentages In your own opinion, how important are the following elements for an effectively conducted fitness programExtremely unimportantQuite unimportantNeither important nor unimportantQuite importantExtremely important1.Instructors personality1.7%,8%2,5%36,7%55,8%2.Instructors knowledge,8%19,2%79,2%3.Methodology1,7%25,8%70,8%4.Cueing,8%14,2%38,3%30,0%5.Instructor-exerciser relationship,8%,8%2,5%30,0%64,2%6.Interesting choreography1,7%11,7%49,2%35,8%7.Complicated choreography10,0%30,8%38,3%10,8%5,8%8.Choice and type of music5,8%55,8%35,0%9.Adequate BPM number,8%7,5%40,4%47,5%10.Sound quality20,8%50,8%26,7%11.Lighting4,2%28,3%49,2%15,0%12.Overall environment4,2%19,2%50,0%23,3%13.Atmosphere in class1,7%2,5%27,5%66,7%14.Overall environment hygiene1,7%5,0%23,3%67,5% After determining the percentages, we wanted to determine whether there was any correlation between the instructors answers, and whether different groups of instructors could be identified. We applied a factor analysis with a component model in conjunction with GK criterion for truncation of extraction factors, and varimax transformation of basic solution in order to examine the dimensionality of instruments the importance of an effective fitness class. We have determined four latent dimensions that can explain 58.8% of total variance. All the saturations below 0.10 have been excluded from the table. Table 2 shows four separate latent dimensions which account for 58.8% of the total variance. Table 2. Matrix of the Varimax Factors of the instrument The importance of the factors of an effectively conducted program The importance of the factors of an effectively conducted programLatent DimensionsEnvironment and Work Conditions PROSTInstructor-Exerciser Relationship ODNOSKnowledge and Methodology ZNAMET Choreography and Music KORGLALighting,764,233,132Overall environment,760,222Overall environment hygiene,629,177,317-,158Sound quality,611,129,188,193Instructors personality-,126,691,129,187Atmosphere in class,332,683Instructor exerciser relationship,303,676Cueing,276,546,461Methodology,831Instructors knowledge,239,135,705-,123Adequate BPM number,337,531,238Complicated choreography-,102,791Interesting choreography-,137,339,739Choice and type of music,265,726 The results show four latent dimensions which indicate the arrangement of the elements according to the instructors assessment of their importance. The dimension PROST combines the elements of lighting, overall environment, hygiene of the overall environment, and sound quality; ODNOS combines the elements of instructors personality, atmosphere in class, and instructor-exerciser relationship; ZNAMET combines methodology and instructors knowledge, while KORGLA combines the elements of complicated choreography, interesting choreography, and the choice and type of music. Isolated latent dimensions indicate the existence of different groups of aerobics instructors who give more prominence to different elements. The importance that instructors place on choreography and music is statistically in strong connection with work experience. This category of instructors has up to two years of work experience, which is not surprising, since designing complicated choreography tends to be a frequent mistake of young instructors. At the same time, there is no statistically significant connection between the latent dimensions and the type of education. CONCLUSION The results of this research, obtained on the basis of a questionnaire submitted to a sample of aerobics instructors in Croatia, have shown four latent dimensions which classify instructors into four different groups, according to their perception of the importance of particular elements of an effectively conducted program. There is a statistically significant correlation between the importance placed on choreography, and work experience. The authors assume that instructors who give most prominence to knowledge and methodology also spend most time preparing the program and possess greater knowledge. This issue most certainly merits further research. The right choice of methods and the instructors adequate knowledge make the conducting of a program a real pleasure. Also, appropriate planning and programming result in positive transformational effects. It is important to conduct each aerobics class in an effective way which is at the same time fun and safe for the exercisers. A good aerobics instructor is not made over night, but built through constant work, personal effort and exercising. They must acquire specific knowledge and abilities, and constantly improve themselves by actively participating in seminars, workshops and conventions in Croatia and abroad. REFERENCES ACE - Fitness Facts, 2006, How To Choose The Right Group Fitness Instructor.  HYPERLINK "http://www.acefitness.org/fitfacts/fitfacts_display.aspx?itemid=23" http://www.acefitness.org/fitfacts/fitfacts_display.aspx?itemid=23 Cotton, R. T. (editor), 1996, Aerobics Instructor Manual, San Diego, California. American Council on Exercise. Francis, L. L., 1991, Improving aerobic dance programs: the key role of Colleges and Universities. Joperd, September, 1991, 59-62. Jordan, P. (editor), 1995, Fitness Theory & Practice, Sherman Oaks, California, Aerobics and Fitness Association of America. Komura, Y., Inaba, R., Fujita, S., Mirbod, S. M., Yoshida, H., Nagata, C. and Iwata, H., 1992, Health condition of female aerobic dance instructors, Subjective symptoms and related factors, Sangyo Igaku - Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, 34(4),326-334. Krautblatt, C., 2006, Fitness ABC's Training Manual & Certification Course, Version 8.6. International Fitness Association. Long, J., Williford, H. N., Olson, M. S. and Wolfe, V., 1998, Voice problems and risk factors among aerobics instructors, Journal of Voice, 12(2),197-207. Vuori, I., 2004, Physical inactivity is a cause and physical activity is a remedy for major public health problems, Kinesiology 36(2),123-153. 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