ࡱ> 5@bjbj22 ;XX0h(((8) *h]**(***I,I,I,a]c]c]c]c]c]c]$^R8a]-N , ,@NN]**1]TTTN**a]TNa]T(T U U** 9i]!(R0 UuW]0] UaSa UD<,a UlI, Q6*T{=7C I,I,I,]]hhd (Thh(potential of hairy vetch and crimson clover as cover crops Dean BAN1 - Smiljana GORETA2 - Josip BORO`I3 - Anita Silvana ILAK PER`URI1 - Dragan }NIDAR I 4 1 Department of Economic and Rural Development, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karl Hugues 8, 52440 Pore , Croatia, e-mail: dean@iptpo.hr 2 Department of Plant Science, Institute for Adriatic Crops, Croatia 3 Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia 4 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract: Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were evaluated as cover crops during two vegetation seasons in the Mediterranean and Continental area of Croatia. Better tolerance to low winter temperatures was observed for crimson clover. Higher plants (10 to 31 cm) before winter and in spring (67 to 117 cm) were measured for hairy vetch, while crimson clover had higher yields of fresh biomass (33.7 to 113.1 t ha-1). Concentrations of N (1.53 to 3.34%), P2O5 (0.55 to 1.04%) and K2O (2.02 to 5.32%) in plant tissue were higher for hairy vetch. However, due to higher yields of dry matter, crimson clover accumulated more N (105 to 239 kg ha-1), P2O5 (28 to 83 kg ha-1), and K2O (105 to 440 kg ha-1) than hairy vetch. According to our results crimson clover could be recommended as a cover crop in Mediterranean and Continental area of Croatia. Keywords: dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Trifolium incarnatum, Vicia villosa Introduction Ecologically acceptable production systems are prerequisite for agricultural sustainability (Birks et al., 2007; Kis, 2007). They often utilize winter annual legumes as cover crops in crop rotation. Sowing cover crops affects physical, chemical and biological properties of soils (Mik et al., 2007) and reduces soil erosion (Abdul-Baki, 1997). Legume cover crops fix atmospheric N and contribute toward meeting the N needs of a subsequent crop (Phatak, 1992; Guldan et al., 1996) while produced biomass could increase soil organic matter (Cherr et al., 2006). Cover crops established before winter prevent nutrients leaching during winter months, especially nitrogen (Masiunas, 1998). Vegetative growth of legumes terminates with flowering, usually in May, when sowing and transplanting of the most field crops starts. Developed biomass can be incorporated in soil as a green manure (Miko et al., 2007) or mown down to form mulch (Abdul-Baki, 1997). The choice of plant species for cover crop depends on specific climatic and pedological conditions (Cherr et al., 2006). The species used as a cover crop should be tolerant to low winter temperatures and efficient in biomass production and N fixation (Abdul-Baki, 1997). The aim was to examine the potential of hairy vetch and crimson clover as cover crops in Mediterranean and Continental area of Croatia. Materials and methods Field experiments were carried out at Pula (Mediterranean climate) and Zagreb (Continental climate) during two vegetation seasons. We tested two species the most used as cover crops (Abdul-Baki, 1997). Trials with hairy vetch (cv. Poppelsdorfer, Vicia villosa Roth) and crimson clover (cv. Inkara, Trifolium incarnatum L.) were conducted using random block design with four replications. Experimental unit was 2.6 m x 7 m. Ploughing was always performed in August (25 to 30 cm). Preplant fertilizer (NPK 7-20-30) at 500 kg ha-1 was applied broadcast and incorporated into the soil. Cover crops were sown in September, except in the second season at Pula, where due to heavy autumn rain first sowing was unsuccessful and therefore repeated in the mid of February. Crimson clover was sown at seed rate of 55 kg ha-1 and hairy vetch at 130 kg ha-1. The seed rates were higher than recommended in order to ensure high plant density. Plant height was measured before winter and in full bloom (May) on five randomly chosen spots per plot, while plant density was determined on 1 m2 area. In second vegetation season at Pula first measurement was done after germination (March). Yield of fresh biomass was determined by pulling out and weighing all plants from 1 m2 per plot. Plants were dried at 60 C for at least 48 hours and dry matter (DM) was measured. Samples were grinded and total N was determined by Kjeldahl method, while P2O5 and K2O were determined by digestion method with concentrated HNO3. Results and discussion Pre-winter differences in plant density between hairy vetch (208 plant m-2) and crimson clover (123 plant m-2) were found in first season at Pula (Table 1). Lower density of crimson clover observed pre-winter and in full bloom was a consequence of autumn drought and therefore low germination rate (data not shown), confirming results of Allison et al. (1998). Crimson clover tolerated well winter temperatures at Zagreb in first season, while hairy vetch was heavily damaged (308 vs. 48 plant m-2 before and after winter, respectively) probably because it was overdeveloped before winter. In second season, with later sowing date, plants were less developed and therefore over-wintering was better (264 vs. 142 plant m-2 before and after winter, respectively). Shennan (1992) suggested that hairy vetch is winter-hardy, which was not confirmed by this study probably due to lower temperatures under our climatic conditions. Table 1. Cover crop plant density, height and yield of fresh and dry matter on two locations in two seasons LocationCover cropDensity, plant m-2 Height of plant, cm Fresh matterDry matterPre-winter*Full bloomPre-winterFull bloom t ha-1First seasonPulaHairy vetch 208 a**181 a22 a76 a 49.5 a1 8.9 aCrimson clover123 b 93 b 6 b61 b 33.7 a 6.1 aZagrebHairy vetch308 a 48 b31 a102 a 17.7 b 2.7 bCrimson clover367 a230 a 8 b97 a 82.8 a11.1 aSecond seasonPulaHairy vetch205 a96 a10 a67 a 33.8 b3.3 aCrimson clover237 a147 a9 a63 a 79.5 a9.3 aZagrebHairy vetch264 a142 a22 a117 a 49.0 b7.4 aCrimson clover319 a238 a12 b77 b113.1 a8.9 a*Except in second season at Pula when measurements were done in March; **Different letters within column indicate differences between treatments within location and season at P ( 0.05. Higher plants before winter were measured for hairy vetch plants (Table 1), except at Pula in second season because sowing was repeated in February. In full bloom phase, plants of hairy vetch were higher than crimson clover in first season at Pula and second at Zagreb (Table 1). Crop height in full bloom ranged 77 to 117 cm at Zagreb, and 61 to 76 cm at Pula, probably due to a higher spring precipitation at Zagreb. Lower yield of fresh matter was found for hairy vetch compared to crimson clover at Zagreb in both seasons and at Pula in second season (Table 1). Yields of dry matter were different only in second season at Zagreb (Table 1). At Zagreb, yield of fresh matter ranged 82.8 to 113.1 t ha-1 for crimson clover and 17.7 to 49.0 t ha-1 for hairy vetch, while at Pula yield ranged 33.7 to 79.5 t ha-1 for crimson clover and 33.8 to 49.5 t ha-1 for hairy vetch. Yield of cover crops as largely determined by temperature and distribution of precipitation Abdul-Baki (1997). Nutrients released by decomposition of organic residues are determined by produced biomass and nutrient concentration of cover crop (Shennan, 1992). Percentage of N in dry matter ranged 1.18 to 3.34% (Table 2). Higher concentration of N was found for hairy vetch, except in first season at Pula (Table 2). Higher P2O5 concentration in dry matter was also observed for hairy vetch (Table 2). Phosphorus concentration at Pula ranged 0.46 to 0.93%, and at Zagreb 0.75 to 1.04% probably due to a higher soil P2O5 concentration at Zagreb (data not shown). At Pula hairy vetch plants had higher K2O concentration compared to crimson clover, while at Zagreb differences were not noticed (Table 2). Table 2. Cover crop N, P2O5 and K2O concentration (% of dry matter) and accumulation (kg ha-1) on two locations during two seasons LocationCover cropNP2O5K2ONP2O5K2Oconcentration, % dry mater accumulation, kg ha-1First season Mean SD. Mean SD. PulaHairy vetch 2.63 a*0.55 a2.02 a234 a49 a180 aCrimson clover2.31 a0.46 b1.72 b141 b28 b105 aZagrebHairy vetch2.93 a1.04 a2.47 a 79 b28 b 67 bCrimson clover2.15 b0.75 b2.48 a239 a83 a275 aSecond season C Pula Hairy vetch3.34 a0.93 a5.32 a110 b31 b176 bCrimson clover2.42 b0.69 b4.22 b225 a64 a392 aZagrebHairy vetch1.53 a0.99 a4.76 a113 a73 a352 aCrimson clover1.18 b0.80 b4.94 a105 a71 a440 a*Different letters within column indicate differences between treatments within location and season at P ( 0.05. Besides the effect of other factors, differences in concentration of nutrients between two tested species were probably affected by genotype as found for spinach varieties (Boskovic-Rakocevic and Pavlovic, 2007). Location, season and yield of dry matter affected the quantity of N, P2O5 and K2O that could have been incorporated in soil by plant residues (Table 2). Only in first season at Pula hairy vetch accumulated more N and P2O5 per ha than crimson clover, probably as a result of good over-wintering (Table 1 and 2). Based on higher achieved dry matter yield, crimson clover accumulated more N, P2O5 and K2O than hairy vetch in first season at Zagreb and in second season at Pula (Table 1 and 2). Accumulated nutrient amounts are similar to data reported in previous reports (Brink et al., 2001; Odhiambo and Bomke, 2001). Conclusions Better tolerance to low winter temperatures and lower plant heights before winter and during spring were found for crimson clover compared to hairy vetch. In general, higher yield of fresh biomass was obtained by crimson clover, whereas there was no difference in yield of dry matter. Higher concentrations of N, P2O5 and K2O in dry matter were determined for hairy vetch, but the accumulation of nutrients was mostly higher for crimson clover. Based on our research crimson clover could be suggested as a cover crop in Mediterranean and Continental area. References Abdul-Baki, A.A. - 1997. Adapting cover crops to vegetable production systems. IIth annual convention. Proceedings Ideas for Growing. November 20-21, Pasco, Washington: 46-50. Allison, M.F. - Armstrong, M.J. - Jaggard, K.W. - Todd, A.D. - 1998. Integration of nitrate cover crops into sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) rotations. I. Management and effectiveness of nitrate cover crops. Journal of Agricultural Science, 130: 1. 53-60. Birks, M. - Kalmr, T. - Fenyvesi L. - Fldesi P. - 2007. Realities and beliefs in sustainable soil tillage. Cereal Research Communications, 35: 2. 257-260. Brink, G.E. - Pederson, G.A., - Sistani, K.R. - Fairbrother, T.E. - 2001. Uptake of selected nutrients by temperate grasses and legumes. Agronomy Journal, 93: 887-890. Boskovic-Rakocevic, L. - Pavlovic, R. - 2007. Nitrogen fertilization influences on nitrate contents in spinach. Cereal research communications, 35: 2. 289-292. Cherr, C.M. - Scholberg, J.M.S. - McSorley, R. - 2006. Green manure approaches to crop production: A synthesis. Agronomy Journal, 98: 302-319. Guldan, S.J. - Martin, C.A. - Cueto-Wong, J. - Steiner, R.L. - 1996. Dry-matter and nitrogen yields of legumes interseeded into sweet corn. HortScience, 31: 2. 206-208. Kis, S. - 2007. Sustainable economy and organic production in the light of a survey. Cereal research communications, 35: 2. 609-612. Masiunas, J.B. - 1998. Production of vegetables using cover crop and living mulches a review. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production, 4: 11-31. Mik, P. - Gyuricza C. - Fenyvesi L. - Fldesi P. - Szita B. - 2007. Investigation of green manuring plants under unfavourable field conditions. Cereal Research Communications, 35: 2. 785-788. Odhiambo, J.J.O. - Bomke A.A. - 2001. Grass and legume cover crop effects on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation. Agronomy Journal, 93: 299-307. Phatak, S.C. - 1992. 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