ࡱ> q`|bjbjqPqPC::"6XXXXXXXX86X2(ܔܔܔ$ htZ7]X@7XX XX  %XX H7cb*%0 TXܔ~Z F$jܔܔܔ77^ܔܔܔXXXzwXXXzwXXXXXXXXX Yield and quality of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Korn.) cultivars grown on different soil types Dragan }NIDAR I 1  Dean BAN2  Anita Silvana ILAK PER`URI2  Milan OPLANI2  Aleksandra BIZJAK KON AR3 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: dragan.znidarcic@bf.uni-lj.si 2 Department of Economic and Rural Development, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Pore , Croatia 3 Fran Ramova Institute of the Slovenian Language at ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in order to determine the influence of contrasting soils on sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Korn.) agronomic characteristics, yield and soluble sugars content. A study with sweet corn was set up during 2006 in Slovenia at two locations: in clay loam soil and in sandy loam soil. At each location 5 cultivars (Tasty Sweet Trophy F1, Tasty Gold F1, Gold Cup F1, Sweet Nugget and Zuckergold) were tested. The highest kernel weight cultivar was Tasty Sweet Trophy F1, regardless of the type of the soil texture. Kernel number per unit area was closely and negatively correlated with kernel weight. The type of soil had no significant influence on soluble sugars composition. However, when the sucrose content was observed, there were remarkable differences between cultivars irrespective of soil type. Keywords: sweet corn, yield, agronomic characteristics, soluble sugars, Slovenia Introduction Commercial sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Korn.) cultivation areas in Slovenia are relatively minor compared with field corn cultivation areas. Furthermore, sweet corn is usually produced on relatively small, part-time family farms. Despite the above-mentioned constrains, interest in sweet corn production in Slovenia has grown in recent years. This is mainly due to the fact that today more and more farmers are looking for a new alternative to traditional vegetable growing that is threatened by various cultivation problems. It is known that in the last few years the cultivation of vegetables has been affected mostly by climate change and has become dependant on high amounts of water to ensure good yields. As sweet corn is as a relative drought-tolerant crop that is adapted to a wide range of climates (Bray, 1997), the production and cultivation of sweet corn, rather than vegetables, is the most effective strategy when facing climate changes. However, one needs to take into account that beside climate, soil characteristics play a very important role in crop management. Several authors over the last few years have published information relative to optimum yield and quality evaluations for sweet corn (ktem et al., 2004; Kwabiah, 2004; Ramachandrappa et al., 2005; Hadi, 2005; Bdi et al., 2006; Buzs et al., 2006). The purpose of our study was to compare the effects of different soil type (a sandy loam and a clay loam) on sweet corn yield, agronomic characteristics, and the composition of kernel soluble sugars. Materials and methods Field experiment was conducted at two Slovenian locations, representing different soil types. Soil at location 1 Experimental Field of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana (46o 04' N, 14o 31' W, 299 m altitude) was clay loam (medium texture). Soil at location 2 Commercial farm near Murska Sobota (46o 38' N, 16o 11' W, 188 m altitude) was sandy loam (light texture). Some soil physico-chemical properties of the experimental fields are given in Table 1. The climate at both locations is a typical temperate continental climate. During the growing season the mean temperature in Ljubljana was 19.0 oC and the sum of rainfall was 480.6 mm. Equivalent data for Murska Sobota was 17.3 oC and 407.5 mm, respectively. The preceding crop in the year before growing sweet corn was annual ryegrass at both locations. Five shrunken (Sh2) cultivars (Tasty Sweet Trophy F1 Royal Sluis, Tasty Gold F1 Saatbau Linz, Gold Cup F1 Semenarna Ljubljana, Sweet Nugget Saatbau Linz and Zuckergold Immergrn Wiena) were used as the crop material. Corn was machine sown at 5 cm depth on May 1st 2006. Seedling rate was set for 71,500 seeds ha-1. Each experimental field was 1000 m2 in size and each cultivar was sown in randomized complete block with four replications. A basal dressing of 350 kg NPK (15-15-15) ha-1 was applied at the time of sowing. Additional fertilizer other than N was supplied uniformly across the plot areas to correct any deficiencies indicated by soil test results. Irrigation was supplied by a combination of furrow irrigation methods and natural rainfall, according to evapotranspiration data. All other crop procedures were followed out as used in commercial sweet corn production. Twenty days after seedling, data were collected for emergence. When the kernel moisture was about 70% (Olsen et al., 1990), samples from 2 rows in the centre of each replication were harvest manually early in the morning. The content of soluble carbohydrates was analyzed separately by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The procedure was fully described by Dolenc-turm et al. (1999). The obtained results were first submitted for a variance analysis, and the arithmetic medians were then compared by the Duncan test. Table 1. Initial soil physico-chemical properties at 0-30 cm of two experimental locations Soil typepH (KCl)Organic matter (g 100 g-1)Clay (%)Nitrogen (g 100 g-1)P2O5 (mg 100 g-1)K2O (mg 100 g-1)Sandy loam6.30.6218.620.1212.816.2Clay loam6.81.0436.720.1610.620.6 Results and discussion Mean squares from the analysis of variance for the soil type for the duration of maturity, yield and related agronomic data for sweet corn are given in Table 2. Days from planting to harvest indicated a possible inhibitory effect in clay loam (Murska Sobota). Sandy loam (Ljubljana) advanced harvest date with an average of 5 days. A cultivar with shorter maturity duration (Tasty Sweet Trophy F1) was the highest kernel weight cultivar regardless the type of the soil texture. Although it is difficult to determine the precise influence of environmental factors on maturity in the present study, climatic factors are likely causes. For example, a comparison among locations showed that Ljubljana had higher mean temperature (+1.7 oC). For the site with clay loam texture, most cultivars decreased emergence to warmer sandy loam. Field emergence among the cultivars ranged from 80.5 to 90.2 (sandy loam) and from 71.3 to 85.4 (clay loam). Even though the clay soil appeared to cause reduction in emergence, the delayed emergence had no significant influence on kernel weight. Therefore, it is important to consider that environmental factors are unlikely to be the main cause of differences in emergence. Some authors (Douglass et al., 1993) mentioned that poor seedling emergence was due to the reduced starch concentration in sweet corn kernels, which results in reduction in the energy reserves required for emergence. In cereals, final grain yield is defined mainly by the number of harvested kernels per unit area ( HYPERLINK "http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/7/857" \l "MCG090C16" Fisher, 1975). In our study the number of kernel m-2 displayed significant differences among locations and among cultivars. The final number of kernels reduction was evident in sandy loam. The increase of single kernel weight was in response to reduced kernel number m-2. Kernel number m-2 was highly negatively correlated with kernel weight in sandy loam (r2 = 0.86; P < 0.001) and in clay loam (r2 = 0.91; P < 0.001). Kernel weight ranged from 162.1 g (Sweet Nugget) to 286.4 g (Tasty Sweet Trophy F1) and from 234.1 (Gold Cup F1) to 340.5 (Tasty Sweet Trophy F1) in sandy and clay loam, respectively. In light of our results, the greater kernel weight at Ljubljana (clay loam) was explained by the fact that under hot, midsummer conditions, clay loam soil has the advantage of holding much more moisture. Table 2. Yield and related agronomic data from sweet corn study grown on the different type of soil CultivarDays to maturitySeeds emergence (%)Kernel number (m-2)Kernel weight (mg)SandyClaySandyClaySandyClaySandyClayTasty Sweet F1108 a115 a90.2 b84.7 b1784 a1786 a286.4 c340.5 cTasty Gold F1110 a117 a85.4 b85.4 b2346 b2432 b247.2 b284.7 bGold Cup F1115 a118 a84.5 a76.2 a2754 cb3050 c210.6 ab234.1 aZucckergold111 a116 a82.6 a71.3 a3150 c2656 b181.5 a272.4 bSweet Nugget115 a119 a80.5 a82.5 b3426 c2113 ab162.1 a314.4 bcMean112 a117 a84.6 a80.0 b2692 cb2407 b217.6 ab289.2 b Table 3. Amount of soluble sugars (%) in sweet corn kernels CultivarSoluble sugars (%)GlucoseFructoseSucroseTotalSandyClaySandyClaySandyClaySandyClayTasty Sweet F11.68 ab1.75 ab1.12 ab1.09 ab3.21 b3.07 b6.01 ab5.91 abTasty Gold F12.12 b2.23 b1.29 ab1.40 b4.68 b4.86 b8.09 b8.49 bGold Cup F11.15 a1.08 a0.91 a0.75 a1.10 a1.17 a3.16 a3.00 aZucckergold1.02 a0.97 a1.08 ab1.19 ab8.76 c8.63 c10.86 c10.79 cSweet Nugget2.37 c2.50 c1.72 b1.56 b3.45 b3.62 b7.54 b7.68 bMean1.67 ab1.71 ab1.23 ab1.20 ab4.24 b4.27 b7.13 b7.17 b Soluble sugar amount and composition of sweet corn cultivars is shown in Table 3. The quality of fresh sweet corn depends to large extent on kernel sweetness (Azanza et al., 1994). Sucrose, glucose and fructose are the three major components that contribute to the total soluble sugar content (Evensen and Boyer, 1986). The sugar concentration in the different types of soil at the time of fresh-market maturity showed negligible variation. It should be noted, however, that there was a significant difference between cultivars regarding the total soluble sugar content concentration and the concentration of each individual sugar. Overall, in both accessions higher concentration of sugars was present in the kernels of cv. Zucckergold compared to other cultivars. The ratio of total sugar to sucrose in the kernels examined showed that sucrose accounted for almost 60% of the total sugar concentration. The above results are in agreement with those obtained by Hubbard and Pharr (1990) who pointed out that increasing sugar content during ripening is primarily a function of the accumulation of sucrose, while glucose and fructose levels are modulated to much lesser extent. Of the three major soluble sugars assessed in this study, only sucrose level variations correlated significantly with the total sugar level variations. In both soil types, the slope of the relation between sucrose and total sugars content was over 0.7 (data not shown). Conclusions Our research serves to indicate which cultivars of sweet corn will be most successfully grown in the two frequently types of soil in Slovenia. A major benefit associated with sandy loam is earlier harvest, while growing sweet corn in clay loam is ultimately translated into higher yields. It appears, however, that there was no discernible effect of the soil type on the rate of soluble sugars. Furthermore, the research reveals the important role of sucrose in determining total sugar concentrations and hence quality in sweet corn kernels. Further investigation is needed to evaluate whether the results in our study are site specific or can be applicable to other areas. Reference Azanza F., Juvik J.A., Klein B.P. 1994. Relationship between sensory quality attributes and kernel chemical composition of fresh-frozen sweet corn. Journal of Food Quality 17: 159 172. Bdi Z., Borbly M., Pep P., GyQri, Z. 2006. Preliminary data of chemical contents and thousand kernel weight in special and conventional maize. Cereal Research Communications 34. 1: 413  416. Bray E.A. 1997. Plant response to water deficit. Trends in Plant Science 2: 48  54. Buzs I., Hoyk E., Cserni I., Borsn PetQ J. 2006. Evaluation of the optimum nitrogen fertilizer depending on the nitrate content of the soil in sweet corn plantation. Cereal Research Communications 34. 1: 421  424. Dolenc-`turm K., `tampar F., Usenik V. 1999. Evaluating of same quality parameters of different apricot cultivars using HPLC method. Acta Alimentaria 28: 297 309. Douglass S.K., Juvik J.A., Splittstoesser W.E. 1993. Sweet corn seedling emergence and variation in kernel carbohydrate reserve. Seed Science and Technology 21: 433 445. Evens K.B., D Boyer D. 1986. Carbohydrate composition and sensory quality of fresh and stored sweet corn. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111: 734 738. Fisher RA. 1975. Yield potential of dwarf spring wheat and the effect of shading. Crop Science 15: 607 613. Hadi G. 2005. Effect of popcorn varieties from the Andes on the development of the early, hard-grained gene pool in Central Europe. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 53: 1.109 118. Hubbard N.L., Pharr D.M. 1990. Sucrose metabolism in ripening fruit as affected by leaf area. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115: 798 802. Kwabiah A.B. 2004. 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planting date and plastic mulch in a short-season environment. Scientia Horticulturae 102: 1. 147 166. Olsen J.K., Giles J.E., Jordan R.A. 1990. Post-harvest carbohydrate changes and sensory quality of three sweet corn cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae 44: 179 189. ktem A., ktem A.G., Coskun Y. 2004. Determination of sowing dates of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) under Sanlurfa conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 28: 1. 83 91. Ramachandrappa B.K., Nanjappa H.V., Shivakumar H.V. 2004. Yield and quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by spacing and fertilization levels. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 52: 3. 237 243.     Vol. 36, 2008, Suppl. Cereal Research Communications VII. 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