ࡱ> #` pbjbj.t*!TTTh,,,,Dh62"""5555555$7ha: 6uT$!0"$$ 66((($RT5($5((r3T2"T4 0,&~645606D4;;&(;;4;;T4">-#,(Y#$}#)""" 6 6("""6$$$$hhh,hhh,hhh NEW WAYS IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING  2008 19.  21. June 2008, Preaov, Slovak Republic Implementation of monitoring procedure of energy efficiency in buildings Berislav BOLFEK, Josip JUKI, Antun STOI Abstract: The costs of energy sources are among the most important issues within our overall expenditures. The main goal of systematic management of energy consumption is to optimize and decrease energy consumption. It can be done in a way which would improve energy efficiency and consequently increase financial savings and decrease harmful impact to the environment. Further in the text we will explain the proposition for the analysis and the choice of the most important energy consumers in buildings (in the area with great number of consumers) and also to which buildings we should apply those measures of lowering the energy consumption Key words: energy, consumption, energy efficiency, buildings construction, costs INTRODUCTION An important tool which enables a community to influence the global energy market is the Management of energy consumption. It also influences the security of energy supply in the medium and long term. According to the data of EU  EMBED Equation.3  the residential and tertiary sector, the major part of which are buildings, accounts for more than 40% of final energy consumption. The energy consumption in EU is expanding and that will lead to further increase of energy consumption in this sector. According to the above mentioned data we can conclude that buildings will have an important role and long-term impact on energy consumption in future. Therefore new buildings should meet minimum energy performance requirements tailored to the local climate. It is necessary to carry out major renovations of existing buildings and implement cost effective measures to enhance energy performance. However, the improvement of the overall energy performance of existing building does not necessary mean a total renovation of the building. The renovation could be confined to the parts of a building which are most relevant for the energy performance. The procedure should be economically justified. The European Union Directive 2002/91/EC determines energetic characteristics of buildings and in the article 2 defines the energy performance of the building: "Energy performance of a building is the amount of energy actually consumed or estimated to meet the different needs associated with a standardized use of the building, which may include, inter alia, heating, hot water heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting. This amount shall be reflected in one or more numeric indicators which have been calculated, taking into account insulation, technical and installation characteristics, design and positioning in relation to climatic aspects, solar exposure and influence of neighbouring structures, own-energy generation and other factors, including indoor climate, that influences the energy demand  EMBED Equation.3  Further in the text we will explain the proposition for the analysis and the choice of the most important energy consumers in buildings (in the area with great number of consumers) using the ABC method (Pareto principle) together with the choice of objects on which to apply the projects of energy consuming deduction. ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALISYS FOR BUILDINGS One of the most important issues within our overall expenditures is the cost of energy sources (natural gas, heating oil, wood, electricity, water). According to that we should ask ourselves how to decrease (optimize) the energy consumption and achieve direct financial savings and also decrease harmful impact to the environment. For the effective analysis of consumption and the choice of the most important consumers it is necessary to define the following: Where do we consume the energy (residential buildings, hospitals, universities, schools, kindergartens, gyms, factories, public illumination.) Which energy sources do we use (gas, heating oil, wood, electricity, water) How much energy do we use (m, kg, KW) The price of the energy (illumination, heating, cooling, ventilation, machinery ) There are lots of factors which influence to the consumption of energy (climate, seasons, the purpose of the building, the age of a building, human awareness) and all of them should be taken into consideration when we analyze the consumption. OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION USING THE ABC- METHOD When we talk about the energy consumption decrease, we also have to take into consideration the functioning efficiency of the system and the functioning is impossible without energy consumption and so we talk about optimal management of energy consumption. Optimal management means the choice of management operations which enable us to achieve the best results according to the chosen criteria and within the given limitations. Let us assume that our task is to transform the system from its original condition ap to wanted condition aw (picture 1).  Picture 1. Possible trajectories for passing over from ap to aw We can choose more variations (v1, v2, . vn) to achieve that goal. Every variable has the different function value of the goal which becomes a criterion for the choice of the optimal variable  EMBED Equation.3 . The theory of optimal management is highly developed today. Problems related to optimal choice become the problem of defining the mathematical model M which includes: Function of the goal F(x), x = (x1, x2, & .,xn) ! n-dimensional vector; F(x) ! mat which depends on the problem (minimum of costs, maximum of profit etc.) Limitations X (x1, x2, & .,xn) which contain limiting factors (most often resources) for the obtaining of the goal. Conditions U; X ( 0 which contain expected values (positive or= () ) of the chosen values of variables Complex management tasks in practical situations almost never refer only to fulfilling just one criterion (goal) but fulfilling of particular number of criterion. When taking the valid decisions we can face some difficulties while the nature of the present goals very often makes the fulfilling of one goal negatively affect other goals. This type of problems can not be solved by classical individual optimization of goals, because in a general case it could result with useless solutions or, so to say, different solutions which are individually optimal according to one of the criteria. Whatever the choice be, some goals stay more or less unfulfilled. To achieve a chosen goal, it is first necessary to choose among significant objects which stand for a great value with their energy consumption. The choice by the previously described method has sense if we are dealing with a great number of objects within a city, district county or a specific area. Consequently, the analysis requires data about a longer period of consumption (3-5 years). In general, choice of significant objects as energy consumers can affect the activities of energy consumption deduction and surely make a bigger effect. A Pareto principle was applied to the choice of such objects. Pareto principle, also known as ABC diagram, presents the basis of the element classification in three groups, for example, and it is a very simple device for clarification of the fact that big percent of financial means lies in a small amount of elements EMBED Equation.3 . First group A would consist of several very significant objects which make a big part of a total value with their energy consumption. Second group B would consist of moderately significant objects considering their part in the total energy consumption. Third group C would consist of less significant objects which are not that important in energy consumption. It should be mentioned that there are no solid boundaries among groups which are set according to the significance estimation. According to the assumption, we list the following boundaries (diagram in the picture 2): First group A would consist of several very significant objects which make 60% of the total energy consumption Second group B would consist of moderately significant objects which make 30% of the total energy consumption Third group C would consist of other, less significant objects which make 10% of the total energy consumption       Number of objects % 100% Picture 2. ABC-dijagram The use of statistical data regarding the value of consumed energy in objects and the applied Pareto principle optimum can be useful in choosing very significant objects (within the group A) which make 60% of the total value of energy consumption of all objects.  EMBED Equation.3   EMBED Equation.3  where:  EMBED Equation.3 Pareto optimum, cumulative value of consumed energy (in the observed period) within very significant objects (objects belonging to group A), in the total of consumed energy for one area  EMBED Equation.3 total value of the consumed energy in objects belonging to group A  EMBED Equation.3  total value of the consumed energy in all observed objects within the chosen area  EMBED Equation.3 number of the most significant objects  EMBED Equation.3 total number of observed objects  EMBED Equation.3 individual costs of objects CONCLUSION The choice of significant objects, as well as the percentage of the total consumption, depends on the evaluation which does not mean activities regarding the deduction of energy consumption could not be diverted to other objects which make a less percentage of the total energy consumption. Nevertheless, the choice of several very significant objects which make 60% of total energy consumption could divert the activities of energy consumption deduction to those same objects which would, in response, make a more significant effect. 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