ࡱ> q`ٱbjbjqPqP ?::r> '@0z 666878^V88(88899 9IUKUKUKUKUKUKU$Vh0YoU]a;99a;a;oU88UoLoLoLa;n 88IUoLa;IUoLoLN=O88 +6FB O}SU0VO,YHHY=O=OPYO9>3:,oL_:$:999oUoUYL999Va;a;a;a;^^^&^^^&d6@vdz@ PSYCHOLOGICAL ANOMIE (SROLE'S SCALE) AND UNEMPLOYED PERSONS Anton Vukeli, Zuzana Hubinkova and Anica Hunjet AntonVukeli, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department of Sociology, University of Zagreb, Croatia,  HYPERLINK "mailto:anton.vukelic@fsb.hr" anton.vukelic@fsb.hr Zuzana Hubinkova, The University of Economics Prague (UEP), Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Managerial Psychology and Sociology, Prague, Czech Republic. hubinkova@quick.cz Abstract: Based on the pool on about 400 unemployed persons, statistical connection between Srole's scale of anomie as a particular indicator of disappointment and two objective and two subjective characteristics of unemployed is being questioned. Results indicate that probability of employment is not connected with psychological anomie. Almost identical result is applicable for the age variable. On the other hand, unemployed persons who show low score on externality scale or are under strain about getting employed express more disappointment with society and their position in it. Key words: psychological anomie, Sroles(s scale, unemployed pearsons Introduction Are those who are unemployed, especially those who are without hope on the labor market and are in this way excluded from active part of labor force, also the most disappointed in society in which they live? Considerable part of literature and research (detailed overview: Hanish, 1999; Kanfer et al, 2001) is concentrated on characteristics of unemployed and psychological, social and economical consequences on the unemployed persons. This paper will concentrate exclusively on the group of unemployed starting with facts that their positions on the labor market and probability of employment are considerably different. In this way among unemployed we can find those who are easily employed and looked for on the labor market and those who, because of a long list of various characteristics (professions in suffice, older, longtime unemployed, without social connections etc.) stay unemployed and hardly or almost never find a job. We start this paper with the hypothesis that various perspectives reflect on their perception of society and we analyze relationship between their personal perception of strain connected with their own employment or their probability of employment and on the other hand, their disappointment in society or community where they live. Theoretical Frame For Srole's understanding of anomie (Srole, 1956, 1965) it is conditionally possible to say that it analyzes the measure persons disappointment with society and his/her own position. His concept, unlike sociological approaches (Durkheim, 1947, 1951; Merton, 1957, 1964) which comprehend anomie as a state of society, relies, among others, on MacIvers (1950) understanding of anomie as 'destruction of individual feelings of connection with society and Lasswells (1952) concept which relates on 'deficit of identification with one self. Srole's understanding of psychological anomie is primarily an instrument, a sort of measure scale, and it is less a complete theoretical concept, and therefore independent upon various interpretations and understatements connected with this scale. Margins and possibilities of this instrument can be read out best from the particles from which it is made. Other theoretical frame on which we base our paper is Agnew's theory of strain (1992, 1995) which analyses personal perception of possibility to realize goals and subjective expression of dissatisfaction. That is a socio-psychological theory with central category of strain, which looks at the person in its direct social relationship with other persons or groups. Although the author differentiates more types of strain, he is primarily focused on the situation in which the strain occurs when the others are preventing or are threatening to prevent a person in reaching positively valued goals. This type of strain is mostly measured in terms of disjunction between aspiration for separate goals and expectance that they will be reached. Agnew's theoretical frame can also be used for cases of unemployed, where a person with most prominent strain expresses high aspirations to find a job, and at the same time has subjective perception of blocked possibilities for employment. Strain is therefore a scissors aperture of whishes and expectations. Hypotheses Relaying on pas theoretical and empirical legacy in the case of unemployed in Croatian society we set up several hypotheses. I concerning the first hypothesis, we start from the basic statement that persons, who by their objective status on the labor market have low or almost no chance to get a job, will express more disappointment about society in which they live. H1: probability of employment and psychological anomie of a person are positively correlated. II Unemployed persons who have more discordance in subjective whishes to get a job and expectations that this will become true express higher level of psychological anomie. H2: strain in unemployed persons and psychological anomie are positively correlated. III Although many psychological characteristics of individuals by no doubt stand as possible predictors of personal experience of society, external control locus (Rotter,1966) as part of the unemployed theme and possibility of getting a job has a no surpassing role. External control locus represents perception or belief of a person that his/her behavior and success are mostly under the influence of external, uncontrollable environmental factors. In context of getting a job, unemployed will consider it as a factor of luck or destiny and that they can do nothing of their own. Let us suppose that persons who in this way experience their situation of being unemployed, express also the highest level of psychological anomie. H3: in the case of unemployment there is a positive statistical connection between external control locus and psychological anomie. IV At the end, under the theme of unemployment and psychological anomies, from social and demographic variables we point out the age variable. There are two reasons for it. Firstly, age by no doubt has a no surpassing role in getting a job (Rife and Belcher, 1994), and no matter that the percentage of unemployed is higher for younger age cohorts, older persons stay considerably longer unemployed than younger. Further more, there are complex and multiple connections between age and other characteristics of unemployed persons, therefore the role of this variable is not easily explained (Wanberg et al, 2002). On the other hand, the age is definitely characteristic which is connected with a number of psychological points of view and values. Therefore the question is made in what statistical relations age is related to the psychological anomie of the specific group of unemployed. H4: in case of unemployed there is positive statistical connection between the age and psychological anomie. Methodology of research Empirical pooling survey was conducted with the help of Croatian Institute for employment. 396 unemployed persons in Zagreb and ibenik were evaluated and surveyed. Since the level of probability of employment is basically one complex category which depends on a number of characteristics and their combinations, same was determined integrally on the basis of evaluation of counselors of HZZ (Croatian institute for employment) The evaluations of counselors were imperceptibly written in a survey during start and introduction of the person into the pool. Counselors classified unemployed persons through three stages of being able to get a job. Strain was counted as a difference between intensity of aspiration (scale is composed of seven particles; cronbach ( 0,73) as a level of importance which unemployed persons were attributing to the goal of getting a job and the level of subjective expectance (scale is composed of five particles; cronbach ( 0,75) that they will really get a job. By deducting five tome scale of aspiration and expectance we got deduced five part variable of strain. Srole's anomie scale was used in its original form with five particles (cronbach (: 0,76), where the level of concordance was given through numeric five tome scale of Lickert's, while the scale of externality (Bezinovi, 1990) was consisted of 10 particles (cronbach (: 0,88). Results First hypothesis supposes that unemployed with lower variability of getting employed are more disappointed with society. Data indicate that correlation between estimated probability of getting a job and the degree of anomie does not exist (rc=-0,069, p=0,18). Therefore, H1 was not confirmed. Anomie which is actually being measured is one type of hopelessness, alienation and feeling of isolation and being without a perspective, does not correspond with aggravated possibilities of getting a job. If probability of employment as a sort of objective factor is not connected with psychological anomie, was that fact valid also for strain as a category which is based on subjective aspirations and expectations? Correlation between the strain and the degree of anomie exists (rc=0,435, p=0,00). Statistical connection is strong and significant. H2 was confirmed. It is evident that psychological anomie is more distinct in unemployed with higher discrepancy between whishes and expectations about getting a job. According to the components of strain, a question is set whether psychological anomie is a reflection of low expectations or accentuated aspirations. predictors Coefficient of correlation with the criterion. partial correlationbeta ponderPaspirations0,24**0,250,2050,000expectations- 0,37**-0,35-0,3710,000R = 0,44 R2=0,193 ** P ( 0,01; * P ( 0,05 Table No. 01: regression analysis; criterion: Srole's anomie In comparison with aspirations, more significant predictor of anomie are expectations ((= -0,371). Sort of low expectancy of person to get a job is in positive correlation with disappointment with future and society. Third hypothesis looks into the relationship between externality and psychological anomie. Whether persons who explain their destiny with primarily external circumstances and consider that they alone can not control their own lives, are more anomic? Statistical connection is again strong and significant (rc=0,428, p=0,00). H3 was confirmed. Again as with H2, one subjective understanding is strongly connected with the other set of subjective attitudes. Fourth hypothesis looks into a relationship between age and psychological anomie. Correlation exists but as a weak connection (rc=0,219, p=0,00). We can conclude that in a certain measure older persons really express higher level of anomie, i.e. disappointment with society and future. Because of the complex role of the age, we suppose that its main role is primarily intermediate. At the end, relations of all above mentioned predictors with psychological anomie are visible from the table shown below: predictors Coefficient of correlation with the criterion.partial correlationbeta ponderPexternality0,428**0,3330,3180,000strain- 0,435**0,237-0,3320,000age0,219**0,0100,1260,025Probability of employment - 0,0690,171-0,1540,005R = 0,543 R2=0,295 ** P ( 0,01; * P ( 0,05 Table No. 02: regression analysis; criterion: Srole's scale of anomie It is evident that externality and strain in comparison with probability of employment and age are key predictors of psychological anomie. Conclusion End results of the research on the group of unemployed persons indicate that psychological anomie, as a set of attitudes which express a sort of disappointment, are primarily statistically connected with certain subjective attitudes, and in a less proportion or not at all with objective characteristic of subject measured in this research. So high aspirations for job with at the same time low expectancy that it will happen, meaning to get a job, are accompanied with more distinct psychological anomie. High connection of the scale of externality with anomie scale can be explained in part with their similar contents and connotations. Both accentuate that external circumstances (social world) are beyond the power of an individual and that they can not control it. These results confirm attitudes which consider that Srole's anomie scale is just one variation of alienation. On the other hand, probability of employment as a sort of indicator of position on the labor market is not connected with scale of anomie. In other words, common sense hypothesis that individuals who hardly find a job or can not find it will be more disappointed with society or their position in it did not get confirmed. From a wider perspective, pessimistic and not pink perception of environment is not a mere reflection of somebody's position in society even if it were unemployed persons. Relations are much more complex than that. References: Agnew, R. (1995); The Contibution of SocialPsychological Strain Theory to the Explanation of Crime and Delinquencey;), The Legacy of Anomie Theory, (ed. Adler F. and S. F. Laufer), Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, London (pp.113-138) Agnew, R. and H.R White (1992); An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory; Criminology, Vol. 30, No. 4 (pp.475-499) Bezinovi, P. (1990); Percepcija vlastite kompetentnosti: mogua hijerarhijska organizacija; Praktukum iz kognitivne i bihevioralne terapije III, Zagreb, DPH (pp.35-49;147-157) Durkheim, E. (1947); The Divison of Labor in Society; New York, Glencoe, Free Press Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide. A study in Sociology; Glencoe, Free Press Eckart, D.R. and R. Durand (1975); The Effect of Context in Measuring Anomia; Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 39 (pp. 199-206) Hanisch, K.A. (1999); Job loss and unemployement research from 1994 to 1998: A review and recommendations for research and interventions; Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 55 (pp. 188-220. Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C.R. and T.M. Kantrowity (2001); Job search and employment: A personality motivational analysis and meta - analitic review; Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86 (pp. 837 855. Lasswell, H. (1952); The Treat to Privacy; Conflict of Loyalities (ed. MacIver, R.) New York: Harper and Bros MacIver, M.R. (1950); The Ramparts We Guard; New York, Macmillan Meier, D. and W. Bell (1959); Anomia and Differential Acces to the Achievement of Life Goals; American Sociological Rewiew, Vol. 24 (pp. 189-202) Merton, R.K. (1964); Anomie, Anomia, and Social Interaction: Contexts of Deviant Behaviour, Anomie and deviant behavior (ed. M. B. Clinard), New York, Free Press (pp. 213-242) Merton, R.K. (1957); Social Theory and Social structure; New York, Free Press Miller, C.R. and E.F. Butler (1966); Anomia and Eunomia: A Methodological Evaluation of Srole(s Anomia Scale, American Sociological Review, Vol. 31 (pp. 400-405) Nettler, G. (1965); A further Comment on Anomy; American Sociological Rewiew, Vol. 30, No. 5, (pp. 762763) Rife, J.C. and J.R. Belcher (1994); Assisting Unemployed Older Workers to Become Reemployed: An Experimental Evaluation; Research on Social Work Practice, No. 4 (pp. 3-11) Rotter, J.B. (1966); Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement; Psychological Monographs, Whole, Vol. 80., No. 609. Srole L. (1965); Comment on Anomy; American Sociological Rewiew, Vol. 30, No. 5 (pp. 757762) Srole, L. (1956); Social Intergration and and Certain Corollaries: An Exploratory Study; American Sociological Rewiew, Vol. 26 (pp. 709-716) Teevan, J. Jr. (1975); On Measuring Anomia: Suggested Modifications of the Srole Scale; Pacific Sociological Review, Vol. 18 (pp. 159-170) Wanberg, C.R.,Hough, L.M. and Z. Song (2002); Predictive validity of a multidisciplinary model of reemployment success; Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No.6 (pp. 1100-1120)  Factors of employment are comprehended through economical, sociological and psychological models (more details in: Wanberg et. al., 2002)  Dorothy Meier and Wendell Bell (1965) claim that it measures despair, hopelessness and discouragement of a person, while Gwynn Nettler (1959) are implicating on similarity between anomie and alienation.  Critics of Srole's scale were of conceptual and methodological type. Therefore, for instance Teevan (1975) asks a question whether it measures subjects own interpersonal frames of his/hers seeing of other people's relationship in society, and questions the ability of application in different socio-cultural surrounding other than American (Eckard and Durand, 1975). From methodological point of wiev there is a question about internal consistency of the scale and problem of scale degrees (Miller and Buttler, 1966).  Srole's scale is consisted of these statements: There(s little use writing to public officials because often they aren(t really interested in the problems of the average man; Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take care of itself; In spite of what some people say, the lot of average man is getting worse, not better; It(s hardly fair to bring childern into the world with the way things look for the future; These days a person doesn(t really know whom he can count on (Srole, 1957: 712-3).  When we correlate realized sample with population of unemployed on the base of sex, age and education, we can see that unemployed who have agreed for sampling are more educated than the average population of unemployed persons, which is also a reflection of sampling being taken only in cities. Furthermore the sample declines in less extent from characteristics of population by age (younger are more represented) and sex structure (women are more represented). Because of above mentioned declines one should be conscious in determining any kind of general conclusions on the level of population of unemployed persons.  From 396 sampled unemployed persons counselors classified 27,3% as hardly employable; 45,4% as middle employable and 27, 3% as easily employable.  Without strain (-4 do 0); low strain (0 do +1), middle strain (+1 do +2), higher strain (+2 do +3) and extreme strain (+3 do +4).  Normality of distribution in used scales was analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and it was realized that the scale of aspirations and evaluated probability of employment, considerably decline from normal distribution. 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