ࡱ> 02-./q` bjbjqPqP 8::G[܂܂܂8u$ghϼuNNN/N`N Xq܂XE0u]$duNNNN\8c8c INFLUENCES OF AMELIORATIVE FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MAIZE Kova evi Vlado1, Josipovic Marko2, Stoji Biserka 3 1University J. J. Strossmayer, Faculty of Agriculture HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia 2Agricultural Institute, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osiejk, Croatia 3Petrokemija d.d. Fertilizer Factory HR-44320 Kutina, Croatia Abstract Suboptimal levels of plant available nutrients are oft limiting factor of field crop yields under environmental conditions, especially in middle and northwestern part of Croatia. Farmers mainly have not basic information about their soils (for example, their agrochemical characteristics). In frame of education of farmers in Djulovac (Bjelovar-Bilogora County), Pakrac (Pozega-Slavonia County) and Okucani (Brod-Posavina County) municipalities during March of 2003 total 108 soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were taken form unfertilized fields (total 279 ha) and soil testing was made (soil pH, plant available phosphorus and potassium according AL-method). About 60% of tested soil samples are acid ( pH in KCl less than 5). Also, about 40% of soil samples are poor or moderate supplied with phosphorus (P), while potassium (K) status is better because only 13% samples are in this range of K availability. Based on soil test, choice of plots for fertilization experiment was made. Aim of this study was testing of ameliorative fertilization (spring 2003) with P and K in form of NPK fertilizer on yield and nutritional status of maize (the growing seasons 2003-2005). In the second and third year of testing only standard fertilization of the experiment was applied. Maize responded to applied fertilization by moderate yield increases up to 10% only. We presume that Al-method is not suitable solution for prediction of plant available P status in this soil. Ameliorative fertilization resulted by significant influences on increased plant available P, K and Fe status in the soil, while differences of the other tested elements (S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Cd) were in level of statistical error. The applied fertilization had the most influences on maize nutritional status in the first year of testing (2003) because significant differences for P, K, Mn (increasing trend) Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn (decreasing trend) were found. In the second year (2004) non-significant differences were found, while in the third year (2005) significant differences were found for P, K and Mg only. It is important that cadmium status in maize plant was independent on applied fertilization because there are examples in literature that application of the high P rates is mainly in connection with increases of Cd concentrations in plant. Ameliorative fertilization had mainly low influences on maize grain composition because only in the third year of testing significant differences for K, Mg (increases) and Zn (decrease) status were found. Cd concentrations in maize grain were under detectable range of the applied method (<0.02 mg Cd kg -1). Key words: soil pH, fertilization, phosphorus, potassium, liming INTRODUCTION Soil properties are considerable factors of field crops yield, but framers have not basic information about their soils. International Rescue Committee (IRC), international humanity organization, in cooperation with Croatian Co-operative Association and Croatian Agricultural Extension Service, in frame of ECRA project revitalization of war affected communities- which are supported by USAID agency, began education of farmers in Djulovac (Bjelovar-Bilogora County), Pakrac (Pozega-Slavonia County) and Okucani (Brod-Posavina County) municipalities. During March of 2003 total 108 soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were taken form unfertilized fields (total 279 ha) and soil testing was made (soil pH, plant available phosphorus and potassium according AL-method). About 60% of tested soil samples (total 65) were acid ( pH in KCl less than 5) and liming could be useful. Also, about 40% (total 42) of soil samples were poor or moderate supplied with phosphorus, while potassium status is better because only 13% samples (total 14) were in this range of K availability. These results were in detail elaborated in the previous study (Kovacevic et al., 2005). Soil test was criterion for choice of the plots for field experiments with increased fertilization with P and K including Korenicani experiment in Bjelovar-Bilogora County. Grain yields of maize in this experiment for three-year period were elaborated in detail by the previous study (Kovacevic et al., 2006). In this study, influences of the fertilization on leaf and grain composition were shown. MATERIAL AND METHODS The field experiment Four fertilization treatments by application of NPK 7:20:30 fertilizer (the product of Petrokemija Fertilizer Factory Kutina, Croatia: a = 0 = standard fertilization, b = a+1250, c = a+2500 and d = a+3750 kg ha-1) were applied on Korenicani soil (municipality Djulovac, Bjelovar-Bilogora County). Different amounts of nitrogen (N) for the a-d treatments were equalized by addition of CAN (calcium ammonium nitrate) in the amounts 974, 649, 325 and 0 kg ha-1, for the a, b, c and d, respectively. Only standard fertilization of the experiment for the 2004 and the 2005 growing seasons were applied. The experiment was conducted in four replicates by randomized block design. Gross of the basic plot was 92,4 m2 (11.0 m x 8.4 m). Maize hybrids OsSK552 (the growing seasons 2003 and 2004) and OsSK499 (the growing season 2005) were sown by pneumatic sowing machine in terms end of April/beginning May. Planned (theoretical) plant densities (TPD: plants ha-1) were 51948, 54 946 and 57143, for 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Maize was harvested manually (four rows from each plot). Grain yiels were calculated on 14% grain moisture basis and plant densities as follows: 90% TPD (2003), 70% TPD (2004) and 95% TPD (2005), respectively. Sampling and chemical analyses Soil samples were taken after maize harvest at end October 2005. The samples were taken by auger to 30 cm of depth (15 individual sampling in the mean sample). The ear-leaf of maize was taken at beginning of silking (middle of July; 25 leaves in the mean sample). Soil, leaf and grain sampling were made from three replicates of the trial. Nutritional status of soil (mobile fraction of the elements) was predicted by extractions with NH4Acetate + EDTA (pH 4.65) according Lakanen and Ervio (1971) and their determination by the ICP-AES procedure. For general soil test AL-extraction was used (Egner et al., 1960). Soil reaction and organic matter were determined according to ISO (1994, 1998). The total amounts of the elements in the leaf and grain samples were measured by the ICP-AES technique after their microwave digestion using concentrated HNO3+H2O2. The soil and plant analyses were done in the laboratory of the Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC), Budapest, Hungary. The soil characteristics By soil test (end of March 2003) acid reaction (pH in 1nKCl = 4.98), low organic matter contents (1.86%) and moderate levels of mobile phosphorus and potassium (5.20 mg P2O5 and 8.13 mg K2O 100 g of soil-1 according the AL-method) were found. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In general, in spite of relative low status of plant available P were found by the preliminary soil test, response of maize to ameliorative fertilization was low because yield were increased up to 10% only (Table 1). We presume that Al-method is not suitable solution for prediction of plant available P status in this soil. Ameliorative fertilization resulted by significant influences on increased plant available phosphorus, potassium and iron status only, while differences of the other tested elements was in level of statistical error. Applied fertilization influenced on moderate increases of soil reaction (pH value), while humus contents were similar for all fertilization treatments. Also, values of plant available P and K which were determined by two extraction methods are similar (Table 2). Table 1. Realized plant density and grain yield of maize as affected by ameliorative fertilization - the experiment Korenicani (Kovacevic et al., 2006) Fertilization* (17. 04. 2003.)Realized plant density (RPD in %TPD=theoretical plant density) and grain yield of maize** kg ha-1Maize hybrid OsSK 552Hybrid OsSK 4992003 20042005RPDYieldRPDYieldRPDYieldNPKCAN%t ha-1%t ha-1%t ha-1a) b) c) d)0 1250 2500 3750974 649 325 087.3 85.9 89.4 84.612.38 13.33 13.52 13.4173.7 72.4 70.1 72.710.12 10.87 11.17 10.8298.9 94.0 94.6 96.111.78 11.92 11.88 11.89Mean86.813.1672.210.7595.911.87TPD (plants ha-1)519485494657243LSD 5%0.540.17n.s.* for 2004 and 2005 standard fertilization of the a-d treatments; **yield calculations on 14% moisture basis and TPD 90% (2003), 70% (2004) and 95% (2005), respectively. Table 2. Influences of fertilization (spring 2003) on soil characteristics NPK 7:20:30The experiment Korenicani: 0-30 cm of soil depth (sampling 20 October 2005)NH4Acetate-EDTA extraction (pH 4.65): concentrations in mg kg-1 of soilkg ha-1P2O5K2OCaMgSFeMnZnCuCda) 0 b) 1250 c) 2500 d) 375064.7 62.7 154.3 155.0100.4 109.7 147.0 153.31835 1764 2100 2067299 298 365 3577.9 7.8 9.2 8.6448 421 597 590261 245 269 2672.68 2.65 3.19 3.233.59 4.49 4.39 4.210.077 0.073 0.089 0.091LSD5%74.934.0nsnsns 78nsnsnsnsMean109.2127.619423308.42.942615144.170.082General agrochemical soil testpHAL-method: mg g-1%H2OKClP2O5K2OHumusa) 0 b) 1250 c) 2500 d) 37506.45 6.46 6.87 6.825.12 5.12 5.64 5.5384.7 96.3 164.7 172.085.0 99.3 149.7 176.71.94 1.92 1.99 1.94LSD5%0.230.3628.624.0n.s.Mean6.655.35129.4127.71.95 The applied fertilization had the most influences on maize nutritional status in the first year of testing (2003) because significant differences for P, K, Mn (increasing trend) Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn as well (decreasing trend) were found. In the second year (2004) non-significant differences were found, while in the third year (2005) significant differences were found for P, K and Mg only (Table 3). It is important that cadmium status in maize plant was independent on applied fertilization because there are examples in literature that application of the high P rates are mainly in conncetion with increases of Cd concentrations in plant (Bergmann, 1992; Mengel and Kirkby, 2001). Ameliorative fertilization had mainly low influences on maize grain composition because only in the third year of testing significant differences for K, Mg (increases) and Zn (decrease) status were found. Cd concentrations in maize grain were under detectable range of the applied analytical procedure (Table 4). Loncaric et al. (2005) applied 500 and 1000 kg ha-1 P2O5 and K2O alone and in their combination on standard fertilization. Although low levels of P and K were found by the soil test (AL-method), maize yields were similar for applied treatments in both years. For this reason, in question is scientific application of AL-method in interpretation of soil nutritional status for this and similar soil types. Probably acid reaction of soil could be responsible for low influences of ameliorative fertilization on maize yield in our study and in the study Loncaric et al. (2005). Also, with aim of more precise prediction of soil nutritional status it is need inclusion soil testing by application of different extraction methods. Table 3. Influences of ameliorative fertilization on nutritional status of maize (composition of the ear-leaf at silking stage) Korenicani field experiment: Influences of fertilization in spring 2003 (NPK 7:20:30 on standard fertilization) on nutritional status of maize NPKConcentrations in dry matter of ear-leaf of maize at silking stage 7:20:30Percent (%)mg kg-1kg ha-1PKCaMgSFeMnZnCuCdThe growing season 20030 1250 2500 37500.29 0.31 0.30 0.322.14 2.55 2.50 2.500.71 0.65 0.63 0.600.44 0.30 0.25 0.240.19 0.20 0.18 0.19122 127 129 13583 108 105 11066.4 63.7 56.4 56.416.5 17.4 15.3 17.00.08 0.08 0.09 0.11LSD5%0.020.210.090.03n.s.n.s.1810.1n.s.n.s.Mean0.300.240.650.310.1912810160.716.50.09The growing season 20040 1250 2500 37500.38 0.38 0.39 0.382.29 2.25 2.37 2.290.75 0.72 0.73 0.720.22 0.22 0.21 0.220.21 0.21 0.21 0.20190 190 196 20281 77 87 8455.3 58.8 60.5 57.317.6 18.7 19.0 17.50.06 0.06 0.07 0.07LSD5%n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.Mean0.380.230.730.220.211948258.018.20.07The growing season 20050 1250 2500 37500.36 0.38 0.41 0.412.06 2.19 2.23 2.470.66 0.63 0.66 0.650.27 0.23 0.23 0.220.21 0.21 0.22 0.21155 191 189 17197 100 85 9642.7 46.5 49.6 48.315.0 16.1 16.8 16.10.02 0.04 0.03 0.02LSD5%0.030.30n.s.0.04n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.Mean0.392.180.650.240.211779446.816.00.03 In general, based on our field experiment experiences in the last decade period, liming was more influencing factor of field crops yield compared to ameliorative fertilization with P and K. For example, Kovacevic et al. (2006) applied carbocalk (waste of sugar factory, 39% CaO) in five rates up to 90 t/ha. Liming with carbokalk resulted with considerable increases of field crop yields (maize-maize-sunflower-barley rotation )as follows: up to 50% and 36% (maize for 2001 and 2002, respectively), up to 49% (sunflower 2003) and up to 30% (barley 2004). In general, by application of carbocalk in level of 90 t/ha, yields drastically decreased mainly to level of control as affected by overliming. Using 15 t ha-1 of carbocalk on Djakovo pseudogley (the growing season 1993) yields of maize hybrids (total 10) were increased depended on hybrids in range from 6% to 45% (Banaj and Kovacevic, 2000). Liming with carbocalk (30 t ha-1) was especially useful for maize under drought stress of the 2000 growing season on Slatina pseudogley because yield was doubled compared to the control. At the same time, contribution of female-sterile plants was decreased from 42% to 7% only (Antunovic et al., 2001). Table 4. Influences of ameliorative fertilization on nutritional status of maize (composition of grain at maturity stage for the growing seasons 2004 and 2005) Korenicani experiment: influences of NPK fertilization on grain composition of maizeNPKConcentrations in dry matter of grain at maturity stage*7:20:30Percent (%)mg kg -1kg ha-1PKCaMgSFeMnZnCuThe growing season 20040 37500.307 0.2953.63 3.610.005 0.0070.099 0.0920.098 0.08421.9 18.44.60 4.4321.2 19.51.52 1.31LSD5%n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.Mean0.3013.620.0060.0950.09120.14.5220.31.42The growing season 200503113.510.0020.0870.08722.74.8130.31.6612503083.520.0020.0860.08823.15.0422.71.6925003193.830.0020.0890.08325.65.0918.01.7137503123.740.0020.0960.08622.14.9718.21.70LSD5%n.s.0.12n.s.0.004n.s.n.s.n.s.9.1n.s.LSD1%n.s.0.180.006n.s.n.s.n.s.n.s.Mean0.3123.650.0020.0890.08623.44.9822.31.69Cd concentrations in grain were under detectable range Cd (<0.02 mg kg -1) We presume that ameliorative fertilization in combination with liming could be better solution for soil and crop management practice with aspect of yield increases of field crops. Acknowledgement: these investigations were supported by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (VIP-project: Soil test and field trials in function of fertilization recommendation) and Petrokemija Fertilizer Factory Kutina. REFERENCES Antunovi M., Kova evi V., Bukvi G. (2001): Influence of liming on maize under drought stress. In: Fertilization in the third millennium fertilizer, food security and environmental protection (Lanzhu J.I., Chen G., Schnug E., Hera C., and Haneklaus S., Eds.), Proceedings 12th International World Fertilizer Congress (CIEC),Volume 1, August 3-9, 2001, Beijing, China., CIEC Braunschweig-Budapest-Vienna p. 270- 275. Banaj D., Kovacevic V. (2000): Response of corn hybrids to liming. Book of abstracts. Xth International Colloquium for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition, April 8-13, 2000, Cairo, Egypt. Bergman W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plants - development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer Vela Jena, Stuttgart, New York. Egner, H., Riehm, H., Domingo, W.R. (1960): Untersuchungen uber die chemische Bodenanalyse als Grundlage fur die Beurteilung des Nahrstoffzustandes der Boden II. Chemische Extractionsmethoden zu Phosphor- und Kaliumbestimmung. K. Lantbr. Hogsk. Annlr. W.R. 1960, 26, 199-215. ISO (1994): Soil quality. Determination of pH. ISO 10390:1994(E) ISO (1998): Soil quality. Determination of organic carbon by sulfochromic oxidation. ISO 14235:1998(E). Kovacevic V., Banaj D., Kovacevic J., Lalic A., Jurkovic Z., Krizmanic M. (2006): Influences of liming on maize, sunflower and barley. Cereal Res. Comm. 34 (1): 553556. Kova evi V., Lon ari Z., Rastija M. (2005): Analize tla i gnojidba u funkciji poveanja prinosa kukuruza. U: Zbornik radova, XL. Znanstveni skup hrvatskih agronoma s meunarodnim sudjelovanjem (Kova evi V. i Jovanovac Sonja, ur.), Opatija, 15-18. velja e 2005. str. 457-458. 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Jovanovac and V. Kovacevic Eds.), 13-17. February 2006, Opatija, Croatia, Faculty of Agriculture, University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, p. 423-424. Lon ari Z., Kova evi V., `eput Miranda, `imi B. and Stojic Biserka (2005): Influences of fertilization on yield and nutritional status of maize. Cereal Research Communications 33 (1):259-262. Mengel K., Kirkby E. A. (2001): Principles of plant nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht/Boston/London.     INFLUENCES OF AMELIORATIVE FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MAIZE, xy0HP468@RTqbObb%hN3Rh656CJH*aJmHsHh656CJaJmHsH%h_#h656CJH*aJmHsH"h_#h656CJaJmHsHU%h65CJPJaJmHnHsHtH+h_#h65CJPJaJmHnHsHtHh[jh[Uhv~hDmCJaJmH sH h(&CJaJhv~hDmCJaJh%h)CJ\aJmHsHKova evi V.1 Josipovic M.2 and Stoji B. 3 1 University J. J. Strossmayer, Faculty of Agriculture HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia 3Agricultural Institute Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia 2 Petrokemija d.d. 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