ࡱ> }|#`C|bjbj\.\..>D>D<   * * * > F$F$F$8~$$$T> $=%(*%*%*%*%*%*%*%+<-<-<-<-<-<-<$?hAQ<* 40*%*%4040Q<* * *%*%<66640* *%* *%+<640+<666:* * <*%$ <F$5T;+<<0$=;&Bl6&B8<&B* <(*%j(p6+,<*%*%*%Q<Q<l6X*%*%*%$=40404040> > > B"> > > B"> > > * * * * * *  Enchanted Forrest: Research in the Computer-Assisted Journalism Technology is changing rapidly in the information business. Journalists, as well as news organisations, are information specialists and therefore must keep up with the changes. It is important to stress that the main aim of those changes is to improve the quality in the news reporting (news-making process) and not only (or mainly) in its technical aspects. Among various ways of application of information technology in the journalism, one of the most common is the use of computer. In that case we can speak of the computer-assisted journalism (give a look, please, on four files with the filenames caj*.htm on the itn/itj diskette, or on URL  HYPERLINK http://www.nyu.edu/pages/journalism/caj/home.htm http://www.nyu.edu/pages/journalism/caj/home.htm). John Garcia asserts there Computer-assisted journalism entails using electronic tools to research, report and produce the news. Computer-assisted journalism, according to Garcia, can be divided in three main categories: Computer-assisted research Computer-assisted reporting Computer-assisted presentation The term of computer-assisted reporting is often used, pars pro toto, as a synonym for all the computer-assisted journalism. For some others, Computer-assisted reporting () is the use of computers to gather information for a news presentation (Garrison, 1995). As a journalist and computer user for more than a decade, I was called by Professor Prelog to tell you something about some practical possibilities and problems in the computer-assisted journalism, and mainly in computer-assisted research. Professor Ricchiardi fortunately just pointed on the topic of reliability of information, and so did Professor Ross too. So I am not going to repeat what they told us. It should be stupid to ban Internet because some paedophiliac use it for their criminal purpose. They use the post, telephone, railways etc. for the same aims are we going to ban phones, for instance? But the caution is necessary. And it is necessary too when we use computer-assisted sources like Internet for our information, professional or not. We must consider that not only in North America, Japan and European Union, but in the Central Europe too, most government reports, public records, maps, pictures and data will be stored electronically within a decade. On the other side, all the main media information are produced and partly even distributed electronically and they often remain stored in the same way. So it is vital that we master the skills of manipulating electronic data. But we must never forget that humans put all that data in the Net. We must believe in those data just in the same measure we believe in the capacity, knowledge, truthfulness, accuracy, impartiality and so on of the human who publish the data. Therefore the computer-assisted journalism is not something separate from traditional journalism, as well as the introducing of a linotype or a typewriter did not change the essence of journalism - as we stated last year. Newspaper companies do not buy computers or any new technology to improve the quality of journalism, but they adopt new technology when it reduces costs, increases revenue, or offers a combination of both advantages (Lacy & Simon, 1993). Computers dont make great reporters. A computer is a tool that is only as good as the person using it. It is curiosity that makes great reporters said Segal to Garrison (1994). Curiosity is reflected in the acquiring of information. It is a key action in journalism, whether computer-assisted or not. I am not going to repeat what professors Ross and Novosel already said about sources. Here I am going to speak only of those sources, which can be included in the computer-assisted research: search for information and their retrieving using a computer. There are several types of computer-assisted research: Online Research In the newspapers documentation (if any) In the Online Databases Internet Research CD-ROM Research Personal Database Research Online research in newspaper documentation in Central Europe is mainly old-fashioned. As we stated last year, the journalists in Vjesnik expressed their wish to transform their clipping-riddled morgue in an online database twelve years ago. That still greatest newspaper documentation in Croatia remains a reign of scissors, glue, and rubber stamps. I think that Gabriela and Dea can tell us something more about that lost battle. In Croatia we still do not have any newspapers online document database. The journalists dispose online only with articles published by their paper, or by some agency. In United States Online databases are the dynamite of the information explosion, asserts Nora Paul (1994). We have yet spoken here about the European lack of free public online databases. Even Mrs. Joki offered us only North American examples. We have discussed yet the need of a transparent information policy and of some sort of Information Act in the European countries, in the Central Europe as well as in the European Union. Mrs. Vilovi informed us on some CD-ROM-based secondary sources. Professor Ross predicted yesterday that the Western Europe is only three or four years behind the United States in that technology. I must say hat I have my doubts about it. Four years ago, when a man went berserk and shot up a Long Island Railroad commuter train loaded with people heading home from work, killing five and injuring twenty more, Long Islands daily newspaper Newsday published in less than 24 hours a whole story detailing a life and profile of the once-unknown killer. Reporter Kevin McKoy wrote the overall story, but he had a help of no fewer than 21 other staffers in the newsroom (Garrison, 1997). I cannot imagine any European paper that can afford such a work investment even in one day. Online news research has been available in the United States since the mid-1970s. Some newspapers there have been building their own full-text electronic morgues since the early 1980s (as the Vjesniks journalists stated in 1986 asking the same for them then!). Aside from news companies, there is an increasing number of information specialists, or information brokers, who make a living by finding information for people. Information brokers create, obtain, retrieve, and use information for clients (Burwell, 1992). According to the same source, this industry has developed because some people do not want to find information themselves or have such a rare occasion to search for it, they would rather pay an expert to search and retrieve it for them. At larger newspapers, as well as at larger agencies, it may be news librarians who had developed a specialisation as online researchers. But those examples are rare out of United States (I know only for Reuters example). I am afraid that the gap between North America and the Central Europe in some of those aspects is much more greater than three or four years. The great majority of European computer-assisted journalists have to be do it yourself computer-assisted researchers. Whether the American books on the computer-assisted reporting treat mainly the online research, European journalists are pushed primarily to do Internet researches instead. Internet is, according to Brian S. Brooks (1997), the most huge and arguably the most important library in the world. It has become so easy to approach that even the least technically oriented journalist should have no trouble navigating it but the simple surfing is still far from using the Net for a journalists professional sake. It is essential for the journalist to become well acquainted with the Internet. There is not only the problem of the reliability of the acquired data. Another problem is a fact that there is simply too much to list. The journalist as well as any other professional user has to Acknowledge the problem that data overload is imposing on the retrieval of strategic information, and Find some credible solutions. Nets space can easily appear as a bewitched forest of redundant or useless information. The journalist has to develop a technique for quick and efficient orientation in that part of cyberspace, transforming the forest to enchanted one. Some steps can be common for all the journalists, young ones as well as veteran ones. Those common steps consist mainly in the basic computer education. The difference in the needs interests and tools makes almost impossible to offer common credible solutions. Every single journalist has to develop his own tactic. Very often he will be forced to change it, according to his new needs, interests, or tools. We can look at somebodys solutions but it is not sure that those solutions, optimal for some journalist, will match our needs. In spite of growing interest for the computer-assisted journalism, we know that even in some well-equipped newsrooms we still have to fight against: Technological illiteracy Technophobia Journalist has to be educated and re-educated in both hardware software We must be aware that that education is never finished with such a rapid changing of technology as we can witness in the journalism. So the students and young colleagues must be educated in the art of permanent education and self-education, for the 21st centurys future levels, and not only on the level we can predict now. The nowadays computer education can offer good working tool, unimaginable several years ago. Computers allow reporters to immediately find sources around the world, easily examine complex budgets and quickly analyse information. The 21st century journalist should know how to load a three-hour speech and use the functions of the word processing program to do simple textual analysis, says Garcia (1998). Internet searches, as well as online ones, can be divided in two distinct levels: Global Local Local search focuses on a single site, or a single database, or a single file, or a single term. It saves time, but is useful only if enough information is known before the search begins. Looking for a single item in an encyclopaedia or for a single article in the morgue is a kind of local search too. Local search can be regular: visiting the same website. Global searches will check all files in a library, or all databases, or the entire Internet. They are used when limited information is known, or when a lot of information is needed quickly. On the Internet you are not going to find everything you need, but for sure you are going to find something. Here is an example of the global search. On the other side, during a global search are possible all kinds of surprises. Good research is rooted in a clear evaluation of your information needs, understanding your research tools, and the proper use of those tools (Garcia, 1998). Effective searches begin with asking good questions. The Poynter Institutes Nora Paul suggests using journalisms traditional Ws - who, what, when, where, why and adding how to construct search. As somebody of you may remember, those six questions were numbered in Ciceros Ars oratoria (quis?, quid?, ubi?, cur?, quando?, quomodo?) (Beker, 1997) Asking good questions will lead directly to "Where should I look for this information. Is a commercial, full-text database best, is the Web better or should I just walk down to the library and search the card catalogue? (Garcia, 1998). It depends on those six questions. Every database, search engine, index or catalogue has its own set of operators, rules and guidelines. Some allow proximal or Boolean searches, some only allow you to search for whole words and no phrases, and some allow the wildcards. The same operators (for instance the Boolean ones, or even the wildcards) can be used in a different way in different places. Instructions for using web search engines and indexes on their home pages are generally weak (PC World, January 1996). So the journalist has to find out a proper (or best) way to use every single search tool. There is no standardisation. On the other side, they are improved constantly, becoming always more and more user friendly but never enough. Anyway, here is a short general list of operators and filters that can be used in a computer-assisted journalist research: Keywords Phrase (string) searches Wildcards Boolean logic operators Proximity searches Numeric operators Field searches Date operators The use of information technology is not finished with the end of acquiring data, nor it consists then only in the use of a word processor. That technology can be used in the acquired data analysis Garcia (1998) asserts that the journalists have been slow to take full advantage of computer technology: Using a spreadsheet to analyse a budget or organise toxic release inventory data in an understandable format should be as common as using the phone to call a source. Five of the reporting stories that won Pulitzer Prizes in 1995 used some type of computer analysing tool, such as a spreadsheet or data manager. Some tips: Use a spreadsheet if your analysis involves mostly numbers, lots of math and just basic sorting of columns. The University of Toronto has put together a brief tutorial for using spreadsheets. He adds: Use a database manager when you have lots of information to compare or you are trying to relate information from different databases. It depends on the same five Ws+H what you are going to do with the material you got searching: whether save it in some database of yours, or to delete it. There is no any precise rule how to organise and manage several types of journalists personal databases. One of it make journalists finished articles (I have some 10,000 files on my hard-disks, written in past ten years, and it can be a very useful database for backgrounds), other can be made by documents found during some search but not yet utilised, etc. Bookmarks and Preferences are databases too, and very important for searching through the Internet. Even their organisation and management depend on the same five Ws+H: journalist has to decide which sites to search and when, because the regular visiting of all useful sites can take too much time and so become counter-productive. LITERATURE: Beker, Inoslav. Novinar su eljen s ra unalom, u: Medijska istra~ivanja (god. 3, br. 1-2) 1997 (157-170) Brooks, Brian S. Journalism in the Information Age, Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, Ma., 1997. Garcia, John. Computer-Assisted Journalism, published on Internet at:  HYPERLINK http://www.nyu.edu/pages/journalism/caj/home.htm http://www.nyu.edu/pages/journalism/caj/home.htm Garrison, Bruce. Computer-Assisted Reporting, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hilsdale, NJ, 1995. Houston, Brandt. Computer-Assisted Reporting: A Practical Guide, Presentation to Florida Press Association and Florida Society of Newspapers Editors, St. Petersburg Beach, Fla, 1994, June 11. Koch, Tom. Journalism for the 21st Century: Online Information, Electronic Databases and the News, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1991. Meyer, Philip. The New Precision Journalism, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991. Paul, Nora. Computer-Assisted Research: A Guide to Tapping Online Information, 2nd ed., The Poynter Institute, St. Petersburg, Fla., 1994. Weinberg, Steve. The Reporters Handbook: An Investigators Guide to Documents and Techniques, 3rd ed., St. Martins Press, New York, 1996.  Where did he jump from? Some good examples produced here by Professor Ricchiardi call me to stress that the problem of reliability of information is not born with the new information technologies. She found a three different data on the age of Christian Ananpour. Well, some twelve or thirteen years ago, before the commercial use of Internet, there was an accident in Palermo, a suicide of man who jumped from a skyscraper. My predecessor as Vjesniks correspondent in Italy, Radovan Stipeti, has found different data regarding the floor from which the poor man did jump. Searching a while, he learned that seven different Italian newspapers reported seven different floors, from third to thirteenth. Than he called the Palermo police and got two different floors by two police officers and one of those floors did not coincide with anyone among the seven reported in the newspapers. The problem is neither in computers nor in their net. The machines are simply too stupid to lie. So the problem is always in men, and that is not going to change with any technological innovation. But the machine can help man in checking of those counterpoised data. Man, obviously, has to judge what to do with such a data. In that story the main data were not in doubt: the victim committed suicide jumping from a skyscraper. It depended on journalist what to do with remainders: to omit the unsure data, to dig other sources, or to do something else. Stipeti made a juicy little story on the reliability of Italian sources. And juicy was the Sherry s story on Monica s Place that we heard Monday.  Who in the World is Carlos Westendorp? One of the cases when it should be impossible to fulfil the editor s demand without Internet was my service on fresh appointed high commissioner for the civil aspects of Dayton Agreement implementation in Bosnia Carlos Westendorp. I was called an evening from Zagreb and the editor asked me to find out something about the man who was to succeed to Carl Bildt. Neither he nor me knew anything else except the fact that Westendorp was for a short time Spanish foreign minister. It was too late to call Spanish Embassy in Italy to obtain any information on Westendorp. I have searched for Westendorp Carlos through Yahoo! I have found two men called Carlos Westendorp one with a single family name, and the other, called Carlos Westendorp Plaza. Westendorp Plaza was an astronomer, researcher in Canary Islands University, author of quite a good article on Internet in Spanish. The other was my man. I have found even one his short curriculum, on a Bangkok website. Matter of fact, several months before there was on international conference in Thailand and they put on Web the curricula of the delegations heads among them the Westendorps one. Having the curriculum of Westendorp Plaza, I realised that the astronomer was diplomats son. So I could make a double-cross check of the data (Westendorp Plaza was born in Brazil when Westendorp was a consul general in S(o Paulo, etc.) Westendorp Plaza asserted that he owes his family name to his eight-part of a Holland protestant blood, so I could figure that diplomats grandfather was a Holland protestant, and so on. @ACD8 L L i ; <  8 9 T U s lm/Iv~ɻɻɬɚɻɻɻɻɻnbɻh=h=>*mH sH !jh=h=0JUmH sH h=h=6]mH sH h=h=0JmH sH #jh=hXUmH sH jh=h=UmH sH h=h=5\mH sH h=h=mH sH h=CJaJmH sH h=CJ,aJ,mH sH h=mH sH h=CJHaJHmH sH %ABCD  9 U t u } ~ yz{. %dO & F h88^8gd=I5|B|./.euP "#%%%m& %dO` & F h^ & F h88^8 ""** *-*j*n*}**k////11111111L3[34444666B6E6666699AAAABBBBD8DBDnDD裛h=6]^JmHsHh=mHsHh=CJaJmH sH !jh=h=0JUmH sH h=h=H*mH sH h=h=5\mH sH h=h=6]mH sH h=h=mH sH h=h=^JmH sH 8m&n&&''(()))*j***w+x+y+z+,---0.I.V. & F h8^8 &dP & F h88^8V.W.X.....//F011111111L3 444455 & F h88^8 &dP & F h88^8 566 8 8 899::P;Y;r;|;;;;;;;d<<<??? &dP  & F h88^8??@BBB CDnEnFFGHvHIIIIII#$d%d&d'dNOPQ 0^`0gd= 0^`0gd= &dPDEnEEEEE:F;FS@S*$$d%d&d'dNOPQ`a$#$d%d&d'dNOPQ*$$d%d&d'dNOPQ`a$ IIOKLlLlPlRRRRRRRR@SV VXXYtuuuuxxxxxxxx3|5|6|8|9|;|<|>|?|B|C|ĶĶĶĕĕĕĕčh=mH sH jh=UU jh=CJaJmH sH h=CJaJjh=0JCJUaJh=h=CJ^JaJmH sH h=6CJ]aJmH sH h=CJaJmH sH h=5CJ\aJmH sH +@S~UUYvtuuuvvvvvww'w1w#$d%d&d'dNOPQ#$d%d&d'dNOPQ#$d%d&d'dNOPQI have found some documents Westendorp made for European Commission, so I could find some of his political views too. That was a simple research, where I used only two keywords without any other operator or filter. It took some 60 minutes for the research and copying of the chosen quotations in the word-processors file and some other 60 minutes to write a 900 words story. Next morning my paper had a kind of portrait of a new high commissioner for the civil aspects of Dayton Agreements implementation.  Fishing for Facts Looking for something interesting for this presentation, and using keywords journalism AND computer, I have found the interesting title: "Fishing for facts in the Cyberstream", but on its URL (http://www.winternet.com/~shaffer.htm) I have found this message: Error 404 Not Found The web page your (sic!) requested was not found on this server. The same experience I had with only Italian address found with same keywords, namely: Online Journalism and Web Publishing (in Italian). On its URL (http://www.agora.stm.it/R.Aita/home.htm) there was this message: Error 404 File Not Found The requested URL /R.Aita/home.htm was not found on this server.  How to avoid information Among the sites in my Bookmarks there are four Italian news agencies, several Italian daily newspapers, Rais Televideo site, etc. I have to give a look to that what is going on in my country. It is sometimes interesting to see how the others see Italian problems, for instance on CNN, in the Electronic Telegraph and so on. A regular visit to all those bookmarked sites, with reading of all their daily new content, should take between two and three hours. If you add two hours for TV-news thrice in the day and the time to give a look to three or four national daily newspapers I can spend an 8-hours working day just searching. So I had to choose which of those sites visit regularly (some of them several times during any single day), and which not. The organisation of my Bookmarks database file reflects my decision. Therefore that organisation changes frequently.     1wrwswJxKxUxdxxxxxxxxxxx &dP'$d%d&d'dNOPQ`#$d%d&d'dNOPQxxz3|4|5|7|8|:|;|=|>|@|A|B|C|#$d%d&d'dNOPQ*$$d%d&d'dNOPQ`a$,P/ =!"#$% YDyK 1http://www.nyu.edu/pages/journalism/caj/home.htmyK bhttp://www.nyu.edu/pages/journalism/caj/home.htmOGRDF@EDyK 1http://www.nyu.edu/pages/journalism/caj/home.htmyK bhttp://www.nyu.edu/pages/journalism/caj/home.htmOGRD5X@X Normal$7$8$`a$CJ^J_HaJmH sH tH8@8 Naslov 1$@&5\B@B Naslov 2$@&`CJ,aJ,@@@ Naslov 3$@&5CJ \aJ @ Naslov 4L$$d%d&d'd@&NOPQ5OJQJ\^J@ Naslov 5T$$d%d&d'd@&NOPQ`5CJOJQJ\^JaJ@ Naslov 6T$$d%d&d'd@&NOPQ`5CJOJQJ\^JaJ@ Naslov 7Z$$$d%d&d'd@&NOPQ`a$5CJ \aJ @ Naslov 8Z$$$d%d&d'd@&NOPQ`a$5CJ \aJ >A@> Zadani font odlomkaVi@V Obi na tablica4 l4a .k@. Bez popisa 6U@6  Hiperveza >*B*ph:P@: Tijelo teksta 2RR@R Tijelo teksta - uvlaka 26]RB@"R  Tijelo teksta$`a$5CJ0\aJ0P+@2P Tekst krajnje biljeakeCJaJP*@AP Referenca krajnje biljeakeH*^S@R^ Tijelo teksta - uvlaka 3&dP>@b>  Tekst fusnoteCJaJ>&@q> Referenca fusnoteH*l))7Q?=Q ABCD9Utu}~yz{ . ./.euPDE mnjw x y z !"""0#I#V#W#X#####$$F%&&&&&&&&L( ))))**++ - - -..//P0Y0r0|0000000d11144445777 8t8899:8;;<<<<<<<<(@)@BBBBBBCCDMEK?KQKRKXLYLcLmLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNKOoQpQqQQ0000000000 0 0 0000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 000000000000000000000000 0 00000000000 0 0000 0 0000000000 0 0000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000000000000000@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0h@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0x@0@0@0@0@00h0L45777t8899:8;;<<<Qh01h0h0h0h0 h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0 j0 DIC|-168m&V.5?I@S1wxC|.0234579?@B|/ ;9W99QXX>/PE@o 0PEfo 1PEko 2PE3PEPE ?PED @PE APE BPE CPED DPE EPE FPE GPE, HPEl IPE JPE KPE, LPEl MPE NPE, OPEl PPE QPE RPE, SPEl TPE UPE VPE, WPEl XPE YPE ZPE, [PEl \PE ]PE ^PE, _PEl `PE aPE bPE, cPEl dPE ePEհ fPEհ gPEְ hPEDְ iPEְ jPEְ kPEװ lPEDװ #SS<<++333e;m;;;!>!>>>>??DDEEEEEEF F2F2FAFFF+G+GGGG#H.H@H@HHHHIIQ      !"#$'%&()*,+-./0132456789:;<=1``II$++333l;w;;;(>(>>>>??DD#E#EEEEE FF@FKFKFFF3G3GGGG-H3HFHFHHHH#I#IQ  !"#$&'%()*,+-./0132456789:;<==)*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName=**urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType8,*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCityB>*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region9=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace> *urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PersonName   ProductIDRadovan Stipeti>===>=>=>==>=>=>==,=*))*=,=,=> =,=,=>=))*)*=)*=,=>=)*)*=>)*,=,yahv}os;@**++++++++++++++44P7V7\8^8t8z8|8888888888888888888899999999999999999999:::::::::::::::::::; ; ; ;;;;;%;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<%<.<1<=<E<G<I<J<V<Y<^<b<k<p<z<<<<<===k>t>>>SB[BCCCCwD|DDDAEKEaEkEEEEEF FGGGG#H-HLHVHHHXIbIKLmNrNsN|NQ4fFR$$%%++,,7 8 8s8t888899:7;;<<<<DDHHzL~LqQqQsQtQuQvQwQxQyQzQ{Q|QQ3333333333333<qQqQsQtQuQvQwQxQyQzQ{Q|QQ Oj} U q " ^ " 80 FD `Y'S \KW\ ] hh^h`CJOJQJaJo(q hh^h`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo(hh^h`CJOJQJaJo(q hh^h`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( \KW\Uq"FD]`Y'SOj}"80^ HQ:$X=@XS89u>u?uAuC?@ACDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijkmnopqrsuvwxyz{~Root Entry Fп0<Data B1TableJ^BWordDocument.SummaryInformation(lDocumentSummaryInformation8tCompObjs  F!Microsoft Office Wordov dokument MSWordDocWord.Document.89q