ࡱ> qspQ@ cbjbj͘ $Z4448N N N  L$ /7@@DDDD###6666666$o9R;6-N (#((6DD6...(8DN D6.(6../:*5,6 N j5D4 p=;-V5 j6,60/7`5 q<."q<j5b t J@tJq<N j5#l.%!$###66 . New Forms of Littoralization in the Croatian Coastal Area: Retrospect - Prospect Maja Fredotovic, Ivo Simunovic Faculty of Economics, University of Split Matice hrvatske 31, 21000 Split, Croatia phone + 385 21 430 674 fax + 385 21 430 701 E-mail: mfredot@efst.hr isimunov@efst.hr Due to the historical and political conditions in Croatia, littoralization processes were triggered only in the second half of the last century, by the growth of mass tourism. However, it brought about a new valorization of space; the value of space has increased and new forms of the spatial economy appeared. These and other occurrences caused a new wave of the immigration towards the coastal areas that was not based on the economic reasons, but on the unrealistic land market. These forms of the littoralization produced different effects on society and economy, especially regarding development of settlements and urbanization of large cities, land use and utilization and protection of the natural resources. The authors identify the new littoralization forms and refer to the prospects and opportunities related to the future littoralization in the coastal areas management context. Introduction The notion of the littoralization had emerged within the geographical science. It has been understood as a process of inhabiting coastal areas. As far as economic science is concerned, it can be understood within the context of the comparative advantages of placing economic activities in the coastal areas based, on one hand, on the shortage of the strategic natural resources and, on the other hand, more convenient conditions for the transportation of natural resources and final products. It is both process and occurrence characteristic for the twentieth century. According to the globalists' point of view, littoralization is one of the oldest forms of the global processes but recognized only in the twentieth century. Traditionally, global economy had been situated in the continental areas. Concerning unequal distribution of raw materials and natural resources worldwide as well as their shortage in many parts of the world, it was necessary to import them. The first imports were related to the iron and steel industry, especially in those countries that strived to preserve their economic and political independence. Therefore, littoralization processes had started firstly in the Western Europe, Japan and America. Contemporary tourism movements provided a new context to the littoralization process related to the tourism development in the coastal areas. Both industry and tourism based littoralization have produced demographic littoralization on almost all continents. According to some estimations, about one third of the global population is currently living by the sea (having in mind that littoral today does not imply only the coastline, but also the regions depended and defined by the sea) [1]. Littoralization process has to be understood as bending curve process. It connects world economies and transforms the globe in a common market. From the historical point of view, it was of utmost importance to be the first to benefit the coastal zone locations and the littoralization process. It was precisely the case with the West European countries. Consequently, ever since the beginning of the littoralization process there, these countries have been dominating both the European and global economy. Littoralization is a dynamic process because it leads to the rapid and substantial changes in the contemporary distribution of the economy and people world wide. New system of values has been born and new economics principles introduced. A special role within this process has been associated to the maritime affairs (transport). Littoralization as a global process is a part of the global trends because it encompasses demographic, geographic, economic phenomena as milestones of the changes, fast growth and relative decrease of the spatial dimension. Due to the coincidence of parallel breakthroughs in the science and technology, littoralization has turned into a phenomena that is yet to be explored. One should be reminded of similar thoughts by Schumpeter that was pointing out the occurrences (concentration) and consequences of the inventions. Many scientists today recognize the globalization as a double-faced process [2]. Indeed, this is a process per se that undoubtedly brings about progress in any regard. At the same time, globalization seems to be an instrument in the hands of powerful in contrast to the small and powerless. Although there has not been many papers written about the littoralization as a development process, the literature review shows opinions that littoralization has been a human process, contributing to the increase of the standard of living. Littoralization lagging behind in Croatia The very first scientific thought in Croatia related to the littoralization process occurred by the middle of the twentieth century. Academician Roglic, a Croatian expert with international reputation, explaining the notion and meaning of the littoralization process, expressed satisfaction and enthusiasm, looking at the future with no significant development obstacles. However, he pointed out, Croatia had to prepare for that future in every regard, especially in terms of expertise and knowledge [3]. The future success of littoralization will depend on the degree of its humanity. This is a fundamental and deeply philosophical thesis: littoralization, if it is not humane, besides positive social, political and economic framework, will bring about only the repetition of the worst case scenarios from the past. Accordingly, littoralization process guarantees progress that would imply the humanization of the global relations. The same truth has been stressed out in the European transportation strategy: traffic connections bring the world together and eliminate the conflicts. Croatia has been lagging behind in the littoralization processes. It could be stated that Croatia has not understand yet these processes in their entirety. Croatian economy is still predominantly continental economy although two thirds of national territory belong to the coastal areas. Croatian coastal areas witness not the progress but numerous problems of political, economics, legal and social nature. However, dominant problems are related to the devastation of the coastal areas and environmental degradation. Croatia and Europe Aiming to explain the meaning and consequences of "lagging behind in the littoralization process" in the Croatia, the Croatian relations with and its participation into the global economic flows will be further investigated. Original meaning of the global littoralization processes is to be found in a nodal situation of the Europe in relation to the global economic flows. Actually, the major part of these flows, coming in and out of the Europe, goes through the European ocean (Atlantic) ports. During the last two centuries, these flows have determined the European transportation routes matrix, based on the parallel directions. At the same time, the Mediterranean lost its position of the world-important sea. Littoralization processes have thus stimulated the development of the western European ports and coastal areas, especially from the standpoint of the more efficient transportation and accessibility of the world-wide natural resources and raw materials needed for the European economy. Recently, the Mediterranean has waken up and new forms of littoralization have occurred through the development of tourism and transportation. The Mediterranean has once again become the world's greatest meeting point of the peoples. The Mediterranean ports as well as coastal economy have been developing again. Nevertheless, the new forms of littoralization have brought about new spatial and ecological problems and threats. Myth about the Adriatic Sea The history has witnessed numerous attempts to increase the traffic accessibility of the Mediterranean coasts from the Central Europe, ever since the Roman Empire up today. There are numerous natural barriers on that way, with a small number of the natural corridors connecting North and South of the Europe. These corridors are to be found from the Rhone river-mouth towards central parts of the West Europe as well as from the Adriatic ports towards Central Europe. Recently, the corridors through the Alps were made. Within the context of the European nodal position in relation to the global transportation flows and the new role of the Mediterranean as a whole, the Adriatic region has gained in the importance as a crucial European corridor following the meridian, not parallel direction. The myth of the Adriatic is referring to the benefits it provides to the Europe and the Mediterranean in general, and also to the benefits it provides to the Adriatic coastal areas in particular. Historical valorization of the Adriatic coastal areas was mainly focused on the benefits it had for the Europe. Accordingly, great northern Adriatic ports, such as Venice, Trieste, Kopar and Rijeka, were constructed. The historical meaning of the Adriatic myth has been changing. Indeed, modern valorization of the Adriatic points out the importance of all the Adriatic ports and its coastal areas. Regarding the Central European countries, the role and importance of the Adriatic Sea spreads out to its all gravitating areas. In the Croatian national economy contexts, this process is regarded as the "Adriatic orientation of the Croatian economy". So far, the continental economy has gained much importance, while the Croatian coastal areas preserved traditional economic matrix. Contemporary valorization of the national economy as a whole reveals that economic relations based on continental resources as well as those in the coastal areas should be of the same importance. Some new forms of littoralization in the Croatian costal areas The whole global movement towards the coastal areas, that lasted more than one hundred years, was accompanied by the demographic littoralization. The life in the coastal areas became more profitable and more comfortable. As far as Croatian coastal areas are concerned, demographic littoralization preceded the economic and other forms of littoralization. There was a general belief of a comfortable living in the coastal areas. In addition, the coastal areas have started to gain profit for their inhabitants. Consequently, the coastal areas had to face with structural changes: demographic, economic, social. Space gains new value, due to economic rather than purely spatial factors. Economic activities, traditionally determined by the sea and coast, have been substituted by new, contemporary economic activities, not relied exclusively to the coast. Changes occurring in the coastal areas have been caused by both internal and external factors. Some of the changes refer to occurrences while some of them are essentially processes. The later ones, regardless of the direction of their influence, continue to last. They attract other processes, together causing rapid and fundamental changes in the land use and spatial structures in the coastal areas. Apart from and contrary to the littoralization (implying movements of people to the coastal areas), the process of polarization has also occurred, related to the concentration of people in certain points. Although the littoralization is a rational process, it has caused adverse effects in the coastal areas. These can be seen in large concentrations and ever increasing pressures on the natural systems, more precisely in the growth of the large cities based on the rich and diversified economic structure. On the other hand, the rest of the coastal areas remains, from the economic point of view, mono-structured and entirely dependent on the large cities. As a reaction to the occurrence of the polarization process, there is a phenomena of the urban continuum along the sea-line. Hinterland areas, on the other hand, have been neglected and abandoned, hampering the opportunities of more effective use of the entirety of the hinterland and coastal belt. Thus, urban continuum along the sea-line is spontaneous but not economic and rational form of the use of the coastal areas. The consequences of the spontaneous development processes can be seen in the small, narrow settlements along the coast without basic communal infrastructure (public utilities) thus being less valorized from the tourism point of view. In the coastal areas, in addition, certain imbalances have occurred as well. This is particularly true to the relations between large towns and smaller settlements as well as to the relations between islands, coastline and hinterland. Imbalances are, by definition, negative process resulting from abandonment of traditional and rise of the urban economic activities, movements of population towards more attractive areas (especially hinterland - coastline) and, finally, from the decline of the biological potentials of the population (ageing process). In the Croatian coastal areas, due to geographical determinants, there is significant difference between island and hinterland areas. Thus, the communication has been hampered, and consequently these areas today are treated as isolated areas. Typical and yet specific examples are the developments of the coastal towns, Rijeka, Zadar, Split, Ploce and Dubrovnik. Rijeka was developed in the time of the Austrian Empire, for the transportation purposes. Its geographical situation supported its growth up to the 1990s. Then, due to the war and high risks, the cargo traffic shifted to Koper and Trieste. Rijeka lost its role of the cargo port and have not recuperated ever since. In addition, it has no significant metropolitan area to rely on (Lika and Gorski Kotar in the hinterland are undeveloped and rarely inhabited areas, while Istria nourishes its own development path based mainly on tourism, not gravitating or connected with Rijeka). Similar situation is with the Ploce port in the southern part of the coast. Its growth was closely linked with the transportation flows towards the hinterland (Bosnia and Hungary). In 1990s, due to the same reasons, it lost its position as point of refraction. The economy in the gravitating area has not recuperated, so that the town and the port have been in decline. Only recently, some initiatives were recorder aiming to revitalize the port functions. However, these should imply significant expansion of the portal zone, requiring loss of space (agricultural land, valuable and protected habitats etc.) and higher risks for the sea, and marine ecosystems (shells in the Malostonski Bay, protected area). The town of Zadar had not impressing development path until the 1990s. It was quite destroyed during the war time, and its hinterland (Ravni Kotari, rather fertile agricultural area) was almost completely abandoned and the people were moved to the coast for safety reasons. Nevertheless, the town has recently recorded fast development, due to two main facts. First one refers to the construction of the highway from the capital, Zagreb (well connected with the Central Europe), which is the Zadar's first modern traffic connection with the continent. The second is related to the town's hinterland, which was repopulated and which provides relatively solid bases for its further growth. In addition, new cargo port has been under construction in Zadar, making its future development prospects even more optimistic. On the other hand, the town of Dubrovnik is another story. Its development was closely and almost exclusively depended on tourism. The labour and supplies used to come from the hinterland, now parts of the other states. After having being severely destroyed in the early 1990s, the town was almost abandoned by its youth and by the economy. It has been completely relying on the state support, practically cut off (geographically) from the rest of the Croatia. The tourism in the Dubrovnik area has started to regenerate but it is still the exclusive economic activity. The town of Split and its surrounding (gravitating) area could be taken as an example of the arising metropolitanization process on the Croatian coast [4]. In fact, the town of Split is situated on the coastline, on the crossroad of the coastal communication line and the routes leading to the hinterland and further on to Bosnia (Hungary, East) and Zagreb (Central Europe). During the last century, Split has become an important industrial, transportation and traffic center. Typically, it witnessed the people movement in the city, leaving its hinterland and partly the islands abandoned and traditional economic activities neglected (agriculture, fisheries etc.). The town expanded, absorbing its industrial zone, spreading along the coastline in both directions. However, the 1990s events, and the privatization process, caused the collapse of the local economy. It has never been recuperated in earlier scope; today, economy relies mainly on trade and services. Still, all the adverse processes and subsequent development imbalances can be found in the Split metropolitan area: hinterland is almost void, the only settlements can still be found along the traffic routes; people on the islands are old, young ones were involved in tourism yet, due to the recent occurrences as well as the decline of mass tourism in general, the tourism facilities, as well as land in general on the islands, are subject of the equity speculation, severely hampering the sustainable tourism and sustainable development of the region. On the other hand, the town of Split itself has been recording the decrease in population, economic activities and standard of living. It became expensive to live in; people are moving out to the surrounding coastal settlements. As a result, an imaginable chaos has been created in the coastal belt not only urban continuum, but the bad continuum, without proper public utilities, with false tourism facilities (illegal private accommodation etc.), deterioration of natural resources, landscape degradation etc. [5] Still, the city and region authorities have not understood the process, and they still do not perceive the area in its entirety, but only in the context of its administrative units. The metropolitanization process continues, but it becomes destructive in the long-run and from the standpoint of the region as such. One of the forms of the contemporary understanding of the Adriatic coastal areas refers to the regional system of the coastal areas. Since the littoralization process has been reduced only to the narrow coastline, many adverse development processes have occurred and therefore a necessity of the littoralization management within regional context has being gaining the importance. Observing littoralization from a regional perspective, guiding the development power of the littoralization process towards the valorization of the resources in the wider areas is required. Regional differentiation of the Adriatic coastal areas has been a pressing issue on both shores of the Adriatic. Contemporary form of the regionalization through the valorization of powerful coastal towns is a new, reasonable breakthrough into the depth of the European continent. Instead of the people's movement to the coastal areas, it enables the preservation of the existing spatial distribution of population within wider region. New approach towards coastal areas development Modern economic policy of the Adriatic regions on both shores has been established in certain stable forms, based on the development of tourism, Mediterranean agriculture, and services in general. In the Croatian case, it has been accompanied with substantial incentives towards SMEs development as well as development of the traffic infrastructure. Having in mind that new economic structure is more oriented towards tertiary than to the industrial activities, there has been an increasing need for the state support. Modern economic structure relying on the tertiary sector has been closely related to the economy of the Croatian northern and eastern regions (e.g. Slavonia). It opens opportunities to the new forms of regional cooperation. Thus, littoralization process will influence not only coastal but also deep hinterland and continental parts of the national territory. Sustainability goal regarding new economic structure cannot be achieved within the coastal areas alone. Sustainable development of the coastal areas requires political and financial support of the state. This is especially true having in mind the past experiences of the spontaneous development (littoralization) process in the coastal areas and its consequences that the area still suffers. Thus, it could be stated that, if Croatia is to benefit from the littoralization in the future, it would have to establish an effective management system in the coastal areas that would guide, monitor and control the development processes in the coast [6]. Furthermore, Croatia is in the process of the EU accession and it will have to adopt and implement certain regulations and practices related to the coastal areas management. This relates to the EU ICAM directive but also to the prospective ICAM Protocol for the Mediterranean countries. In any case, the implementation of new coastal areas management practices will require fundamental changes in the management system. First of all, the legislation framework would have to define the coastal area as a unique and specific area, with valuable natural and other resources. Secondly, the whole state administration as well as regional and local authorities would have to redefined, with clearly stated competences, jurisdictions and rights. Thirdly, the economic and development policies would have to stimulate and benefit from the comparative advantages of the coastal areas. At last but not least, participative approach and new coastal areas management practices, regardless of their future forms, should constantly be aware of the Roglic's statement: "The future success of littoralization will depend on the degree of its humanity". References [1] The Global Environment Outlook - 3, UNEP, www.unep.org/Geo/press.htm [2] Held, A. et al: Global Transformations - Politics, Economics and Culture; Polity Press, Oxford, 2000 [3] Roglic, I.: Litoralizacija - prekretni ki i perspektivni proces; Institute of Economics Split, Split, 1967 [4] Filipic, P.; Goic, S.; Grcic, B.; Simunovic, I. (eds.): Osnove gospodarskog razvitka grada Splita, City of Split and Faculty of Economics Split, Split, 2003 [5] Lanza, A.; Markandya, A.; Pigliaru, F. (eds.): The Economics of Tourism and Sustainable Development; The Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM Series on Economics and the Environment, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005 [6] Cicin-Sain, B.; Knecht, R.W.: Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management - Concepts and Practices; Island Press, Washington, 1998 :;PQabop< @  D E F W b e o w x  % i s ' ( = ? / 0 1 = > d k 𿴩蒊hqAmH sH hvmH sH h!-H5CJOJQJmH sH hXNhXNmH sH hXNhZvmH sH hXNh!-HmH sH hCh!-HmH sH h mH sH h!-Hh!-HmH sH h*&|mH sH h!-HmH sH hXNmH sH 6Qp 0 1 > xy ?@no`assv:v: v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v: v:v:v:v: v:v:v:v:gdi9$a$gd!-Hccc jpvw,.26wx?^`akr.F~XxNP27CPakhhqA6mH sH hmH sH h99dmH sH hmH sH h*&|mH sH hvmH sH hqAmH sH M na%/5S<f~J_A E V g !!!!!!!!!սݽݽŽŽŽŽŽսݭh*&|mH sH h mH sH hmH sH h"VmH sH hV-mH sH hEd=mH sH h[imH sH hmQmH sH hi9mH sH hmH sH h99dmH sH hqAmH sH hqAhqAmH sH 9!!!!""'''**X,Y, . .U/V//r0s01144778v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v: v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v: v:v:v:v:v:gdHkgd@.Xgd(0!""""H"I"q"u"""""#######$$$$ $$%% %%%b&& '''1''''''''''U(v((())))**m*v*****++,+/+<+n+|+++++++++F,J,W,hymH sH hmQmH sH hmH sH h(0mH sH h*&|mH sH hV-mH sH hDmH sH OW,X,,-*-+-,-:-=-Q-e-f-q-t-x--------- ...//2/;/V/h///q0r0001111-242Z2g2z2244A4B4R4j44444ะh>mH sH h9mH sH h&mH sH hHkmH sH hEmH sH hTmH sH hf@YmH sH h?mH sH h mH sH h@.XmH sH hH0mH sH hmH sH hmQmH sH 944>5V5]6h666666666j7s7}777777?8K8V88 99$9499999;;;;|<<<<<<====+=2=B=AAAuFGGJOȸȰȰȰȨؘhxDmH sH h l mH sH hq5cmH sH hW2mH sH hmH sH h g;mH sH hSamH sH hn:mH sH h_ mH sH h1X)mH sH h9mH sH h>mH sH h&tmH sH :8899;;<<GGPPTTUXX [ [w^|_}___z`\aUbv:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v:v: v:v: v:v:v:v: v:v:v:v:jjjj ^`gd gd+gd+gdHkOOPPPQ0Q>R\RkRlRRRRRS(S;SQSSS5TATTTTTU UU#U@UUUVVVVWWPXoXpXqX~XXKYY;؞ؖ{hsJmH sH hq5cmH sH hzhzmH sH h&tmH sH hmH sH h+mH sH hemH sH hpmH sH hSa5CJOJQJmH sH hHkhn:mH sH h g;mH sH hn:mH sH hSamH sH hxDmH sH hzmH sH /YYZZ[[]u^v^w^{_|_}_______`\afaUbYbbb,c0ccccccƾxpeXTh h[#h*&|CJmH sH h[#hzmH sH hzmHsHhhzmHsHh mH sH hymH sH hV-mH sH hmH sH h%h%\aJmH sH h%h%aJmH sH h%mH sH h*&|mH sH h*&|h+h+mH sH h+h*9*mH sH hsJmH sH hzmH sH h*9*mH sH  Ub,ccccccjjj ^`gdzcch[#h*&|CJmH sH ":pXN. 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