ࡱ> <>9:;q`DbjbjqPqP :::4Nh^L<N4&&&xzzzzzz$hQ&& &&xx& OgN0KLKK4 *3@XNNN$rNNNrNNN Vlado Kovacevic1, Marko Josipovic2, Drazen Kaucic3, Zdenko Loncaric1 1University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Croatia 2Agricultural Institute, Croatia 3State Hydrometeorological Institute, Croatia Weather conditions impacts on maize yields in the northern Croatia Introduction Maize is the most widespread crop on arable lands in Croatia. It occupies nearly 0.5 million hectares or nearly a third of arable land areas of the country. Besides the degree of soil fertility, precipitation quantities and their distribution during a growing season significantly influence maize yields as well. Aim of this study was testing yield variations of maize among the years in the part of the northern Croatia (narrow belt southern from Drava river local name Podravina). Material and methods Collection of the data and description of the area In this study was included narrow belt along south bank of Drava river (local name Podravina) longitude approximately 270 km and width form 8 to 40 km in northwest-southeastern direction. According territorial division of Croatia until end of 1992, this area performed ten municipalities (Varazdin, Ludbreg, Koprivnica, Durdevac, Virovitica, Orahovica, Podr. Slatina, Donji Miholjac, Valpovo and Osijek) area of 5342 km2 or 9.45% of total state territory. Five municipalities (Osijek, Donji Miholjac, Virovitica, Koprivnica and Varazdin) and their main Weather Bureaus were chose for testing maize yield and weather data (precipitation and mean air-temperature for the period May-August) variations in the period 1971-1990. Yield data were collected from Statistical Yearbook of Croatia (edition of State Bureau for Statistics in Zagreb). Source of meteorological data was State Hydrometeorological Institute in Zagreb. Due to war escalation in Croatia in the period from 1991 to 1995, the official statistics represent uncompleted data. Also, maize yields in this period were low mainly due to war-induced factors. Therefore, only data for the 1996-2003 periods was shown. Since 1992, according to the new territorial division this area is part of the counties (c.) as follows: Osijek-Barannya c., Virovitica-Podravina c., Koprivnica-Krizevci c. and Varazdin. For this reason, yield data for the period 1996-2003 were shown in the levels of these counties. Relief of area situated in ES direction from Koprivnica is typically lowland and latitude between 90 and 120 m above sea level. However, in NW direction from Koprivnica to Slovenian border it is between 120 and 180 m. There are three ways dampening of soils as follows: by surface water, underground water and by their combination. Climatic characteristics Precipitation and mean air-temperatures (annual values): Osijek (OS), Donji Miholjac (DM), Virovitica (VIR), Koprivnica (KC) and Varazdin (VZ)YearPrecipitation (mm)Mean air-temperature (oC)OSDMVIRKPVZMeanOSDMVIRKPVZMean1971 1971 1973 1974 1975519 885 609 751 583510 986 664 930 696553 115 705 906 813627 1179 833 962 802567 1117 770 1126 784555 1056 716 935 73610.8 11.0 10.5 11.0 11.310.7 10.8 10.3 10.9 11.19.8 10.0 9.7 10.7 10.710.0 10.2 9.8 10.7 10.89.8 9.6 9.5 10.4 10.410.2 10.3 10.0 10.5 10.91976 1977 1978 1979 1980668 660 531 588 744670 722 531 714 744779 771 637 786 971803 743 784 893 883809 720 762 1012 861746 723 649 799 84110.4 11.1 10.0 11.2 9.710.0 10.9 9.8 11.0 9.69.5 10.6 9.5 10.2 9.39.8 10.7 9.3 10.4 9.29.5 10.4 8.9 10.0 9.09.8 10.7 9.5 10.6 9.410-y65471780485185377610.710.510.010.19.810.21981 1982 1983 1984 1985817 580 467 624 619777 620 618 796 694875 749 604 884 726923 945 554 913 806792 920 610 903 886837 763 571 824 74610.6 11.0 11.1 10.6 10.210.9 11.1 11.3 10.4 10.010.6 10.9 11.1 10.0 9.410.5 10.6 10.9 9.9 9.510.2 10.2 10.6 9.6 9.010.6 10.8 11.0 10.1 9.61986 1987 1988 1989 1990536 719 565 603 541629 712 515 602 471764 793 691 698 642807 944 817 798 706909 1012 785 800 764729 836 675 700 62510.8 10.6 11.5 11.6 11.910.6 10.6 11.1 11.5 11.810.2 10.4 11.3 11.5 11.69.8 9.9 10.6 10.9 11.29.5 9.6 10.5 10.6 10.810.2 10.1 11.0 11.2 11.510-y60764374382183873011.010.910.710.410.110.620-y63168077483684675310.810.810.410.29.910.4Table 1. Annual precipitation and mean air-temperatures for the period 1971-1990 Podravina area in Croatia has moderate continental climate characterizing low horizontal changes of temperature and specific distribution of rainfall (more rainfall in the warmer part of year, from April to September). Annual precipitation quantities (20-y mean: 1971-1990) have mainly increasing trend from east toward west (for example, 631 and 846 mm, for Osijek and Varazdin) and this phenomenon is in connection with mild decreasing of temperature (mean annual air-temperature 10.8 and 9.9 oC, for Osijek and Varazdin, respectively) Table 1. In the 6-month period (April-September) precipitation quantity (mean of five weather bureaus in the period 1971-1990) was 428 mm or 57% of total (753 mm). Annual amplitude of monthly air-temperature (difference between the coldest January and the warmest July: -0.3 and 20.0 oC, respectively) was 20.3 oC (Table 2). MonthPrecipitation and mean air-temperatures (1971-1990): Osijek (OS), Donji Miholjac (DM), Virovitica (VIR), Koprivnica (KC) and Varazdin (VZ)Precipitation (mm)Mean air-temperature (oC)OSDMVIRKPVZMeanOSDMVIRKPVZMeanJan. Feb. March Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.42.3 36.7 43.6 48.9 58.9 87.8 63.5 61.3 40.2 49.2 56.6 42.050.7 38.9 47.0 52.7 64.7 84.7 65.5 71.0 40.0 52.0 61.0 52.351.7 42.5 51.3 64.2 71.7 88.3 75.5 74.7 54.9 64.2 75.8 58.450.3 51.1 51.8 67.8 74.3 89.9 85.5 81.5 70.2 74.8 76.2 63.043.9 46.5 55.0 65.6 74.7 102.4 83.7 89.4 83.0 74.7 72.0 54.947.8 43.2 49.6 60.0 69.0 90.4 74.7 75.6 57.6 63.2 68.3 54.2-0.4 1.8 6.4 11.0 16.6 19.3 21.0 20.4 16.5 10.8 4.7 1.5-0.2 1.8 6.3 10.9 16.0 19.0 21.1 20.5 16.5 10.8 4.7 1.6-0.2 1.8 6.2 10.3 15.6 18.3 20.3 19.6 15.7 10.2 4.7 1.8-0.3 1.7 6.0 10.3 15.5 18.3 20.1 19.3 15.5 10.1 4.4 1.6-0.6 1.4 5.6 10.0 15.2 18.0 19.9 19.0 15.2 9.9 4.2 1.2-0.3 1.7 6.1 10.5 15.8 18.6 20.5 19.8 15.9 10.4 4.5 1.5Mean63068077383684575310.810.810.410.39.910.4Table 2. Precipitation and mean air-temperatures (20-year means: 1971-1990) Results and discussion Maize is the first-ranged crop on the arable lands in Croatia. In the 20-year period 1971-1990 it covered 503300 ha annually (mean yield 4.30 t ha-1) or near one third of total arable land capacity of the country. There is a decreasing trend of maize growing. For example, in the last 5-year period (1999-2003) it covered 398390 ha annually (mean yield 4.99 t ha-1), but this phenomenon is partially result of increasing non-cultivated land (Kovacevic, 2004). Grain yields of maize are mainly higher in the eastern part of Podravina region compared to its western part. For example, based on 20-year means (1971-1990), maize yield in the eastern positioned Osijek and Donji Miholjac municipalities (mean 5.95 t ha-1) were by 42% higher compared to remaining three tested municipalities (mean 4.18 t ha-1). By comparison of edge positioned municipalities Osijek and Varazdin, this difference is considerable higher as follows: 58% higher maize yields in Osijek municipality (Table 3). These yield differences have been resulted mainly by soil properties because less favorable soils (acid reaction, more compacted with unfavorable air-water relations and moderate supplies with main nutrients) prevailing in the western part of the region (Skoric et al. 1985; Martinovic, 1997). Maize yield (Y) in level of municipality (t ha-1) and weather data for the May-August period: precipitation (mm) and mean air-temperatures (oC)YearOsijekD.MiholjacViroviticaKoprivnicaVarazdinYmmoCYmmoCYmmoCYmmoCYmmoC1971 1971 1973 1974 19755.45 5.61 5.27 6.01 5.80197 502 237 352 37320.3 19.6 19.7 18.7 19.44.04 4.23 4.56 5.29 4.61218 558 236 483 40919.9 19.0 19.5 18.2 19.03.50 3.00 3.69 4.01 4.29252 648 211 362 49918.5 17.8 18.5 17.6 18.23.02 3.35 3.77 3.86 4.15239 704 247 419 45718.8 18.1 18.6 17.9 18.22.61 3.00 3.00 3.21 3.52226 550 303 571 45018.9 17.8 18.3 17.6 18.01976 1977 1978 1979 19805.48 6.38 6.07 6.37 6.50261 237 248 211 30018.6 19.2 18.0 19.7 18.14.56 5.96 4.42 5.34 5.36260 277 250 204 21718.0 18.6 17.5 19.3 17.94.00 4.44 4.03 4.32 3.14249 234 299 228 30117.2 18.4 16.9 17.9 17.14.20 4.81 4.67 5.19 4.80235 187 336 310 28917.6 18.5 16.8 18.3 17.32.99 3.62 2.62 3.93 3.91262 247 354 441 27317.5 18.2 16.4 17.9 17.01981 1982 1983 1984 19856.10 7.70 8.01 8.30 6.82225 267 204 237 27119.3 20.0 20.3 18.2 19.46.32 7.12 6.97 7.72 6.71234 273 324 332 24118.8 19.5 19.8 18.5 20.04.22 4.60 5.03 5.74 5.50289 356 245 322 27818.4 19.1 19.7 17.9 18.85.30 5.50 3.97 4.90 5.08440 422 190 268 30518.3 19.0 19.7 17.4 18.54.52 4.99 4.20 4.65 5.31358 376 212 297 35718.2 18.8 19.5 17.1 18.01986 1987 1988 1989 19907.51 6.17 5.59 6.05 3.74202 309 184 300 20819.9 19.6 20.3 18.9 19.87.05 6.50 5.06 6.62 4.35248 299 163 336 15420.8 19.7 20.9 19.2 20.15.30 5.53 4.36 4.56 4.13333 303 219 376 20019.9 19.1 20.1 18.9 19.74.69 2.90 5.56 4.65 4.62330 339 252 491 16619.0 18.3 18.9 18.2 19.04.97 5.11 4.08 4.58 4.10460 374 217 483 21518.8 18.0 18.9 17.9 18.620-y6.2526719.35.6428619.24.1431118.54.4533118.33.9535218.1 Table 3. Maize grain yields for the municipalities Osijek (OSm) and Donji Miholjac (DMm) and weather data (Osijek and Donji Miholjac) for the 1971-1990 period Grain yields of maize (t ha-1) and weather data YearPrecipitation (mm)Mean air-temperatures (oC)t ha-1MayJuneJulyAug.SumMayJuneJulyAug.MeanOB Osijek1996 1997 1998 1999 20006.46 7.35 6.53 6.60 3.9678 38 49 89 2630 86 26 150 1095 91 84 95 6377 41 99 74 5202 256 258 408 10418.0 17.8 16.2 17.3 18.421.1 20.8 21.4 20.3 22.519.9 20.3 22.2 21.9 21.720.6 20.5 21.8 21.3 23.719.9 19.9 20.4 20.2 21.62001 2002 20036.79 7.34 4.2360 135 18240 36 4477 59 617 77 41384 307 16418.4 18.6 20.118.1 21.1 24.321.6 22.3 22.122.7 20.9 23.620.2 20.7 22.5OBDonji Miholjac 1996 1997 1998 1999 20006.46 7.35 6.53 6.60 3.96110 46 71 68 2333 139 53 184 3089 111 96 114 5280 91 111 46 12311 386 331 412 11718.0 17.3 15.9 17.1 17.921.1 20.6 21.3 20.0 21.720.4 20.3 22.3 21.9 21.021.1 20.7 21.8 21.3 23.320.2 19.7 20.3 20.1 21.02001 2002 20036.79 7.34 4.2315 118 20219 52 3968 90 4429 83 37330 343 14018.5 18.8 19.917.9 21.3 24.021.4 22.5 22.822.1 20.9 24.220.0 20.9 22.7VRPVirovitica 1996 1997 1998 1999 20005.84 6.83 5.88 5.82 4.3087 68 88 86 5626 107 100 158 4159 112 173 136 7374 61 137 83 3246 348 498 463 17317.4 17.3 15.7 17.1 17.820.6 20.5 21.2 19.8 21.619.7 20.5 21.6 21.8 21.120.0 20.6 21.0 20.9 22.719.4 19.7 19.9 19.9 20.82001 2002 20035.94 6.82 4.5339 78 27128 52 8181 91 4815 92 24263 313 16018.2 18.5 19.618.3 21.6 23.921.8 22.4 22.822.1 20.8 24.420.1 20.8 22.7KKKoprivnica1996 1997 1998 1999 20004.53 5.09 4.27 5.16 4.1268 91 80 71 5839 90 105 98 5890 130 133 141 7093 68 109 105 4291 379 427 415 19016.9 16.9 15.8 17.0 17.320.3 19.8 20.3 19.7 20.919.0 19.9 21.0 21.5 20.019.5 20.2 20.7 20.1 22.218.9 19.2 19.5 19.6 20.12001 2002 20034.99 5.74 3.8854 39 1498 37 8062 80 9016 126 34230 283 21717.8 18.2 18.918.0 21.4 23.3 22.1 22.021.5 20.5 23.819.1 20.6 22.0VRVarazdin1996 1997 1998 1999 20004.27 4.93 4.77 4.92 3.3481 70 77 110 5045 143 86 77 5184 179 132 100 73167 65 82 112 8377 457 377 399 18216.5 16.5 15.2 16.2 17.119.8 19.3 19.5 19.2 20.818.8 19.6 20.4 21.2 20.019.1 19.7 20.1 19.6 22.318.6 18.8 18.8 19.0 20.12001 2002 20033.47 4.70 2.8228 40 24126 60 3246 70 5415 101 24215 271 13417.4 17.9 18.718.0 21.0 23.821.3 21.9 22.521.9 20.2 24.519.7 20.2 22.4 Table 4. Maize grain yields for the counties (OB=Osijek-Barannya; VRP=Virovitica-Podravina; KK=Koprivnica-Krizevci; VR=Varazdin) and weather data for Osijek, Donji Miholjac, Virovitica, Koprivnica and Varazdin for the 1996-2003 period Yield variations among years for the short period (for example, decade period) is mainly result of weather conditions, especially precipitation and temperature regime during growing season. Concerning quantification of weather influences on maize yields we have available data from Annual Reports of the State Bureau for Statistics (yields in level of territorial units, for example municipalities) and the State Hydrometeorological Bureau (meteorological data). In general, low connections were found among the monthly distribution of precipitation and mean air-temperatures (May-August) for five weather bureaus of Podravina region (1971-1990). For this reason, only precipitation summes and mean air-temperatures were shown (Table 3). Probably, the data from one weather bureau in level of municipality/county, as well as take in account monthly values of precipitation have unsatisfied preciseness for evaluation of weather influences on maize yields. By testing of weather and yield data by correlation coefficients, also low connections were found (Table 4). The periodCorrelation coefficients (R2)1971-1990**OsijekD. MiholjacViroviticaKoprivnicaVarazdinYield : precipitation-0.12-0.01-0.22-0.13-0.28Yield : air-temperature-0.090.190.47*-0.020.27** 20 pairs of the data (Table 3): yields in level of municipality and weather data in level of locality Table 4. Correlation coefficients between maize yields and weather data Probably, taking in account precipitation and air-temperature distributions in 10-day intervals, especially during two summer months (July and August), could be resulted by more precise evaluation of weather influences on maize yields. However, the last decade period is characterized by the higher fluctuation of precipitation and temperature regimes among the maize growing seasons and available data are mainly better examples concerning influences weather characteristics on maize yields (Table 4). For example, by focusing two growing seasons (2000 and 2002, respectively), were found maize yields (means by four counties) of maize 3.93 and 6.15 t ha-1, respectively (Table 4). Precipitation in the 4-month period May-August (means of five weather bureaus) was 104 and 307 mm, for 2000 and 2002, respectively. Analogical data for the period July-August are 75 and 174 mm, respectively. References Kovacevic, V., 2004: Precipitation influences on maize yields in eastern Croatia. Proceedings of the Third Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop (Gyuricza C. Editor), March 1-6, 2004, Dubrovnik. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Crop Production Committee, Soil Science and Agrochemistry Committee, Plant Protection Committee, pp. 295-299. Martinovic, J., 1997: Tloznanstvo u zastiti okolisa. Drzavna uprava za zastitu okolisa, Zagreb. Skoric, A., Filipovski, P., Ciric, M., 1985: Klasifikacija tala Jugoslavije. ANU-BiH, Sarajevo.     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