ࡱ> 7 &bjbjUU .j7|7|"l66667~288888888V~X~X~X~X~X~X~$ )|~88888|~;88~;;;888V~;8V~; ;<rT:w87 F56:bt::w~0~t;:w;Weather characteristics impacts on yields of the spring crops in Croatia Kovacevic V.1 and Kaucic D.2 1University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; e-mail: vladok@pfos.hr 2State Hydrometeorological Institute in Zagreb, Croatia Abstract Mean yields of the field crops in Croatia for the 1996-2003 period (t/ha) were in range from 3.86 to 6.14 (maize), from 1.38 to 2.70 (soybean), from 1.51 to 2.45 (sunflower) and from 22.98 to 47.06 (sugar beet). Yield variations among years for the short period (for example, decade period) is mainly result of weather conditions, especially precipitation and temperature regime during growing season. In general, the lower yields of the spring crops in Croatia are in connection with water deficite and the higher air-temperatures during growing season , but for precise quantitfication of these influences is needed the weather data including more weather bureaus and means of these data for the shorter period (for example, 5-day or 10-days instead monthly data only) as well. The last decade period is characterized by the higher fluctuation of precipitation and temperature regimes during the growing season of the spring crops and available data are mainly better examples for comparison. For example, by comparison two growing seasons (2000 and 2002, respectively), were found (means by four counties) of maize 3.93 and 6.15 t ha-1, respectively. Precipitation in the 4-month period May-August (means of five weather bureaus) was 104 and 307 mm, for 2000 and 2002, respectively. Key words: precipitation, air-temperature, yield, maize, soybean, sunflower, sugar beet, Croatia Introduction Besides the degree of soil fertility, air-temperatures, precipitation quantities and their distribution during a growing season significantly influence maize yields as well. Aim of this study was testing yield variations of some spring crops (maize, sugar beet, sunflower and soybean) among the years (for the period 1996-2003) in Croatia with emphasis on their possible connection with weather characteristics. Some aspects of these connections were elaborated in the previous studies (Josipovic et al., 2005; Kovacevic 2004, 2005; Kovacevic and Josipovic, 2005; Kovacevic et al. 2005). Material and methods The Statistical Yearbooks were source of the yield data. Source of meteorological data (precipitation and mean air-temperatures) was State Hydrometeorological Institute in Zagreb. For characterization of the weather influences on the yields, in this study narrow belt along south bank of Drava river (local name Podravina) longitude approximately 270 km and width form 8 to 40 km in northwest-southeastern direction was used. Results and discussion Mean yields of the field crops in Croatia for the 1996-2003 period (t/ha) were in range from 3.86 to 6.14 (maize), from 1.38 to 2.70 (soybean), from 1.51 to 2.45 (sunflower) and from 22.98 to 47.06 (sugar beet). Mean yields of the crops in this period were by 10% higher (maize), by 12% lower (sugar beet) and similar (sunflower and soybean) in comparison with the period 1980-1989. In the last period, maize harvested areas decreased by 23%, mainly in advantage of industrial crops (Table 1). Yield variations among years for the short period (for example, decade period) is mainly result of weather conditions, especially precipitation and temperature regime during growing season. Concerning quantification of weather influences on the field crop yields we have available data from Annual Reports of the State Bureau for Statistics (yields in level of territorial units, for example municipalities) and the State Hydrometeorological Bureau (meteorological data). In general, the lower yields of the spring crops in Croatia are in connection with water deficite and the higher air-temperatures during growing season (Tables 1 and 2), but for quantitfication of these influences is needed more precision weather data including more weather bureus and means of these data for the shorter period ( for example, 5-day or 10-days instead monthly data only) as well. Table 1. The harvested areas and yields of some spring field crops in Croatia for the 1996 to 2003 period The harvested areas (ha) and yields (t/ha) in Croatia (1996-2003) and comparison withMeanThe field cropthe data for the 1980-1989 period1980-8919961997199819992000200120022003Maizeha t/ha361000 5.22371000 5.88378000 5.25384000 5.56389000 3.93406000 5.45407000 6.14405947 3.86507000 4.68Sugar beetha t/ha20896 43.3722919 40.6329287 42.1127847 40.0020985 22.9823757 40.6125149 47.0627327 24.7927544 42.95Soybeanha t/ha16423 2.1916030 2.4634015 2.2846336 2.5047482 1.3841621 2.2147897 2.7049860 1.6614146 2.23Sunflowerha t/ha18849 1.5116946 2.1328642 2.1741996 1.7225715 2.1025336 1.7026835 2.3528211 2.4516189 2.37 The last decade period is characterized by the higher fluctuation of precipitation and temperature regimes during the growing season of the spring crops and available data are mainly better examples for comparison. For example, by comparison two growing seasons (2000 and 2002, respectively), were found (means by four counties) of maize 3.93 and 6.15 t ha-1, respectively. Precipitation in the 4-month period May-August (means of five weather bureaus) was 104 and 307 mm, for 2000 and 2002, respectively. Table 2. Weather data for Osijek, Donji Miholjac, Virovitica, Koprivnica and Varazdin for the 1996-2003 period YearPrecipitation (mm)Mean air-temperatures (oC)MayJuneJulyAug.SumMayJuneJulyAug.Mean Osijek1996 1997 1998 1999 200078 38 49 89 2630 86 26 150 1095 91 84 95 6377 41 99 74 5202 256 258 408 10418.0 17.8 16.2 17.3 18.421.1 20.8 21.4 20.3 22.519.9 20.3 22.2 21.9 21.720.6 20.5 21.8 21.3 23.719.9 19.9 20.4 20.2 21.62001 2002 200360 135 18240 36 4477 59 617 77 41384 307 16418.4 18.6 20.118.1 21.1 24.321.6 22.3 22.122.7 20.9 23.620.2 20.7 22.5Donji Miholjac 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000110 46 71 68 2333 139 53 184 3089 111 96 114 5280 91 111 46 12311 386 331 412 11718.0 17.3 15.9 17.1 17.921.1 20.6 21.3 20.0 21.720.4 20.3 22.3 21.9 21.021.1 20.7 21.8 21.3 23.320.2 19.7 20.3 20.1 21.02001 2002 200315 118 20219 52 3968 90 4429 83 37330 343 14018.5 18.8 19.917.9 21.3 24.021.4 22.5 22.822.1 20.9 24.220.0 20.9 22.7Virovitica 1996 1997 1998 1999 200087 68 88 86 5626 107 100 158 4159 112 173 136 7374 61 137 83 3246 348 498 463 17317.4 17.3 15.7 17.1 17.820.6 20.5 21.2 19.8 21.619.7 20.5 21.6 21.8 21.120.0 20.6 21.0 20.9 22.719.4 19.7 19.9 19.9 20.82001 2002 200339 78 27128 52 8181 91 4815 92 24263 313 16018.2 18.5 19.618.3 21.6 23.921.8 22.4 22.822.1 20.8 24.420.1 20.8 22.7Koprivnica1996 1997 1998 1999 200068 91 80 71 5839 90 105 98 5890 130 133 141 7093 68 109 105 4291 379 427 415 19016.9 16.9 15.8 17.0 17.320.3 19.8 20.3 19.7 20.919.0 19.9 21.0 21.5 20.019.5 20.2 20.7 20.1 22.218.9 19.2 19.5 19.6 20.12001 2002 200354 39 1498 37 8062 80 9016 126 34230 283 21717.8 18.2 18.918.0 21.4 23.3 22.1 22.021.5 20.5 23.819.1 20.6 22.0Varazdin1996 1997 1998 1999 200081 70 77 110 5045 143 86 77 5184 179 132 100 73167 65 82 112 8377 457 377 399 18216.5 16.5 15.2 16.2 17.119.8 19.3 19.5 19.2 20.818.8 19.6 20.4 21.2 20.019.1 19.7 20.1 19.6 22.318.6 18.8 18.8 19.0 20.12001 2002 200328 40 24126 60 3246 70 5415 101 24215 271 13417.4 17.9 18.718.0 21.0 23.821.3 21.9 22.521.9 20.2 24.519.7 20.2 22.4 References Josipovic M., Kovacevic V., Petosic D. and Sostaric Jasna (2005): Wheat and maize yield variations in the Brod-Posavina area. Cereal Research Communications 33 (1):229-233. Kovacevic V. (2004): Precipitation influences on maize yields in eastern Croatia. In: Proceedings of the Third Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop (Gyuricza C. Editor), March 1-6, 2004, Dubrovnik. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Crop Production Committee, Soil Science and Agrochemistry Committee, Plant Protection Committee, pp. 295-299. Kovacevic V. (2005): Wheat yield variations among the years in the Eastern Croatia. In: Proceedings of the XL Croatian Symposium on Agriculture with International Participation (Kovacevic V. and Jovanovac Sonja Eds.), 15-18 February 2005, Opatija, p. 453-454. Kovacevic V. and Josipovic M. (2005): Maize yield variations among the years in the Eastern Croatia. In: Proc. of the XL Croatian Symp. on Agriculture with Internat. Participation (Kovacevic V. and Jovanovac Sonja Eds.), 15-18 February 2005, Opatija, p. 455-456. Kovacevic V., Josipovic M., Kaucic D. and Loncaric Z. (2005): Weather conditions impacts on maize yields in the northern Croatia. In: Proceeding , International Conference Climate Change: Impacts and Responses in Central and Eastern European Countries, 5-8 November, 2005, Pcs, Hungary (in press). 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