Naslov
Spectral characteristics of three styles of Croatian folk singing

Autori
Boersma, Paul ; Kovačić, Gordana

Izvornik
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (0001-4966) 19 (2006), 3; 1805-1816

Vrsta, podvrsta i kategorija rada
Radovi u časopisima, članak, znanstveni

Ključne riječi
voice acoustics; Croatian folk singing - klapa; ojkanje and tarankanje; long-term average spectrum; singer's/speaker's/shouter's formant; nasality; presedness
(akustika glasa; hrvatsko folklorno pjevanje - klapa; ojkanje i tarankanje; dugotrajni prosječni spektar; pjevački/govornički/vikački formant; nazalnost; napetost)

Sažetak
This paper examines the differences between three Croatian folk singing styles, namely klapa, ojkanje, and tarankanje. In order to factor out singer-specific properties, each of the styles was performed by the same 12 professional male singers. The 36 performances were analyzed with a long-term average spectrum LTAS method from which direct effects of the pitch distribution were removed. After factoring out each singer’ s average, the 36 pitch-corrected LTAS contours were reduced to a two-dimensional representation in two ways: (1) a principal-component analysis and (2) a graphical plot of spectral slope versus speaker’ s formant strength. Both ways clearly separate the three styles. The spectrum of the klapa style turns out to be similar to that of speech. The ojkanje style is extremely loud and shows two spectral peaks: a sharp one tuned at twice the fundamental frequency and appropriate for long-distance communication on mountain slopes, and a broad one around 3.5 kHz, reminiscent of a speaker’ s formant. The tarankanje style has a very flat spectrum implemented by vocal pressedness and nasality, which is appropriate for blending into or imitating the timbral characteristics of the sopile folk instrument.

Izvorni jezik
Engleski

Znanstvena područja
Fizika, Temeljne tehničke znanosti, Kliničke medicinske znanosti

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