ࡱ> 7  VbjbjUU L7|7| Rl4SSSS4ST@W(hWhWhWhWhWhWhW$  hWhWhWhWhWehWhWeeehWhWhWehWe6enp@qhW4W 0ӆ oOSn^ qqdы0q)(`)qeSmall Hydro Power Plants in Croatia Zarko Janic Abstract: This paper provides information about small hydro power plants in Croatia. The MAHE program (National Program of Small Hydro Power Plants Construction) has been described. Hydrological potential, costs and the prospects of small hydro plants in Croatia have been also described. Keywords: Small hydro power plants, MAHE Introduction The hydro power plants can be categorized in many ways type of the turbine, size etc. Small hydro power plants are plants with an installed power smaller than the limit. The limit varies from state to state, in Croatia small plants are those from 10 kW to 5000 kW (5 MW) of installed power. In the European union and in the most countries of the world the limit is 10MW. Small hydro power plants can also be categorized in several ways but in this paper this issues will not be discussed. The first power plants and the first steps in the electrification of the world started mostly with small hydro power plants something more than a 100 years ago. Nowadays, the same processes are happening in remote parts of Africa, South America and Asia. [1] Programs for the energy efficiency and usage of renewable energy sources were started in 1997, by the Croatian government, among them the National Program of Small Hydro Power Plants Construction called MAHE. [1] Small hydro power plants in the world Among the renewable sources of energy in the world, hydro power plants produce the most electric energy. Among the hydro power plants, small hydro power plats make about 7% of installed power (approx. 50 GW). The potential for the total installable power is estimated to be about 180 GW, which is about 6% of the estimated total installable power in hydro power plants (for this statistics small hydro power plants were considered those with an installed power less than 10 MW). Table 1 [3] ContinentNo. of small hydro plantsInstalled power (MW)Africa1651048,27Asia4572029877,489Australia an Oceania73157,98Europe (without Russia and Turkey)173282398,42North and Central America6154113,25South America4381175,19Total6433948770,599 Small hydro power plants are increasing its importance in the power systems of the developed countries. There is a very large number of plants built all over the world and because of the good experiences in building and working the interest for them is increasing. Most of the small hydro power plants are private property and the numbers in table 1 show their popularity. There were more than 60000 small power plants in the world in 2002. the statistics are based on approximately 66% of the countries. In Europe the countries with most small hydro plants and the most installed power are shown in table 2. Table 2 [3] CountryInstalled power (MW)No. of small hydro power plantsAustria6701720Czech rep. 2001200France19721717Germany13006000Italy20001510Norway950550Spain1540*Sweden10501615Switzerland7501000* - Data not available Small hydro power plants in Croatia There are 31 operating small power plants in Croatia with the total of about 73MW of installed power. Nine plants are private property, two are industrial plants and the rest is owned by the Croatian Electric Utility (some of which plants of biological minimum on the dams of large hydro plants) see Appendix A. There are few more plants constructed and not in use for some time which could be used again. The first step in planning and building small hydro power plants in Croatia was in 1981. when Elektroprojekt published the Plan for Development of Small Hydro Power Plants in Croatia until 2000 [4]. The next document made was Methodology and Guidelines for Design and Construction of Small Hydro Plants in Croatia [5] in 1982 which set criteria and guidelines for the next elaborates. The Register of Small Streams [6], the Register of Small Hydro Power Plants Stage I. [7] and the Register of Small Hydro Power Plants Stage II.A [8] then followed. [1] Croatian hydro potential The Register of Small Streams (KMVS), which was made in 1985, gave the first assessment of possible locations on 134 streams. From those 63 streams have been judged as suitable for small hydro power plants. On those 63 streams 699 locations were identified. All of them were categorized in 4 categories see table 3. The total installed power on those 699 locations could be about 177 MW (natural gross power of 135 MW), and the technically usable annual production of 567,7 GWh (natural gross potential of 1180 GWh). The first category is the most interesting for investors but they are mostly in areas of protected environment, although they can be very well incorporated with the environment their future is uncertain. Because of the small net head, very high flow and, consequently, a small installed power and small amount of energy, the fourth category can be eliminated. Table 3 [2] 1No. of locations108Average net head16,62mMaximum flow8,04m3/sAverage installed pover791,3 kWAverage annual production3564 MWh2No. of locations244Average net head5,33mMaximum flow9,81m3/sAverage installed pover247,35 kWAverage annual production1115 MWh3No. of locations231Average net head3,11mMaximum flow6,69m3/sAverage installed pover95,47 kWAverage annual production430 MWh4No. of locations116Average net head0,998mMaximum flow13,08m3/sAverage installed pover73,53 kWAverage annual production346 MWh The table 4 shows that less than 3% of the locations would have an installed power between 5 and 1,5 MW but more important is that its installed power would be nearly 1/3 of the total installed power. Table 4 [2] Installed power (kW)No. of locationsTotal installed power (kW)5000-150020 (3%)50232 (29%)1500-100017 (2%)21723 (12%)1000-50042 (6%)28768 (16%)500-100296 (42%)55667 (31%)Under 100324 (47%)20765 (12%)TOTAL699177155 It was planed that the Register of Small Hydro Power Plants (KMHE) would be made in two stages. The first stage gave the designs for plants on 13 streams. 50 possible locations were identified (see Appendix B) and 10 of the possible locations were studied more thoroughly giving basic principles for constructing plants (guidelines for the type of structures, hydro mechanical equipment etc.). The selected 13 streams are Bregana, Brzaja, Buticnica, Cabranka, Jadro, Krupica, Krusa, Ljuta, Orljava, Ovrlja, Ruda Velika, Rumin Veliki and Zrnovnica. It was planed that the Stage II would study all the other streams but it was not carried out according to the plan, so only 4 streams have been studied Cuckov Jarak, Kupcina, Slapnica and Vitunjcica. In those 4 streams 17 possible locations were identified see Appendix C. Pilot program In 1998 the pilot program has been started. The program included 50 locations from the first stage of the Register of small hydro power plants, 17 from the second (II.A) stage and more 10 as a result of interest of investors in some locations. This way the program wanted to encourage building of small hydro power plants. The main goal of the pilot program was to test the procedure of planning, engineering and building small hydro power plants. The more accurate Croatian potential of small hydro power plants would be one of the results as well. [3] Based on the contact with the institutions the environmental protection and cultural heritage protection restrictions were identified as the more restricting. One of the main reasons is the current approach so that all the restrictions are made for the whole stream and not for specific locations. [3] Table 5 [3] Location1.Butisnica 12.Butisnica 23.Cetina - Cikotina lada4.Cetina - Vinalic5.Jadro 26.Jadro 27.Kupcina 28.Kupcina 39.Kupcina 410.Kupcina 511.Kupcina 712.Ljuta 213.Mirna bridge14. Orljava 115.Orljava 216.Orljava 317.Orljava 418.Orljava 4-119.Orljava 520.Orljava 621.Orljava 722.Orljava 823.Ovrlja 124.Pantana 125.Ruda Velika 126.Ruda Velika 227.Vitunjcica 128.Vitunjcica 229.Vitunjcica 330.Zrmanja Vrelo 1 As a result of space-planning 33 locations have been eliminated. Two projects (Krupa 3 and 4) have been joint into one project so 41 project went to the next level (2 projects were added later on). Based on the cultural heritage and environmental protection more 13 projects have been eliminated, leaving 30 locations in the pilot programs table 5. [3] Finances According to the regulations in the energy sector Besides the Croatian Electric Utility (HEP), persons, companies and other legal persons can also produce and distribute electric power. so it is a possibility for investors because of the easy construction and maintenance as well as the good rate of return. [9] One of the key issues is the construction cost. The four categories from the previous chapter give four categories of construction costs. The coefficient of the profitability (Cp) gives an approximate picture of the construction cost. [10]  EMBED Equation.3  Ctot total cost Pmax maximum installed power These are the estimations of the construction costs per installed power for the four categories. [10] 1. Cp ( 2500 US$/kW 2. 2500 US$/kW( Cp ( 4500 US$/kW 3. 4500 US$/kW( Cp ( 6000 US$/kW 4. 6000 US$/kW( Cp The percentages of specific parts of the total cost are shown in table 6. Table 6 [2] Preparation and construction40-70%Hydro-mechanical equipment1-2%Electric and machinery equipment20-40%Connection with the electric systemUp to 20%Other (studies, project, buy offs etc.)5-10% The Croatian Electric Utility guarantees the buying of the entire production of electric energy. The price is set by the regulations. For plants whose installed power is under 500kW is 75% of the average price of electric energy and for plants with an installed power grater than 500kW is 65% of the average price of electric energy for buyers [2]. Calculations for a pilot project (Krupa-3), done by MAHE, show that the project is profitable. The MAHE program suggests that because most of the locations are located in rural undeveloped areas and areas of special state care (occupied areas or areas on the first line during the war), the local government should encourage such programs to gain advantages for the local community (through taxes, concessions etc.). Such facilitations should be introducing the possibility of power plants in urban plans, permission for the building etc even prior to the interest of investors. Environmental impact Small hydro plants, as all other types of plants, have environmental impacts. Because of their small size, if constructed taking into account all factors, they can have a really small impact or even improve it. The basic impacts on the environment are the change in the parameters of water (percentage of oxygen in the water, decrease of speed of the flow, level of the water, possible decrees of biodiversity etc.). The most important is to estimate correctly the biological minimum. If it is not calculated correctly it can result in extinction of plants and animals, especially in the zone between the intake and the exhaust. There are a lot of endemic and rare species in Croatia, which makes these calculations even more important. For example Switzerland the Mattheyes equation is used for calculating the biological minimum [10].  EMBED Equation.3  Vmin biological minimum (l/s) V347 water flow in 347 days in year (l/s) There is always the possibility of the contamination by various types of oil and other liquids used during construction and use of the plant. Knowing that the most profitable locations in Croatia are those in National parks and other areas of protected environment, the standards for these plants should be set high and the authorities should strictly control their appliance. Because of the small size of small hydro power plant accumulation lake, it should not have a big impact on the level of underground water, which can have a significant impact on the surrounding vegetation. Level of noise produced by the equipment, nowadays, is considerably under the recommended levels so no noise contamination should be experienced. There are a lot of possible good impacts. First of all is the decrease of the possibility of floods. Small hydro plants as one of the renewable types of plants do not use fossil fuels. For example a 5 MW plant using fossil fuels uses 1400 toe (tons of oil equivalent) per year. It also produces about 16000t of carbon dioxide (CO2) and 1100t of sulfur dioxide (SO2). The structure itself (the dam and the powerhouse) can be a degradation of the environment but not necessarily. The powerhouse can be built underground or well integrated in the environment. The dam can also be well integrated in the surrounding environment. Special attention should be given to road construction, used during building of the structure and for later maintenance. The accumulation lake can be attractive for fishing, tourism, recreation etc. One of Croatians priorities is tourism. Nowadays the continental part (and the whole non-coastal part) of Croatia is not yet valorized enough as a tourist destination so small hydro power plants can be a possible location for development of recreation or fishing tourism. Conclusion The legislation was not discussed in the paper, the main reason is a lack of experience and consequently the necessary time for gaining all approvals is hard to estimate - it should be 4-5 years. For example in Switzerland it is 1-3 years, in Austria from 3 months (theoretical minimum) to several years. [2] The register of small hydro power plants has not been carried out completely so some of the water streams are not yet considered and possible locations are not yet identified. Because of the approach to restrictions, which apply to the whole stream, it is nearly impossible to build a small hydro power plant [3]. The possibility of integrating small hydro power plants in the water supply system has not yet been studied in Croatia. Turbines can be installed in the closed systems with a fall. For example in Czech republic and Slovakia there is more than 3,3MW of installed power on 22 locations in the potable water supply system. [3] External costs are not yet included in the price of electric energy. It would give an advantage to small hydro power plants as they do not emit any harmful gases or particles. Studies show that because most of locations are in rural area, small hydro power plant would give an increase of stability of electric energy supply and in some cases a decrease of loses in electric energy transmission [3]. Regulations on the use of renewable energy sources are in the procedure and the draft version provides a system of bonuses for among others small hydro power plants by annual bonuses depending on the annual energy production. [11] The Croatian government is preparing a decision on the minimal share of renewable sources of energy for all distributors in Croatia. It should be 4,5% of energy, which cannot be less than 300MW [12]. Maybe those regulations will actualize the building of small hydro power plants in Croatia. References [1] Austrian National Committee on Large Dams: Austrian hydro power professionals 2nd edition [2] Basic, Hubert et al.: MAHE: National Program of Small Hydro Power Plants Construction, Energy institute Hrvoje Pozar, Zagreb, 1998. [3] Basic, Hubert: New Approach to Planning Small Hydro Power Plants Construction, Faculty of Electric Engineering and Computing, doctors dissertation, Zagreb 2003 [4] Plan for Development of Small Hydro Power Plants in Croatia until 2000, Elktroprojekt inzenjering, Zagreb, 1981 [5] Methodology and Guidelines for Design and Construction of Small Hydro Plants in Croatia, Elektroprojekt inzenjering, Zagreb, 1982 [6] Register of Small Streams, Elektroprojekt inzenjering, 1989. [7] Register of Small Hydro Power Plants Stage I., Elektroprojekt inzenjering, 1993. [8] Register of Small Hydro Power Plants Stage II.A, Elektroprojekt inzenjering, 1993. [9] Croatian Electric Utility: Small Hydro-Power Plants, Croatian Electric Utility, Zagreb, 1993. [10] Labudovic, Boris et al.: Renewable energy sources, Energetika marketing, Zagreb, 2002. [11] Regulations on the Use of Renuwable Energy Sources, draft version no. 19, August 19 2003 [12] Decision on Minimal Share of Renewable Sources of Energy, without Large Hydro Power Plants, in the Structure of Electric Energy of the Companies Involved in Electric Energy Distribution, draft version Zarko Janic was born in Pula, Croatia, in 1980. He is a student at the Department of Power Systems of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing in Zagreb, Croatia. He has been among the 10% of the most successful students of the Faculty throughout his studies. He is the winner of the Josip Loncar Award in 2002 and 2003, and the Hrvoje Pozar Award in 2003. He is a member of DOOR Society for Sustainable Development Design and of DOOR working group for the project MojaEnergija (MyEnergy). Contact: Zarko Janic zarko.janic@pu.htnet.hr Ginzkeyeva 1, 52100 Pula, Croatia DOOR Society for Sustainable Development Design, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Appendix A Operating small hydro power plant in Croatia [5] NameInstalled power (MW)Average annual production (GWh)HE Mreznica 20,004*HE Mreznica 20,0060,042HE Cabranka 20,008*HE Kupa 20,01*HE Finvest II 20,030,13HE Kupcina 6 20,0450,6HE Orljava 7 20,065*HE Pamucna industrija Duga Resa 11,163,87HE Tvornica cementa 10. kolovoza Majdan 11,23,5HE Finvest I 213,17HE Roski slap 21,45,583HE Krcic 30,32HE Gojak 30,32*HE Varazdin 30,5853,8HE Vinodol 30,4*HE Senj 30,64*HE Orlovac 30,80,6CHE Lepenica 31,10,5HE Cakovec 31,449,03HE Zavrelje 31,474HE Dubrava 31,811,3HE Zeleni Vir 31,88HE Ozalj II 32,210HE Zakucac 32,43,2HE Ozalj I 33,314,1CHE Fuzine 344,5HE Kraljevec 34,7723,666CHE Busko Blato 34,80HE Jaruga 35,635HE Golubic 36,5420,1HE Miljacka 324115TOTAL73,193281,691 1 Industrial power plant 2 Private property 3 owned by Croatian Electric Utility * data not available Appendix B Possible 50 locations from the Register of Small Hydro Power Plants Stage I. [1] StreamInstalled power (kW)Annual production (kWh)Installed stream flow (m3/s)Net head (m)Bregana-1432672940,510,90Bregana-2493048130,512,43Bregana-3332091760,58,53Bregana-4493131900,512,90Bregana-5453026030,511,53Bregana-6553744350,513,95Bregana-71298230481,610,27Brzaja-1633391020,326,78Brzaja-2703741770,329,55Brzaja-3392266500,316,44Brzaja-4372167230,315,72Butisnica-147327834392,821,52Butisnica-2845536072,83,84Cabranka-1185+4513305380,7 + 0,335 + 21Cabranka-22079890071,814,62Cabranka-322010519191,815,55Cabranka-423312006051,816,46Cabranka-523211962291,816,40Cabranka-621611145351,815,28Cabranka-739918413143,315,41Cabranka-8137863555813,353,19Cabranka-940218532633,315,51Cabranka-1046921651273,318,12Jadro-11929964216,873,57Jadro-220010357124,815,30Krupa-154224138052,824,67Krupa-2107040030328,615,86Krupa-31592603989010,02,03Krupa-41084412680410,013,81Krupa-51435550607910,018,28Krupica-11380553453410,017,59Krupica-21406551335923,07,79Ljuta220682453667,537,48Orljava-11326841392,56,74Orljava-2753899022,53,83Orljava-3985124022,64,82Orljava-4904613213,13,68Orljava-51568049024,74,23Orljava-625112987745,45,92Orljava-721711214397,93,50Orljava-81598237198,12,50Ovrlja724182721,038,91Ruda Velika-1702448419610,08,95Ruda Velika-2415255854017,03,11Ruda Velika-314913061235,03,80Rumin Veliki36415554868,75,33Zrnovnica-132516193181,823,03Zrnovnica-233216516621,823,49Zrnovnica-31296440711,89,16Zrnovnica-4773839111,85,46 Appendix C Possible 17 locations from the Register of Small Hydro Power Plants Stage II.A [1] StreamInstalled power (kW)Annual production (kWh)Installed stream flow (m3/s)Net head (m)Cuckov Jarak1901157400,373,30Kupcina-1986084000,257,80Kupcina-2231368001,02,60Kupcina-3261573001,32,30Kupcina-4653994002,33,30Kupcina-5372326002,61,70Kupcina-6603694002,62,70Kupcina-7372463002,61,8Slapnica-1502968000,414,10Slapnica-2452694000,412,80Slapnica-3402394000,59,10Slapnica-4664000000,89,50Slapnica-5865263000,812,50Slapnica-61096489000,913,70Vitunjcica-1562766003,32,00Vitunjcica-2562716003,61,80Vitunjcica-3563064004,31,70 $&3TU^~{~Q T W } f i j z '  fjGKpst67JKNOrsCJH*OJQJB*OJQJph B*ph OJQJaJ CJOJQJOJQJmH sH  >*OJQJ CJ OJQJOJQJL$%&23TU~|U V W } ~ ] ^ j ^$^a$$a$ Vj t yPpp $$Ifa$$$IfTlF@  06    4 la$If    Xyppyppypp $$Ifa$$If$$IfTlF@  06    4 la  : > F G U Y a b h n x ypplypp\ypp $$Ifa$$If$$IfTlF@  06    4 la x y z u'}}}}}wnh$If $$Ifa$$If$$IfTlF@  06    4 la '(049H{rr $$Ifa$$If~$$IflFM 06    4 la9:FJOPW\abjotuX{rrH{rrL{rrD $$Ifa$$If~$$IflFM 06    4 la u{r@r8rH~$$IflFM 06    4 la $$Ifa$$If   xXrxpppnp$If~$$IflFM 06    4 la $$Ifa$ 5ghtv $$Ifa$$If}hwwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F xP 06    4 la}`wwn}wwn}wwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F x P 06    4 la }`wwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F x P 06    4 la06}dwwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F xP 06    4 la678ENOPhrst}`wwn}wwn}wwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F x P 06    4 la }`wwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F x P 06    4 la}dwwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F xP 06    4 la'}`wwn}wwn}wwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F x P 06    4 la '(?@YZnors34TUwx !+"."8";"<"="F"?$%%%%&&''''''''''''( ((((((ĹjEHOJQJUj℺C CJOJQJUVaJjOJQJU H*OJQJOJQJmH sH OJQJCJH*OJQJ CJOJQJH'(*;?}`wwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F x P 06    4 la?@ARY}hwwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F xP 06    4 laYZ[hrst}dwwn}wwn}wwn $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F x P 06    4 la }{{{ulu $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F x P 06    4 la|sj $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$$If|$$IflF8 V0    4 la&34<GT|sj|sj|sj $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$$If|$$IflF8 V0    4 la TU_jwx~|sjH|sj $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$$If|$$IflF8 V0    4 la!/"0"<"="~xr$If`|$$IflF8 V0    4 la ="F"G"J"V"W"Z"f"g"j"""""""@@lX4$Ifm$$IfTl0@ $ 064 la$If"""""""""""""""""4<<<@m$$IfTl0@ $ 064 la$If"""""# # ### #%#/#0#4#>#?#@4P@<@$Ifm$$IfTl0@ $ 064 la?#C#N#O#S#^#_#c#p#q#u#######@H@@@m$$IfTl0@ $ 064 la$If#################@8<LLm$$IfTl0@ $ 064 la$If###$$ $$$$)$*$.$>$?$@$%%HHHT$Ifm$$IfTl0@ $ 064 la%%%%%%&'''(&('((((((((B)C)O)l)s)$ p$Ifa$ p$If p$a$((((((((((((((((K)N)O)*u+y+--111 13141516181;1X1[155558899$;l<==>>?? @@i@k@@@ABBBBBB3C7CCĹH*OJQJmH sH mH sH j9EHOJQJUj?C CJOJQJUVaJjOJQJU CJOJQJOJQJmH sH  H*OJQJOJQJ jOJQJCs)t))))))))))*wgwgwg$ p$Ifa$$ p$Ifa$ p$Ifk$$Ifl0 ` 064 la ****+-----x/01{{{{{y{{{{ pk$$Ifl0 ` 064 la$ p$Ifa$ 1171W11123_445L7888889:);m<==>? @@ & F p $ pa$@t@@ABBB3CCCJDDvEwEoGpGqGrG{GGGGGGHHH"H#H & FCrG{GGHHH#HPHSHHHHHHHHHHHII.I/IYIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJ'J(JK?KQKRKfKgKKKKKKKKKLLLkLnLpLL CJOJQJ5CJOJQJ\ H*OJQJOJQJmH sH OJQJmH sH T#HTHUHZHkHpHHHHHHHHt\ntl$If$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la $$Ifa$ HHHHHHHHHHHHHp\pHpl$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la $$Ifa$$If HHIIIII I!I0I6I8I9Iphp`p$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la $$Ifa$$If 9I[I`IeIfIIIIIIIIIpp\pl$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la $$Ifa$$If IIIIIIIIIIIIIpHpLpd$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la $$Ifa$$If IJJ J JJJJJ)J.J0J1JpPpHpX$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la $$Ifa$$If 1J>JBJFJGJVJZJ^Jp`$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la $$Ifa$$If^J_JlJqJvJwJJJJJJJJ`yppXypp\ypp $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la JJJJJJJJJJJJJ\yppXyppXypp $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la JJJJJJ K KKK!K&K-K\yppPypppypp $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la -K.K@KDKFKGKSKWKZK[KhKmKrKdyppPypp`ypp $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la rKsKKKKKKKKXyppXypp $$Ifa$$If$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 laKKKKKKLLLoLpLwLL}wwwwr}}}ii $$Ifa$ & F^$$IfTl4F VD ~ @ 0    4 la LLLLLLLLLP|G $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$LLLLLL M M*M+MIMJMhMiMMMMMMMMMNNN NBNCNbNcNNNNNNNNNOO8O9OZO[O}O~OOOOOOOOPPP>P?P^P_PPPPPPPPPQQ"Q#Q@QAQ^Q_Q|Q}QQQQQQQQQRR;RPPG $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$>P?PGPLPTPYP^P_PgPYPGGGGYP $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 lagPlPtPyPPPPPPPG $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$PPPPPPPPPPG $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$PPPPPPPPPYPGGGGYxP $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 laPPPPQQQQQP|G $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$QQ"Q#Q-Q0Q7Q;Q@QPxG $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$@QAQKQNQUQYQ^Q_QiQYxPGGGGYxP $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 laiQlQsQwQ|Q}QQQQP|G $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$QQQQQQQQQPG $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$QQQQQQQQQYPGGGGY|P $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 laQQQQQQRR RPpG $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$ RRRR%R)R1R6R;RPG $$Ifa$$$IfTlr 2lt"D:064 la $$Ifa$;R昞SQH/#`,^ζCNE'nU_dГldg0[Rόю^x]'ݸ7VTVzuwQ 3ƤTv;sYvy: Wwύ2+?9n;aqsi|wdvR%c}\3YiD̕zG1FӞ}~\J  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F o@Data WordDocumentLObjectPoolPb o o_1136297186 FPb oPb oOle CompObjfObjInfo  FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qv\nIzI C p =C tot P max FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS EqEquation Native x_1136452159 F`1v o`1v oOle CompObj fuation Equation.39q҄nIzI V min =V 347 15ln 2 V 347Oh+'0,8H \h   ObjInfo Equation Native  1Table)SummaryInformation( $Small Hydro Power Plants in Croatia$Small Hydro Power Plants in Croatia arko JaniSmall hydro power plants, MAHEamalNormaly mperokovic 123Microsoft Word 9.0l@8P@b @tn C՜.+,0$ px  ReviewDocumentSummaryInformation8TCompObjjevi"S $Small Hydro Power Plants in Croatia Title  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q iF@F Normal$a$ CJOJQJ_HaJmH sH tH `@` Heading 1*$ & F 7>9@&^9`5CJOJQJ\NN Heading 2$ & F<@&5\]^JaJ:: Heading 3$ & F@&5\>@> Heading 4$@&5CJOJQJ\<A@< Default Paragraph Font.U@. Hyperlink >*B*ph0>@0 Title$a$ CJ0OJQJ4B@4 Body Text5OJQJ\>J"> Subtitle$^a$ CJOJQJ4+@24 Endnote TextCJaJ6*@A6 Endnote ReferenceH*<PR< Body Text 2B*OJQJph<Q@b< Body Text 3B*OJQJphD RL.LuL$%&23TU~|UVW}~]^jt :>FGUYabhnxyzu  ' ( 0 4 9 : F J O P W \ a b j o t u { 5ghtv0678ENOPhrst'(*;?@ARYZ[hrst&34<GTU_jwx~/0<=FGJVWZfgj   %/04>?CNOS^_cpqu     ) * . > ? @ !!!!!!!"###$&$'$$$$$$$$B%C%O%l%s%t%%%%%%%%%%&&&&')))))x+,--7-W---./_001L34444456)7m899:; <<t<<=>>>3???J@@vAwAoCpCqCrC{CCCCCCDDD"D#DTDUDZDkDpDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEE E!E0E6E8E9E[E`EeEfEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFF F FFFFF)F.F0F1F>FBFFFGFVFZF^F_FlFqFvFwFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF G GGG!G&G-G.G@GDGFGGGSGWGZG[GhGmGrGsGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHoHpHwHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI III!I+I5I8I?IJITIWI^IbIhIiIsIvI}IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJ JJJ J,J0J8JPgPPPPQ@QiQQQQ R;RoRRRR%SSST3T[T|TTTTU1USUyUUUU V V689:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXZ[\]_`abcdefghijklnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ V7###-3-5- R::&+,1bg#&18:@BKMUW\^eglnsu|~IOPUW^`hmwJSZcjps{|%,4;CJSZcju|   & . 5 6 ; ##$ $7-;-<<<<===>r>>>>>>>>?? ?+?j?x?y????&@0@xA}A~AABBBBBBVCbCdClC{CCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDD EE$E+EFGUYabhnxy  ' ( 0 4 9 : F J O P W \ a b j o t u { tv0678ENOPhrst'(*;?@ARYZ[hrst&34<GTU_jwx~<=FGJVWZfgj   %/04>?CNOS^_cpqu     ) * . > ? O%l%s%t%%%%%%%%%%&&&UDZDpDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEE E!E0E6E8E9E[E`EeEfEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFF F FFFFF)F.F0F1F>FBFFFGFVFZF^F_FlFqFvFwFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF G GGG!G&G-G.G@GDGFGGGSGWGZG[GhGmGrGsGGGGGGGGGpHwHHHHHHHHHHHHHHII I III!I%I*I+I5I8I?ICIIIJITIWI^IbIhIiIsIvI}IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJ JJJJJ J,J0J8JL?LGLLLTLYL^L_LgLlLtLyLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMM"M#M-M0M7M;M@MAMKMNMUMYM^M_MiMlMsMwM|M}MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNN NNNN%N)N1N6N;N