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\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {Technical University Cluj \endash  Napoca, Cluj \endash  Napoca, Romania
\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {22-24th Oktober 1998
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\qc\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\lang2057\cgrid {A CONTRIBUTION TO THE APPLICATION OF THE VIRTUAL ENTERPRISE
\par }\pard\plain \qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\b\fs24 
\par }\pard \qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\b Ve}{\b\f16 �}{\b a, I.
\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {
\par }{\b\fs18 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\cols2\colsx397\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\b\fs18 Abstract: }{\i\fs18 The}{\b\fs18  }{\i\fs18 main aim of contemporary production, i.e. of services provision, is to meet the needs of customers. In order to achieve this aim many concepts have been developed, out of which agile manufacturing has been most investigated recently. Agile manufacturing can be defined as the capability to survived prosper in a competitive environment of continuos and unpredictable change by reacting quickly and effectively markets, driven by customer-designed production and services (Gunasekaran, 1998). The keys enablers of agile manufacturing include: virtual enterprise, physically distributed manufacturing architecture and teams, rapid partnership, concurrent engineering, integrated information system, rapid prototyping tools and electronic commerce. The paper analyses the first and basic agile manufacturing key and shows the concept of enterprises for the production of windlass as well.
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs18 
\par }{\b\fs18 Key words}{\fs18 : }{\i\fs18 agile}{\fs18  }{\i\fs18 manufacturing,}{\fs18  }{\i\fs18 virtual enterprise, cooperation, core competences, windlass}{\fs18 
\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs18 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxta .}}\ls1\adjustright {\b INTRODUCTION
\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs18 
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs18 The 90s of this century are characterized by rapid changes, the features of which are the following:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 enlarged market globalization and hence the higher pressure of international competition,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 change from sale market to customer market,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 permanent shortening of innovation cycle,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 higher complexity of products and services,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 bigger norms and standardization of required special knowledges,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 lack of qualified experts in various areas.
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 The changes have led to the necessity for new, more flexible forms of cooperation. Following the (Miles & Snow, 1996), there exist static and dynamic forms of cooperation. So far the cooperation between particular enterprises has most often been of long duration on a particular market segment, following the principle static networks (e.g. strategic alliance, Joint Ventures, Supply Chain Management etc.). The development of communication-information technology enables the introduction of dynamic cooperation networks following the principles of a virtual enterprise. A virtual enterprise is a time-limited cooperation between more independent enterprises or particular departments, the aim of which is to produce a particular product or provide services (Mertens, 1994). When particular orders have been accomplished cooperation ends. This means that the network is specially designed for each order (Fig.1).
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 The characteristics of a virtual factory are the following:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 short-term or long-term cooperation of independent enterprises the task of which is to achieve common aims,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 a network of enterprises with their basic competences }{\f16\fs18 (Ve�}{\fs18 a, 1998),
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 capabilities are limited,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 cooperation takes place on more locations (national/international),
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 information-communication technology provides the base (Hafen & Treichler, 1998).
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 In relation to the mentioned forms of cooperation of the static network the virtual factory has the following features:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 it is based on the integration of the basic competences of particular enterprises,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 the use of modern information-communication technology,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 there is neither formalism nor central functions in enterprise management.
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3836\shptop71\shpright4120\shpbottom375\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz23\shplid1051{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8215\dprect\dpx3836\dpy71\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
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\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1564\shptop83\shpright1997\shpbottom977\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz12\shplid1040{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8204\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx433\dppty894\dpx1564\dpy83\dpxsize433\dpysize894\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft37\shptop81\shpright625\shpbottom81\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr1\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz28\shplid1060{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineEndArrowhead}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8220\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx588\dppty0\dpx37\dpy81\dpxsize588\dpysize0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3410\shptop83\shpright3694\shpbottom387\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz24\shplid1052{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8216\dprect\dpx3410\dpy83\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft996\shptop83\shpright1280\shpbottom367\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz10\shplid1038{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8202\dpline\dpptx284\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty284\dpx996\dpy83\dpxsize284\dpysize284\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3229\shptop173\shpright3513\shpbottom457\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz26\shplid1054{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8218\dpline\dpptx284\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty284\dpx3229\dpy173\dpxsize284\dpysize284\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft854\shptop160\shpright1138\shpbottom464\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz2\shplid1028{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8194\dprect\dpx854\dpy160\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3126\shptop30\shpright3410\shpbottom334\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz25\shplid1053{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8217\dprect\dpx3126\dpy30\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft996\shptop30\shpright1422\shpbottom598\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz13\shplid1041{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8205\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx426\dppty568\dpx996\dpy30\dpxsize426\dpysize568\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft712\shptop30\shpright996\shpbottom314\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz11\shplid1039{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8203\dpline\dpptx284\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty284\dpx712\dpy30\dpxsize284\dpysize284\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft570\shptop107\shpright854\shpbottom411\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz1\shplid1027{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8193\dprect\dpx570\dpy107\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1848\shptop107\shpright2132\shpbottom411\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz3\shplid1029{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8195\dprect\dpx1848\dpy107\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1564\shptop42\shpright1848\shpbottom326\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz16\shplid1044{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8208\dpline\dpptx284\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty284\dpx1564\dpy42\dpxsize284\dpysize284\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1280\shptop184\shpright1564\shpbottom488\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz6\shplid1032{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8198\dprect\dpx1280\dpy184\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft712\shptop184\shpright996\shpbottom894\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz9\shplid1037{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8201\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx284\dppty710\dpx712\dpy184\dpxsize284\dpysize710\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft854\shptop42\shpright1848\shpbottom42\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz7\shplid1035{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8199\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx994\dppty0\dpx854\dpy42\dpxsize994\dpysize0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft996\shptop119\shpright1280\shpbottom687\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz15\shplid1043{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8207\dpline\dpptx284\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty568\dpx996\dpy119\dpxsize284\dpysize568\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1564\shptop119\shpright1848\shpbottom687\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz14\shplid1042{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8206\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx284\dppty568\dpx1564\dpy119\dpxsize284\dpysize568\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 \tab \tab \tab \tab Virtual enterprise A
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3410\shptop196\shpright3694\shpbottom500\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz17\shplid1045{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8209\dprect\dpx3410\dpy196\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 Order B
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3694\shptop131\shpright4125\shpbottom705\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz21\shplid1049{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8213\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx431\dppty574\dpx3694\dpy131\dpxsize431\dpysize574\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft37\shptop61\shpright625\shpbottom61\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr1\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz29\shplid1061{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineEndArrowhead}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8221\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx588\dppty0\dpx37\dpy61\dpxsize588\dpysize0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3126\shptop131\shpright3410\shpbottom699\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz22\shplid1050{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8214\dpline\dpptx284\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty568\dpx3126\dpy131\dpxsize284\dpysize568\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft854\shptop66\shpright1138\shpbottom370\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz5\shplid1031{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8197\dprect\dpx854\dpy66\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1706\shptop66\shpright1990\shpbottom370\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz4\shplid1030{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8196\dprect\dpx1706\dpy66\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1138\shptop1\shpright1706\shpbottom1\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz8\shplid1036{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8200\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx568\dppty0\dpx1138\dpy1\dpxsize568\dpysize0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3978\shptop78\shpright4262\shpbottom382\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz19\shplid1047{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8211\dprect\dpx3978\dpy78\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft2984\shptop78\shpright3268\shpbottom382\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz18\shplid1046{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8210\dprect\dpx2984\dpy78\dpxsize284\dpysize304\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par }{\lang1024 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3268\shptop13\shpright3978\shpbottom13\shpfhdr0\shpbxcolumn\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz20\shplid1048{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fShadow}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxcolumn\dobypara\dodhgt8212\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx710\dppty0\dpx3268\dpy13\dpxsize710\dpysize0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\fs18 
\par 
\par \tab \tab \tab \tab Virtual enterprise B
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {Fig. 1. An ideal factory is formed for each order (Schuh, 1997)
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\fs18 
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs18 The paper goes on with the survey of a virtual factory based on the regional principle.
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\fs20\lang2057\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxta .}}\ls4\adjustright {\b THE SURVEY OF A VIRTUAL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPED CONCEPT }{\b\fs18 
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs18 
\par The concept of a virtual factory has been developed for the production of the windlass. 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {In order to determine the organization of virtual enterprise the following main participants have to be chosen:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\fs18 the network manager,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 the director of the leading factory of a virtual enterprise,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 directors of the factories included in the network.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {Fig. 2 shows the organization of a virtual enterprise with all the factories that are included in the network.
\par }\pard \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {The network manager is in charge of the development and maintenance of the network infrastructure, partners acquisition, work and delivery coordination, order handing to participants and the control of contract commitments fulfilment. The network manager can be delegated from the leading factory or can have his own office the costs of which are then met by the leading factory or all participants together.
\par }\pard \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {The director of the leading factory of a virtual enterprise is very often the most important person in the organization. In this case the director of the leading factory takes the whole risk of work and is the network manager at the same time, this often being the case in smaller virtual enterprises.
\par }\pard \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {Fig. 2. shows the functions that sub-contractors of the leading enterprise perform, these being purchase, surface protection, development, account-keeping, the sale organization in  Croatia 
\par }\pard \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {and abroad. On the other hand the leading enterprise in the network coordinates particular participants and produces capital component parts of the product.
\par }\pard \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {The link between particular enterprises in the network is provided by means of internet (via Firewall), while the one within the leading company is via intranet. All the participants, as well as the customers, would have access to the common knowledge management.
\par }\pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\fs12 
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\colsx397\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\pard\plain \qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\object\objemb\objw7645\objh6065\objscalex96\objscaley96{\*\objclass }{\*\objdata }{\result {{\pict\wmetafile8\picw13483\pich10696\picwgoal7644\pichgoal6064 \picscalex96\picscaley96 \bin26868 
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}}}}}{\fs18 
\par }\pard \qc\sb120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 Fig. 2. Survey of virtual enterprise organization
\par }\pard \qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 
\par }\pard \qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\cols2\colsx397\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\b 3. CONCLUSION
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 The application of virtual enterprises to Croatian economy would enable more rapid integration into the demanding international market. On the other hand, a more rapid transfer of modern technologies, which cannot be developed in Croatia nowadays would be provided.
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl12\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\ilvl12\adjustright {\fs18 The advantages of the introduction of a virtual enterprise for the production of the ship windlass would be the following:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 avoidance of unemployment of capacities, since the participants work in other virtual enterprises and for their own production,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 great flexibility is provided by the engagement of capacities of various participants,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 the work can be temporarily interrupted with little charge of fixed costs,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 production programme can be easily and quickly changed by the introduction of various participants,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 work with little provisions following the principle just-in-time,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 the production starts only when the customer\rquote s order arrives, which enables fast delivery,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 a large number of product variants are at customer\rquote s disposal,
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs18\lang2057\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls2\adjustright {\fs18 a minimum of capital and costs is engaged by production.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {The main problems that can appear with the application of a virtual enterprise are the following: too little confidence among the participants, legal insecurity, keeping and protecting data, the problems of identification of workers in a virtual enterprise, cultural differences among particular enterprises and technical problems.
\par }\pard \s18\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard\plain \s2\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tx360\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\fs20\lang2057\cgrid {4. REFERENCES
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\fs18 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qj\fi-284\li284\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {Gunasekaran, A. (1998). Agile manufacturing: enablers and an implementation framework}{\i . International Journal of Production  Research}{, Vol. 36. No. 5, pp. 1223-1247.
\par }\pard \s17\qj\fi-284\li284\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {Hafen, U. & Treichler, J. (1998). Organisation und Informatik richtig verkn�pfen. }{\i io Management}{, Vol. 67, No.}{\fs16  }{1, pp.}{\fs16  }{28-34
\par Mertens, P. (1994). Virtuelle Unternehmen. }{\i Wirtschaftsinformatik}{, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 169-172.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\qj\fi-284\li284\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {Miles, R.E. & Snow, C.C. (1996). Organisation: New Concepts for New Forms}{\i . California Management Rewiew}{, Vol 28, No. 3, pp. 62-73.
\par }\pard\plain \qj\fi-284\li284\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\fs18 Schuh, G. (1997). Virtuelle Fabrik \endash  Beschleunige des Struktur-wandels, In: }{\i\fs18 Komplexit�t und Agilit�t}{\fs18 , Schuh, G.; Wiendahl, H.P. (Ed.), 293-307, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qj\fi-284\li284\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs18\lang2057\cgrid {Ve}{\f16 �}{a, I. (1998). Temeljne kompetencije u umre}{\f16 �}{enom poduze}{\f16 �}{u. }{\i Ra}{\i\f16 �}{\i unovodstvo, revizija i financije}{, No. 5, pp. 1013- 1018.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang2057\cgrid {\fs18 
\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\b\i\fs18 Author:}{\fs18  Prof. Dr.sc. Ivica VE}{\f16\fs18 �}{\fs18 A, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems, R. Boskovica bb, 21000 Split, Croatia, Phone: 00385 21 305 854 Fax: 00385 21 563 877 E-mail: iveza@adria.fesb.hr
\par }}