ࡱ> q`bjbjqPqP ::? (((<<<<8<<l<t<dB(>p>>>>a@QALA(ccccccc$fhhd(A?@"a@AAd((>>dTTTAB(>(>cTAcTT:X,((eY>> <̱<C Y ;Z d0dYRXiRXieYXi(sYAATAAAAAddSdAAAdAAAA<<<$6`;<<<`;<<<(((((( CROATIAN CEREAL MARKET IN CONDITION OF WORLD MARKET GLOBALIZATION Lon ari, R., Toluai, Z., Zmai, K., SUMMARY Republic of Croatia since indipendence proclamation declared for open market model and integration process of transition. Considering tightness of internal market and a loss of traditional markets, Croatian economic developement is based on export orientation with important agriculture role. The aim of this paper was to analyze cereal market importance and to give some advices for better adaptation in new and future conditions. Data about customs tariffs for terms of trade analysis between Croatia and main trade partners based on current multilateral and bilateral agreement were used in paper as well as other data were published by Croatian statistical Department, FAO publications and Ministry of Economy. Cereals in Croatia participate with 2/3 seeded areas. In 2001. the most freequent crop was maize (56%) and wheat (33%) and private sector dominated in total production. The merchandise coefficient was very low (about 20%) what point on faulty market organization, narrow distributional channels and high degree of autoconsumm. Relative share of cereals in import and export was about 10%. Croatia manage better terms of trade with EU, EFTA and CEFTA what is based on free trade, MFN customs, and for some products were prescribed quotas with prerogative customs. KEY WORDS: cereals, globalization, external-trade change, tariffs INTRODUCTION Croatia should implement transformation and reform in agriculture with purpose of approaching to the European Union standards as in other economy branches. Agriculture as the most delicate sector in European Union is supported by Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) and its acts with aim to increase competition of european farmers and agriculture enterprises. As a member of World Trade Organization and Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), Croatia is obligated to liberalisation of all agricultural production (and cereals too). It refers to tarrifs and subsidies decreasing, abrogation of export subsidies etc. It will facitate entry of Croatian products to the foreign market as well as it will increased presure of foreign products on Croatian market. It will lounch the basic principle of globalization process giving absolute priority to the economic efficiency and competitiveness. The basic difference between more and less successful ones is products competition advantages which is defined with price and quality. It makes as a priority a solving problems in Croatian agriculture by agricultural policy measures with aim to increase competitiveness and preservation of domestic agricultural resources. Solving this problem in cereals production is very important for improvement agricultural situation in Croatia because cereals dominate in sowing structure. The aim of this paper is to analyze importance of cereals and to give some advices with the purpose of better adjustment of cereal merket to the new and future conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Source in studing this problem was all available literature related to cereal market in Croatia, EU and some transition countries, foreign trade, integration process and the other data related to influence of integration process and Croatian cereal market. Custom tariffs data in terms of trade analysis between Croatia and main trade partners based on current multilateral and bilateral agreement were used in paper as well as other data published by Croatian Statistical Department, FAO publications and Ministry of Economy. Methods used in paper were structural and chronological analysis, mathematical-statistical methods (correlation and regresion) and syntesis method. RESULTS AND DISCUSION Cereal production is traditional very important agricultural production in Republic of Croatia. In sowing structure cereals participate with more than two thirds and wheat and maize production with 60%. Barley, rye and oat production were less presented. From 1997-2001 wheat was produced on 219.000 ha and maize production is in increasing (significant increasing between 2000 and 2001). Weak, but constant increase in barley and rye production was present, whereas oat production is constant (Table 1.). Average yields are unpermissible low (20-30% lower in relation to our most important trade partners1, FAO Trade, 1999). The reason is actual cereal unorganized market situation including rensom price problem, high input prices in agricultural production and factors which limit productivity (land-owner structure, old agricultural machinery etc.). Farmers decrease input of neccesary amount and quality of components and this is reason for lower average yields. Table 1: Cereal production in Croatia (average 1997-2001) WheatMaizeBarleyOatRyeseeded area (ha)219.000404.80043.80021.0002.534production (t)881.8022.006.280137.96451.6996.577yield (t ha-1)3,985,223,162,472,59Source: State Statistical Department, 2002 Foreign trade exchange of cereal primary products (Graph 1) was very unstable (disability of conducting any statistical standards). Import-export exchange (total cereal average) mainly was positive, except in 1997, 1999 and 2001 because of very adverce climatic conditions what resulted in low wheat export 1997 and extremely negative maize bilance in 2001. Wheat and oat netto-export were positive and barley and rye negative (Table 2). Foreign trade exchange for maize depended on production level in respective years, maize prices on domestic market and meat and maize prices relation. Relative share of cereals in agricultural import and export was about 10% (State Statistical Department, 2002). Graph 1: Cereal foreign trade exchange in Croatia (1992-2001)  World cereal prices (total) have been decreased in a past ten years. This trend is stopped, but more because of US$ relation and a fact that wheat prices in USA have the biggest influence on total world prices. During the same period, domestic cereal prices were 15-100% (wheat) higher than world prices (}imbrek et al., 2002). Table 2: Wheat, maize, barley, rye and oat foreign trade exchange in Croatia (1992-2001) in US$ Foreign trade exchangeWheatMaizeBarleyRyeOat19929.303.49621.964.7772.564.18764.729311.98819931.893.79422.138.802357.54728.301211.59419945.258.1174.750.570-1.055.034113.545139.986199531.103.61910.204.911-2.448.269-96.701-51.795199619.881.27413.461.125409.298-51.289177.3961997-24.904.5583.062.760-2.305.542-410.28140.0301998-6.184.77318.567.914-2.118.953-186.52429.12819991.151.2354.056.726-1.891.286-69.06937.656200033.299.180-2.381.170-849.930-151.596-5.869200130.564.246-24.121.877-5.302.952-69.617-220.443average exchange10.136.5637.170.454-1.264.093-82.85066.967 World market globalization and liberalization process since Uruguay Round Agreement 1987 includes agricultural product. Briefly, it implicate "Tarrifs only" principle, relatively to obligation of cancalling quotas, plafons, prelevmans and other foreign trade protection measures with agreed rates and dynamics. It depends of country development level. Beside tarrifs prefering, the most important liberalization measures of world market are decreasing of domestic support and subsidied export. Croatia, as WTO member since the end of 2000, is obligated to respect basic principles of multilateral trade system (Boban, 1997): undiscriminating trade (Most Favoured Nation clause), predictible and increasing market access, propagating of liberal competition and promoting of development and economic reforms (distinctive treatment of the most undeveloped countries). Croatia subscribe Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) and some bilateral agreements with the most important trade partners (CEFTA and EFTA countries). Croatia menaged better terms of trade based on free trade, MFN tariffs and for some products were prescribed quotas with prerogative tariffs. According to SAA, Croatia has unreciprocal terms of exchange what implicate more acceptable Croatian foreign trade status in relation to EU. Croatia participation in actual worlds trends and organizations helps Croatia in opening to the world market what implicates easier access to the export destinations. At the same time, it means foreign competition entry to the domestic market. EU countries have high selfsufficient level for cereals (except maize) 102% (http://www.hgca.comc.stats/data/eu.xls). It results with market saturation what has unfavourable reflect to the Croatia exported cereals. Low competition chances of Croatian cereals is determinated by high price and weak differenciation of processed cereal products. It is result of mentioned problems land owner structure, narrow market (distribution) channels, unsufficient and old machinery and unmotivating price and subsidy policy of Croatia Government. At the other hand, opening of Croatian market for foreign products make space for cheaper products which have better competition chances. Mentioned agreements defined quotas and "in quotas", prerogative, tariffs. Imports entering under the tariff-quota (up to 1.000 tons) are generally charged 10%. Imports entering outside the tariff-quota are charged 80%. Under the Uruguay Round Agreement, the 1.000 tons would be based on actual imports in the base period or an agreed minimum access formula. Tariff quotas are also called "tariff-rate quotas". Picture 1: Imported goods charging by in and out of quotas tariff rate  Source:  HYPERLINK "http://WTO.org/english/thewto_e/whtis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm" http://WTO.org/english/thewto_e/whtis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm Import protection for cereals and some cereals products is shown in Tables 3 and 4. There is initial tariff rate defined for all products (MFN tariffs) and for all WTO members. Those tariffs are limited in a two ways: only as ad valorem (valued) and/or quantity tariffs (in money per unit of imported product, 100 kg in this case). Meanwhile, Croatia signed bilateral agreements (as it is shown in so called appendixes). In these, quotas are defined for some goods and in (prerogative) and out of quotas tariffs (Table 4). Data in table 3 and 4 show as it fallows: the strongest protection is installed for competitive products wheat, wheat flour, barley and maize flour. It is proscribed quotas for EU product import (rye and wheat flour), with Hungary are consented the highest wheat and maize quotas, and with Slovenia quotas for wheat flour. Free Trade Agreement with Bosna and Herzegovina related on all products is signed. Table 3: Tariff rate for cereals and some cereal products imported to Croatia Tariff noteTariff rate (%) EUEFTABHBulg.CzechHung.Mak.PolandSlovakiaSloven.100190998,5+3,5 /100kg max. 52,5MFNMFNsl.3030App. 7MFNMFN30MFN102000020App.1a20sl.1515152020152010400001513,515sl.1515151515151510590001311,713sl.1313App. 713131313103009010+3 /100kg max. 31MFNMFNsl.181818MFNMFN18MFN1101001510+10,4 /100kg max 45,5App.1aMFNsl.303030MFNMFN30App. 1111021000202020sl.151515202015201102201010+6,4 /100kg max 30,5MFNMFNsl.151515MFNMFN15MFN11029010404040sl.1515154040154011029030202020sl.15151520201520Source:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mingo.hr/hrvatski/FRcarina.htm" http://www.mingo.hr/hrvatski/FRcarina.htm 10019099 - wheat - remainding 1020000 - rye 1040000 - oat 1059000 - maize - remainding 1030090 - barley - remainding 11010015 - wheat flour 11021000 - rye flour 11022010 - maize flour (fat content include to 1,5 mass %) 11029010 - barley flour 11029030 - oat flour Table 4: Quotas and quotas tariffs for products from table 3. AppendixTariff noteQuotasIn quotas (prerogative) tariffsTariffs out of quotas1a10200005000MFN1101001590090% MFNMFN7100190991500015MFN10059000300009MFN11110100155001MFNSource:  HYPERLINK "http://www.mingo.hr/shared/download/CT_prilozi .pdf" http://www.mingo.hr/shared/download/CT_prilozi .pdf CONCLUSION Croatian agricultural production is traditional strong connected to, so called, capital-intensive crop production, such as cereals, what results with dominate wheat and maize share (66%) in sown structure. Actual cereal unorganized market situation includes rensom price problem, high input prices in agricultural production and factors which limit productivity (land-owner structure, old agricultural machinery etc.). Farmers decreas quantity and quality of neccesary input components and this is reason for lower average yields. Signing of Stabilization and Accesion Agreement and some bilateral agreemenst with EFTA's countries and most important middle-european partners obligated Croatia to respecting certain rules in foreign trade exchange. First result of engaging Croatia to the world integration events is domestic market opening for world and european products. Reinforcement of foreign trade deficit of cereals from the middle-european countries is provided by import which is charged by ad valorem tariffs and in some cases with prerogative, in quotas, tariff rates. Unreciprocal terms of foreign trade charging, defined by SAA with EU, which implicates better terms of exchange to Croatian products in relate to EU, insures expedient protection of domestic products. Second european and world market engaging result is easier entry of our products. Price uncompetitiveness of cereals and cereal producced products relating to trade partners, limits higher participation of these products in foreign trade exchange (10% of total exported agricultural products). Further, Croatia has low differentiation of quality cereal products in export program. Products sold by theirs quality and image in reach consumer group can provide better export chances on saturated west market. We are remained to create domestic products image by changing products structure which includes noted mark and quality and to provide certain share in foreign market to our producers. LITERATURE Boban, }. 1997. Svjetska trgovinska organizacija. Slobodno poduzetniatvo. 11-12: 237.-241. }imbrek, T. i sur. 2002. Nacionalni program za poljoprivredu i seoska podru ja  nacrt. Agronomski fakultet Sveu iliata u Zagrebu. Zagreb. ***. 1999. FAO Yearbook, Trade 1998. FAO. Rome. ***. 2002. Statistical Yearbook. Croatian Statistical Department. 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S obzirom na malo unutarnje tr~iate i gubitak tradicionalnih tr~iata, gospodarski razvoj Republike Hrvatske se ogleda u izvoznoj orijentaciji u kojoj poljoprivreda ima zna ajnu ulogu. Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati zna aj ~itarica te dati prijedloge mjera u svrhu bolje prilagodbe tr~iata ~itarica novim i buduim uvjetima. U radu su, izmeu ostalog, koriateni podaci Dr~avnog zavoda za statistiku, FAO publikacija i Ministarstva gospodarstva o carinskoj tarifi za analizu uvjeta vanjsko-trgovinske razmjene izmeu Hrvatske i osnovnih trgovinskih partnera na temelju va~eih multilateralnih i bilateralnih ugovora. }itarice kod nas participiraju s viae od dvije treine svih zasijanih povraina. U 2001. godini najzastupljeniji su bili kukuruz (56%) i paenica (33%) s zamjetnom dominacijom privatnog sektora u ukupnoj proizvodnji. Koeficijent robnosti je izuzetno nizak (oko 20%) ato ukazuje na loau tr~ianu organizaciju, uske distribucijske kanale, ali i visok stupanj autokonzuma. Relativni udio ~itarica u poljoprivrednom uvozu i izvozu iznosi oko 10%. Sa zemljama EU, CEFTA-e i EFTA-e Hrvatska se izborila za povoljnije uvjete razmjene koji se zasnivaju na slobodnoj trgovini, carinama na MFN osnovi, a za neke su proizvode uvratene kvote s propisanim preferencionalnim carinama.  Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek 1 calculated on the basis of average wheat, maize and barley yealds in 1999 in Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech, Austria, Italy, Germany and France.     H I68:~jheUhehTF- hV20JjhV20JUhChV2B*]phUhV28~gd2 5gdg 0&P 1h. 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