ࡱ> ceb7 h$bjbjUU .N7|7|h l^^^^^^^rr82BXXXXXXXw8y8y8y8y8y8y8$*: J<8^XXXXX8^^XX8X^X^Xw8Xw8 g2^^34X6 Pr$ 334D808!3<<34rr^^^^Choice of maize hybrids for acid soils based on field experiments Manda Antunovic*, Mirta Rastija, anda Vlado Kovacevic University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3 HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; *Corresponding author, e-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:mantun@pfos.hr" mantun@pfos.hr ABSTRACT Ten maize hybrids were grown on two soil types during 1998 and 1999. Maize yields on acid pseudogley (PS) were about 25% lower in comparison with neutral alluvial soil (AS). However, yield depressions among the hybrids on PS varied from 8% to 33%. OsSK554, OsSK425 and OsSK382 yielded on AS more than 30% lower (mean 9.10 t ha-1) than on AS (mean 13.42 t ha-1), while for OsSK332, OsSK444 and OsSK490exp these differences remained under 15% (means 10.57 and 11.89 t ha-1, respectively). Increase of corn yields without liming is possible with the choice of more tolerant hybrids. INTRODUCTION Soil acidity is certainly one of the most damaging soil conditions affecting the growth of most crops being in a number of cases a limiting factor of arable crop yield in the eastern Croatia, especially in its western part due to its prevailing degraded soils including those with low pH (Kovacevic and Basic, 1997). Corn is the most widespread crop on arable lands in Croatia and it occupies nearly 0.5 million ha which is nearly one third of the countrys arable land areas. The aim of this study was to test the response of corn hybrids on two soil types: acid soil of moderate fertility and alluvial soil of normal fertility. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten maize hybrids were grown on two soil types of Drava Valley in Slatina area during the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. The field trials were sown by pneumatic sowing machine in four replicates (experimental plot 14 m2). Planned plant density (PPD) depended on the hybrids and it was 71428, 63493 or 58310 plants/ha with seed row distance: 20.0, 22.5, or 24.5 cm, respectively and inter-row spacing of 70 cm. Maize was harvested in the period of October 1 to 10. Grain yields were calculated on 14% grain moisture basis and 90% PPD realization. The ear-leaf at the beginning of silking stage (the middle July) was taken from each plot for chemical analysis (about 25 leaves in the mean sample). Mean soil sample was taken by auger at the depth of 30 cm from each experimental plot in the autumn of 1997. The total P and K in soil and corn leaf samples were measured by ICP-AES after their microwave digestion using concentrated HNO3+H2O2, whereas N was determined by the Kjeldahl procedure. Mobile fraction of P and K in soils was extracted with ammonium acetate-EDTA (pH 4.65) by Lakanen and Ervio method (1971). Plant and soil analysis was conducted in the Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC), Budapest. Two typical soils of the Slatina area were chosen for experimentation. In general, neutral alluvial soil (NS) is more fertile in comparison with pseudogley (PS). Both soil types can be found near Sopje village. In comparison to PS, NS contains considerably higher levels of total and mobile fractions of Ca, Mg and P, but lower levels of K (Table 1). Table 1. Properties of the Sopje experimental fields (at the depth of 0-30 cm)  pH PercentContents of soil (mg kg-1): total (HNO3+H2O2 digestion) and mobile fraction (NH4Acet.+EDTA extraction)(KCl)Clay HumusCaMgPKNaAlluvial soil6.8112.721.35Total Mobile30800 1200020900 1760847 40.23760 64.7278 2.7Pseudogley3.8011.921.09Total Mobile2250 7304320 102571 17.72820 107.9162 5.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In general, considerable influences of the growing season, soil and inheritance on yields and ear-leaf composition were found in our investigations (Table 2). In both years of testing, maize yields on PS were about 25% lower in comparison with NS. The individual hybrids yielded from 10.40 to 12.35 t/ha (2-year means). Higher yields (2-year means) on NS were found for 3 hybrids (OsSK554, OsSK458 and OsSK568exp.: mean 14,01 t/ha), whereas OsSK444 yielded only 11,31 t/ha. At the same time, yields above 10 t/ha on PS were found for four maize hybrids (OsSK332, OsSK444, OsSK458 and OsSK490exp.: mean 10,84 t/ha), whereas OsSK413, OsSK382, OsSK425exp. and OsS425exp. yielded below 9 t/ha (mean 8,76 t/ha). Complex influences of soil types and hybrids on yields were found. Adequate N, P and K concentrations in maize leaves (mean 3.66% N, 0.335% P and 2.53% K) were found in this study. According to the available data (Mengel and Kirkby, 2001), adequate nutritional status of maize (the ear-leaf at the beginning of the silking stage) varies from 2.5 to 3.5% N, from 0.2 to 0.5% P and from 1.5 to 3.0% K. Acute deficiencies are mostly related to their concentrations being less than 2.0% N, 0.1% P and 1.0% K. Significant influences of growing season on ear-leaf composition were found for N and K, whereas P concentrations were similar in both testing years. Higher concentrations of N and K, as well as lower P concentrations were found in leaves when corn was grown on alluvial soil (means 3.75 and 3.56% N, 2.44 and 2.61 % K, 0.344 and 0.327 % P, for alluvial soil and pseudogley, respectively). These findings are in accordance with differences of humus contents and mobile fractions of P and K between the soil types. Table 2. Growing season (factor A), soil (factor B) and hybrid (factor C) influences on maize properties The factorGrain yield (t ha-1) and ear-leaf N, P and K concentrations (% in dry matter)t ha-1NPKt ha-1NPKAB interactionThe 1998 growing season (A1)The 1999 growing season (A2)Alluvial soil (B1) Pseudogley (B2)13.36 10.053.70 4.070.338 0.3312.28 2.5912.28 9.433.80 3.060.349 0.3242.60 2.63Mean A11.703.880.3342.4310.863.430.3362.61BC interactionAlluvial soil (B1)Pseudogley (B2)OsSK332 (C1) OsSK382 (C2) OsSK413 (C3) OsSK425exp (C4) OsSK444 (C5) OsSK458exp (C6) OsSK490exp (C7) OsSK552 (C8) OsSK554 (C9) OsSK568exp (C10)12.15 12.78 12.20 13.11 11.31 14.06 12.20 12.39 14.38 13.603.67 3.42 3.62 3.40 3.76 3.69 4.10 4.22 3.92 3.660.380 0.326 0.348 0.344 0.361 0.336 0.356 0.331 0.339 0.3172.62 2.74 2.77 2.12 2.62 2.31 2.19 2.50 2.25 2.2810.41 8.78 8.60 8.89 10.06 10.62 11.23 9.29 9.63 9.863.58 3.63 3.57 3.39 3.58 3.75 3.92 3.81 3.66 3.650.352 0.312 0.294 0.298 0.367 0.327 0.350 0.328 0.339 0.3062.59 2.89 2.79 2.27 2.63 2.50 2.37 3.00 2.62 2.44Mean B12.823.750.3442.449.743.560.3272.61Analysis of variance (LSD 5% and 1% significance)YieldNPK5%1%5%1%5%1%5%1%A B AB BC0.26 0.31 n.s. 0.830.34 0.41 1.210.16 0.12 0.17 0.37n.s. n.s. 0.23 0.54n.s. 0.03 0.04 0.018 0..004 0.006 0.0260.05 0.05 0.07 0.130.07 0.07 0.09 0.19 Also, hereditary factors have a considerable role in plant nutrients status since significant differences of maize leaf compositions among the hybrids were found under identical environmental conditions: from 3.39 to 3.92% N, from 0.311 to 0.366% P and from 2.20 to 2.81% K. In general, weak relation between yields and tested nutritional status of corn was found, most likely due to the adequate range of N, P and K concentrations in corn leaves. CONCLUSION Mostly significant influences of growing season, soil type and inheritance on corn yields and the ear-leaf N, P and K status were found in this study. However, low connection between yields and nutritional status of maize was found, most likely due to the adequate range of N, P and K concentrations in maize leaves. Choice of maize hybrids for soils of moderate fertility based on the field experiments is rather useful for maize yield improvement. REFERENCES Bergmann W 1992: Nutritional disorders of plants - development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, New York. Kovacevic V and Basic F 1997: The soil potassium resources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers in Croatia (Country Report 10). International Potash Institute Basel/Switzerland. Lakanen E., Ervio R. (1971): A comparison of eight extractans for the determination of plant available micronutrients in soils. Acta Agr. Fenn. 123, 223-232. Mengel K., Kirkby E. A. 2001. Principles of plant nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London. 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