ࡱ> Z\Y7 (bjbjUU 2R7|7|$l84H))))))))$O* o,v>)>)%S)%%%)%)%%&& .zP#<&&i)0)&,%,&%Response of corn hybrids to liming Vlado Kovacevic, Mirta Rastija*, and Ivan Juric University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3 HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; *Corresponding author, e-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:mantun@pfos.hr" mrastija@pfos.hr ABSTRACT Ten corn hybrids were grown under field conditions on acid soil (pH in 1n KCl = 4.279) in four replicates near Djakovo in 1993. Fertilization treatments (experimental plot 352 m2) were the following: a) control and b) control + liming with 15 t ha-1 sludge from Osijek sugar factory containing 37% CaO. The hybrids OsSK262, OsSK218, OsSK377 and OsSK553 (mean yield 5.54 t ha-1) can be classified as less tolerant, while the hybrids OsSK382, OsSK552 and OsSK644 (7.66 t ha-1) tolerant for growing on acid soils. Grain yield increases affected by liming ranged from 6% (OsSK382) to 45% (OsSK502). INTRODUCTION Soil acidity is certainly one of the most damaging soil conditions affecting the growth of most crops. Acid soils occupy about 30% (3.95 b ha) of the worlds ice-free land area (von Urxkull and Mutert, 1995). Plant growth-limiting factors in acid soils include deficiencies (N, P, Ca, Mg, Mo, Zn) and toxicities (Al, Mn, Fe, H) of certain elements. The efficiency of added fertilizers (N, P, K) is very low in acid soils. A combination of soil management practices, liming in combination with corrective levels of P, and the use of crop cultivars developed for these low pH conditions is a solution for maize production improvement in acid soils (Cregan et al., 1989). Acid soil is common in Croatia as well (Kovacevic and Basic, 1997). In general, liming of these soils is a usual recommendation for their improvement. Naturally occurring minerals which are commonly used to raise soil pH are limestone and dolomite. Also, waste products from manufacturing processes using limestone or similar raw materials can be used for neutralising soil acidity. The aim of this study was to test the response of corn to liming. MATERIAL AND METHODS The field experiment was conducted in the spring of 1993 by split-plot method in four replications on pseudogley (pH in 1n KCl = 4.27; humus = 1.82%) near Djakovo in Osijek-Baranya county. Fertilization treatments (experimental plot 352 m2) were the following: a) control (ordinary fertilization: 160 kg N + 120 kg P2O5 + 150 kg K2O/ha) and b) control + liming with 15 t ha-1 sludge from Osijek sugar factory (carbocalk) containing 37% CaO. Carbocalk was applied on April 21, 1993 and incorporated in soil to about 15 cm of depth by presowing tillage treatments. Ten corn hybrids were tested (experimental plot 7.7 m2 = 11 m row length) in each fertilization plot. Corn was sown manually on April 27, 1993. 3 seeds were sown at the 50 cm row spacing. The number of plants by plucking (two plants in 50 cm spacing: theoretical plant density = 57 144 plants/ha) was reduced at the early stage of corn growth (3-4 leaves stage). Corn was hand harvested. Corn grain yields were calculated on 14% moisture basis and 90% realization of theoretical plant density. Ear-leaf was taken for chemical analysis at the beginning of the silking stage from each plot. Mean sample contained about 25 leaves. Plant samples were digested by dry-ashing procedure (Isaak and Johnson, 1975). Potassium, calcium and zinc were determined by atomic absorption (Welz, 1975), whereas for nitrogen determination Kjeldahl procedure was used. Phosphorus was determined by molibdat-vanadat method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grain yields of tested corn hybrids ranged from 5.90 to 9.44 t/ha. Four hybrids yielded over 7.50 t ha-1 (OsSK644, OsSK552, OsSK502, and Bc6661), whereas the other three hybrids yielded about 6.00 t ha-1 (OsSK262, OsSK377 and OsSK553). Four hybrids (OsSK262, OsSK218, OsSK377 and OsSK553: mean yield 5.54 t ha-1) can be classified as less tolerant, three hybrids as relatively tolerant (OsSK456, Bc6661 and OsSK502: mean yield 6.47 t ha-1) and remaining three hybrids (OsSK382, OsSK552 and OsSK644: mean yield 7.66 t ha-1) as tolerant for growing on acid soils. Grain yield increases of corn hybrids affected by liming ranged from 6% (OsSK382) to 45% (OsSK502). Ear-leaf composition (in dry matter) at the beginning of the silking stage (means of ten hybrids for control and liming, respectively) were as follows: 2.99% and 3.15%**N, 0.272% and 0.284%**P, 1.99 and 1.91**%K, 0.93 and 0.93 %Ca, 38.0 and 35.4 ppm Zn. In general, genotype influences on ear-leaf composition were higher than liming influences. For example, the differences among hybrids (control treatment) were very significant varying from 2.70 to 3.27% N, from 0.233 to 0.296% P, from 1.80 to 2.16% K, from 0.73 to 1.12% Ca, and from 31.3 to 45.0 ppm Zn (Table 1). Table 1. Response of corn hybrids to liming Corn Control (A1) and liming with carbocalk 15 t/ha (A2): yield and ear-leaf composition (N, P, K, Ca and Zn on dry matter basis) at the silking stage hybrid (B)Grain yield (t/ha)*Calcium (% Ca)Zinc (mg Zn kg-1)A1A2Mean (B)A1A2Mean (B)A1A2Mean (B)OsSK218 OsSK262 OsSK377 OsSK382 OsSK456 OsSK502 OsSK552 OsSK553 OsSK644 Bc66615.48 5.45 5.71 7.07 6.35 6.42 7.75 5.51 8.18 6.657.63 6.35 6.33 7.46 7.55 9.31 9.14 6.53 10.70 8.376.56 5.90 6.02 7.27 6.95 7.87 8.45 6.02 9.44 7.511.01 0.88 1.12 1.01 1.05 0.92 0.89 0.83 0.73 0.890.98 1.03 1.08 0.91 1.01 0.88 0.86 0.80 0.76 0.971.00 0.96 1.10 0.96 1.03 0.90 0.88 0.82 0.75 0.9334.0 35.4 31.3 40.4 38.0 39.6 39.6 36.9 40.0 45.030.1 36.6 31.7 35.4 38.2 40.6 39.7 33.5 31.2 36.532.1 36.0 31.5 37.9 38.1 40.1 39.7 35.2 35.6 40.8Mean (A)6.477.947.200.930.930.9338.035.436.7LSD 5% LSD 1%A: 0.23 B: 0.53 AB: 0.79 0.42 0.70 1.13 A: n.s. B: 0.05 AB: 0.09 0.07 0.13 A: n.s. B: 4.0 AB: 7.4 5.3 10.2Nitrogen (%N)Phosphorus (%P)Potassium (%K)A1A2Mean (B)A1A2Mean (B)A1A2Mean (B)OsSK218 OsSK262 OsSK377 OsSK382 OsSK456 OsSK502 OsSK552 OsSK553 OsSK644 Bc66613.02 2.90 3.15 3.27 3.08 2.95 2.99 2.93 2.70 2.903.30 3.39 3.13 3.24 3.01 3.04 3.26 3.03 3.06 3.013.16 3.15 3.14 3.26 3.05 3.00 3.13 2.98 2.88 2.960.257 0.282 0.296 0.296 0.295 0.265 0.258 0.276 0.233 0.2600.285 0.333 0.309 0.302 0.268 0.261 0.280 0.287 0.251 0.2590.271 0.308 0.303 0.299 0.282 0.262 0.269 0.282 0.242 0.2601.97 1.89 1.80 2.05 1.84 1.87 2.16 2.12 2.13 2.111.96 1.73 1.76 2.16 1.77 1.72 2.04 2.03 1.98 1.921.97 1.81 1.78 2.11 1.81 1.77 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.02Mean (A)2.993.153.070.2720.2840.2781.991.911.95LSD 5% LSD 1% A: 0.03 B: 0.11 AB: 0.18 0.05 0.14 0.25A: 0.008 B: 0.015 AB: 0.027 0.012 0.200 0.037  A: 0.05 B: 0.08 AB: 0.14 0.08 0.10 0.20* 14% grain moisture and 90% RPD (realized plant density) basis; 100% RPD = 57144 plants/ha. Acid soils are widespread in the eastern Croatia. Ameliorative ploughing of acid soil on calcareous loess substrate to 100 cm of depth (Madjaric et al. 1971; Musac et al. 1982) increased soil pH (1n KCl) of surface soil layer from 4.5 to 6.7 and corn grain yield from 5.36 (control ploughing to 25 cm) to 9.01 t/ha. Three experimental fields with liming were conducted from 1980 to 1986. In general, maize, soybean and barley grain yields increased due to liming up to 10%, whereas wheat did not respond to lime application. Also, the effects of liming were differently expressed depending on the soil properties and the year of testing. The data obtained in these investigations was shown by Kovacevic et al. (1993). REFERENCES Cregan PD, Hirth JR and Conyers MK 1989: Amelioration of soil acidity by liming and other amendments. In "Soil acidity and plant growth, Academic Press Australia. p 205-264. Isaak RA and Johnson CW 1975: Collaborative study of wet and dry ashing techniques for the elemental analysis of plant tissue by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Jour. of the AOAC 58 (3) 436-440. Kovacevic V and Basic F 1997: The soil potassium resources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers in Croatia (Country Report 10). International Potash Institute, Coordinator Central/Eastern Europe, CH-4001 Basel/Switzerland. Kovacevic V, Bertic B, and Grgic D 1993: Response of maize, barley, wheat and soybean to liming on acid soils. Rostlinna Vyroba 39 (1) 41-52 Madjaric Z, Musac I, Mundweil J and Martinovic B 1971: Produzeno djelovanje duboke obrade lesiviranog smedjeg tla Podravine u interakciji s gnojidbom na prinos kukuruza. Savrem. poljopriv. 19 (11-2) 139-146. Musac I, Juric I and Kovacevic V, Zugec I and Madjar S 1982: The productivity of pseudoglay soils in Slavonia and the chemical changes which occur in the surface layer after meliorative tillage. In: Proc. ISTRO The Ninth Conference International Soil Tillage Research Organization, Osijek June 21-24, 1982 p.26-32. Welz B 1975: Atom Absorption Spectroscopie. 2., Vollig bearbeitete Auflage, Verlag Chemie, GMBH, Weinheim, BRD. von Uexkull HR and Mutert E 1995: Global extent, development and economic impact of acid soils. In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management. Eds. R.A. Date, N. J. Grunond, G. E. Rayment and M. E. 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