ࡱ> 5@BCbjbj22 .XXi:7888888T8<x^99999;;;]]]]]]]$._Ra^!pB;;"pBpB^992^KKKpB99]KpB]KKLrUTV99 `܋8HUV$H^0x^ Vnb KnbVnbV ;=XK>?~;;;^^d48KL8INFLUENCES OF FERTILIZATION BY PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CORN V. Kovacevic1, D. Banaj1, I. Brkic2, G. Bukvic1 Abstract: A field experiment with ameliorative fertilization was conducted in four replicates on the Luzani hydromorphic soil in 2001 as follows: a) control; b) a + 750 kg P2O5 ha-1; c) a + 1500 kg P2O5 ha-1; d) a + 750 kg K2O ha-1; e) a + 1500 kg K2O ha-1; f) = c + e. Phosphorus was applied as monoammonium phosphate (MAP: 12% N + 52% P2O5) and potassium as KCl. Residual effects of the ameliorative fertilization were tested in the next growing season (2002) with ordinary fertilizer application rate (kg ha-1: 177 N + 100 P2O5 + 150 K2O). In each plot of three corn hybrids were grown (OsSK44, OsSK552 and Bc5982). As affected by fertilizeration corn yields were increased in comparison with control up to 22% and 25% for 2001, and 2002, respectively. In both years of testing the hybrids OsSK444 and Bc5982 had similar yields. However, the yields of the OsSK552 were for 9% lower and for 10% higher in comparison to the remaining two hybrids for the 2001 and the 2002, respectively. Key words: Potassium, Phosphorus, Corn, Ameliorative fertilization, Hydromorphic soil, Croatia INTRODUCTION Adequate nutrition is an important factor for high yields the field crops. Soils in Croatia have different properties and are more or less suitable for intensive crop production [4]. Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) deficiencies are limiting factor on some soils. P deficiencies were mainly found on pseudoglay and similar soil types situated in the northwestern part of the Pannonian region and in the mountain region of the country. Also, there are examples, that P deficiency is combined with K deficiency. These disorders were found mainly in some hydromorphic soils with high clay contents and neutral to alkaline reactions and they are situated in left side of the Sava river lowland [2][5] [7]. Vukadinovic et al. [13] and Richter et al. [12] found strong P- and K fixation in these soils. MATERIAL AND METHODS The field experiment and soil characteristics A two-factorial field experiment (fertilization = the factor A; corn hybrid = the factor B) was started at 2 April 2001 on the Luzani hydromorphic soil with a low P and a moderate K contents (Table 1) according soil test by Lakanen and Ervio [10]. The experimental field is situated on the left side of the Sava lowland (Brod-Posavina County, Croatia). We applied increased rates of P and K fertilizers as follows: a) control (ordinary fertilization); b) a + 750 kg P2O5/ha; c) a + 1500 kg P2O5/ha; d) a + 750 kg K2O/ha; e) a + 1500 kg K2O/ha; f) = c + e. Phosphorus was applied as monoammonium phosphate (MAP: 12% N + 52% P2O5) and potassium as KCl. Urea (46% N) was used for equalization of N levels added by MAP. Residual effects of the ameliorative fertilization were tested in the next growing season (2002) and the experiment fertilized in levels of ordinary fertilization (kg ha-1: 500 NPK 7:20:30, 200 urea and 150 calcium ammonium nitrate = 177 N + 100 P2O5 + 150 K2O). Table 1. Soil characteristics (0-30 cm) of the experimental fields mg kg-1 soilpH%AL-methodLakanen-Ervio method (pH 4.6)H2OKClHumusP2O5K2OP2O5K2OCaMg5.064.821.7220.594.26.857.2810.076.4 In each plot of fertilization were grown three corn hybrids (OsSK444,OsSK552 and Bc5982). The field trials were conducted in four replicates by the split-plot method. Experimental plot of fertilization measured 64.3 m2. Corn was sown at end April/beginning May (planned plant density = PPD = 58310/ha; distance in row 24.5 cm) and harvested at beginning October. Grain yields were calculated on 90% of PPD and 14% grain moisture basis. Plant density realization and female-sterile plants frequency were determined as sum of plants from four replicates. Statistical analysis were made according Mead et al. [11]. Weather characteristics Excess of rainfall in June and September, their shortage in July and August, as well high temperatures in August, are main characteristics of weather during growing seasons of corn in 2001. In general, rainfall regime during the growing season of 2002 was more favorable with regard of corn needs. (Table 2), because under our environmental conditions, low yields of corn are oft in close connection with shortage of rainfall and the higher air-temperatures during July and August [6]. Table 2. Weather data for Slavonski Brod Rainfall (mm) and mean air-temp. (oC) - Slavonski Brod Weather Bureau1TotalMeanMayJuneJulyAugustSept.mmoCThe growing season 2001mm oC32 17.9188 17.825 21.932 22.2224 14.5501  18.9The growing season 2002mm oC80 18.155 21.078 22.4122 20.7136 15.2471 19.5Long-term means 1981-1999mm oC68 16.385 19.475 21.569 20.871 16.6368 18.91 approx. air-distance of the exp. field from Slavonski Brod toward west about 25 km RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In general, considerable influences of applied fertilization and hybrids on corn yields were found in our investigations (Table 3). Mean grain yields of corn in the experiment were 8.01 and 7.14 t ha-1, for the 2001 and 2002 growing season, respectively. However, these differences of yields are non-significant (Fig. 1). Also, the yields are moderate in comparison with the genetic potential of these high-yielding corn hybrids and the weather characteristics during the growing seasons. In 2001, only the higher rate of fertilizers resulted in significant yield differences as follows: yield increases for 18% (influences of P) and 22% (influences P and K) and yield decreases for 10% (influences of K). We presume that the main reason for this type of corn response to fertilization is affected by the ameliorative fertilization before sowing and incorporation of the fertilizers in the surface layer until 10-15 cm by presowing soil tillage treatments. Residual response of ameliorative fertilization on corn yields in the next growing season was considerably higher, probably because of the fertilizer distribution until depth of ploughing (25-30 cm) by post harvest soil tillage. For example, as affected by P fertilization yield increases were 19 % (750 kg P2O5 ha-1) and 25% (1500 kg P2O5 ha-1), respectively. Influences of both rates of KCl were similar and lower in comparison with P influences because yields were increased for 13% in comparison to the control. Application of both nutrients in the rate of 1500 kg ha-1 resulted by yield increases for 21% (Table 3). In our investigation we found considerable influences of the hybrids on corn yields. In both year of testing the hybrids OsSK444 and Bc5982 had similar yields. However, the yields of the OsSK552 were for 9% lower and for 10% higher in comparison to the remaining two hybrids for the 2001 and the 2002, respectively. However, plant density realization, female-sterile plant contributions and grain moisture at harvesting were less depended on applied treatments (Tab. 4). Table 3. Grain yields of corn as affected by P and K fertilization Luzani 2001 and 2002 Grain yield of corn (t/ha) on 90%TPD* and 14% grain moisture basis Corn hybridAmeliorative amounts (kg/ha) on ordinary fertilization (the factor A)(the factor B)a 0b 750 P2O5c 1500 P2O5d 750 K2Oe 1500 K2Of c + eMean (B)The growing season 2001OsSK 444 Bc5982 OsSK5527.14 7.45 8.297.40 8.02 8.409.39 8.55 8.977.35 6.72 7.776.45 6.82 7.459.18 8.87 9.977.82 7.74 8.48Mean (A)7.637.948.977.286.919.348.01LSD 5% LSD 1%A 0.51 0.70B 0.28 0.37AB 0.76 1.02The growing season 2002**OsSK 444 Bc5982 OsSK5526.25 6.51 5.887.66 7.56 6.938.24 7.92 7.197.35 7.30 6.467.24 7.19 6.567.61 7.82 7.037.39 7.37 6.67Mean (A)6.207.397.787.026.987.48LSD 5% LSD 1%A 0.52 0.73B n.s.AB n.s. * TPD = theoretical plant density: 58310 plants/ha; 90% TS = 52479 plants/ha ** residual influences of ameliorative fertilization (ordinary fertilization of the experiment) Table 4. Plant density realization (PDR in % of TPD), female-sterile plants frequency (FSP in % of total) and grain moisture at term of harvest as affected by applied fertilization Plant density realization (PDR in %TPD), female-sterile plants frequency (FSP in % of total) and grain moisture (GM)The property of cornAmeliorative fertilization(means of three hybrids)a 0b 750 P2O5c 1500 P2O5d 750 K2Oe 1500 K2Of c + eMean (B) The growing season 2001PDR in % of TPD FSP in % of total Grain moisture (%)86.3 5.6 25.884.3 4.9 24.887.3 4.7 24.986.8 6.9 25.684.0 6.7 26.581.9 5.7 26.285.1 5.8 25.6 The growing season 2002PDR in % of TPD FSP in % of total Grain moisture (%)86.9 6.8 29.290.2 9.6 29.286.4 4.8 28.988.7 6.7 29.487.1 5.9 29.985.5 6.1 29.587.5 6.6 29.3 Similar nutritional problems were found in our previous investigations. Application of either P or K fertilizers up to 2550 kg (P2O5 or K2O ha-1) resulted in considerable increases of soybean yields [1] or corn yields [9]. For example, by using the highest rates of the P and K fertilizers, grain yields of corn were increased for 87% (K influences) and 41% (P influences) in comparison with the control (3.81 t/ha). At the same time, grain yields of soybean increased for 40% (K) and 37% (P). Disorders of corn growth and chlorosis at early growth stage (violet color of leaves) were obtained on some soils of Eastern Croatia, especially during a moist and cold spring. These disorders were in close connection with low P and excess of Al and Fe in corn plants [8]. Phosphorus deficiency was found also on the right side of the Sava lowland in Bosnia and Hercegovina [8]. By comparison of normal and chlorotic corn plants at the 6-8 leaves stage, which were grown at different places of the same plot, we found the following: 18.84 and 2.78 mg of dry matter plant-1, 4.6 and 2.9 mg P g-1, 0.47 and 3.82 mg Al g-1, 0.41 and 2.93 mg Fe g-1, for normal and chlorotic plants, respectively. Chlorotic plants were grown in the places of more acid soil reaction (pH in KCl: 4.84 and 4.07, respectively), while P (AL-method) status in soil was low and mutually similar (about 80 mg P2O5 kg-1). Kovacevic et al. [3] tested response of five corn hybrids on ameliorative K fertilization until 1250 kg K2O ha-1 in KCl form on two soils. In the first year of testing, significant response of corn to applied fertilization was found only in the one experiment by yield increases up to 14% in comparison to the control. Differences of yields among the hybrids in this trial were from 10.55-to 11.34 t ha-1. Two corn hybrids (OsSK444 and OsSK458) yielded more (mean 11.18 t ha-1) in comparison with remaining three hybrids (OsSK552, Bc5982 and Florencia: mean 10.70 t ha-1). CONCLUSION Ameliorative fertilization by P and K on Luzani hydromorphic soil resulted in significant increases of corn yields. In the 2001, only the higher rate of fertilizers resulted by significant yield increases up to 22%. Residual response of the fertilization on corn yields in the next growing season was considerably higher because yields were increased until 25% in comparison to the control. We recommend ameliorative fertilization with P and K fertilizers for yield increases on the some hydromorphic soils in Croatia. Acknowledgements These investigations were supported by Ministry of Science and Technology Zagreb, Croatia (the project 079017). REFERENCES [1] Kovacevic V. (1993): Overcoming of phosphorus and potassium deficiency in soybean on gleysol of Croatia. Rostlinna vyroba 39 (4): 345-352. [2] Kovacevic V. (1994): Excess of Mg as a factor of K deficiency in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. In Golf S, Dralle D and Vecchiet L (ed) Magnesium 1993. John Libbey and Company Ltd. London. p.89-97. [3] Kovacevic V., Antunovic M., Zdunic Z. (2002): Role of potassium fertilization and inheritance for resistance of corn to stalk lodging. In: Fertilizers in Context with Resource Management in Agriculture (Topbas M. T. and C. Hera Ed.).International Scientific Centre of Fertilizers (CIEC) and Gaziosmanpasa University in Tokat, Turkey. p. 239-246. [4] Kovacevic V., Basic F. (1997): The soil potassium resources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers in Croatia (Country Report 10). International Potash Institute, Coordinator Central/Eastern Europe, CH-4001 Basel/Switzerland. [5] Kovacevic V., and D. Grgic. 1995. Response of soybeans to potassium fertilization on a high potassium fixing soil. Rostlinna vyroba 41(5):246-248. [6] Kovacevic V., Josipovic M. (1998): Weather and soil limitations for corn growing in the Eastern Croatia. In: M. Zima and M. L. Bartosova, (eds): Short Communications, Vol. II, Fifth Congress of ESA, 28 June2 July, 1998, Nitra, The Slovak Republic.: 157-158. [7] Kovacevic V., Vukadinovic V. (1992a): The potassium requirements of maize and soyabean on a high K-fixing soil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 9:10-13. [8] Kovacevic V., Vukadinovic V. (1992b): Phosphorus deficiency in maize plants used for seed production. In Phosphorus, Life and Environment from Research to Application, Cottenie A. (ed.). World Phosphate Institute Casablanca, Maroc. p.688-690. [9] Kovacevic V., Vukadinovic V., Bertic B. (1997): Response of maize to soil stress and fertilization on strong K-fixing soil. In: Ando T., Fujita K., Mae T., Matsumoto H.,Mori S. and Sekiya J.(eds.): Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences. Vol. 78: Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment Proc. of the XIII Intern. Plant Nutrition Colloquium. 13-19 Sept. 1997. Tokyo. Kluwer Acad. Publ. Printed in Japan: 315-316. [10] Lakanen, E., Ervio, R. (1971): A comparison of eight extractans for the determination of plant available micronutrients in soils. Acta Agr. Fenn. 123:223-232. [11] Mead R., Curnow R. N., Hasted A.M. (1996): Statistical methods in agriculture and experimental biology. Chapman & Hall, London. [12] Richter D., V. Kovacevic, and R. Flossmann.1990.Ergebnisse and Untersuchung von K-fixierenden Boden Jugoslawiens. Richtig dungen-mehr ernten, Kali-Begbau Handelsg. mbH Berlin, 14 (2):1-6. [13] Vukadinovic V., Bertic B., Kovacevic V. (1988): Kalium- und Phosphorverfuegbarkeit auf den Boeden im Gebiet von Posavina. Tag. Bericht Akad. Landwirtsch. Wiss. DDR, Berlin. No 267: 73-80. ABOUT THE AUTHORS 1Prof. Dr. Vlado Kovacevic,Prof. Dr. Djuro Banaj and Prof. Dr. Gordana Bukvic: University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia. E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:vladok@pfos.hr" vladok@pfos.hr 2Dr. Ivan Brkic, Agricultural Institute, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia. 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