ࡱ> dfc5@!bjbj22 6>XXnnnn8RT('&&&&&&&$)RT+&PPP&nn&P|n8&P&~"+%% p@%[&L&0('%+ ^+,%nnnn+%`hTE &&vj:vTime modulation of electron and atom density in high-pressure Na-Cd and Na-Hg AC-driven discharges D. Veza1, T. Bizjak1, Z. Miokovic2 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Bijenicka 32P.O.Box 331, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia 2Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. Trpimira 2b, 31000 Osijek, Croatia Contact:  HYPERLINK "mailto:veza@phy.hr" veza@phy.hr ABSTRACT We measured the time-dependent spectra from high-pressure Na-Cd and Na-Hg discharges in order to compare the electron density, the electron temperature, and the density of neutral atoms in two similar discharges. The electron temperature and density, and the density of neutral atoms have been determined analyzing the shift and broadening of the sodium atomic lines. The final results have been compared with the available theoretical and experimental data. INTRODUCTION We report a preliminary study of the electron temperature and density as well as the density of neutral atoms in high-pressure Na-Cd and Na-Hg discharges using a time-resolved technique. The standard high-pressure sodium discharge lamp [1, 2] is a wall-stabilized electric arc burning at a high mercury and sodium pressure. The lamp burner is made of high-density polycrystalline alumina ceramics (PCA) with electrodes cemented to the tube ends. Unfortunately, the PCA is a translucent rather than transparent material, so that unconventional plasma diagnostic techniques must be used for determination of plasma parameters. Nowadays mercury is considered as an environmental hazard, and the lamps containing metallic zinc as a direct mercury replacement are studied [3]. Here we present a study of an alternate lamp, based on the sodium-cadmium-xenon filling. This discharge shows optical and electrical similarities to NaHg and NaZn discharges, since Hg, Cd and Zn belong to the same group (2B) in the periodic table. The element intended for a direct mercury replacement in high pressure sodium (HPNa) or in high intensity discharge (HID) lamps must posses three crucial features [3]. First, it must have a large momentum transfer cross section for elastic electron scattering. Second, it must have a large enough partial pressure at working arc temperature. Third, it must posses large ionization energy and a high excitation energy of first excited levels. The fulfillment of first two requirements guarantees adequate plasma impedance, what is important from the practical point of view (technical similarity to NaHg discharge). The large excitation and ionization energy is needed in order to avoid the significant influence of the mercury replacer to the visible spectrum. Cadmium as a mercury replacer satisfies all three requirements, but, unfortunately, it is less environment - friendly than metallic zinc. However, the presented data could be of interest for a better and more complete understanding of the physics and chemistry of high-pressure sodium- as well as metal-halide discharges. EXPERIMENT We used a medium resolution monochromator with a photomultiplier sensitive in the visible, box-car detection (allowing time-resolution) followed by A/D conversion, and computer data acquisition. The measurements have been performed using 400W Na-Cd and Na-Hg high-pressure discharges operated vertically, with appropriate conventional inductive chokes. Xe is present as a starting gas, at a cold gas pressure of about 20 Torr. The discharges were driven by a standard 50 Hz a.c. line source. The integral light output of the discharge has been monitored by a photodiode, and used as a trigger signal for the box-car averager. With an appropriate choice of the aperture duration time and the aperture delay time the time-dependent behavior of the discharge spectrum was studied. RESULTS In principle, all plasma features (the electron temperature, the electron and ion density, the density of neutral species) all vary with the phase of the exciting current. The spectrum taken at the current reversal (see Fig. 1) shows much narrower sodium lines compared to the same lines measured at current maximum. The considerable difference in the atomic line widths and the drowning into the continuum of the lines from higher s and d levels at current maximum indicates a significant variation in electron density over a quarter-period (5 ms) of the a.c. line voltage.  Figure 1. A comparison of the current-reversal and the current-maximum spectra. The densities of ground state sodium, mercury (or cadmium) atoms are determined by measuring the spacing between the self-reversed maxima of the sodium resonance lines at 589/590 nm. This is a mature technique which works well in all high-pressure sodium discharges [4]. The sodium density depends on the shift of the blue self-reversed maximum, and the density of mercury (cadmium) depends on the shift of the red self-reversed maximum of the sodium resonance lines. We found that the densities of ground state atoms do not change appreciably with the phase of the driving current. The densities change only if the rms current is changed. The electron density has been determined from the measurements of the Stark-shift of the 72S1/2 32P1/2;3/2 line [5] and the electron temperature was determined using Bartels method (6]. In this method, the electron temperature of the plasma is determined from the line shape of a neutral atom line (except the resonance line). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated a method for determining the time-variations of the electron density, electron temperature and the density of neutral atoms in high-pressure sodium discharge. As a test case we investigated the Na-Cd discharge, where cadmium vapor has been used as the direct mercury vapor replacer. We observed a considerable variation of electron density and temperature, and much smaller variations of the density of neutral particles with the phase of the exciting current. The same experimental approach is currently used in a similar investigation of the sodium-based metal-halide discharge. REFERENCES [1] K. Schmidt, Proc. 6th Int Conf Ion Phen in Gases, Paris, 1963, (1963) 323. [2] J.J. de Groot and J.A.J.M. van Vliet, The high-pressure sodium lamp, Philips TL (Deventer, 1986). [3] M. Born, J. Phys.D: Appl.Phys. 34, (2001) 909. [4] P. A. Reiser and E. F. Wyner, J. Appl. Phys. 57 (1985) 1623. [5] Z. Miokovic, D. Veza, unpublished results [6] H. Bartels, Z. 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