ࡱ> Y[X7 WbjbjUU .f7|7| At that time rationalization was the guiding principle of the development of identification systems. It development was the result of the cooperation of three professions in the book sector: librarians, publishers and booksellers. The identification systems as a kind of rationalization existed even before but they were confined to individual publishing houses. Lack of cheap labor for the identification of book titles in the book trade, need for exact citation and the introduction of computers and later on their networking led to the development of a universal book identifier. The identification numbering of the ISO as a basis of rationalization was from the very beginning, an international effort supported by East and West. At the eleventh plenary session of the International Standards Organization's technical committee 46(documentation) in Moscow in June 1967, Robert W. Frase, senior associate managing director and economist of the American Book Publishers Council, presented a paper on book numbering by Daniel Melcher, president of Bowker. Since that meeting, Russian book trade spokesman have expressed interest in cooperating in an international book numbering system. The documents of this meeting in Moscow show that there was no doubt as to the universal recognition of international standardization as a factor in promoting technical progress, trade, and cultural ties between countries. <1> On the basis of such identifiers bibliographic tools like books-in-print catalogues were developed in the seventies which contributed considerably to the exchange of information in the book sector and increased the availability of publications. It should be mentioned that in 1969, there was no need to refer to the book definition when talking about the International Standard Book Number. Yet, in 1970 it was obvious that ISBN could not be applied to serial publications and that it was necessary to define serial publication. Consequently, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) was set up as the identification code for serials. In the second half of the twentieth century technological development made it possible to publish books on media other than paper. This resulted in changes in the size and equipment of books, and the classification of what was and what was not a book according to number of pages began to complicate book management. The ISBN was originally introduced in 1966 to identify the printed book and improve book management in an automated world, but in time it also began to be used for books that were not published on paper only. Its allocation is supervised by standardization organizations and the ISO 2108 gives the principles and procedure for its use. The ISBN identifies a title or the edition of a title put out by a specific publisher on the international level, and it is unique to that particular edition <3>. One of the goals the system had to comply with was universality, and in 1974 it was clearly stated that the International Standard Book Number is a universally accepted method of numerically designating books <5>. Although this only referred to printed books at that time, publishers soon began to put out books on media that were not exclusively paper. In 1977 the International ISBN Agency Panel fully authorized national ISBN agencies to allocate ISBNs to material other than books put out by publishers and retailed through bookshops. In 1978 the Panel proposed a revision of the ISO standard to define the book as any medium intended to be read <6>. Various forms of non-book material were officially included in the system in the following order: machine-readable tapes and multiple media (1975), video tapes, microfiche and films produced for educational purposes (1977), software (1983), audio books on cassettes (1986), machine-readable tapes and CD-ROM (1986). In 1993 the formulation began of Guidelines for allocating ISBNs to non-book material, and it was firmly decided that whereas ISBN allocation does not depend on the physical format of the book, the definition of electronic publications would have to include the requirement of public availability. All the work on identifying non-book material in the ISBN system was finally united in a single document, Notes on the allocation of ISBNs to non-printed books <7>. Despite the mentioned development in the application of ISBN, at the end of the twentieth century a book was still officially defined in accordance with the 1985 Unesco recommendation as a non-periodic publication of at least 49 pages exclusive of the cover pages, published in a particular country and made available to the public <2>. This definition was adopted in the ISO 9707:1991 <3> with a Note saying that Within the ISBN system, books include microfilm and mixed media publications. In the age of intensified standardization it has become clear that the book, primarily a cultural asset, becomes a commodity when it receives its ISBN (International Standard Book Number). At he same time an increasing need for a new definition of book that would reflect the changes that have already taken place in size and medium, and indicate future development occurred. The authors purpose was to revise the definition of the book, and she based her research on the ISBN, the International Standard Book Numbering System. The author considered that the ISBN is the only practical parameter whose allocation defines the book not only in the practical but in the theoretic sense as well, which is what led her to a definition of the electronic book. This is the first research into what the concept of book covers in the above system. In 1999 the author researched a sample of 40 countries on four continents to discover which publications in a particular country are allocated an ISBN. The results showed that all the sample countries allocate an ISBN to printed books, as the most widespread book form. Some countries also mark pamphlets but in doing so they use additional criteria besides the size of the publication, such as the quality of the text and pictures and the purpose of the pamphlet. Countries differ in what they define as a pamphlet. In New Zealand a pamphlet must have more than four pages, on Cyprus more than 16 pages, in Sri Lanka at least four pages. This complies with the definition of the pamphlet approved by the Unesco General Conference in 1964, whereby a pamphlet is a non-periodical of at least five but not more than 48 pages, exclusive of the cover pages. Twenty out of 27 countries allocate an ISBN to mixed media publications, which shows that it has become customary to mark combinations of printed material and newer media. Fourteen countries mark educational videos and transparencies, 17 mark audio books on cassettes, 17 mark audio books on CDs, 16 mark software. Microfilm publications are allocated an ISBN in 16 countries, 21 countries mark CD-ROM and diskette publications, and 16 countries mark Internet publications <8>. These results show that the number of publications that are considered books has increased, and that in three decades the ISBN has grown from an identifier for the printed book to an identifier for a product of monographic character published in any medium <8>. This is completely consistent with the view presented in the above Notes: The medium is never of crucial importance. A product which by its content, periodical nature or purpose has the function of a book is suitable for being included in the system regardless of whether the medium is paper, fabric, animal skin, film, tape or disc. <7> The great spread of the ISBN system affected the traditional parameters defining the book, such as size and medium. The firm boundary based on number of pages that differentiated between the book and the pamphlet has gradually disappeared and emphasis is now laid on a work of monographic character with the function of a book published in any medium. It was not until 1999 that the electronic book began to gain more importance in the plans of publishers and in the holdings of libraries. Since then it has been an object of interest for publishers, librarians and book traders, and also of professionals outside the traditional book sector, information scientists and lawyers, who are trying to formulate the rules for its successful management. This has resulted in the pressing need to define the electronic book as precisely as possible. The author has defined the electronic book as one or more files of monographic character available to the public online or in physical form (on CD-ROM, diskette) <8>. In addition to text, it may include pictures and sounds, links with related online pages, and programs to change and supplement it. The electronic book is recommended to have an ISBN, either as its only identifier or as part of the DOI and URN identifiers specific for electronic material. The electronic book may be available in various formats <8>. In the electronic environment it is even more important than in the traditional book sector to clearly define concepts such as publication, edition and publisher. Electronic trading demands standardized identification of items, especially those that are protected by copyright, and this includes the electronic book. Therefore the electronic book must clearly show who is its publisher, as the natural and legal person in charge of its publication and the investor in its production and distribution. The speed with which electronic books can be electronically managed makes it important to recognize that a distributor becomes the publisher of a particular book, and may become part of the ISBN system, as soon as he acquires the copyright for that title. At the moment when an electronic book is identified as a publishing product the question necessarily arises of its edition. An edition is a product of monographic character that includes sufficient contextual differences in relation to the same or similar contents with the same title, and it is the publisher who decides what these differences should consist of. A new edition is defined by: a) changes in format of the computer file, and/or b) changes of content exclusive of a new form of packaging and proof reading <8>. The right of reproduction and the right of distribution are crucial in publishing the printed book, whereas the basic right for the electronic book is the right of accessibility. An electronic book cannot be read unless it is accessed, and the conditions for access are contractually arranged between the publisher or distributor and the reader. Publication is any procedure that makes a work available to the public. For the electronic book, copyright includes both the right of electronic reproduction and the right of publication in the sense of making the book available to the public, which is of crucial importance. This exclusive copyright enjoyed by authors protects the transfer and the act of communicating a work. <9> Regulated legal relations between author and publisher are known to underpin traditional publishing, and when information technology was introduced it became necessary to establish such relations in electronic publishing as well. The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) took steps and in 1996 introduced the WIPO Copyright Treaty. This treaty protects electronic books as compilations of data or other material, in any form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations (Article 5), and it also protects them as computer programs, which are protected as literary works, whatever may be the mode of their expression (Article 4). The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty protects electronic books and other contemporary book forms that contain audio recordings. The preamble to the Copyright Treaty recognizes the need to maintain a balance between the rights of authors and the larger public interest, particularly education, research and access to information, as reflected in the Berne Convention. EU Directive of May 22, 2001 restricts authors rights to the benefit of public libraries and other public institutions, and persons with special needs <10>. In the beginning it seemed that no special identifier was needed for managing books without copyright, nor that it was necessary to indicate that these were new editions and who had published them. But now, when librarians are discussing and deciding about the storage of digitalized electronic books, it has become clear that these are completely new editions and that any material made publicly available on the Internet has in fact been published in the real sense of that word. Therefore, it deserves an ISBN and information about the publisher. Professional results to date have shown that libraries will retain these basic roles even in the electronic environment. National bibliographies will keep their function in the service of Universal Bibliographic Control although the specific nature of the digital medium demands revising the size of the national bibliography and therefore opens new forms of cooperation between libraries and publishers <11>. Electronic publishing and online availability of bibliographic entries brought about a revolution in the relationship between publication and bibliographic entry. Bibliography is more than an aid in identifying the electronic book, it is the means of directly accessing the book itself, which is a great help for the reader and good promotion for the publisher. This makes the timely identification of publications and metadata exchange between publisher and librarian very important. Most recently developed identifiers require metadata to be provided with. The ISTC - International Standard Textual Code (International Standard Draft ISO 21047) is intended to number textual works prior to publication. According to the standard, a text work is a distinct abstract creation of intellectual or artistic content, composed predominantly of a combination of words, whose existence is revealed, or is intended to be revealed, through one or more manifestations. Publishers seem very interested in numbering works, because they prefer to have a unique number to put into contracts with authors. The authors and their agents want to identify their works, clearly and unambiguously, right from the time the work is first proposed. Bibliographic agencies have an interest in being able to link bibliographic records for manifestations back to a single identifier for works. Libraries find it useful to link records in Worldcat. National collecting societies collecting payments for photocopies and libraries are also interested. Some identifiers are developed to support the concept of granularity like for ex. BICI (Book Item and Contribution Identifier) and SICI (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier). The DOI Digital Object Identifier is a system which provides a mechanism to interoperably identify and exchange intellectual property in the digital environment. The DOI can be applied at any level of granularity; in other words, there is no preset definition of the size or form of an entity that may be identified with a DOI. Rather the decision as to what a DOI identifies is taken by the registrant on a purely functional basis -- what is it that I need to be able to identify? This is an application of what the indices analysis calls functional granularity. The principle of functional granularity proposes that "it should be possible to identify an entity whenever it needs to be distinguished". It is important to mention that the assignment of a unique ISBN to each format of an electronic book has called for redefinition of ISBN as a 13-digit identifier rather than a 10-digit identifier, as is currently the case. The ISO has addressed this matter in their draft specification for the 13-digit ISBN, stating that each format of an electronic product is to be assigned to each format of an electronic product. Conclusion The possibility of publishing electronic works, their online transfer and finally digital printing has created the content to fit the reader. Material that has the function of a book has become more available because limiting factors such as time, space and to certain degree money have decreased. Nevertheless the question remains how deeply into a work or publication an identifier should go. Though the concept of functional granularity is supported by some identification systems for the purpose of digital management and e-commerce the traditional concepts modified by the change of medium still resist this pressure of granularity. Library world still needs definitions of its traditional concepts in order to collect, use and preserve publications successfully. Key words: book numbering, definition of the book, definition of the electronic book, printed materials, ISBN, ISTC, DOI, electronic publishing REFERENCES Ehlers, Hans-Jrgen. Identification Numbering in the Book, Library and Information World. // ISBN review 15(1994), p. 89-214. Unesco revised recommendations concerning the international standardisation of statistics on the production and distribution of books, newspapers and periodicals. Paris : Unesco, 1985. ISO 9707-1991. Information and documentation. Statistics on production and distribution of books, newspapers, periodicals and electronic publications. URL: http:  HYPERLINK http://www.iso.ch/ www.iso.ch/ ISO 2108. 3rd ed. 1992-05-15. Information and documentation. International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN). Genve : ISO, 1992. ISBN system. Berlin : International ISBN Agency, 1974. International ISBN Agency. Advisory Panel. // ISBN review 2(1978) Mollison, Alan. Notes on the allocation of ISBNs to non-printed books. // ISBN review 16(1995), str. 87-92. }ivkovi, Daniela. Elektroni ka knjiga (The Electronic Book). Zagreb : Multigraf, 2001.. WIPO Copyright Treaty, Genve, 1996. Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. URL: http://www.ivir.nl/legislation/eu/copyright-directive.doc Horvat, Aleksandra. Nacionalna tekua bibliografija u slu~bi Univerzalne bibliografske kontrole (The role of the national current bibliography in UBC). // Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 43,1/2(2000), str. 1-8.  A research sample of forty countries was used because in 1999 the national ISBN agencies of those countries submitted an annual report to the International ISBN Agency. Respondents from 27 countries filled in a questionnaire: Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sri Lanka. Sweden and the USA.  The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and URN (Uniform Resource Name) are identifiers used for managing electronic and other kinds of material on the Internet. Both include the ISBN as a composite part when they are being used to identify an electronic book.  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