ࡱ > 5@ u bjbj22 X X gx r r r r J s s s 8 s l 2t J [ x x " $x $x $x y y y $ R c 4 y y " y y y 4 r r $x $x y r 8 $x $x y n $x w `-s s y F + 0 [ Z Z ( n r r r r n y y y y y y y 4 4 J J Do s J J s N i v e s S i r o n i - B o n e f a
i
N e l a J u r k o
F i l o z o f s k i f a k u l t e t , Z a g r e b
O d s j e k z a t a l i j a n i s t i k u
P R I S T U P L E K S I K U U N A S T A V I T A L I J A N S K O G J E Z I K A
U n a s t a v i s t r a n o g j e z i k a j a s n a j e n u ~n o s t u s p o s t a v l j a n j a s u o d n o s a i z m e u f o n o l o ak e , m o r f o s i n t a k t i
k e i l e k s i
k e r a z i n e . D o k j e p r i s t u p p r v i m d v j e m a s a s t a v n i c a m a , k a o z a t v o r e n i m u s t r o j i m a , g l o t o d i d a k t i
k i o d r e e n , u p r i s t u p u l e k s i k u , k a o o t v o r e n o j s a s t a v n i c i p o d l o ~n o j s t a l n o m ai r e n j u v i d l j i v o j e o d r e e n o k o l e b a n j e .
O
i t o j e d a j e z a k o m u n i k a c i j u p o t r e b n o p o z n a v a n j e i l e k s i k a i u s t r o j a n j e g o v o g p o v e z i v a n j a u p o r u k u j e r p r e p o z n a v a n j e i u p o r a b a i z d v o j e n i h r i j e
i n e o m o g u a v a n i p r a v u k o m u n i k a c i j u a n i t o
n o o d r e i v a n j e s e m a n t i
k o g z n a
e n j a r i j e
i . N a i m e n e p o s t o j i j e z i
n i z n a k k o j i p o s v o j o j p r i r o d i n i j e p r e d o d r e e n d a s e s p o j i s d r u g i m j e z i
n i m z n a k o v i m a s t v a r a j u i r e
e n i c e k o j e s l u ~e z a k o m u n i k a c i j u ( E . B e n v e n i s t e , 1 9 7 4 . , 1 7 1 - 1 7 6 ) .
T u m a
e n j e i r a z u m i j e v a n j e n o v i h r i j e
i u n a s t a v i j e a k t i v a n p r o c e s k o j i s e m o r a o d v i j a t i u k o m u n i k a c i j s k o j s i t u a c i j i , a v e z a n j e z a t r e n u t a k u v o e n j a n o v o g t e k s t a s n e p o z n a t i m p o j m o v i m a . U s v a j a n j e r i j e
i p o v e z a n o j e s p r a v i l n i m o d a b i r o m , k o n t e k s t u a l i z a c i j o m , t u m a
e n j e m i r a z u m i j e v a n j e m , u v j e ~b a v a n j e m , p a m e n j e m i m o t i v a c i j o m k a o i s a s p o s o b n o au a k t i v n e u p o r a b e u n o v i m s i t u a c i j a m a . S l u aa t i i l i
i t a t i i r a z u m j e t i t e k s t n a s t r a n o m j e z i k u n e z n a
i s a m o u s p o s t a v i t i s u o d n o s i z m e u r i j e
i k o j e s e p o j a v l j u j u u k o n t e k s t u s n j i h o v i m l e k s i
k i m z n a
e n j e m v e z n a
i o s t v a r i t i n o v u v r i j e d n o s t p o s r e d s t v o m a k t i v n o g t u m a
e n j a ( H . G . W i d d o w s o n , 1 9 8 3 . , 9 4 ) . M e u t i m r a z u m i j e v a n j e r i j e
i u n a s t a v i
e s t o j e t e k p r i b l i ~n o i o s n i v a s e n a u
e n i k o v i m p r e t p o s t a v k a m a o m o g u i m z n a
e n j i m a . U r a n o j ak o l s k o j d o b i
e s t o p o k r e t , m i m i k a i l i p o n a v l j a n j e o d r e e n i h f i z i
k i h a k t i v n o s t i i l i m e l o d i j e d o v o d i d o a u t o m a t s k o g p r i s j e a n j a r i j e
i . K l i ae i z i r a n i i r i t u a l n i o b l i c i k o m u n i k a c i j e p r i d o n o s e u t o m s l u
a j u p r i s j e a n j u r i j e
i u b l o k o v i m a i n j i h o v o m k o r i at e n j u u o d g o v o r i m a u
e n i k a a d a o n i p o n e k a d n e r a z u m i j u n j i h o v o p r a v o z n a
e n j e .
U v i ai m r a z r e d i m a p e r c e p c i j a o s e m a n t i
k o m z n a
e n j u p o s t a j e j a s n i j a a p a m e n j e d u g o t r a j n i j e . A k t i v n a i o d g o v o r n a u l o g a u
e n i k a u p r o c e s u u s v a j a n j a j e z i k a m n o g o j e v e a a p r i t o m v a ~n u u l o g u i m a j u n j i h o v i s t a v o v i p r e m a d i d a k t i
k i m a k t i v n o s t i m a i s t r a t e g i j e r a z u m i j e v a n j a i p a m e n j a n o v i h r i j e
i u k o n t e k s t u . N a s t a v n i k t i j e k o m s v o g a r a d a
e s t o n a s t o j i u
e n i c i m a o l a k aa t i r a z u m i j e v a n j e d a j u i i m o d m a h z n a
e n j e s v i h n e p o z n a t i h r i j e
i p a i h t a k o n e h o t i
n o s p r i j e
a v a u s a m o s t a l n o m p r o n a l a ~e n j u s e m a n t i
k o g z n a
e n j a i f u n k c i j e r i j e
i u t e k s t u . U s v i j e s t i u
e n i k a s t v a r a s e i k r i v o m i al j e n j e d a j e z a r a z u m i j e v a n j e p o t r e b n o p o z n a v a n j e s v i h e l e m e n a t a t e k s t a . S t o g a b i n a s t a v n i c i t r e b a l i u k a z a t i n a n u ~n o s t p r i s t u p a t e k s t u k a o c j e l i n i j e r p r e s p o r o
i t a n j e d o k o j e g d o l a z i z b o g n e p o t r e b n o g z a d r ~a v a n j a n a p o j e d i n o j r i j e
i o t e ~a v a i t r e n u t a
n u p e r c e p c i j u s a d r ~a j a k o j i s e
i t a i k o n a
n o r a z u m i j e v a n j e t e k s t a k a o c j e l i n e ( N . S c h m i t t , 2 0 0 0 , 5 0 - 5 1 ) . U p r a v o j e z a t o n a ae i s t r a ~i v a n j e u s m j e r e n o n a i s p i t i v a n j e p o s t u p a k a u
e n i k a 6 . , 7 . i 8 . r a z r e d a o s n o v n e ak o l e u s u s r e t u s n o v i m r i j e
i m a u u s m e n o m i p i s a n o m t e k s t u .
C i l j e v i i s t r a ~i v a n j a
G l a v n i j e c i l j i s t r a ~i v a n j a b i o u t v r d i t i o d n o s d o b i u
e n i k a i
n j i h o v o g s t a v a p r e m a n o v i m r i j e
i m a u k o n t e k s t u ,
s t r a t e g i j a p r o n a l a ~e n j a z n a
e n j a n o v i h r i j e
i u u s m e n o j k o m u n i k a c i j i i u t e k s t u n o v e n a s t a v n e c j e l i n e ,
p o t e ak o a u p r o n a l a ~e n j u s e m a n t i
k o g z n a
e n j a r i j e
i u r j e
n i k u ,
s t r a t e g i j a p a m e n j a n o v i h r i j e
i ,
s p o s o b n o s t i i n t u i t i v n o g p r o n a l a ~e n j a z n a
e n j a o d a b r a n o g b r o j a n o v i h r i j e
i u t e k s t u i z u d ~b e n i k a ,
b r z i n e k o r i at e n j a p r i r u
n o g r j e
n i k a .
U z o r a k
I s t r a ~i v a n j e j e p r o v e d e n o u 6 . , 7 . i 8 . r a z r e d u O ` A n t u n a G u s t a v a M a t o aa u Z a g r e b u n a u z o r k u o d 4 4 u
e n i k a ( 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 , 7 . r a z r e d 7 , 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 u
e n i k a ) .
I n s t r u m e n t i i p o s t u p a k p r o v o e n j a i s t r a ~i v a n j a
P o d a c i z a t o
k e 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 d o b i v e n i s u n a t e m e l j u s t a t i s t i
k e i k o m p a r a t i v n e o b r a d e s t r u k t u r i r a n o g t e s t a n a v i ae s t r u k i i z b o r n a h r v a t s k o m j e z i k u o d 1 9 p i t a n j a . A n a l i z a k o r p u s a z a t o
k e 5 i 6 p r o v e d e n a j e u z u p o r a b u u p i t n i k a n a t a l i j a n s k o m j e z i k u s p o p i s o m n e p o z n a t i h r i j e
i u c j e l i n a m a i z u d ~b e n i k a V i e n i c o n m e 3 , 4 , 5 ( A u t o r i : I . D a m i a n i E i n w a l t e r , M . M a r k o v i M a r i n k o v i , N . S i r o n i B o n e f a
i , `k o l s k a k n j i g a , Z a g r e b ) . U
e n i c i 6 . i 7 . r a z r e d a n a t e m e l j u
i t a n j a n e o b r a e n o g t e k s t a n a t a l i j a n s k o m j e z i k u p r e d l a g a l i s u m o g u a z n a
e n j a z a 1 0 , a u
e n i c i 8 . r a z r e d a z a 1 2 n e p o z n a t i h r i j e
i u t e k s t u .
N a k o n t o g a u r a z r e d i m a j e o r g a n i z i r a n a n a t j e c a t e l j s k a i g r a p r o v j e r e b r z i n e k o r i at e n j a r j e
n i k a i z u d ~b e n i k a u z u p o t r e b u k r o n o m e t r a . U
e n i c i s u m o r a l i u r j e
n i k u p r o v j e r i t i z n a
e n j a z a n a v e d e n e t a l i j a n s k e r i j e
i i u p i s a t i i h u u p i t n i k e n a h r v a t s k o m j e z i k u .
A n a l i z a s t r u k t u r i r a n o g u p i t n i k a
1 . M i s l i m d a
t a b l i c a 1
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) j e j a k o b i t n o r a z u m j e t i s v e
n e p o z n a t e r i j e
i b ) j e k o r i s n o r a z u m j e t i
s v e n e p o z n a t e r i j e
i c ) n i j e p o t r e b n o r a z u m j e t i s v e
r i j e
i d a s e s h v a t i t e k s t 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 9 / 5 0 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 7 / 1 0 0 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % 1 1 / 5 7 , 8 9 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 %
I z t a b l i c e b r o j 1 v i d l j i v j e s t a v u
e n i k a p r e m a p o t r e b i r a z u m i j e v a n j a s v i h n e p o z n a t i h r i j e
i d a s e s h v a t i t e k s t n a s t r a n o m j e z i k u . V e i n a u
e n i k a ( 5 0 % 6 . r a z r e d , 1 0 0 % 7 . r a z r e d , 5 7 , 8 9 % 8 . r a z r e d ) m i s l i d a j e k o r i s n o r a z u m j e t i s v e n e p o z n a t e r i j e
i , d o k m a n j i b r o j u
e n i k a m i s l i d a j e j a k o b i t n o r a z u m j e t i s v e r i j e
i ( 2 7 , 7 7 % 6 . r a z r e d , 2 1 , 0 5 % 8 . r a z r e d ) .
U o v o m j e s l u
a j u j a s n o d a s e n e k i u
e n i c i o s j e a j u b e s p o m o n o p r e d p o j a v o m n o v o g l e k s i k a j e r s e z a u s t a v l j a j u n a n e p o z n a t i m r i j e
i m a u m j e s t o d a n a s t o j e s h v a t i t i t e k s t u c j e l i n i .
S t r a t e g i j e p r o n a l a ~e n j a z n a
e n j a n o v i h r i j e
i u u s m e n o j k o m u n i k a c i j i i u t e k s t u n o v e n a s t a v n e c j e l i n e i z k n j i g e o b r a e n e s u u p i t a n j i m a 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 .
2 . K a d u
i t e l j i c a t a l i j a n s k o g u g o v o r u u p o t r i j e b i j e d n u i l i v i ae r i j e
i k o j e n e r a z u m i j e m n a s t o j i m s h v a t i t i r i j e
p o v e z u j u i j e s a s a d r ~a j e m o k o j e m s e g o v o r i
t a b l i c a 2
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 0 7 / 3 8 , 8 8 % 8 / 4 4 , 4 4 % 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % 8 / 4 2 , 1 0 % 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 % 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 %
I z t a b l i c e b r o j 2 v i d l j i v o j e d a v e i b r o j u
e n i k a 7 . i 8 . r a z r e d a n a s t o j i s h v a t i t i s e m a n t i
k o z n a
e n j e r i j e
i p o v e z u j u i j e s a s a d r ~a j e m o k o j e m s e g o v o r i ( 4 2 , 8 5 % 7 . r a z r e d , 4 2 , 1 0 % 8 . r a z r e d ) , d o k u 6 . r a z r e d u d o p o v e z i v a n j a d o l a z i t e k p o n e k a d ( 4 4 , 4 4 % ) .
3 . P i t a m u
i t e l j i c u at o r i j e
z n a
i
t a b l i c a 3
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 0 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 1 2 / 6 6 , 6 6 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 4 / 5 7 , 1 4 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 1 / 5 , 2 6 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 1 2 / 6 3 , 1 5 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 %
T a b l i c a b r o j 3 p r i k a z u j e u
e s t a l o s t p r o v j e r e z n a
e n j a r i j e
i k o d n a s t a v n i k a . U 7 . r a z r e d u 5 7 , 1 4 % u
e n i k a
e s t o p i t a u
i t e l j i c u at o r i j e
z n a
i , a u 6 . i 8 . r a z r e d u u
e n i c i t o r a d e s a m o p o n e k a d ( 6 6 , 6 6 % 6 . r a z r e d , 6 3 , 1 5 % 8 . r a z r e d ) . T a
i n j e n i c a m o g l a b i u k a z i v a t i n a t o d a s e u
e n i c i z a d o v o l j a v a j u g l o b a l n i m r a z u m i j e v a n j e m s a d r ~a j a , s v j e s n i d a e t i j e k o m n a s t a v e e l e m e n t i b i t n i z a r a z u m i j e v a n j e b i t i n a k n a d n o r a s t u m a
e n i . N a t e m e l j u i s k u s t v a o d a b i r u n a j l a k ai p u t , a l i i s t o v r e m e n o g u b e p r i l i k u d a n a s t a v n i k u s k r e n u p o z o r n o s t n a o n o at o n e r a z u m i j u . i n i s e d a n a s t a v a u n a ai m ak o l a m a n e p o t i
e d o v o l j n o u
e n i k e n a d i j a l o g s n a s t a v n i k o m .
4 . P i t a m p r i j a t e l j e at o r i j e
z n a
i
t a b l i c a 4
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % 7 / 3 8 , 8 8 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 6 / 8 5 , 7 1 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 0 7 / 3 6 , 8 4 % 1 2 / 6 3 , 1 5 % 0
U
e n i c i s u u p u e n i i n a t r a ~e n j e p o m o i o d p r i j a t e l j a ( t a b l i c a 4 ) i t o 3 8 , 8 8 % u 6 . r a z r e d u
e s t o p i t a z n a
e n j e r i j e
i p r i j a t e l j e , d o k j e s a m o s t a l n o s t u
e n i k a u 7 . i 8 . r a z r e d u v e a p a s e u
e n i c i t e k p o n e k a d o b r a a j u p r i j a t e l j i m a z a p o m o ( 8 5 , 7 1 % 7 . r a z r e d , 6 3 , 1 5 % 8 . r a z r e d ) . U p u e n o s t n a s u r a d n j u s o s t a l i m u
e n i c i m a r a z v i j a p o z i t i v a n s t a v p r e m a z a j e d n i
k o m n a p r e t k u . T u b i s t r a t e g i j u n a s t a v n i c i m o r a l i r a z v i j a t i j e r o n a p r o m i
e s a m o s v i j e s t k o d p o j e d i n a c a i o s j e a j z a j e d n i at v a u r j e aa v a n j u i s t i h p r o b l e m a .
5 . N a s t o j i m z a p i s a t i r i j e
i p o t r a ~i t i j e u r j e
n i k u
t a b l i c a 5
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 6 / 3 3 , 3 3 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 5 / 7 1 , 4 2 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 % 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 %
B r o j
a n i p o d a c i u t a b l i c i b r o j 5 p o k a z u j u d a u
e n i c i r i j e t k o i l i n i k a d n e z a p i s u j u n e p o z n a t u r i j e
k o j u
u j u d a b i j e k a s n i j e p r o v j e r i l i u r j e
n i k u . i n i s e d a s t a v u
e n i k a p r e m a n a p r e t k u u z n a n j u j e z i k a j o a n i j e d o v o l j n o i z g r a e n . U o v o m b i i h s l u
a j u n a s t a v n i k m o r a o u p o z o r i t i n a k o r i s n o s t p o v r e m e n o g b i l j e ~e n j a o n i h e l e m e n a t a u s m e n o g i z l a g a n j a k o j e n e r a z u m i j u . T e b i s e b i l j e ak e m o r a l e v o d i t i n a p o s e b n i m p a p i r i i m a d a s e i z b j e g n e k r i v i z a p i s u b i l j e ~n i c i a k a s n i j e b i s e n a k o n i s p r a v k a b i l j e ak e m o g l e p r e p i s a t i u b i l j e ~n i c u .
6 . K a d u t e k s t u n o v e l e k c i j e i m a n o v i h r i j e
i k o j e n e r a z u m i j e m
e k a m d a i h n a s t a v n i c a o b j a s n i i n a p i ae n a p l o
i
t a b l i c a 6
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 7 / 3 8 , 8 8 % 6 / 3 3 , 3 3 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 0 7 . r a z r e d 7 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 0 5 / 7 1 , 4 2 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 7 / 3 6 , 8 4 % 9 / 4 7 , 3 6 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 0
S t a t i s t i
k a o b r a d a p o s t u p k a p r e m a n o v i m r i j e
i m a u t i s k a n o m t e k s t u p o n e at o s e r a z l i k u j e o d p r e t h o d n i h v r i j e d n o s t i ( t a b l i c a 6 ) . I s t r a ~i v a n j e j e p r e t p o s t a v i l o m o g u n o s t p o j a v e d r u g a
i j i h s t r a t e g i j a u d o t i c a j u s t i s k a n i m t e k s t o m . N a j v e i b r o j u
e n i k a 6 . r a z r e d a ( 3 8 , 8 8 % )
e k a d a n a s t a v n i c a o b j a s n i i n a p i ae n a p l o
i n e p o z n a t e r i j e
i at o d o k a z u j e n j i h o v u u p u e n o s t n a n a s t a v n i k a i n a m a n j a k s a m o s t a l n o s t i . i n i s e d a s u n a j s a m o s t a l n i j i u
e n i c i 7 . r a z r e d a j e r v e i n a ( 7 1 , 4 2 % ) t e k p o n e k a d
e k a d a i m n a s t a v n i k o b j a s n i n e p o z n a t e r i j e
i u t e k s t u .
7 . N a s t o j i m p o n o v n o p r o
i t a t i t e k s t i p o g o d i t i at o b i r i j e
m o g l a z n a
i t i
t a b l i c a 7
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 0 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % 1 1 / 6 1 , 1 1 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 8 / 4 2 , 1 0 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % P o d a c i i z t a b l i c e b r o j 7 j a s n o p o k a z u j u d a v e i n a u
e n i k a u s v i m r a z r e d i m a t e k p o n e k a d i l i n i k a d k o r i s t i p o n o v n o
i t a n j e t e k s t a k a k o b i r a z u m j e l i z n a
e n j e n e p o z n a t i h r i j e
i ( 8 3 , 3 3 % 6 . r a z r e d , 5 7 , 1 3 % 7 . r a z r e d , 5 7 , 8 8 % 8 . r a z r e d ) . P o n o v n o
i t a n j e t e k s t a k a o j e d n a o d s t r a t e g i j a b o l j e g r a z u m i j e v a n j a o
i t o j o a n i j e u s v o j e n a . N a s t a v n i k b i m o r a o u p u i v a t i u
e n i k e n a u s p j e an o s t o v o g p o s t u p k a . M o ~e m o p r e t p o s t a v i t i d a u
e n i c i p o z n a j u t i j e k n a s t a v n o g s a t a i z n a j u d a e s e i s t i t e k s t p o n a v l j a t i u v i ae n a v r a t a p a z a t o s m a t r a j u d a i m j e p o n o v n o s a m o s t a l n o
i t a n j e i r a z m i al j a n j e o t e k s t u n e p o t r e b n o . M o ~d a b i u p r i s t u p u n a s t a v i t r e b a l o v i ae p o t i c a t i u
e n i k e n a s a m o s t a l n o s t .
8 . P i t a m n a s t a v n i c u at o r i j e
z n a
i
t a b l i c a 8
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % 8 / 4 4 , 4 4 % 7 / 3 8 , 8 8 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 4 / 5 7 , 1 4 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 1 2 / 6 3 , 1 5 % 1 / 5 , 2 6 %
U s p o r e u j u i t a b l i c u b r o j 8 s r e z u l t a t i m a u t a b l i c i b r o j 3 v i d i m o d a j e k o n z u l t i r a n j e n a s t a v n i k a u s l i
n i m p o s t o t c i m a p r i s u t n o i k o d u s m e n e i k o d p i s m e n e k o m u n i k a c i j e .
9 . P i t a m p r i j a t e l j e at o r i j e
z n a
i
t a b l i c a 9
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 8 / 4 4 , 4 4 % 7 / 3 8 , 8 8 % 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 4 / 5 7 , 1 4 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 0 7 / 3 6 , 8 4 % 1 2 / 6 3 , 1 5 % 0
I z t a b l i c e b r o j 9 u u s p o r e d b i s t a b l i c o m b r o j 4 v i d l j i v o j e d a u
e n i c i
e ae ( 4 4 , 4 4 % ) p i t a j u p r i j a t e l j e z a s a v j e t k a d s e r a d i o n e p o z n a t o j r i j e
i u p i s a n o m t e k s t u . S l i
n o m u s p o r e d b o m z a 7 . i 8 . r a z r e d v i d i m o d a s e p o s t o t a k o n i h k o j i p o n e k a d p i t a j u p r i j a t e l j e u 7 . r a z r e d u s m a n j i o n a 5 7 , 1 4 % a p o v e a o s e p o s t o t a k o n i h k o j i s e n e o b r a a j u p r i j a t e l j i m a d o k s u v r i j e d n o s t i z a 8 . r a z r e d o s t a l e i s t e ( 6 3 , 1 5 % ) .
1 0 . P o t r a ~i m u r j e
n i k u z n a
e n j e r i j e
i i n a s t o j i m g a z a p a m t i t i
t a b l i c a 1 0
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 6 / 3 3 , 3 3 % 6 / 3 3 , 3 3 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 0 7 / 1 0 0 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 % 7 / 3 6 , 8 4 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % i n i s e d a u
e n i c i j o a n e m a j u r a z v i j e n u n a v i k u k o r i at e n j a r j e
n i k a ( t a b l i c a b r o j 1 0 ) j e r 6 6 , 6 6 % u
e n i k a u 6 . r a z r e d u t r a ~i r i j e
i u r j e
n i k u p o n e k a d i l i n i k a d , 1 0 0 % u
e n i k a 7 . r a z r e d a t r a ~i r i j e
i s a m o p o n e k a d , a t e k u 8 . r a z r e d u k o r i at e n j e r j e
n i k a p o s t a j e
e s t o k o d 3 6 , 8 4 % u
e n i k a . N e d o v o l j n a u p u e n o s t u
e n i k a n a s a m o s t a l n o k o r i at e n j e p o m o n i h p r i r u
n i k a i t o p o s e b n o r j e
n i k a ( M . B r a t a n i , 2 0 0 1 . ) i g r a m a t i k a u k a z u j e n a p r o p u s t e u r a d u n a s t a v n i k a d o k o j i h d o l a z i z b o g m a l e s a t n i c e n a s t a v e j e z i k a i u b r z a n o g t e m p a r a d a . M o g l o b i s e u s t v r d i t i d a j e o v a j p r o b l e m o p e p r i s u t a n u n a s t a v i s t r a n i h j e z i k a j e r u z n a v e d e n e r a z l o g e v e i n a n a s t a v n i k a s m a t r a r j e
n i k k o r i s n i m i s k l j u
i v o z a p r o n a l a ~e n j e z n a
e n j a n e p o z n a t i h r i j e
i g u b e i p r i t o m i z v i d a d a d o b a r r j e
n i k o b i l u j e g r a m a t i
k i m s a d r ~a j i m a k o j i u
e n i c i m a m o g u b i t i o d v e l i k e p o m o i ( M . L e w i s , 1 9 9 3 , 1 8 0 ) . K o r i at e n j e p r i r u
n i k a o s t a j e v e l i k p r o b l e m t i j e k o m
i t a v o g ak o l o v a n j a a p r o t e ~e s e i d o f a k u l t e t a . i n j e n i c a j e d a z a r a z v o j n a v i k e k o r i at e n j a r j e
n i k a i p r i r u
n i k a t r e b a d a i h u
e n i c i i m a j u u r a z r e d u t i j e k o m n a s t a v e u d o v o l j n o m b r o j u i d a i h p o s j e d u j u i k o d k u e . E k o n o m s k i p r o b l e m
e s t o s e p o j a v l j u j e k a o k o
n i c a o s a m o s t a l j i v a n j u u
e n i k a .
1 1 . P o t r a ~i m u r j e
n i k u z n a
e n j e r i j e
i i z a p i ae m t a l i j a n s k u r i j e
i o d g o v a r a j u e h r v a t s k o z n a
e n j e u b i l j e ~n i c u k a k o b i h z a t i m m o g a o / m o g l a l a k ae n a u
i t i
t a b l i c a 1 1
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 9 / 5 0 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 %
R a z v i j e n a j e n a v i k a z a p i s i v a n j a t a l i j a n s k e r i j e
i s h r v a t s k i m e k v i v a l e n t o m u b i l j e ~n i c e p o s e b n o u 6 . r a z r e d u g d j e s e 5 0 % u
e n i k a s l u ~i t o m s t r a t e g i j o m . U 7 . i 8 . r a z r e d u t a j j e p o s t o t a k n i ~i at o b i m o g l o u p u i v a t i n a s m a n j e n o z a n i m a n j e z a n a p r e d a k u u
e n j u .
Z a n i m l j i v o j e d a u 8 . r a z r e d u i z v j e s t a n b r o j u
e n i k a n i k a d n e z a p i s u j e r i j e
i u b i l j e ~n i c u ( 2 6 , 3 1 % ) .
1 2 . M i s l i m d a j e t r a ~e n j e n o v i h r i j e
i u r j e
n i k u
t a b l i c a 1 2
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) v r l o
d o s a d n o b ) z a m o r n o c ) b e s k o r i s n o d ) z a n i m l j i v o e ) k o r i s n o 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 0 9 / 5 0 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 0 0 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 6 / 8 5 , 7 1 % 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 0 1 / 5 , 2 6 % 1 3 / 6 8 , 4 2 %
T r a ~e n j e n o v i h r i j e
i u r j e
n i k u z a u
e n i k e 6 . r a z r e d a j e v r l o d o s a d n o ( 2 7 , 7 7 % ) i l i z a m o r n o ( 1 6 , 6 6 % ) a l i i p a k s h v a a j u d a s e r a d i o k o r i s n o j s t r a t e g i j i .
U 7 . r a z r e d u s t a v p r e m a u p o t r e b i r j e
n i k a i z r a ~e n j e k a o z a n i m l j i v a a k t i v n o s t u n i s k o m p o s t o t k u ( 1 4 , 2 8 % ) , d o k j e z a d e f i n i c i j u k o r i s n a a k t i v n o s t p o s t o t a k m n o g o v i ai ( 8 5 , 7 1 % ) . M i al j e n j a u
e n i k a 8 . r a z r e d a s u p o d i j e l j e n a , 1 0 , 5 2 % s m a t r a d a j e t r a ~e n j e n o v i h r i j e
i v r l o d o s a d n o i l i z a m o r n o ( 1 5 , 7 8 % ) i u t o m j e r a z r e d u v r l o v i s o k p o s t o t a k ( 6 8 , 4 2 % ) o n i h k o j i s m a t r a j u d a s e r a d i o k o r i s n o j a k t i v n o s t i . P o t i c a n j e u p o r a b e p r i r u
n i k a m o ~e s e p r o v e s t i i p u t e m n a t j e c a t e l j s k i h i g a r a u z u p o r a b u r j e
n i k a .
1 3 . K o d t r a ~e n j a n o v i h r i j e
i i m a m p o t e ak o a
t a b l i c a 1 3
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 0 1 1 / 6 1 , 1 1 % 6 / 3 3 , 3 3 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 0 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 4 / 5 7 , 1 4 % 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 0 0 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % 1 5 / 7 8 , 9 4 %
i n i s e d a t r a ~e n j e n o v i h r i j e
i u r j e
n i k u u d ~b e n i k a ( t a b l i c a 1 3 ) n e p r e d s t a v l j a v e l i k u p o t e ak o u z a u
e n i k e a t o z n a
i d a j e p u t z a u v o e n j e n o v i h p r i r u
n i k a o t v o r e n .
1 4 . T e ak o n a l a z i m n o v e r i j e
i u r j 2 f
H " N R # &% (% 6* 8, x, ~, , , , , H- ^- - - 2. j. z. . . / / 0/ 1 4 4 4 5 5 6 <6 H6 P6 Z6 b6 p6 x6 6 6 ݪݪݪݎݎݎݪ݁ hiz CJ mH nH sHu *hiz mH nH sHu hiz 5CJ mH nH sHu hiz mH nH uhiz 56mH nH sHuhiz 5mH nH sHu hiz 5CJ mH nH sHu hiz mH nH sHuhiz 6mH nH sHu hiz 6mH nH u2 2 H " $ R T 4! " " " # # # # p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p#
p#
p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# $ ^ a$ $
& F
^a$ $h`ha$ $a$ $`a$ $a$ t u u # # &% (% % % 6* 6, 8, x, z, , , , , , "- X- - - p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# p# ^ p# 0 0 $If %$If ^ `% $$If a$ $`a$ $ ^ a$ $a$ $ ^ `a$ $ ^ a$ - - 4. 6. T. j. |. . \ p S 0 S S S $$If a$ kd $$If l \ p# x x x 0 4
l al $If ^` . . . . . . j a 0 a a a $$If a$ kd $$If l \ p# x x x 0 4
l al . . . / / ./ j ( a 0 a a a $$If a$ kd $$If l \ p# x x x 0 4
l al ./ 0/ 2/ 1 X3 4 4 4 4 j a p# T p# K p# K p# F p# s F p# s F p# s $a$ $`a$ $ ^ `a$ $ ^ a$ kdo $$If l \ p# x x x 0 4
l al 4 4 5 5 6 6 66 J6 \6 r6 6 p# s p# p# p# N O O O $$If a$ $If $a$
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 W Q H N H O H O H O $$If a$ $If kd $$If l Fr
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al 6 6 $7 87 7 7 9 9 9 : : 4: h: t: |: : : : : : : : 8; L; ; ; @ @ @ &A G @G TG G G G G G G G G 2H FH H H H H H H FM N "N 8N lN hiz 5CJ mH nH sHu hiz 5mH nH sHu hiz 6mH nH sHu hiz CJ mH nH sHuhiz mH nH sHu *hiz mH nH sHuF6 6 7 $7 :7 P7 T7 W Q H N H O H O H O $$If a$ $If kd $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al T7 V7 v7 7 7 7 7 W ; Q H N H O H O H O $$If a$ $If kd $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al 7 7 7 9 9 : : 4: W R p# I p# R p# s R p# R p# R p# $`a$ $a$ kdu $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al 4: H: b: v: : : : : : N O O O H kd< $$If l vr
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ $If : : : ; ; ; 4; 8; N; N O O O N H N O $If kd $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ N; d; h; j; ; ; ; ; ; O O N \
H N O O O $If kd $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ ; ; ; @ @ &A (A G @G TG W R p# I p# R p# R p# R p# ^ R p# $`a$ $a$ kd $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al TG hG G G G G G G G i j j H 3 kdt $$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al $$If a$ $If G H H 2H HH JH fH jH H i j j N H i j $If kdI
$$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al $$If a$ H H H H H H H H I j N *# H i j j $If kd $$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al $$If a$ I I I >M @M "N $N 8N W R p# I p# @ p# R p# R p# R p# $h^ha$ $`a$ $a$ kd $$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al 8N LN fN zN N N N N N N O O O H h kd $$If l kr
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ $If lN xN N N N N N N N N RO fO O O T T T T T U 0U :U JU XU lU vU U U V V V V V V "W 6W DW XW \ \ \ \ (] 4] <] F] N] \] d] n] ] ] ^ ^ ^ ^ ` L` N` d` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` a (a a a a
b He e e e f f f *f hiz 5mH nH sHu *hiz mH nH sHu hiz mH nH sHuhiz 6mH nH sHuQN N O O O O 8O NO RO N O O O N H N O $If kd $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ RO hO lO nO O O O O O O O N H N O O O $If kdV $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ O O O T T T T T W R p# I p# R p# R p# R p# R p# $`a$ $a$ kd $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al T T T U e @e e e e W 0 R p# I p# R p# R p# R p# R p# $`a$ $a$ kdq $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al e e f f ,f Bf Tf Vf tf i j j H _ kd8 $$If l mr X p# A B B 0 4
l al $$If a$ $If *f 2f @f Hf Rf f f f f f g >g Rg p r r 0r dr pr xr r r r r r r r fs zs s s s s v 2w 4w Lw w w w w w w w w w x jx xx x x 4y Jy j~ ~ ~ ~ & . < D N H ^ ā ̿ Uhiz 5mH nH sHu hiz 56mH nH sHu *hiz mH nH sHu hiz 6mH nH sHu hiz mH nH sHu Jtf f f f f f f f f i j j N H i j $If kd
$$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al $$If a$ f g g
g (g >g Tg jg g j N H i j j $If kd $$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al $$If a$ g g p p r r 0r W * N p# E p# @ p# @ p# @ p# $a$ $h^ha$ $`a$ kd $$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al 0r Dr ^r rr r r r r r N O O O H kd $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ $If r r r s s s :s Ps fs N O O O N H N O $If kdS $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ fs |s s s s s s s s O O N _ H N O O O $If kd! $$If l mr
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al $$If a$ s s s v v v 4w 6w W R p# I p# I p# @ p# R p# R p# $h^ha$ $`a$ $a$ kd! $$If l r
"I p# & ' ' ' 0 4
l al 6w Lw `w zw w w w w w x p# @ @ \ $$If a$ $$If a$ $If $a$ x x &x @ 5 5 5 5 \ $$If a$ $If kd" $$If l ֈ p# 4 0 4
l al jx zx |x x x x x ; 5 @ $If kd# $$If l ֈ p# 4 0 4
l al $$If a$ x x x x x y y \ ; y 5 @ $If kd~$ $$If l ֈ p# 4 0 4
l al $$If a$ y y 4y Ly Ny Py \ ; 2 p# $h^ha$ kdi% $$If l ֈ p# 4 0 4
l al $$If a$ Py z `~ b~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( > P p# p# p# p# p# p# i j j $$If a$ $If $a$ $h`ha$ P R p W Q H i H j H j H $$If a$ $If kdT& $$If l [r X p# A B B 0 4
l al
W Q H i H j H j H $$If a$ $If kd)' $$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al
* . 2 H ` W Q H i H j H j H $$If a$ $If kd' $$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al ` b d & W 3 R p# I p# @ p# R p# R p# R p# $h^ha$ $`a$ $a$ kd( $$If l r X p# A B B 0 4
l al e
n i k u
t a b l i c a 1 4
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) j e r n e m o g u z a p a m t i t i k a k o s e r i j e
p i ae b ) j e r n e p o z n a j e m d o b r o t a l . a b e c e d u i g u b i m v r i j e m e d o k p r o n a e m o d g o v a r a j u e s l o v o c ) p o n e k a d r i j e
u r j e
n i k u i m a d r u g a
i j i o b l i k o d o n o g a u t e k s t u d ) n e m a m p o t e ak o a u p r o n a l a ~e n j u n o v i h r i j e
i 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 0 8 / 4 4 , 4 4 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 0 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 0 0 6 / 3 1 , 7 5 % 1 3 / 6 8 , 4 2 %
T e ak o e u n a l a ~e n j u n o v i h r i j e
i u r j e
n i k u ( t a b l i c a 1 4 ) k o d n a j v e e g b r o j a u
e n i k a p r o i z l a z e i z
i n j e n i c e d a r i j e
u t e k s t u i m a d r u g a
i j i o b l i k o d o n o g a u r j e
n i k u , n p r . b e v o n o b e r e . U 6 . i 7 . r a z r e d u m a n j i b r o j u
e n i k a i m a p o t e ak o a i s g r a f i j o m r i j e
i n a t a l i j a n s k o m j e z i k u . S i g u r n o j e d a z n a t i k o r i s t i t i r j e
n i k u r a z u m i j e v a n j u t e k s t a p r e t p o s t a v l j a r a z v i j e n u m o r f o s i n t a k t i
k u k o m p e t e n c i j u k o j a e u
e n i c i m a p o m o i u p r o n a l a ~e n j u o n i h o b l i k a k o j i s a d r ~e n e p r a v i l n o s t i i p r e t p o s t a v l j a j u p r o m j e n e u o s n o v i r i j e
i . B i t e p o t r e b n a i k o l o k a c i j s k a k o m p e t e n c i j a k o j a e s p r i j e
i t i d i j e l j e n j e f r a z e m a n a s a s t a v n e d i j e l o v e .
1 5 . M i s l i m d a j e z a n a p r e d a k u z n a n j u j e z i k a p a m e n j e n o v i h r i j e
i
t a b l i c a 1 5
r a z r e d i b r o j u
e n i k a a ) v a ~n o b ) k o r i s n o c ) n i j e b i t n o 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 7 / 3 8 , 8 8 % 1 1 / 6 1 , 1 1 % 0 7 . r a z r e d 7 6 / 8 5 , 7 1 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 1 1 / 5 7 , 8 9 % 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % V e i n a u
e n i k a u s v i m r a z r e d i m a s m a t r a d a j e z a n a p r e d a k u z n a n j u j e z i k a ( t a b l i c a 1 5 ) p a m e n j e n o v i h r i j e
i v a ~n o i l i k o r i s n o ( 1 0 0 % 6 . r a z r e d , 1 0 0 % 7 . r a z r e d , 8 9 , 4 6 % 8 . r a z r e d ) p a b i t u
i n j e n i c u t r e b a l o b o l j e i s k o r i s t i t i u n a s t a v i c i l j a n i m l e k s i
k i m i g r a m a p r o n a l a ~e n j a s i n o n i m a , a n t o n i m a , p r o n a l a ~e n j a i m e n i c a i l i p r i d j e v a k o j i o d g o v a r a j u g l a g o l i m a , p a r a f r a z e , a s o c i j a c i j a , i t d . ( J . L y o n s , 1 9 6 3 . ) .
1 6 . N a s t o j i m z a p a m t i t i n o v e r i j e
i n a s a t u u ak o l i
t a b l i c a 1 6
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 7 / 3 8 , 8 8 % 6 / 3 3 , 3 3 % 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 4 / 5 7 , 1 4 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 % 8 / 4 2 , 1 0 % 0
P r e m a s t a t i s t i
k i m p o d a c i m a u t a b l i c i b r o j 1 6
i n i s e d a s e u
e n i c i 7 . r a z r e d a ( 5 7 , 1 4 % ) i 6 . r a z r e d a ( 3 8 , 8 8 % ) n a j v i ae t r u d e d a z a p a m t e l e k s i k n a n a s t a v n o m s a t u , d o k o n i u 8 . r a z r e d u t o
i n e s a m o p o n e k a d ( 4 2 , 1 0 % ) .
1 7 . K o d k u e p o n a v l j a m g r a d i v o i u
i m r i j e
i i n j i h o v a z n a
e n j a i z b i l j e ~n i c e
t a b l i c a 1 7
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 1 1 / 6 1 , 1 1 % 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 0 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % 1 0 / 5 2 , 6 3 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 %
N a v i k a p o n a v l j a n j a i u
e n j a r i j e
i i z b i l j e ~n i c e ( t a b l i c a 1 7 ) n i j e d o v o l j n o r a z v i j e n a j e r 6 1 , 1 1 % u
e n i k a 6 . r a z r e d a , 4 2 , 8 5 % 7 . r a z r e d a i 5 2 , 6 3 % 8 . r a z r e d a p o n a v l j a r i j e
i t e k p o n e k a d .
1 8 . U
i m r i j e
i d o k p i ae m d o m a u z a d a u
t a b l i c a 1 8
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) u v i j e k b )
e s t o c ) p o n e k a d d ) n i k a d 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 6 / 3 3 , 3 3 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 0 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 4 / 5 7 , 1 4 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 7 / 3 6 , 8 4 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 %
P i s a n j e d o m a e z a d a e ( t a b l i c a 1 8 ) k a o a k t i v n o s t k o j a p r i d o n o s i p a m e n j u n o v i h r i j e
i k o r i s t i s e
e s t o ( 3 3 , 3 6 % ) u 6 . r a z r e d u , a s a m o p o n e k a d u 7 . ( 5 7 , 1 4 % ) i u 8 . r a z r e d u ( 3 6 , 8 4 % ) k a d o p e n i t o o p a d a b r o j u
e n i k a k o j i i h r e d o v i t o p i au k o d k u e .
1 9 . M i s l i m d a b i h b o l j e z a p a m t i o / z a p a m t i l a n o v e r i j e
i k a d b i h i h
t a b l i c a 1 9
r a z r e d i
b r o j u
e n i k a a ) p o n a v l j a o / - l a r i j e
i s v a k o g d a n a b ) p o n a v l j a o / - l a r i j e
i p r i j e s a t a t a l i j a n s k o g j e z i k a c ) p o n a v l j a o / - l a r i j e
i k a d i m a m v r e m e n a 6 . r a z r e d 1 8 9 / 5 0 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 7 . r a z r e d 7 6 / 8 5 , 7 1 % 0 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 8 . r a z r e d 1 9 8 / 4 2 , 1 0 % 6 / 3 1 , 5 7 % 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 %
P r e m d a u
e n i c i n i s u s k l o n i u s m e n o m i l i p i s m e n o m p o n a v l j a n j u u s v i m r a z r e d i m a s m a t r a j u d a b i b o l j e z a p a m t i l i n o v e r i j e
i k a d b i i h p o n a v l j a l i s v a k o g d a n a ( 6 . r a z r e d 5 0 % , 7 . r a z r e d 8 5 , 7 1 % i 8 . r a z r e d 4 2 % ) . O v a j j e s t a v d o b r a o s n o v a z a p o t i c a n j e a k t i v n o s t i k o j e p r i d o n o s e
e ae m d o t i c a j u s a s t r a n i m j e z i k o m i z v a n n a s t a v n o g s a t a u z p r o ai r i v a n j e a k t i v n o g i p a s i v n o g r j e
n i k a . U p o t p u n o s t i m o ~e m o p r i h v a t i t i i d e j u d a j e s v a k o m o r g a n i z m u p o t r e b n o b o g a t o i p o t i c a j n o o k r u ~e n j e k a k o b i n j e g o v e p r i r o d n e s p o s o b n o s t i d o al e d o i z r a ~a j a ( N . C h o m s k y , 1 9 9 1 . , 1 7 1 ) . B r o j u s v o j e n i h r i j e
i t i j e k o m n a s t a v e i i n d i v i d u a l n o g r a d a u
e n i k a u m n o g o m e o v i s i o u
e s t a l o s t i j e z i
n e u p o r a b e i z a n i m l j i v o s t i p o t i c a j a z a k o r i at e n j e t e k s t o v a n a s t r a n o m j e z i k u .
S p o s o b n o s t i n t u i t i v n o g p r o n a l a ~e n j a z n a
e n j a o d a b r a n o g b r o j a n o v i h r i j e
i u t e k s t u
O s i m r i j e
i k o j e u
e n i c i z n a j u t e i h k a o t a k v e r a z u m i j u i u s t a n j u s u i h p r a v i l n o k o r i s t i t i , u
e n i k o v r j e
n i k s a d r ~i i o n e j e z i
n e j e d i n i c e k o j e u
e n i k r a z u m i j e u k o n t e k s t u i a k o i h p r e t h o d n o n i j e u p o t p u n o s t i u s v o j i o ( M . L e w i s , 1 9 9 7 , 4 5 ) . S t o g a j e p o g a a n j e z n a
e n j a n e p o z n a t i h r i j e
i n a o s n o v u k o n t e k s t a n a s t a v n i k u k o r i s n a s t r a t e g i j a z a d i j a g n o s t i c i r a n j e u
e n i k o v i h s p o s o b n o s t i o t k r i v a n j a z n a
e n j a n a t e m e l j u r a n i j e s t e
e n o g z n a n j a .
K a k o s e m o g l o i p r e t p o s t a v i t i n a j v e i b r o j t o
n i h z n a
e n j a t a l i j a n s k i h r i j e
i u u p i t n i k u n a t a l i j a n s k o m j e z i k u p o s t i g n u t j e u t r a n s p a r e n t n i m r i j e
i m a k o j e p o s t o j e k a o i n t e r n a c i o n a l i z m i i u h r v a t s k o m j e z i k u . N a v e s t e m o s a m o n e k o l i k o p r i m j e r a s e r v i z i o s e r v i s z a j e l o ( 6 . r a z r e d 8 8 , 8 8 % ) i a p e r i t i v o a p e r i t i v ( 6 . r a z r e d 5 0 % ) , i m i t a r e i m i t i r a t i , o p o n a aa t i ( 8 . r a z r e d 9 6 , 4 8 % ) , p r o v a p r o b a , i s p r o b a v a n j e ( 8 . r a z r e d 8 4 , 2 1 % ) , p r o v a r e p r o b a t i , p o k u aa t i ( 7 . r a z r e d 1 0 0 % ) , a v e r v o g l i a d i i m a t i v o l j u z a ( 7 . r a z r e d 8 5 , 7 0 % ) .
O s v j e at a v a n j e o s n o v n i h p r a v i l a t v o r b e r i j e
i n a t a l i j a n s k o m j e z i k u m o ~e d o v e s t i d o p o v e a v a n j a s p o s o b n o s t i r a z u m i j e v a n j a r i j e
i u k o n t e k s t u p r e m a p r e p o z n a t o m z a j e d n i
k o m e l e m e n t u s p o z n a t o m r i j e
i . T a k o j e n p r . i m e n i c a o m b r e l l o n e p r e v e d e n a k a o k i ao b r a n u 4 2 , 8 5 % s l u
a j e v a z b o g s e m a n t i
k e i n t e r f e r e n c i j e s r i j e
j u o m b r e l l o k i ao b r a n , k o j u u
e n i c i p o z n a j u o d p r i j e i n a s t a v k a o n e k o j i u t a l i j a n s k o m o b i
n o o z n a
a v a a u g m e n t a t i v , p a s e r i j e
i z o l i r a n a i z k o n t e k s t a m o g l a p r o t u m a
i t i i k a o v e l i k i k i ao b r a n ( t o s e m a n t i
k o z n a
e n j e u t a l i j a n s k o m n i j e p o t v r e n o ) . I s t i j e p o s t o t a k u
e n i k a p r e d l o ~i o i t o
n o z n a
e n j e .
R i j e
a n n i v e r s a r i o j e u 5 0 % s l u
a j e v a t o
n o p r e v e d e n a n a h r v a t s k i j e z i k . M o ~e m o p r e t p o s t a v i t i d a s u j e u
e n i c i p o v e z a l i s r j e
j u a n n o - g o d i n a i l i i m j e u p r o n a l a ~e n j u z n a
e n j a p o m o g a o s l i k o v n i p r i k a z u z t e k s t , t j . k o n t e k s t s i t u a c i j e . U p r a v o z a t o d i o u
e n i k a r i j e
p r e v o d i k a o p o s j e t a , s a s t a n a k i d o g a a n j e . J a s n o j e d a j e u t o m s l u
a j u s e m a n t i
k o z n a
e n j e g l o b a l n o a t u m a
e n j e s l i k e p r u ~a v i ae s t r u k e m o g u n o s t i j e z i
n e i n t e r p r e t a c i j e .
K o d i m e n i c e c o n f u s i o n e d o al o j e d o u n u t a r n j e s e m a n t i
k e i n t e r f e r e n c i j e s t a l i j a n s k i m p r i d j e v o m c o n f u s o z b u n j e n p a j e 5 0 % u
e n i k a p r e v o d i s a z b u n j e n o s t u m j e s t o z b r k a , g u ~v a .
E n g l e s k i j e z i k k a o p r v i s t r a n i j e z i k u t j e
e n a t u m a
e n j e z n a
e n j a t a l i j a n s k i h i z r a z a . E s s e r e i n r i t a r d o - k a s n i t i p r e v o d i s e s b i t i u m i r o v i n i p r e m a e n g l e s k o m t o b e r e t i r e d . K o d t o g s e i z r a z a p o j a v l j u j e i u z r o
n o - p o s l j e d i
n o p o v e z a n o z n a
e n j e s o s n o v n i m i z r a z o m u h r v a t s k o m p r e v o d u b i t i u ~u r b i j e r t k o k a s n i t a j j e u ~u r b i .
U t j e c a j e n g l e s k o g v i d l j i v j e i u p r i j e v o d u g l a g o l a c o n s i g l i a r e k o j i j e u m j e s t o s a v j e t o v a t i p r e v e d e n k a o r a z m o t r i t i p r e m a e n g l e s k o m c o n s i d e r .
S l i
n o s t r i j e
i u t a l i j a n s k o m i e n g l e s k o m d o v e l a j e d o p r i j e v o d a r i j e
i n o t i z i a s n o t e s , b i l j e ak a p r e m a e n g l e s k o m n o t e s u m j e s t o v i j e s t , n o v o s t .
P o n e k a d s e p o j a v l j u j e i s u p r o t n o z n a
e n j e r i j e
i . T a k o n p r . u m j e s t o i n i z i a r e z a p o
e t i , p o
e t i n a l a z i m o p r i j e v o d z a v r ai t i , p r e s t a t i , a i m p a z i e n z a s e u m j e s t o k a o n e s t r p l j i v o s t p r e v o d i k a o s t r p l j i v o s t v j e r o j a t n o z b o g p o v e z i v a n j a s t a l i j a n s k o m r i j e
j u p a z i e n t e i n e p o z n a v a n j a s e m a n t i
k o g z n a
e n j a l a t i n s k o g p r e f i k s a i n - k o j i u t a l i j a n s k o m
e s t o o z n a
u j e s u p r o t n o z n a
e n j e o d o s n o v n e r i j e
i .
U u p i t n i c i m a j e p r i m j e e n o d a u
e n i c i n i s u s i g u r n i u g r a m a t i
k u k a t e g o r i j u t a l i j a n s k i h r i j e
i j e r
e s t o g l a g o l e p r e v o d e i m e n i c a m a i l i o b r n u t o ( s e r v i z i o - s e r v i r a t i , s e r v i r a n o , p a s s e r e l l a m o d n a p i s t a p r e v e d e n o j e k a o g l a g o l s k i o b l i k p r o l a z i p r e m a t a l i j a n s k o m g l a g o l u p a s s a r e ) .
T a b l i
n i p r i k a z r e z u l t a t a u p i t n i k a n a t a l i j a n s k o m j e z i k u
6 . r a z r e d
1 8 u
e n i k a t o
n o z n a
e n j e k r i v o z n a
e n j e p r a z n a r u b r i k a a n n i v e r s a r i o 9 / 5 0 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % c o n f u s i o n e 9 / 5 0 % 7 / 3 8 , 8 8 % 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % m a t r i m o n i o 1 5 / 8 3 , 3 3 % / 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % s e r v i z i o 1 1 / 6 1 , 1 1 % 5 / 2 7 , 7 7 % 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % a r g e n t o 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % 1 4 / 7 7 , 7 7 % s p u m a n t e 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % 1 3 / 7 2 , 2 2 % e s s e r e i n r i t a r d o 2 / 1 1 , 1 1 % 4 / 2 2 , 2 2 % 1 2 / 6 6 , 6 6 % p a r r u c c h i e r e 3 / 1 6 , 6 6 % / 1 5 / 8 3 , 3 3 % u r g e n t e 9 / 5 0 % 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 8 / 4 4 , 4 4 % a p e r i t i v o 9 / 5 0 % 1 / 5 , 5 5 % 8 / 4 4 , 4 4 %
7 . r a z r e d
7 u
e n i k a t o
n o z n a
e n j e k r i v o z n a
e n j e p r a z n a r u b r i k a p r o v a r e 7 / 1 0 0 % / / c o n s i g l i a r e 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % v o l a n t i n o 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % / 6 / 2 5 , 7 1 % a v e r v o g l i a d i 5 / 7 1 , 4 2 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % p i a n t i n a 5 / 7 1 , 4 2 % / 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % o m b r e l l o n e 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 4 / 5 7 , 1 4 % / b a s t a r e 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % 2 / 2 8 , 5 7 % l i s t a 4 / 5 7 , 1 4 % 3 / 4 2 , 8 5 % / c o p p a d i g e l a t o 6 / 8 5 , 7 1 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % / p a l l i n a d i g e l a t o 6 / 8 5 , 7 1 % 1 / 1 4 , 2 8 % /
8 . r a z r e d
1 9 u
e n i k a t o
n o z n a
e n j e k r i v o z n a
e n j e p r a z n a r u b r i k a c o n c o r s o d i b e l l e z z a 1 6 / 8 4 , 2 1 % 1 / 5 , 2 6 % 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % i m i t a r e 1 8 / 9 4 , 7 3 % 1 / 5 , 2 6 % / p a r t e c i p a r e 1 2 / 6 3 , 1 5 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % i m p a z i e n z a 1 2 / 6 3 , 1 5 % 3 / 1 5 , 7 8 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % n o t i z i a 1 4 / 7 3 , 6 8 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % 1 / 5 , 2 6 % f a r e i l t i f o 1 5 / 7 8 , 9 4 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % / d i v e r t i m e n t o 1 5 / 7 8 , 9 4 % / 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % i n i z i a r e 1 3 / 6 8 , 4 2 % 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % p r o v a 1 6 / 8 4 , 2 1 % 1 / 5 , 2 6 % 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % p a s s e r e l l a 2 / 1 0 , 5 2 % 1 1 / 5 7 , 8 9 % 6 / 3 1 , 5 8 % l a b b r o 4 / 2 1 , 0 5 % 1 0 / 5 2 , 6 3 % 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 % g i o i e l l o 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 % 5 / 2 6 , 3 1 % 9 / 4 7 , 3 6 %
B r z i n a k o r i at e n j a r j e
n i k a
M j e r e n j e b r z i n e k o r i at e n j a r j e
n i k a p r i k a z a n o j e u u s p o r e d n o m g r a f i
k o m p r i k a z u z a s v a t r i r a z r e d a .
I z g r a f i k o n a j e v i d l j i v o d a s u n a j s l a b i j i r e z u l t a t i p o s t i g n u t i u 7 . r a z r e d u at o j e m o ~d a r e z u l t a t m a l o g b r o j a i s p i t a n i k a i g u b i t k a m o t i v a c i j e z b o g p r i l a g o d b e l o ai j i m u
e n i c i m a . U s p o r e d b o m r e z u l t a t a 6 . i 8 . r a z r e d a
i n i s e d a s a d o b i r a s t e s p r e t n o s t i p o v e a v a s e s p o s o b n o s t b r z o g p r o n a l a ~e n j a r i j e
i u r j e
n i k u . N a j d u ~a v r e m e n a o s t v a r i l i s u u
e n i c i k o j i s u u p r v o m d i j e l u u p i t n i k a u p r a v i l u p o s t i g l i v r l o l o ae r e z u l t a t e . T a k o n p r . t r o j e u
e n i k a 6 . r a z r e d a s v r e m e n o m o d 8 , 3 5 / 8 , 5 3 / 7 , 5 4 m i n u t e n i j e r i j e ai l o n i t i j e d n o z n a
e n j e p r e d l o ~e n i h r i j e
i , u
e n i k 7 . r a z r e d a , s v r e m e n o m 9 , 3 5 m i n u t a o s t v a r i o j e s a m o j e d a n t o
a n o d g o v o r a u
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e n i c i i m a j u p o t e ak o a u s v l a d a v a n j u t a l i j a n s k o g j e z i k a . P r e m a t o m e b r z i n a r u k o v a n j a p r i r u
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i m a n a s t r a n o m j e z i k u u u s m e n i m p o r u k a m a i u p i s a n o m t e k s t u . A k o j e n j i h o v a k o m u n i k a c i j s k a k o m p e t e n c i j a o g r a n i
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e n i c i m a o s i g u r a t i s t j e c a n j e s p o s o b n o s t i g l o b a l n o g r a z u m i j e v a n j a s i t u a c i j e i p o t i c a t i i h n a s a m o s t a l n o s t i i s t r a ~i v a n j e n a p l a n u l e k s i k a j e r s u s t r u k t u r e o b i
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k o m p r o g r e s i j o m u o d o b r e n i m ak o l s k i m u d ~b e n i c i m a . U p r a v o z a t o m o ~e m o p r i h v a t i t i t v r d n j u D . W i l k i n s a d a u n a s t a v n i m u v j e t i m a k r i t e r i j i o d a b i r a l e k s i
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e n i k a i l i n a n j e g o v u v r i j e d n o s t z a n a s t a v n i k a i t e h n i k e n j e g o v a r a d a ( D . W i l k i n s , 1 9 8 3 . , 1 3 5 ) .
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e k u j u p o m o n a s t a v n i k a a a k o j e n e d o b i j u o d u s t a j u .
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e n i c i m a , r a z b i j a n j e n a s t a v n i h s t e r e o t i p a n o v i m t e h n i k a m a r a d a , s u s t a v n o p o n a v l j a n j e g r a d i v a u o d r e e n i m v r e m e n s k i m r a z d o b l j i m a i u v o e n j e r a z l i
i t i h i z v o r n i h d o k u m e n a t a n a s t r a n o m j e z i k u m o g l o b i d o p r i n i j e t i b o l j o j i s k o r i at e n o s t i n a s t a v n o g v r e m e n a i p r o ai r i t i i n t e r e s z a j e z i k i z v a n ak o l e .
N e k a o v o i s p i t i v a n j e b u d e p o t i c a j n a s t a v n i c i m a z a p r o m i c a n j e a k t i v n i j e i o d g o v o r n i j e u l o g e u
e n i k a u p r o c e s u u s v a j a n j a s t r a n o g j e z i k a i u k o r i at e n j u d j e l o t v o r n i j i h s t r a t e g i j a u
e n j a i p a m e n j a .
L I T E R A T U R A
B e n v e n i s t e , E . , P r o b l m e s d e l i n g u i s t i q u e g n r a l e , I I , P a r i s , 1 9 7 4 .
B r a t a n i , M . , " O d g a j a n j e k u l t u r e u p o t r e b e r j e
n i k a u ak o l i " , S t r a n i j e z i c i , v o l . 3 0 , b r . 4 , `k o l s k a k n j i g a , s t r . 1 9 1 - 2 0 0 , Z a g r e b , 2 0 0 1 .
C h o m s k y , N . , J e z i k i p r o b l e m i z n a n j a , F i l o z o f s k i f a k u l t e t , O d s j e k z a o p u l i n g v i s t i k u i o r i j e n t a l n e s t u d i j e , Z a g r e b 1 9 9 1 .
L e w i s , M . , T h e L e x i c a l A p p r o a c h , L a n g u a g e T e a c h i n g P u b l i c a t i o n s , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 3 .
L e w i s , M . , I m p l e m e n t i n g t h e L e x i c a l A p p r o a c h , L T P , L o n d o n , 1 9 9 7 .
L y o n s , J . , S t r u c t u r a l s e m a n t i c s , O x f o r d , B l a c k w e l l , 1 9 6 3 .
S c h m i t t , N . , V o c a b u l a r y i n L a n g u a g e T e a c h i n g , C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 2 0 0 0 .
W i d d o w s o n , H . G . , L ' i n s e g n a m e n t o d e l l e l i n g u e c o m e c o m u n i c a z i o n e , Z a n i c h e l l i , B o l o g n a , 1 9 8 3 .
W i l k i n s D . , L i n g u i s t i c a e i n s e g n a m e n t o d e l l e l i n g u e , Z a n i c h e l l i , B o l o g n a , 1 9 8 3 .
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