Naslov
The Nocebo Effect: A Review of Contemporary Experimental Research

Autori
Bagarić, Branka ; Jokić-Begić, Nataša ; Sangster Jokić, Claire

Izvornik
International journal of behavioral medicine (1070-5503) 5 (2021); 1, 11

Vrsta, podvrsta i kategorija rada
Radovi u časopisima, članak, znanstveni

Ključne riječi
Nocebo ; Systematic review ; Nocebo mechanisms ; Nocebo risk factors ; Reducing and preventing nocebo

Sažetak
Background: Nocebo effect, the occurrence of adverse symptoms fallowing an inactive treatment, is much less understood than its opposite, placebo effect. This systematic review of contemporary studies exploring the nocebo effect focuses on (1) the mechanisms underlying the nocebo efect, (2) the characteristics of participants exhibiting a more intensive nocebo response, and (3) the circumstances that might reduce or prevent the nocebo effect. Method: We included experimental nocebo studies published in English that examined the occurrence of nocebo in various domains (i.e., types of sensations and symptoms) and different levels of nocebo response (e.g., performance, self-assessment) and in different populations of participants (healthy and clinical). Using Web of Science, PsycInfo and PubMed, we identified 25 papers (35 studies) that met our criteria with a total of N=2614 participants, mostly healthy volunteers. Results: Nocebo was invoked by manipulating expectations, conditioning or both. A narrative content synthesis was conducted. Nocebo was successfully invoked in a range of domains (e.g., pain, nausea, itch, skin dryness) and levels (sensory, affective, psychological, and behavioral). Various characteristics of the conditioning procedure and participants’ emotions, expectations, and dispositions are found to be related to the nocebo response, which sheds insight into the possible mechanisms of the nocebo effect. Strategies successful and unsuccessful in diminishing the nocebo response are identified. Limitations of this review include a small sample of studies. Conclusion: These findings point to the universality of nocebo as well as to the importance of participant characteristics and experimental circumstances in invoking the nocebo effect. Further research should examine the nocebo effect in clinical populations.

Izvorni jezik
Engleski

Znanstvena područja
Psihologija

POVEZANOST RADA