{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\uc1 \deff0\deflang1050\deflangfe1050{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f2\fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;} {\f33\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f34\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f36\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f37\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;} {\f38\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f39\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f40\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f49\fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;} {\f50\fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f52\fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f53\fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f54\fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);} {\f55\fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f56\fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0; \red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{ \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1050\langfe1050\cgrid\langnp1050\langfenp1050 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive Default Paragraph Font;}{\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1050 \sbasedon0 \snext15 Body Text;}}{\info{\author KILAK}{\operator KILAK}{\creatim\yr2001\mo7\dy31\hr10\min17}{\revtim\yr2001\mo9\dy28\hr12\min19}{\version5}{\edmins204}{\nofpages17}{\nofwords7028} {\nofchars-32766}{\*\company PMF}{\nofcharsws0}{\vern8249}}\margl1417\margr1417\margt1417\margb1417 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\hyphhotz425\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701 \dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3\jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale105\nolnhtadjtbl \fet0\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3 \pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1050\langfe1050\cgrid\langnp1050\langfenp1050 {\f2\fs20\cf6 \par }{\b\f2\fs20 Development of experimental nuclear physics in Croatia}{\f2\fs20 \par \par K. Ilakovac \par \par Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20 Organi}{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 z}{\b\f2\fs20 ation}{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 of research \par \par }{\f2\fs20 In this article, an overview of the development of research in the field of experimental nuclear ph}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 y}{\f2\fs20 sics }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 in Croatia is given for the period until about 1970. In many parts, personal views are presented,while some important }{\f2\fs20 results, }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 events and/or decisions may have been omitted. The author apologizes for the possible lack of completeness. \par \par }{\f49\fs20 According to the knowledge of this author, no research work in experimental nuclear physics was performed in Croatia prior to the work in the new "Atomic Physics Institute", founded in 1951, later named "Rudjer Bo\'9akovi\'e6 " Institute (RBI), except}{\f2\fs20 for some preparations in the Physics Department of the Zagreb University in the development of detection techniques. The founding of the Institute was a great success and a major step in the development of research work in physics, electronics, chemistry and biology in Croatia. Earlier in 1950/51, Professor I. Supek obtained the approval and funds from the Federal Government for the buildings, staff and equipment in RBI. In the summer of 1951, the fundations of the first building were laid. In the summer o f 1953, the first and second laboratory buildings and several workshops were finished and the cyclotron building was under construction. Several groups had already been doing research work in the new laboratories. They were mostly faculty members from var ious departments of the Zagreb University who were employed part time in RBI. Gradually, more and more of them as well as young graduates were engaged full time at RBI. \par \par At that time, research work in chemistry, biochemistry and biology was already well de veloped in several laboratories ot the University of Zagreb and also in some firms. New opportunities, new equipment and services soon attracted a considerable number of researchers. Respectable groups were formed which continued and expanded their previ ous work in much improved conditions. \par \par Some research work in physics has previously been done in Zagreb, but none in experimental nuclear physics. No experienced researchers and no equipment had been available. Two professors of the Zagreb University, I. S}{\f49\fs20 upek, head of the Department of Theoretical Physics, and M. Pai\'e6, head of the Department of Physics, took up the task to define lines of work and to form initial research groups. \par }{\f2\fs20 \par In 1952, Supek succeeded to obtain approval from the Federal Government to build a cyclotron in the RBI. It was a narrow win, because the proposal to have a cyclotron built for the }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 earlier}{\f49\fs20 founded "B. Kidri\'e8" Institute near Belgrade}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , }{\f2\fs20 by the Dutch firm Philips had already been considered. Main argument of Supek was that the cyclot}{\f49\fs20 ron would be built in the RBI, with many parts made by the strong Zagreb electroindustry "R. Kon\'e8 ar". It should be mentioned that an alternative to the cyclotron was also considered. At that time, the strong-focussing principle was discovered and plans for}{\f2\fs20 a strong-focussing proton synchrotron were under way in the new European research centre CERN in Geneva. The idea was to build a small strong-focussing electron accelerator in Zagreb with the aim to test the strong-focussing principle. The idea had not b een considered much in detail. \par \par In 1954, the semi-subterranean cyclotron building was completed and parts of the cyclotron were delivered (e.g., the magnet yoke, vacuum chamber, accelerating electrodes, vacuum pumps, air-conditioning). Further work on the completion of the machine progressed slowly. \par \par No experienced researchers in experimental nuclear physics were available and theoretical nuclear physics only started work in Zagreb. At that time, initiation of research work "from scratch" was a major under taking. The first problem was to gather experienced researchers and to form research groups, but research facilities, i.e. buildings, equipment, accelerator, etc presented serious problems, too. As a first step, Supek decided to send several young physics graduates and assistants abroad, to England (Birmingham and Manchester), Switzerland (CERN), France (Saclay) and Denmark (Bohr Institute). That it was not as simple. The political situation in the world was very tense. It was the first phase of the cold w ar, the Korean war was flaring, nuclear weapons were built on either side of the Iron Curtain, first hydrogen bombs were tested, etc. \par \par Two lines of experimental nuclear-physics research were visualized, construction of the cyclotron and work with the cyclo tron beam and with radioisotopes produced in the cyclotron for which Supek engaged several electrical engineers and several of his graduates in theoretical physics, and the work in nuclear and high-energy physics (cosmic-ray research) for which Profess o}{\f49\fs20 r Pai\'e6 designated his young assistants. So, in 1952, M. La\'9e}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 anski went to CERN in Geneva to work for about a year on the synchro-cyclotron. In 1951 M. Konrad and K. Ilakovac came to the Department of Physics of the Birmingham University in England for gradu}{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ate studies to work on the cyclotron, and M. Turk and B. Leonti\'e6 to the Department of Physics of the Manchester University for graduate studies in cosmic-ray physics. In 1954, Supek sent two further of his young graduates, V. Knapp and M. Petravi}{ \f49\fs20 \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , for graduate studies at the Birmingham University. \par \par On his return from CERN in 1954, M. La\'9eanski was appointed head of the Cyclotron Unit. K. Ilakovac obtained his Ph. D. from the Birmingham University in 1954 and on his return in the autumn of 1954, he was appo inted head of the Nuclear Structure Group. M. Konrad returned in 1955, and he was appointed head of the Electronics Group. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 In 1954, two groups were designated for work in nuclear physics, the Nuclear Physics Group (lead by M. Pai\'e6) and the }{\f2\fs20 Nuclear Structure Group (lead by K. Ilakovac)}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 . Ecept for M. Pai}{\f49\fs20 \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , the Nuclear Physics Group }{\f49\fs20 consisted of M. V. Pai\'e6, B. Leonti\'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , M. Turk, }{ \f2\fs20 B. Vo\'9a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 icki}{\f2\fs20 , K. Prelec, G. Thuro, P. Toma\'9a, ??? and six to eight technicians. They were situated in several rooms }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 in Buildings 1 and 2 at the RBI. They were developing two detection techniques, the nuclear (ionographic) emulsions and the cloud chamber. M. Pai}{\f49\fs20 \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 made initial work already in 1950/51 at the Physics Department of the Zagreb University where a small cloud chamber was built a}{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 nd operated, and nuclear emulsions loaded with thorium or uranium compounds used to observe and measure alpha-particle tracks with microscopes. This work was transferred to the RBI in 1953/54. At that time, M. Pai\'e6 and his associates already started to bui}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ld a 200 keV accelerator to be used as a \'93neutron generator\'94. \par \par B. Leonti}{\f49\fs20 \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 obtained his Ph. D. from the University of Manchester in 1954 and in 1955 he was appointed head of the High}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Energy Group. In the High} {\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Energy Group, besides B. Leonti}{\f49\fs20 \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , there was M. Turk, and }{\f2\fs20 M. }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Pai}{\f49\fs20 \'e6 was also engaged. Girl-technicians were engaged for the microscopic measurements of tracks in nuclear emulsions. A pack of nuclear emulsions (10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm) was acquired and exposed in a baloon flight abroad. Unfortunatel}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 y, the em}{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ulsions were damaged to such an extent that they could not be used for the investigation of nuclear tracks produced by cosmic rays. Soon after, at the beginning of 1957, B. Leonti\'e6 left to work at CERN and the High Energy Group was dissolved. M. Turk joined Professor Pai\'e6\rquote s }{\f2\fs20 Nuclear Physics Group. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par In 1954, }{\f49\fs20 the Nuclear Structure Group consisted of K. Ilakovac (head), M. Petravi\'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 and V. Knapp (graduate students at the University of Birmingham), three graduate physicists, N. Do}{\f2\fs20 \'9a}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ek-Vo}{\f2\fs20 \'9a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 icki, N. Cindro and I. \'8alaus, and a technician. The }{\f2\fs20 g}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 roup had three rooms in Building 2 at the RBI. Main task of the group was to prepare for experimental research work with the cyclotron. Both nuclear reactions with the external beam and studies of decay of radioisotopes were planned. \par \par In 1957, the RBI was reorganized. The }{\f2\fs20 Nuclear Physics Group }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 was renamed the Department of Nuclear Physics I (DNP-I) and the }{\f2\fs20 Nuclear Structure Group}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 the Department of Nuclear Physics II (DNP-II). Two new buildings were made, and DNP-II moved to Building 3 where they got a much larger space. Since the }{\f2\fs20 m}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ain }{\f2\fs20 machine w}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 orkshop was very busy with orders from other departments, and }{\f2\fs20 the }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 jobs were (}{\f2\fs20 in principle}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ) processed according to the waiting list (some departments had priority, e.g. the Cyclotron Unit, some researchers used to put \'93advance\'94 orders, i.e. they would order construction of something they were not ready to specify yet, just to gain advantage when needed). E.g., it took over three years to get a simple scintillation detection system with a si ngle-channel analyzer made for gamma-ray measurements. This was the reason for a very slow advance in the preparations, especially with small jobs. Therefore, K. Ilakovac asked for permission to engage new engineers and technicians within the DNP-II who w ould build electronic equipment and also to form a small machine workshop. Ing. B. Berke}{\f2\fs20 \'9a}{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , who worked in the Department of Electronics, was transferred to DPN-II and continued his work on beta spectrometers. Two electronic engineers, S. Cucan\'e8i}{\f49\fs20 \'e6 and B. Turko, and four technicians were emplo}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 y}{\f2\fs20 ed for the development of nuclear electronics, and a workshop with several machine tools was installed. That changed the pace of preparations very much. }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Various equipment was built for the work with the cyclotron beam and radioisotopes. E.g., two double-focussing beta spectrometers including magnet supplies and electronics, various electronic units like high tension supplies, amplifiers, discriminators, coincidence units, single-channel analyzers, a 20-channel pulse-height analyzer, two 100-channel pulse-height analyzers with nickel-wire memory (after Hutchi n son), etc. There were several personal changes, new young physics graduates were engaged, several members of the DNP-II went to work at laboratories abroad, some people left (B. Turko joined the Electronics Department but continued to collaborate with mem bers of the }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 DNP-II, a little later S. Cucan\'e8i\'e6 also switched to the Electronics Department). \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par In autumn 1962, K. Ilakovac went on a leave of absence for two years to work at the University of Washington in Seattle, U. S. A. At the end of 1962, the Department for Nucl ear and Atomic Investigations (DNAI) was formed by fusion of the DNP-I, the DNP-II (the researchers were split between two laboratories, the Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions and the Laboratory for Nuclear Spectroscopy), the Atomic Physics Laboratory, the Cyclotron Unit and the Neutron Generator Unit. M. Pai}{\f49\fs20 \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 was appointed the head of the Department. \par \par In 1963, a controversy arose between N. Cindro and M. Cerineo. M. Pai}{\f49\fs20 \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 was trying to solve the problems but did not succeed. The DNAI administration was in a building situated in a valley at the RBI. The meetin gs of the Scientific Council of the DNAI were held there. The valley soon became known as the "valley of pots" (after a region of Laos during the Vietnam war). M. Pai}{\f49\fs20 \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 resigned in the summer of 1964. Until the end of 1964, the DNAI was led in turn by B. Markovi}{\f49\fs20 \'e6, }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 I. \'8alaus, N. Cindro and V. Knapp. \par \par K. Ilakovac returned from the U.S.A. at the end of 1964}{\f2\fs20 and accepted the new appointment as associate professor at the Ph}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 y}{\f2\fs20 sics Department of the Facult}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 y}{\f2\fs20 of Science and Mathematics in }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Z}{\f2\fs20 agreb. }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 H}{\f2\fs20 e continued to work }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 at the }{\f2\fs20 RBI as a part-time }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 collaborator. At the end of 1964, he was appointed head of DNAI. The controversies in the DNAI continued until the autumn of 1965 when M. Cerineo left the RBI after appointemnt to the position of associate professor at the Univer sity of Belgrade. K. Ilakovac resigned in summer of 1967 and was succeeded by I. }{\f2\fs20 \'8a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 laus. At the end of 1970, P. Toma}{\f2\fs20 \'9a was appointed head of the DNAI and he held the position for several }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 following years. \par \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Cyclotron \par \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Large parts of the cyclotron were ord ered either from abroad or from home industry. By the end of 1954, most of them were delivered and mounted in the cyclotron underground building which was also completed. Further work, almost entirely done at the RBI, like installations, HF oscillator (th e main oscillator tube was built at the RBI), magnet stabilization, command table etc.) was underestimated and the planned date of completion of the machine was postponed several times. For that reason, progress appeared very slow. }{ \b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 In 1962, the cyclotron }{\f2\fs20 internal beam was achieved. The event was marked by a big celebration. The cyclotron was officially opened by President Tito. It was the first accelerator of the type (and size) installed in the region, and mostly home-built. Just prior to the event, K. I lakovac left for the U.S.A. to work at the University of Washington in Seattle. \par \par As with most new accelerators at the time, many problems were encountered in the first years of running. The cyclotron had a pair of parts which were especially troublesome, t he "short circuits". A design feature of the cyclotron was the possibility to change the resonance frequency of the system chamber - accelerating electrodes (the D's). It was intended (with the corresponding change of the magnetic field) for acceleration o f ions to different energies at the maximal radius. For that purpose, the position of the electrical connections between the chamber and supports of the D's (the "short circuits") could be changed. Without the disruption of vacuum, the short circuits coul d be released, moved and tightened. The HF current at the contacts at working conditions was in excess of 15 kA, causing frequent failure. Several years later, the short circuit was redesigned for a fixed frequency and the problem was solved. \par }{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 In the cours e of preparations for the work with the cyclotron external beam, an additional (also underground) hall for experiments was built adjoint to the cyclotron building, and the cyclotron external-beam system which was designed and to a large extent completed ( bending/analysing magnet, quadrupole lenses, analysing magnet, vacuum system). \par \par Unfortunately, most of the preparations for the work with the cyclotron external beam were in vain. One reason was delays in the completion of the machine. The completion was o riginally planned for 1958/59, but it was delayed every year anew. For several years, the group of physicists in the DNP-II was in a rather bleak situation since no measurements could be done with the primary tool they were supposed to use. \par }{\f2\fs20 \par On his retur n from the U.S.A. in December 1964, K. Ilakovac learned that there was a design error in the cyclotron which prevented raising of the high voltage on the beam-extraction electrode (beam splitter) to the required voltage of about 100 kV. The reason was a t oo small space (height) inside the D}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \rquote }{\f2\fs20 s, indirectly due to a too small magnet gap. Thus, all efforts in the preparations for experiments with the external cyclotron beam were a miss. \par \par The cyclotron continued to be used with internal beams until about 1990. Several improvements were made, a very important one being the rotating targets. Many bombardments were made for research in chemistry, some for experiments in physics and biology, several radioisotopes were made on routine basis for use in medicine, some irradiation of animals with fast neutrons was done, etc. \par \par According to the author's knowledge, only two articles were published in scientific journals related to the work on the cyclotron [1,2]. \par \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20 Neutron generator}{\f2\fs20 \par \par }{\f49\fs20 In 1954, M. Pai\'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 undertook to build a 200 keV accelerator of the Cocksroft-Walton type, with the Greinacker-type rectifier. It was intended to be used as a source of fast (2.7 MeV) neutrons }{ \f2\fs20 using}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 the d + d reaction (the "neutron generator"). In the group, later named "Neutron Generator Unit", were, besides M. Pai}{\f49\fs20 \'e6 (head of the group), P. Toma\'9a, M. Vari\'e6 ak, K. Prelec, B. Vo\'9aicki and about six technicians. Each member of the group ha}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 d}{\f2\fs20 a specific task and was taking care of the design, construction, testing an}{\f49\fs20 d mounting of parts. M. Pai \'e6 had a considerable experience with similar systems, the X-ray units, during the World War II, for he worked for the French firm Companie Generale de Radiologie on }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 the }{\f2\fs20 design and development of such units. Late}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 r}{\f2\fs20 on, N. }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Sti}{\f49\fs20 p\'e8i\'e6 and B. Antolkovi\'e6 joined in the work on }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 the }{\f2\fs20 assembl}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 y}{\f2\fs20 and testing of the machine. \par \par The neutron generator was completed and put into operation in 1959. }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 The 200 keV deuteron beam was magnetically analysed and directed onto a target of frozen heavy ice in vacuum. The d + d -> }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 3}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 He + n reaction produced 2.7 MeV neutrons of a considerable intensity, emitted in all directions. The machine proved to be highly reliable. Breakdowns were rare and the very experienced team of operators-technicians would repair the unit soon after some malfunction appeared. }{\f2\fs20 Several articles }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 were published in scientific journals related to the construction, testing and improvements of the neutron generator [3-13]. \par \par A setback was inadequate rooms where the neutron generator was placed. Of the two rooms in the western part of Building 2 (lower ground floor), one was used for the accelerator and the target area, and the other as a large experimental room (nowadays, that large room is divided into two).}{\f2\fs20 }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 The problem was that Building 2 was not designed to be used for work with a strong source of fast neutrons. Good shielding around the neutron source was made (large watertanks and paraffin blocks), but adequate shielding above the source could not be installed. The personel in the rooms above t h e neutron generator (several researchers and the administration) on the upper floor of the building was, therefore, not allowed to be in the rooms when the neutron beam was on. The work with the fast neutrons was restricted from 3 p.m. until 7 a.m. the ne xt day. \par \par In 1960, solid tritium targets became commercially available. They were small metal plates with a thin layer of zirconium or titanium on one side. A high capacity of Zr and Ti to adsorb hydrogen and its isotopes was used to hold tritium at a high concentration. Instead of the frozen heavy-water deuterium targets, the tritium targets were used in the 200 keV accelerator to produce neutrons of a considerably higher energy of about 14.4 MeV. The 14.4 MeV neutrons offered entirely new possibilities o f nuclear-reaction research. \par \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Research work with nuclear plates \par \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 As soon as the neutron generator was put in operation, measurements of 2.7 MeV neutron scattering and reactions began. The only reasonable method of detection of charged particles produced by neutrons were ionographic emulsions (the "nuclear plates"). A team of three to four girl-technicians were engaged for the work with the exposed plates, to develop them and to do microscopic measurements of tracks produced by charged particles from scat t ering or reactions of 2.7 MeV neutrons. It was a tedious and very slow work. Angular resolution of the measurements was very good, particle identification restricted only to single- and double-charged particles, while the energy resolution was relatively low. Several articles were published in scientific journals using this method [14-24]. The titles of articles give an overview of the achieved results. \par \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Electronics }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par \par In the fifties and sixties of the 20}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 th}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 century, the world market for nuclear electronic equipment was very scarce. Very few units could be purchased. For a successful development of experimental nuclear-physics research as well as of many other disciplines, home-building of electronics was mandatory. The Electronics Department at the RBI, he a ded by M. Konrad, was very successful in that work. At the peak of their activities, about 25 researchers and designers and up to eight technicians were engaged in the Department. They supplied the physics, chemistry, biology and biomedicine research depa r tments at the RBI, some other research laboratories in Zagreb and other centres in the country with various electronic equipment. They also developed several industrial nuclear-electronics prototypes which were taken over by the firms for larger-scale pro duction. \par \par Some achievements of the members of the Department are known throughout the n world, such as application of field-effect transistors in low-noise preamplifiers for nuclear detectors, mega-channel counting using small computers (associative memori es), registration of multiparameter events from many-detector systems, etc. \par \par The electronic equipment supply to many research groups, especially the nuclear physics, was essential for the progress of scientific work at the RBI. \par \par An impression of the very successful research work of the Electronics Department may be obtained by inspecting the titles of articles published in scientific journals by members of the Department [25-51]. \par \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Nuclear electromagnetic processes \par \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Various processes were studied: elas tic scattering of gamma rays, capture of fast neutrons by protons and deuterons, nuclear level widths, angular correlation of gamma rays, internal Compton effect, two-electron decay of nuclear excited states, linear polarization in gamma ray scattering, e t c. V. Knapp made an interesting measurement that gave the limit on the effect of a transversal magnetic field on the velocity of light of opposite circular polarizations. The angular correlation work was introduced by B. Hrastnik after his return from a r esearch study in Cracow. A. Ljubi}{\f49\fs20 \'e8i\'e6 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 made extensive complete kinematic measurements of the Compton scattering on K-electrons which are almost singular still now. \par \par An overview of the titles of the published work in this field [52-66] shows the variety of }{\f2\fs20 studied p}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 rocesses. \par \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Reactions of 14.4 MeV neutrons by the thin crystal method }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par \par In order to discriminate deuterons from protons, N. Cindro introduced the thin-crystal method. If of the same energy, protons have almost a two times larger range than deuterons. A suitable choice of thicknes s of the detector sensitive volume may stop the deuterons while protons pass through. Thus, the deuterons deposit all of their energy and protons only a considerably smaller part. The use of a thin scintillator (activated CsI monocrystals were used) mount e d on a photomultiplier (which give pulses proportional to the energy deposited in the scintillator) permitted the detection of pulses from deuterons while the pulses from protons could be avoided. Two measurements of angular distribution in (n,d) reaction s were made and published as well as two articles on the method [67-70]. Although simple, the method was soon abandoned in favour of the counter telescopes because of many limitations and uncertainties in the interpretation of spectra in many nuclear react ions. \par \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Radioactivation studies with 14.4 MeV neutrons}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par \par Nuclear reactions often lead to radioactive nuclides because of the change of either or both of the proton and neutron numbers. Measurement of specific radioactivity of irradiated samples permits the determination of total cross-sections for the corresponding reactions. Several measurements using this method were done with 14.4 MeV neutrons. A further attempt was made to study the fluctuations of the cross-sections due to the statistical nature of th e compound-nucleus processes, as predicted by T. Ericsson. Due to the different states attained by incident particles of variable energy, variations in the decay of the compound nucleus occur. The group N. Cindro, P. Strohal and associates used the d + T n e utrons at various angles relative to the incident deuteron beam. Due to the effects of centre-of-mass motion, neutron energy varied between 14.1 and 14.6 MeV. The results of the measurements should be critically examined because the spread of energy of ne utrons emerging from the target at an angle was comparable to the observed periods of variation of the cross-sections. Four articles have been published in scientific journals [71-75]. \par \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 14.4 MeV neutron d}{\b\f2\fs20 irect reactions studied by counter telescopes}{\f2\fs20 \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par The advent}{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 of 14.4 MeV neutrons offered new unexpected possibilities for the studies of nuclear reactions. That was first recognized by M. Petravi\'e6 and his wife G. Kuo-Petravi\'e6 who took up the task to build a counter telescope for charged particles with the aim to s}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 tudy direct nuclear reactions induced by 14.4 MeV neutrons. The telescope was a state-of-the-art piece of work, sensitive enough to detect 14 MeV protons with a high efficiency. It consisted of two proportional counters (the first to ascertain that the pa r ticle emerged from the target and the longer, second counter to measure its energy loss, (Delta E), a CsI scintillation counter (to stop the particle and measure its remaining energy, E), while in front of the counters was a four-position wheel onto which the targets were fastened. The wheel could be turned and fixed by magnets in one of the four positions to choose the selected target. These parts were all in one sealed chamber which would be filled with CO}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\sub\langnp1033 2} {\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 of high putity for the operation of the proporti onal counters. Energy calibration and checks of the particle selection were done using the hydrogen and deuterium targets. A 100-channel pulse height analyzer was used to measure the particle energy (pulses from the scintillation counter, E-counter), whil e for the selection of either protons or deuterons emerging from the target, the pulses from the second proportional (Delta E) counter were used. The selection was done using an oscilloscope. On the screen of the oscilloscope, the horizontal deflection was proportional to the E-pulse while the vertical deflection to the Delta E-pulse. When a coincidence of pulses from all three detectors was detected, the spot on the screen would flash. The flash would be detected by a photo cell which would open the gate t o the 100-channel pulse-height analyzer. To choose either protons or deuterons, a black mask was placed over the screen with a cut-out which would allow detection of either protons or deuterons. Of course, the selection was based on the fact that for proto ns and deuterons of the same incident energy, the latter have almost two times larger energy loss in the Delta E counter. \par \par The pick-up reaction }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 51}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 V(n,d) was chosen for the start. The measurements started at the end of 1960 and lasted for several months. Th}{ \f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 e measured angular distribution was used to determine the orbital angular momentum of the transferred proton. M. Petravi\'e6 and his wife G. Kuo-Petravi\'e6 left the RBI at the beginning of 1962 to work at the University of Birmingham in England where they previ}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ously had obtained their Ph. D.'s. K. Ilakovac left the RBI at the end of 1962 to work in the U. S. A. I. } {\f2\fs20 \'8a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 laus and P. Toma}{\f2\fs20 \'9a }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 continued the work with several younger assistants and other researchers. Many improvements were made and new telescopes were built . The group of N. Cindro was joined by Belgrade researchers who had introduced very thin surface-barrier Delta E detectors. They also joined the former group in the studies of few-nucleon processes. Most articles published about the work with 14.4 MeV neu t rons which was carried out in Zagreb were in the field of direct nuclear reactions. Single-nucleon pick-up, two-nucleon pick-up, knock-out reactions etc. were measured on many nuclei. The titles of articles [76-105] show the successful work done in this f ield. \par }{\f2\fs20 \par \par }{\b\f2\fs20 Studies of few-nucleon systems by counter telescopes}{\f2\fs20 \par \par The best known experimental investigations with 14.4 MeV neutrons done in Croatia are the breakup of deuterons and the first determination of the neutron - neutron scattering length from the pro ton spectrum of the D(n,p)2n reaction at the scattering angle of 0}{\f2\fs20\super 0}{\f2\fs20 . Studies of few-nucleon systems were scarce around 1960. In the academic year 1956/57, K. Ilakovac started teaching the course "Nuclear Physics" to the fourth-year undergraduates at the Fa culty of Science and Mathematics as a honorary lecturer. During the measurements of the }{\f2\fs20\super 51}{\f2\fs20 V(n,d) reaction, he was preparing the lectures on nucleon - nucleon interaction, and was studying the 10}{\f2\fs20\super th}{\f2\fs20 chapter of the book R. D. Evans "The Aomic Nucleus". The ch apter presents an extensive description of general characteristics of nuclear forces, charge independence of singlet nuclear forces, the deuteron, phase-shift analysis of nucleon - nucleon scattering, scattering length, effective range theory, non-existen ce of dineutron, etc. The study incited the idea of measurement of neutron - neutron interaction by the D(n,p)2n reaction. The idea was readily accepted by the group. On suggestion of M. Petrav}{\f49\fs20 i\'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , measurements were layed off untill the }{\f2\fs20\super 51}{\f2\fs20 V(n,d) work was }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 completed}{\f49\fs20 . Only once, when K. Ilakovac was taking over the shift from M. Petravi\'e6}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , they made a short run with the deuteron target which was in the counter telescope for calibration purposes. The proton peak due to the neutron - neutron final-state interaction was readily seen. The measurements were completed in the early summer of 1961 and the differential cross-sections were published in Phys. Rev. Letters [106]. At the time, K. Ilakovac gave a talk in the Theoretical Physics Seminary on }{\f2\fs20 the }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 effective range theory that was based on the article by Schwinger (Phys. Rev. 78 (1950) 135]. He drew attention (using simple kinematics) to }{\f2\fs20 the main feature of the D(n,p)2n reaction:}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 proton energy }{\f2\fs20 is }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 directly }{\f2\fs20 related }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 to the centre-of-mass energy of the two neutrons, i.e. the proton spectrum reflects the probabilities of different energy states of the outgoing two-neutron system. }{\f2\fs20 \par \par What followed was the analysis of the proton spectrum with the aim to derive the neutron - neutron scattering length. F}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 acilities for }{\f2\fs20 numerical calculations were }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 inadequate a}{\f2\fs20 t the time}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 . Only desktop electro-mechanical calculation machines were available (primarily Olivetti Tectractis). Therefore, only the simplest form of the nucleon - nucleon potential was assumed and the Born approximation was applied. }{\f49\fs20 The couple Petravi \'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 took up to numerically calculate one matrix element, I. }{\f2\fs20 \'8a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 laus the other one. K. Ilakovac analyzed the phase-space factor and did the statistical analysis (curve fitting) to derive the published result, a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\sub\langnp1033 nn}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 = (- 22 + - 2) fm, for the neutron - neutron scattering length [107]. It was the first determination of the neutron - neutron scattering length. The measurements of the }{\f2\fs20 D(n,p)2n reaction }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 were redone in Zagreb [110] and at several other laboratories with a very similar result for a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\sub\langnp1033 nn}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 . It should be noted that the measurements using the D(pi,gamma)2n reaction, in which two nucleons and a relatively weakly interacting gamma ray are present in the final state, resulted in the value a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\sub\langnp1033 nn }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 = -16.7 fm. \par \par During the work on }{\f2\fs20 the breakup of deuterons at 0}{\f2\fs20\super 0}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , K. Ilakovac suggested several further experiments which were carried out later, such as the measurement of D(n,p)2n reaction at scattering angles different from 0}{\f2\fs20\super 0}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , the captur e of fast neutrons by protons and light nuclei and the breakup of tritons by fast neutrons. \par }{\f2\fs20 \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Measurements of the D(n,p)2n reaction at scattering angles of 10}{\f2\fs20\super 0}{\f2\fs20 ,}{\f2\fs20\super }{\f2\fs20 20}{\f2\fs20\super 0}{\f2\fs20 , 30}{\f2\fs20\super 0 }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 and 45}{\f2\fs20\super 0}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 were made at the end of 1961. The theoretical differential cross-sections at the scattering angles different from 0}{\f2\fs20\super 0}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 are more difficult to calculate because at 0}{\f2\fs20\super 0}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 the integrals appearing in the matrix elements are simpler. K. Ilakovac made most of the calculations (it was more than a month\rquote s work with the Ollivetti calculator). The results of the measurements and the calculated differential cross-sections were published in Nucl. Phys. [108]. \par \par Work on few-body problems continued with the detection systems used in the studies of 14.4 MeV-neutron d}{\f2\fs20 irect reactions. An attempt was made t o observe the three-neutron resonance and the proton-three neutron resonance, the neutron - neutron scattering length was determined from the deuteron spectrum of the T(n,d)2n reaction at 14.4 MeV, reactions of 14.4 MeV neutron with }{\f2\fs20\super 3}{ \f2\fs20 He, }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 elastic scatterin g of 14.4 MeV neutrons by hydrogen isotopes and the neutron-proton-bremsstrahlung at 14.4 MeV were measured. The charge symmetry and charge independence of forces in the two-nucleon in the same states was questioned in several articles. 14.4 MeV n eutron-proton bremsstrahlung at was also measured. The titles of articles [106-118] give an overview of the achieved results. \par \par }{\f2\fs20 \par }{\b\f2\fs20 Literature \par }{\f2\fs20 \par A) CYCLOTRON-RELATED ARTICLES \par \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 1) }{\f49\fs20 V. Lopa\'9ai\'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , A note on the wire loop method for locating the median plane in a cyclotron magnet, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 10 (1955) 195. \par \par 2) M. Konrad, The equations for the ion motion in a fixed frequency cyclotron, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 11 (1956) 253. \par \par \par }{\f2\fs20 B) CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF THE NEUTRON GENERATOR \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 3) M. Vari\'e6ak, B. Vo\'9aicki and B. Safti\'e6, Experimental determination of the Penning}{\f2\fs20 -}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 gauge characteristics, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 10 (1955) 89. \par \par }{\f2\fs20 4) }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 M}{\f2\fs20 . }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Pai}{\f49\fs20 \'e6, }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 K}{\f2\fs20 . }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Prelec}{\f2\fs20 , }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 P}{\f2\fs20 . }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Toma}{\f2\fs20 \'9a }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 et}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 B}{\f2\fs20 . }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Vo}{\f2\fs20 \'9a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 icki}{\f2\fs20 , }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Sur}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 un}{\f2\fs20 }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 accelerateur}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Cockroft}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 et}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Walton}{\f2\fs20 }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 de}{\f2\fs20 200 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 keV}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 pour}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 la}{\f2\fs20 }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 generation}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 de}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 neutrons}{\f2\fs20 , }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Glasnik}{\f2\fs20 }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Mat}{\f2\fs20 .-}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Fiz}{\f2\fs20 . }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 i}{\f2\fs20 }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Astr}{\f2\fs20 . 12 (1957) 269. \par \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 5) P. Toma\'9a, Production of thin films by thermal evaporation, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 15 (1960) 119. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 6) B. Antolkovi\'e6, M. Pai\'e6, K. Prelec and P. Toma\'9a, Magnetic mass analysis of a 200 keV ion beam from a Cockcroft and Walton accelerator, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 15 (1960) 61.}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 7) B. Antolkovi\'e6, D. Winterhalter and M. Turk, Measurements of the yield and energy spectra od D-D neutrons by means of nuclear emulsions, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 15 (1960) 303. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 8) B. Antolkovi\'e6, M. Pai\'e6, M. Turk and D. Winterhalter, Influence of co}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 llimation on the energy spectrum of 2.7 MeV neutrons, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 16 (1961) 135. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 9) N. Stip\'e8i\'e6, M. Pai\'e6 and P. Toma\'9a, The ion optical system of a 200 keV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 17 (1962) 107. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par 10) K. Prelec, Proton energy spectra from a high frequency ion source, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 18 (1963) 103. \par \par 11) K. Prelec, Extraction system of a high frequency proton source, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 18 (1963) 121. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 12) M. Pai\'e6, B. Antolkovi\'e6, P. Toma\'9a and M. }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Turk, Comparative measurements of yields for D-D neutrons from different targets, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 23 (1963) 19. \par \par 13) K. Prelec, On some similarity rules for extraction systems of a high frequency ion source, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 26 (1964) 320. \par \par \par }{\f2\fs20 C) FAST NEUTRON REACTIONS BY THE EMULSION METHOD \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 14) M. Pai\'e6 and B. \'c8elustka, Etude autoradiographyque de quelque roche yougoslave, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 11 (1956) 149. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par 15) D. Winterhalter, Inelastic scattering of neutrons of 2.7 MeV on aluminium, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 16 (1961) 131. \par \par 16) B. A}{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ntolkovi\'e6, A device for dip angle measurement of tracks in nuclear emulsions, Nuovo Cimento 19 (1961) 1. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 17) B. Antolkovi\'e6, Protons from S}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 32}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 bombarded by 14.4 MeV neutrons, Nuovo Cimento 22 (1961) 853. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 18) B. Antolkovi\'e6, A device for dip angle measurem}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ent of tracks in nuclear emulsions, Nuovo Cimento 44 (1963) 123. \par \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1050 {19) D. Winterhalter, Angular distribution of fast neutrons scattered on aluminium, Nucl. Phys. 43 (1963) 339. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1050\langfe1050\cgrid\langnp1050\langfenp1050 {\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 20) B. Antolkovi\'e6, Protons from S}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 32}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 bombarded by 14.4 MeV neutrons, Nucl. Phys. 44 (1963) 123. \par \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1050 {\f49 21) V. Pai\'e6 and M. Pai\'e6 , Discrimination of low energy protons and alpha particles in Ilford K0 nuclear emulsions, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 26 (1964) 42. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1050\langfe1050\cgrid\langnp1050\langfenp1050 {\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par 22) M. Turk, Inelastic scattering of 14.6 MeV neutrons to excited states of }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 12}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 C, Z. Naturforsch. 22a (1967) 411. \par \par 23) D. Winterhalter, Elastic scattering of 2.76 MeV neutrons by }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 40}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Ca, Z. Phys. 200 (1967) 487. \par \par 24) D. Winterhalter and M. Turk, A study of proton and alpha particles from neutron induced reactions on }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 40}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Ca, Fizika 1 (1969) 137. \par \par \par D) NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 25) F. Mar\'e8elja, A simple fast-slow coincidence system for angular correlation measurements, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 17 (1962) 113. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 26) L. Cucan\'e8i\'e6, A multiple pulse display system, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 21 (1963) 53. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par 27) I. Br}{\f49\fs20 \'e8i\'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , A fast decade counter, Elektrotehnika (1964) 40. \par \par 28) V. Radeka, The field-effect transistor - its characteristics and applications, Trans. IEEE on Nucl. Sci. NS-11 (1964) 358. \par \par 29) V. Radeka, Fast decimal counting with binary-decimal logic, Trans. IEEE on Nucl. Sci. NS-11 (1964) 296. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 30) B. Sou\'e8ek, Distribution measurement errors due to the pile-up effect, Nucl. Instr. and Methods, 28 (1964) 306. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par 31) B. Turko, Circulating memory applied for two dimensional pulse height analysis, Elektrotehnika (1964) 51. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 32) B. Sou\'e8ek, Loses in sys}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 tems with variable dead time, Nucl. Instr. and Methods, 27 (1964) 306. \par \par 33) V. 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Toma\'9a, The }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 9}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Be(n,alpha)}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 6}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 He reaction induced by 14.4 MeV neutrons, Nucl. Phys. A 96 (1967) 476. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 93) V. Valkovi\'e6, I. \'8alaus, P. Toma\'9a and M. Cerineo, The reactions }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 10}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 B(n,t)alpha alpha and }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Li(n,d)alpha at 14.4 MeV, Nucl. Phys. A 98 (1967) 305. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx930\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 94) \'d0. Miljani\'e6, G. Pai\'e6, B. Antolkovi\'e6 and P. Toma\'9a, (n,d) reactions on }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 14}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 N, }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 35}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Cl, }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 39}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 K, }{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 40}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Ca, and }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 75}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 As at 14.4 MeV, Nucl. Phys. A 106 (1967) 401. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 95) B. Antolkovi\'e6, G. Pai\'e6, D. Rendi\'e6, }{\f2\fs20 P. Toma\'9a }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 and M. Turk, Neutron induced reactions on }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 19}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 F, Izv. }{\f2\fs20\lang1031\langfe1050\langnp1031 Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. 32 (1968) 1658. \par \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 96) }{\f49\fs20 \'d0. Veseli\'e6 and J. Tudori\'e6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 -}{\f2\fs20 Ghemo, Neutron-induced (n,alpha) reactions on }{\f2\fs20\super 103}{\f2\fs20 Rh and indium at En=14 MeV, Nucl. Phys. A 110 (1968) 225. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 97) D. Rendi\'e6, B. Antolkovi\'e6, G. Pai\'e6, M. Turk and P. Toma\'9a, 14.4 MeV neutron induced reactions on }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 19}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 F, Nucl. Phys. A 117 (1968) 113. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 98) \'d0. Miljani\'e6, M. Furi\'e6 and V. Valkovi\'e6, Pick-up reactions on }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 11}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 B, Nucl. Phys. A 119 (1968) 379. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 99) P. Toma\'9a, B. Antolkovi\'e6, I. Basar, G. Pai\'e6 and D. Rendi\'e6 , Angular distribution of charged particles from the interaction of 14.4 MeV neutrons with tritons and helium-3, J. Phys. Soc. Japan (Suppl.) (1968) 38. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 100) B. Antolkovi\'e6, J. Hudomalj, B. Janko, G. Pai\'e6 and M. Turk, Measurement of the }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 10}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 B(n,alpha) reaction at E}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\sub\langnp1033 n}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 =14.4 MeV, Nucl. Phys. A 139 (1969) 10. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 101) V. Valkovi\'e6, \'d0. Miljani\'e6, P. Toma}{\f2\fs20 \'9a}{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , B. Antolkovi\'e6 and M. Furi\'e6 , Neutron - charged particle coincidence measurements from 14.4 MeV neutron induced reactions, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 76 (1969) 1}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 9. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 102) \'d0. Miljani\'e6, B. Antolkovi\'e6 and V. Valkovi\'e6, Application of time measurement to charged particle detection in reactions with 14.4 MeV neutrons, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 76 (1969) 23. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par 103) V. Ajda}{\f49\fs20 \'e8i\'e6, M. L. Chatterjee, N. Cindro and M. Jur\'e8evi\'e6, }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 A low background telescopic system for the study of (n,alpha) reactions, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 79 (1970) 77. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 104) \'d0. Miljani\'e6 and V. Valkovi\'e6, The (n,d) reactions on light nuclei, Nucl. Phys. A 176 (1971) 110. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 105) V. Valkovi\'e6 and P. Toma}{\f2\fs20 \'9a}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 , A positi on sensitive counter telescope for the study of nuclear reactions induced by 14 MeV neutrons, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 92 (1971) 559. \par }{\f2\fs20 \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par I) FEW-BODY PROCESSES STUDIED WITH }{\f2\fs20 14.4 MeV NEUTRONS }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par \par 106}{\f49\fs20 ) K. Ilakovac, L. G. Kuo, M. Petravi\'e6, I. \'8alaus, and P. Toma\'9a}{\f2\fs20 , Proton spectra from the D(n,p)2n reaction at 14.4 Mev, Phys. Rev. Letters 6 (1961) 356. \par \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 107}{\f49\fs20 ) K. Ilakovac, L. G. Kuo, M. Petravi\'e6, and I. \'8alaus, Attempt to determine the n-n scattering length from the reaction D(n,p)2n, Phys. Rev. 124 (1961) 1923. \par }{\f2\fs20 \par 108)}{\f49\fs20 K. Ilakovac, L. G. Kuo, M. Petravi\'e6, I. \'8alaus and Toma\'9a, Breakup of deuterons by 14.4 MeV neutrons, Nucl. Phys. 43 (1963) 254. \par }{\f2\fs20 \par }{\f49\fs20 109) M. Cerineo, K. Ilakovac, I. \'8alaus, P. Toma\'9a, and V. Valkovi\'e6, Charge dependence of nuclear forces and the breakup of deute}{\f2\fs20 rons and tritons, Phys. Rev. 133 (1964) B948. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 110) D. Rendi\'e6, M. Cerineo, I. \'8alaus and P. Toma\'9a, Another attempt to determine the n - n scattering length, Glasnik Mat.-Fiz. i Astr. 19 (1964) 275. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 111) V. Ajda\'e8i\'e6, M. Cerineo, B. Lalovi\'e6, G. Pai\'e6, I. \'8alau}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 s and P. Toma\'9a, Reactions H}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 3}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 (n,p)3n and H}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 3}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 (n,H4) gamma at 14.4 MeV, Phys. Rev. Letters 14 (1965) 442. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 112) V. Ajda\'e8i\'e6, M. Cerineo, B. Lalovi\'e6, G. Pai\'e6, I. \'8alaus and P. Toma\'9a, Information about the neutron - neutron scattering length from the reaction H}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 3}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 (n,d)2n, Phys. Rev. Letters 14 (1965) 444. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 113) B. Antolkovi\'e6, M. Cerineo, G. Pai\'e6, P. Toma\'9a, V. Ajda\'e8i\'e6, B. Lalovi\'e6, W. Th. Van Oers and I. \'8alaus, A study of the neutron - }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\super\langnp1033 3}{ \f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 He interaction at 14.4 MeV, Phys. Letters 23 (1966) 477. \par \par 114) I. \'8alaus, Neutron - neutron interaction, Rev. Mod. Phys. 39 (1967) 575. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 115) B. Antolkovi\'e6, G. Pai\'e6, P. Toma\'9a and D. Rendi\'e6, Study of the neutron induced reactions on He3 at 14.4 MeV, Phys. Rev. 159 (1967) 777. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par 11}{\f2\fs20 6}{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 ) W. T. H. van Oers and I. \'8alaus, Comparison procedure and the neutron - neutron scattering length, Phys. Rev. 160 (1967) 853. \par \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 117) I. Basar, M. Cerineo, P. Toma\'9a and \'d0. Miljani\'e6, Differential elastic scattering cross sections of 14.4 MeV neutrons by hydrogen isotopes, Fizika 1 (1968) 105. \par }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 \par }{\f49\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 118) M. Furi\'e6, V. Valkovi\'e6, \'d0. Miljani\'e6, P. Toma}{\f2\fs20 \'9a }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 and B. Antolkovi}{\f49\fs20 \'e6, }{\f2\fs20\lang1033\langfe1050\langnp1033 Neutron-proton-bremsstrahlung at 14.4 MeV, Nucl. Phys. A 158 (1970) 105. \par \par \par }}