ࡱ> HJEFG7 lbjbjUU e7|7|PVl$$$$$$$4Xlllh m&mXooooooootvvvvvv$ ǰ$ooooo‚$$oo‚‚‚o$o$ot‚ot‚r‚4:̉,$$0oo Q1ϤXJil‚ 0D"0.g‚g0‚XX$$$$ PAPRIKA WEED CONTROL IN UNFAVORABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Davor `amota, Nada Paraikovi, Zlata Milakovi i Renata Brki Abstract: Industrial paprika production in the open air can be hazardous in the extreme climatic conditions, especially due to questioned herbicides effect. For the sake of both safety and herbicide doses reduction, weed control should be conducted by a combined herbicide strips application with interrow hoeing up. Key words: paprika, chemical and mechanical weed control INTRODUCTION Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.), native to the tropical part of America, is grown as an annual plant in the Croatian climates. It is rich in nutrients (proteins, fats, carbo hydrates) , mineral matters and vitamins. As a vegetable crop it is used as food spice, salad and main course in fresh, frozen and processed form (Kuller, 1994). A successful open -air paprika growing mostly depends on cultivar and seed choice as well as heat and soil moisture (Maceljski et al., 1985, Hermann et al., 1988). Cold springs and dry summers in the period 2000-2001 did not favour open-air paprika growing. Especial attention should be paid to paprika weed control ,as to all vegetable crops, since herbicides application is obligatory followed by additional mechanical interrow cultivation and sometimes associated with hoeing up. The latter one completely prevents fruit- born weed plants and brings about soil seed supply reduction as well as decrease of their population number.A market demanding quality vegetables with or without allowed residual pesticides (`ovljanski, 1978, 1978a, Janji and Jevti 1983) can be obtained only by integrated pests, diseases and weeds protection. (Maceljski, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993, Schonbeck et al., 1988, Milevoj and Oswald, 1991, Ciglar, 1992, Bar i, 1993, 1994). Integrated protection effect on weed flora and vegetation in the open-air paprika crop has neither been investigated nor published in Croatia, although herbicides application was recommended (Ostoji 1979, Maceljski et al., 1996, Matotan, 1995). Thus this investigation aimed to the above mentioned. MATERIAL AND METHOD Weed flora and vegetation investigation within the industrial paprika crop as well as changes occurred under the influence of the integrated protection (applied herbicides in various doses and combinations, application time, in strips and on the whole area, without and with interrow hoeing up compared to unhoed and twice hoed control) was conducted within the exact field trials in IPK Osijek area at OJ Bare location close to epin on hipogley soil type in arid 2000 and 2001 year.The experiments were set up in the croprotation after wheat on the optimal cultivated soil for seed paprika groowing at randomized block system with 8 treatments (Tables 1,2 and 4) in four replicates on the basic plot of 18 m size. Industrial paprika seed sowing was carried out on 20 April in both investigation years with the cultivar KM-622 (Kolo aj-Mor~aru) in the stand of 80 000 plants/ha at a space apart and row 50x25 cm. Table 1. Herbicides in industrial red pepper trials (Bara, 2000. and 2001. ) Herbicides and a.i. (%) Preparation Formulation Dose (lit./ha) Application napropamid (45%) Devrinol 45 F SC 1,5 i 3,0 pre emergenceparaquat (20%)GramoxoneSL2,0pre emergenceprometrin (50%)Prohelan-TSC3,0pre emergencediquat (20%)RegloneSL1,5pre emergencependimetalin (33%)Stomp 330 EEC3,0 i 5,0pre emergence Herbicides application after sowing but pre-emergence in paprika was carried out from 1 to 3 May 2000 and 4 May 2001 by TK-15 spraying machine with blue Poliet nozzle and water consumption of 300l/ha. The hoeing was done on 23 May 2000 , 25 May 2001 and 16 June 2000 and 2001 on the hoed control. Plant species of industrial paprika weed flora were determined after Domac (1994) and life forms after Garcke (1972). Weed degree was determined on 16 June 2000 and 8 July 2001 with combined estimation of numerousness and cover by the Br.-Bl. method (1964). Syntaxonomic presence of weed associations was found out according Tuxen (1950), Topi (1984), Volenik and Kne~evi (1984), Raua et al. (1985) and urki (1995). Cover values (table 2) were computed on the basis of 4 replicates whereas presence degrees (table 3) on the basis of 8 replicates during the 2 year investigation period. Weed coefficients of herbicides and hoeing effects were calculated on the basis of the cover values by the Abbota method (1925) being evaluated by the 1-9 scale by EWRC.Fruits harvesting on 10 plants in each basic plot of the experiment treatment was performed on 5 September 2000 and 10 September 2001. Statistical process of paprika fruit yield was done by analysis of variance, F and LSD test (Snedecor et Cochran, 1987). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Climatic conditions monitored at Hydrometeorological station Osijek in the both investigation years were recorded on climate diagrams. They affected adversely weed herbicides efficiency (tables 2 and 3), crop stand and paprika yield (table 3). Sowing , germination and emergence periods in both investigation years were characterized by above average precipitations (May and June 2000, total of 202 mm; April and May 2000, total of 159 mm) followed by a warm period without precipitations (July 2000, with 26 mm; June 2001 with 29 mm) with tough crust formation.Cold and moist period slowed down paprika germination and emergence followed by considerable stand reduction (sporadically clearing) provoked by the crust. Table 2. Climatic conditions in Osijek at Hidrometeorological station in 2000. and 2001.year monthrainfalltemperaturemmmmmmTCTCTCaverage20012000averagel20012000January42,4472,9017,50-0,502,70-1,70February35,3021,5014,801,504,204,20March40,5082,5041,006,109,907,00April51,0071,5027,4010,9010,8014,90May59,2059,5026,1016,4018,4018,40June82,00238,909,6019,4018,1022,50July65,4077,1062,3021,0021,6021,70August61,907,105,3020,5022,7023,70September51,00195,2022,7016,2014,9016,70October52,905,1010,0010,8013,9014,10November61,3074,0042,404,703,5010,00December50,1033,9036,601,00-3,803,00648,80939,20315,7010,8011,4012,90 Less efficient herbicides occurred a month later after application (leaching, partly decomposition), high soil moisture, increased temperature and widely paprika stand were favourable for late spring annual weeds emergence and expansion (terophyties, heliophyties) that overgrew and shaded paprika crop. Final yield was considerably affected by inconvenient conditions of emergence and weed prevalence resulting in slow growth and development, weak leaf mass, flowering and paprika fruit anthesis. Larger number of came- into- bearing fruits (1-3cm) being unable to mature even in September (temp. 15C and 13C, precipitations 132 and 156 mm) were left on the plants in the harvest time (5 and 10 September). As for the above mentioned climatic conditions, the experiment members with soil herbicides (napropamid, prometrin and pendimetalin) could not be satisfactory efficient (weed control, satisfactory yield) due to fast decomposition and leaching unlike the members where weeds were destroyed in post emergence period (hoeing, dikvat, parakvat). Also, in June and July adjacent paprika plots had to be hoed due to expansion of latespring weeds amd overshading flowering crops. It was done in the regular production where weed control was conducted with full soil herbicide doses on the whole area (trifluralin, napropamid). Weed flora containing 45 wild species (table 1) with only 3 monocotyledons (Echinochloa crus galli, Setaria glauca, Sorghum bicolor) was determined in all members of the field trials on weed control by the industrial paprika crop integrated protection .In 2000 year 32 species were present, in 2001 year 35 weed species whereas 22 species were common at the trial in both years. There were 10 individual species in 2000 and 13 such species in 2001 (table 1). Plant species of paprika weed flora belong to 23 families whereas family Asteraceae was the most abundant in the species (8).Annual teraphyte species (73.73%) prevailed within spectrum of life weed flora forms as well as per investigation years (78.18% and 74.79%). Cover values of weed species (table 1) indicate their dominance and changes affected by the investigated members of the experiment. In 2000 dicotyledon Polygonum lapathifolium (2750) being , such as subdominant species (Anagallis arvensis, Helianthus annuus) , the least controlled by the herbicide treatments and one hoeing up was dominant in the unhoed control.The aforesaid mostly brought about low (54.08%) to complete inificcient (-31.11%) coefficients, except the control treatment with two hoeings being very good (99.76%). In 2001 dicotyledons Matricaria chamomilla (3375), Amaranthus hybridus (3065) and Polygonum lapathifolium (2752) were dominant with high cover values. This year they have been incompletely controlled in most experiment treatments and accomplished very low (25.85%) to satisfactory (Prohelan T-94.80%) efficiency coefficients except in the control one with two hoeings and achieved very good coefficient (99.68%). Low dominant degrees (I,II,III) of few present species, being by syntaxonomic disposition only fragments of associations Panico-Galinsogetum parviflorae Tx.et Becker 1942, belong to fragmentarry occurred correlation of Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi Koch 1926. Emend. Sisingh. 1946. and as. Hibisco-Eragrostietum megastachyae (Felfoldy 1942) Tx. 1950.The last one belongs to fragmentarry occurred subrelation (correlation) Eragrostidion Tx. Apud Slavni 1944 (Eragrostion Tx. 1950). Both fragments of associations and correlation belong to order Chenopodietalia albi Tx. Et Lohm. 1950 and genus Stellarietea mediae (Br.-Bl. 1932) Tx., Lohm., Prsg. 1950 (table 2). Only 8 characteristic species with presence degrees V (Polygonum lapathifolium, Sinapis arvensis) and IV (Amaranthus hybridus, Chenopodium album, Sonchus oleraceus, Anagallis arvensis, Lactuca serrolla, Helianthus annuus) were present in the total flora (45 species) in both fragments of associations and correlations, order, genus and followers . The presence degrees of weed species being present in all investigated experiment treatments, except in the control with two hoeings, are lower in a smaller number of treatments whereas they remained same or increased in numerous ones compared to unhoed control (Echinochloa crus galli, Amaranthus hybridus, Polygonum lapathifolium, Chenopodium album, Sonchus oleraceus., Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Sinapis arvensis, Helianthus annuus, Matricaria chamomilla,Convolvulus arvensis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Sorghum bicolor) thus represent an aggressive weed species complex in industrial paprika and in other row crops.These results show resistance of the above mentioned weed species on all investigated herbicides even in the combination with one weeding .Thus, they indicate weeding requirement in order to prevent fruitbearing and supply increase of the soil weed seeds. Although as. Panico-Galinsogetum parviflorae is spreading on the largest areas of the continental Croatian part and as.Hibisco-Eragrostietum megastachyae occures only in its most eastern part (Topi, 1984) it was not syntaxonomically clearly expressed in the area of these investigations due to influence of the numerous agrotechnical measures of the intensive growing of the main arable crops and vegetables. The highest paprika yields (table 3) were obtained in the experiment members with two hoeings (1, 115 kg in 2000 and 1, 743 kg in 2001 per 10 plants) and with contact herbicides in strips (prior sowing i.e.paprika emergence) in a combination with two interrow weeding (paraqat 1,500 kg and diqat 1,093 kg per 10 plants). Table 2. Variations of density valuesand efficacy coefficient under influence of agrotehnical measures Year2000.2001.Variant 1234567812345678Liliatae: Echinochloa crus galli25035-332505128221282501302-Setaria glauca--------4402--2255Sorghum bicolor--------2-940128851308Magnoliatae:Abutilon theophrasti3-------2-22-2--Amaranthus hybridus--3---333065-5682125193810568690Amaranthus retroflexus3-535--3528255252130128252Ambrosia artemisiifolia419-5125-3532-2502--125-Anagallis arvensis--875562942822522555-822---Artemisia vulgaris----------2-----Beta vulgaris----------5---5-Calystegia sepium--------2--2----Capsella bursa pastoris--------8--2---2Carduus aconthoides-----3------2----Chenopodium album3----355132813210522-Chenopodium polyspermum3--33-33----2---Convolvulus arvensis--3-----1081328810255130Conyza canadensis------33--2-22--Daucus sativa (+ D.carota)--333-6-2-5---2-Epilobium adnatum3-3---3---------Fallopia convolvulus----3-3---2-----Galium aparine128-35 3012835--5--22Heliathus anuus250-18159421301570688375568-8128524422Hibiscus trionum5--3-353--------Kickxia elatinae255-5128881308--------Lactuca serriola130-5--38-128-5---2-Lythrum hysopifolia3------3--------Matricaria chamomilla--------3375816255685002552125378Papaver rhoeas-------3--------Plantago major5-----3---------Polygonumaviculare----------52----Polygonum lapathifolium275052002875106544321251315275221502562568225Portulaca oleracea---------2------Sinapis arvensis132-130440440525511908-162544022128-Solanum nigrum8-35333-2-8105--2Sonchus oleraceus10--5335128--2-----Sonchus paluster3-----5---------Stachys annua5-83-5----------Stellaria media------3---------Trifolium arvense----------------Trifolium repens-----------2----Tripleurospermum inodorum--------5-----2-Veronica persica-------3---2----Viola arvensis---3------------Xanthium strumarum125--3125-----2525--10-Total449311487320632736206358913311106463478944268355155439371476Efficacy coefficient in %-99,7-8,454,139,154,1-31,126,3-99,725,859,666,694,863,086,1 Legend: Variant 1 = control non hoed; 2 = control hoed; 3 = Devrinol F45, 3,0 lit./ha pre em.; 4 = Devrinol 45F, 1,5 lit./ha pre em. in band + 1 hoed; 5 = Gramoxone, 2,0 lit./ha pre em. in band + 1 hoed (in 2000.) or Regline, 1,5 lit./ha pre em. in band + 1 hoed (in 2001.); 6 = Prohelan-T, 3,0 lit/ha pre em.; 7 = Stomp 330-E, 5,0 lit./ha pre em.; 8 = Stomp 330-E, 2,5 lit./ha pre em. in band + 1 hoed. Table 4. Average yeald of red pepper, in kg on 10 plants, per variant in trials with herbicides at Bara. Year2000.2001.1. control non hoed-0,2712. control hoed1,1151,7433. Devrinol F45, 3,0 lit./ha pre em.-0,7744.Devrinol 45F, 1,5 lit./ha pre em. in band + 1 hoed-0,8715. Gramoxone, 2,0 lit./ha pre em. in band + 1 hoed (in 2000.) or Regline, 1,5 lit./ha pre em. in band + 1 hoed (in 2001.)1,500 -- 1,0936 = Prohelan-T, 3,0 lit/ha pre em.1,0000,7397 = Stomp 330-E, 5,0 lit./ha pre em.1,0660,3048 = Stomp 330E, 2,5 lit./ha preem. in band + 1 hoed0,8000,771 LSD 0,05 = 0,620; 0,01 = 0,840 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK On the basis of these two year investigation conducted in the conditions of abundant (and long-term) spring precipitations and dry summer, application of approved paprika land herbicides are to be recommended, but in strips (e.g. with sowing, in terms of costs reduction) combined with interrow hoeing or postemergence herbicides (diqat, paraqat post weed emergence period but prior to paprika emergence, with graminicides). Other application of these herbicides refers to all this area or in strips with interrow hoeing. These experiments also showed that field paprika growing by direct sowing is questioned depending on climatic conditions. 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Grundriss einer Systematik die nitrophilen Unkrautgesellschaften in der Eurosibirischen Region Europas. Mitt. Florist. ABOUT THE AUTORS Davor `amota, Prof.PhD., Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Departm. of Plant Protection , Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, Tel.:++385(0)31-224-243, E-mail:  HYPERLINK mailto:dsamota@suncokret.pfos.hr dsamota@suncokret.pfos.hr Nada Paraikovi, Docent PhD., Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Departm.of Agroecology; Vegetables, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, Tel: ++385(0)31-224-288, E-mail: Zlata Milakovi, Prof.PhD., Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Department of Agroecology; Microbiology, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, Tel:++385(0)31-224-215, E-mail: Renata Brki, dipl.ing., asist., Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Departm. of Plant protection, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, Tel.:++385(0)31-224-243, E-mail: rbrkic@suncokret.pfos.hr EE&AE2002 International Scientific Conference 04.-06.04.2002, Rousse, Bulgaria rt  L!j!k!!!!!!!!""("."S"W"|"""""""#*#2#V#_#######Z))|,,,, .!.*.=.I.R.ƶ߭߭ƶƶƶƶƶƶ5CJOJQJ\^JCJOJQJ^J6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsH6CJOJQJ]^J OJQJ^JmHsH5CJOJQJ\^JCJOJQJ^J?rtPR <=QR9:;$If$`a$$a$$a$Dll;UVbcop $$Ifa$$If Z0TTKKKKK $$Ifa$$If$$Iflbrj p# 04 laSM$If$$Iflrj p# 04 la $$Ifa$4?BFTUSMS$If$$Iflrj p# 04 la $$Ifa$Uu}M$$Iflrj p# 04 la $$Ifa$$IfQOFA$a$$`a$$$Ifl?rj p# 04 la $$Ifa$ K!L!R!S!\!]!^!j! $$Ifa$ $9$If^9a$$a$j!k!l!o!r!7\-$$ $$Ifa$ 9$If^9$$IfTֈ& ':'''''62 22 22 22 22 22 24ar!u!y!}!! $$Ifa$!!$$IfT;֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a!!!!!!!! $$Ifa$$If 9$If^9!!$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a!!!!!!!! $$Ifa$ 9$If^9!!$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a!!!!!!!! $$Ifa$ 9$If^9!"$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a"" """"""'" $$Ifa$ 9$If^9'"("$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a("."4":"@"F"L"R" $$Ifa$ 9$If^9R"S"$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24aS"W"]"c"i"o"u"{" $$Ifa$ 9$If^9{"|"$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a|"""""""" $$Ifa$ 9$If^9""$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a"""""""" $$Ifa$ 9$If^9""$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a"""""""" $$Ifa$ 9$If^9""$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a"# ######)# $$Ifa$ 9$If^9)#*#$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a*#2#8#=#C#I#O#U# $$Ifa$ 9$If^9U#V#$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24aV#_#e#k#q#v#{## $$Ifa$ 9$If^9##$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a######## $$Ifa$ 9$If^9##$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a######## $$Ifa$ 9$If^9###$$IfT֞& ?#''####62 22 22 22 22 22 22 24a#%%&')+/A58<C=D=E=F=G=H=I=J=K=L=M=N=O===== $$Ifa$$a$R.S.`.0.0q00000000>1223>3d34E4O4c4d4444I6W788/9:O=HH3J4JJJLLLXOdOPP\e~eff2g4g6ghgjg+lDlǾ0JCJOJQJ^JjPCJOJQJU^JjCJOJQJU^J5\CJOJQJ^J5CJOJQJ\^JCJOJQJ^J OJQJ^J6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsH9==============xr$If~$$Ifl4Frj  6 0    4 la $$Ifa$ ========>>>>>>>> > > > > >>>>>>1>Ff $IfFf $$Ifa$1>5>7>9>;>=>?>C>E>I>K>M>Q>U>Y>[>]>^>m>o>q>s>u>w>y>{>}>>$IfFf $$Ifa$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>xFf4 $IfFf( $$Ifa$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????? ?Ff@ $$Ifa$$If ? ?????????/?1?3?5?7?9?;?=???D?F?J?O?T?W?[?_?$IfFfL $$Ifa$_?`?w?y?{?}??????????????????????Ffd $$Ifa$$IfFfX????????????????@@@ @@@@@@@@@$IfFfp $$Ifa$@!@"@5@7@9@;@=@?@A@C@E@G@I@K@M@O@Q@S@U@V@d@f@h@j@l@n@Ff!$IfFf| $$Ifa$n@p@r@t@v@x@z@|@~@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@$IfFf$ $$Ifa$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AA A A AFf*$IfFf' $$Ifa$ AAAAAAAAA A"A$A&A'A9A;A=A?AAACAEAGAIAMAOASAVAXA$IfFf- $$Ifa$XAZA\A^A_AwAyA{A}AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFf3$IfFf0 $$Ifa$AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB$IfFf6 $$Ifa$BBBBB B$B&B(B*B,B.B0B2B4B6B8B:BB@BBBDBEBWBYB[BFf<$IfFf9 $$Ifa$[B]B_BaBcBeBgBiBkBmBoBqBsBuBwBxBBBBBBBBBBBBB$IfFf@ $$Ifa$BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFfF$IfFf C $$Ifa$BBCCC CCCCCC!C#C%C)C+C,C=C?CACCCECGCICKCMCOCQC$IfFf$I $$Ifa$QCSCUCWCYC[C]C^CoCsCuCwC{C}CCCCCCCCCCCCCCFfLDLELyLLysysys$If|$$IflFyU"- 0    4 la $$Ifa$ LLLLLLLLNXOYOdOeOywwwupppwww$a$|$$IflFyU"- 0    4 la $$Ifa$ eOOPlQ"RSlTUWWBXX2YYY[[\]^8``Dbb>dZe\e~ee$a$eflgnghhhhzijNjPjjk+l,lDlllll $&dPa$$a$DllllCJOJQJ^JmHsHCJaJmHsH &P . 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