ࡱ> bjbj4Xv 66""""""""8"$$<"0A$L$$$$h%h%h%///////$u3'6J/"h%h%h%h%h%/""$$0'''h%"$"$/'h%/''Vb.@.$P]V&.(/000. q6 'q6.q6".'h%h%h%//'h%h%h%0h%h%h%h%q6h%h%h%h%h%h%h%h%h%6% [!:The Rhetoric on Illegal Migration of Centre-right Parties and Right-wing Populist Parties in Old and New EU Member States: A Content Analysis of Leaders Speeches Petar Kurecic1, Petra Kuhar1 1 Department of Communication Science, Media, and Journalism. University North, Koprivnica, Croatia. E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:petar.kurecic@unin.hr" petar.kurecic@unin.hr,  HYPERLINK "mailto:petra.kuhar@unin.hr" petra.kuhar@unin.hr Abstract The issue of illegal migration has divided the EU to its East and West. However, more recently the North-South division is visible as well. The issue of non-EU migration to Europe has become a quintessential issue in the public and political discourse, concurrently cloaking the issues of democratic reversals and backslides in some post-communist EU members. Hence rhetoric is a powerful means of persuasion, which has the power to influence people's attitudes, emotions and actions, we have analysed the rhetoric of selected leaders from several Old and New member EU member states from centre-right and right-wing populist parties and tried to find commonalities and differences. The aim of the rhetoric is to convince the interviewer and to encourage him to change his attitudes, use logical argumentation, put the listener in focus, and require the moral responsibility and sincerity of the speaker. Analysing the rhetoric of the leaders who hold the issue of migration very high in their agenda is performed through the analysis of leaders statements. Whilst the centre-right parties leaders rhetoric seems to differ depending on their country of origin and regional affiliations, the right-wing populists seem to speak with a more uniform voice. Keywords: illegal migration, the EU, rhetoric, centre-right parties, right-wing populism, content analysis. 1. Introduction Since the beginning of the Arabian Spring and especially since 2015, migration to Europe, illegal economic or forced, has become one of the most important political, economic, and security issues for Europe and the EU particularly. The issue has divided the EU to its East and West, and to its mainstream (centre-left and center-right, and right-wing populists. The ruling elites of most post-communist Central European states use the threat of (domestically) non-existent immigrant waves to attack the independence of the media and the judiciary, which is opposed to the common values embraced by the EU. The number of illegal migrants in the Old EU member states is growing steadily, and it causes changes in societies, and on the political scenes of most European countries, with transit states put under pressure as well. During the 1990s the popularity of radical right parties and movements began to grow, which is largely a reaction of the electorate to the increase in the number of illegal immigrants and terrorism. The post-2015 national elections across Europe have particularly confirmed the rising trend of anti-immigration fuelled populism. It is expected that the trend will be further confirmed at the EU elections in May 2019. The issue of non-EU migration to Europe, particularly since 2015 [1], has become a quintessential issue in public and political discourse, concurrently clothing the issues of democratic deficits in some post-communist EU members. The Post-communist Central Europe is reliving certain parts of its past, through the rise of nationalism and isolationism (manifested through Euroscepticism), conservative tendencies, a firm opposition to immigration with the concurrent preservation of culture and civilization as one of the most important policy goals, as well as the establishment of a concept of illiberal democracy in Poland and Hungary. Migration is perceived as a cultural and civilizational issue, and these are the terms that have diametrically different meaning for the supporters of immigration and its opponents. The issue of immigration was one of the most important in Brexit vote and the issue in the German federal elections in 2017. The post-communist European countries are not willing to cope with migrants from non-EU countries, try to use them to boost their economies, and consequently, try to integrate them in their societies. Their common resistance and something that could be characterised as immigration paranoia have various ranges, with the Visegrad Four countries political elites as forerunners in the anti-immigrant stance. For all the afore-mentioned reasons, it is interesting to study the rhetoric on migration in leaders speeches. When it comes to rhetoric, it has to be perceived as a powerful means of persuasion. It has the power to influence people's attitudes, emotions and actions, and that is why politicians use it in public speaking to get the public's favour. The aim of the rhetoric is to convince the interviewer and to encourage him to change his attitudes, use logical argumentation, put the listener in focus, and require the moral responsibility and sincerity of the speaker. It is wrong to understand rhetoric as a discipline that educates people exclusively by speaking skills and verbalization of thoughts, because it also educates how to think, how to logically connect and lock, how to be creative and original in designing ideas. And as such, rhetoric is necessary [2]. 2. Methodology The paper brings the research that deals with the analysis of the rhetoric about illegal migrations in public speeches of centre-right and right-wing populist parties, respectively. The study includes an analysis of rhetoric of Angela Merkel, German chancellor and the former president of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), the main centre-right party in Germany; Emmanuel Macron, French president and the leader of the centrist party En Marche, Marine Le Pen, the president of the right-wing party Le Fronte Nationale, Alexander Gauland, the leader of the German right-wing, populist and Eurosceptic party Alternative for Germany (AfD), Viktor Orban, Hungarian Prime Minister and leader of the Christian-conservative Fidesz (Alliance of Young Democrats), the ruling party in Hungary, and Matteo Salvini, Italian Minister of Internal Affairs and the leader of the right-wing, anti-immigration party Lega Nord (the Northern League). The research includes a qualitative analysis of the speech content of the afore-mentioned leaders, in order to determine the presence of elements of populist rhetoric, and to confirm or reject the hypothesis that most of the "Old" EU member states are different than "New" (post-communist) EU member states in their willingness to accept asylum seekers and resolve to keep their national sovereignty, especially when it comes to immigration-related, Bruxelles-imposed rules and quotas. While the centre-right parties leaders speak in different terms considering their country of origin and its regional affiliations, the right-wing populists seem to speak with a more uniform voice. The purpose of the research is to compare the rhetoric on illegal migration between Merkel and Macron, and right-wing populist parties, respectively. Also, the goal is to determine whether the rhetoric of party leaders is part of populist discourse and to show what forms the core of populist rhetoric through which parties are trying to win the sympathies of the electorate. For the purpose of achieving the defined goal and confirming or rejecting the initial hypothesis, we used the analysis of speech content with an analytical matrix created based on a matrix from a research paper [3]. The analytical matrix includes the following indicators: referral to people, identification with people, referral to political elites, identification with political elites, presence of dangerous Others, and the use of empty expressions. The sample that we carried out the analysis of the content was speeches by the afore-mentioned leaders, published at various Croatian internet portals in the period from 13 November 2018 to 15 January 2019. Additionally, the statements on migrants of Matteo Salvini during the same period, published at various portals in the English language were analyzed. The analysis unit was an Internet article that included text content published within the political section. In order to identify the similarities and differences in the rhetoric of the center-right party and right-wing party populist rhetoric, and to what extent are elements of populist discourse present, it is necessary to study how and to what extent party leaders refer to people, how often and with what sign are the political elites mentioned and possibly referring to "Others" as understood by Said [4], and originating from the Orient. If we speak about populism as a communication style, it is also necessary to investigate whether party leaders use their "empty expressions". 3. The analysis of the leaders rhetoric on immigration 3.1 Centrist and center-right leaders 3.1.1. Angela Merkel The general presence of people in the discourse of Angela Merkel is analysed, where expressions like "citizens", "Europeans", "European people" have been analysed as referring to people. In accordance with the above, Merkel held a speech in the European Parliament in November 2018, in which, in addition to the vision of the future development of the EU, she also addressed the issue of refugees and migrations. The speech was published on the portals Dnevnik.hr and Deutsche Welle.com. In her speech, Merkel said that the idea of European unification had sometimes seemed to others to be too daring. But the cornerstone of the EU is still set, and now "you represent more than 500 million citizens, which are almost 7% of the world's population." This shows diversity in Europe. Europe's great strength is that, in spite of that variety, we manage with the will to reach agreement and compromise, and that has so far been good for the good of the community." [5] In Merkel's speech, it is necessary to evaluate whether this referral to people is positive, negative or neutral. From this we can conclude that Merkel positively refers to people, since they are mentioned in the context of "great power" and "reaching agreement, communion and compromise". Reflecting on the issue of migration, Merkel calls Europeans to fellowship and adds: "It is important for us Europeans to be together", explaining that this communion should be understood as "the respect for the other and its interests". "Tolerance is the soul of Europe, and the interests and needs of others must be understood as our own interests, leading us to the core of European solidarity based on tolerance. Solidarity is universal value." [5] "The acceptance of refugees by various countries has caused a variety of reactions, and solidarity means that we have to work together. Solidarity is our common interest." [6] In Merkel's speech, solidarity has become the most frequent word. Merkel's rhetoric summarizes a combination of moderation, stability, centeredness and decency, and calls for the introduction of a unified migration policy. Precisely and German-accurate she has released in speeches the ideology and introduced realpolitik. The following referral to people as one of the indicators we analysed in Merkels rhetoric is mentioned in the negative context. Merkel speaks self-critically and adds: "Solidarity is overcoming the national egoisms." The Chancellor has self-criticized that even "Germany has not always been appropriate" because in 2015, "it took too long for Germany to put the refugee issue as a matter for all EU member states", although it is a "common European task". [5] Considering the indicators of referring to the political elite and the presence of "dangerous Others" we can see that Merkel did not use them in her speeches, so we consider it important to emphasize that we do not find elements of populist discourse in Merkels rhetoric. Apart from referring to people and various attempts to identify politicians with them, the "empty expression" indicator is one of the main characteristics of the populist communication style. But this indicator in Merkel's speech is not quite represented. Some of the expressions used are: great power, the European soul, communion, tolerance, solidarity, progress, the foundation of our strength. With a detailed analysis of Merkel's speech, there is no impression on something more meaningful use of "empty terms" and we do not find the terms that form the core of populist rhetoric. 3.1.2 Emmanuel Macron Emmanuel Macron, President of the French Republic and the leader of the En Marche party in his rhetoric about illegal migrations is quite similar to Merkel. As Euro optimist, a liberal and advocate of further European reform and integration, Macron is Merkels most important ally of on the issue of migrant crisis. As with Merkels rhetoric, at the very beginning, the general presence of people in Macrons discourse is analysed. In a speech published on SlobodnaDalmacija.hr website, referring to the topic of illegal migration, Macron adds: "Europe must keep its values, including respect for human rights, in addressing migration issues," "Against illegal migration we should fight human and methodological way". "EU countries must find a solution based on the values they hold together. A European solution can only be built on co-operation between EU members  In co-operation between them 28 or between those who decide to go along together." [7] From this speech, the only indicator of people's referral is seen through the terms "Europe" and "EU countries" in which Macron as well as Merkel invites the European people to fellowship in the fight against illegal migration. In this speech Macron refers to people positively. Unlike referring to people, referring to political elites and the presence of "dangerous Others" is not represented in Macron's speech. The use empty terms in Macron's rhetoric is represented by the following terms: honesty, human rights, struggle, human, methodical way, solution, and co-operation. As in Merkel's rhetoric, Macron manifests in his rhetoric a combination of moderation and stability. As an advocate of further European reform and integration, he does not use the elements of populist discourse. 3.2. Right-wing populist leaders 3.2.1 Alexander Gauland The Alternative for Germany (die AfD) is a right-wing populist and euro-sceptic party, staunchly opposed to Merkel. The party stands for the termination of cooperation with the Eurozone, opposes the immigration and same-sex marriages, and is led by Jrg Meuthen and Alexander Gauland. Analysing the political discourse in Gauland's speech published at the Croatian NoviSvjetskiPoredak.com portal on illegal migration, Gauland sharply criticizes the German government and their attitude to the UN Global Migration Agreement: "The document can lead to the incitement of the arrival of illegal migrants and the pursuit of state benefits as human rights, for example, we promise that all migrants regardless of status can realize their human rights by safe access to standard state benefits. Less tolerant people (towards immigrants) call it "migration into social benefit systems." "So the German Federal Government wants to strive for this, with no obligation, of course. Ladies and gentlemen on the ruling bench.... how stupid you think all of your voters are. The basis of this agreement is about lies about the sovereignty of our nation. Millions of people from crisis regions are pushing for Europe. Left-wing dreamers and globalist elites want to secretly transform our country from a nation state into a globalist monoculture region of settlements." [8] As in Merkel's speech, we have analyzed the presence of people in the discourse of Gauland, where expressions such as "voters", "tolerant people", "the German people", are defined as indicators of reference to people. From the above mentioned discourse, it is necessary to evaluate whether referral to people is positive, negative or neutral. Given that Gauland is critical of the UN Global Migration Agreement and he also protests the Merkels government of, we conclude that Gauland is referring to people in a neutral way. In contrast to referring to people, which in the Gaulands rhetoric of is neutral, reference to political elites such as "dear ladies and gentlemen on the ruling bench" and "left-wing dreamers and globalist elites want to secretly transform our country" is negative, given that Gauland's ruling elite addresses a dose of irony. As we analyze the rhetoric of the leader of the conservative, right-wing populist party, it is not surprising that in the Gaulands rhetoric, we find the presence of a "dangerous Other" indicator referring to "illegal migrants" and "millions of people from crisis regions". Such referrals to "dangerous Others" are perceived negatively. In addition to referring to political elites and "dangerous Others", "empty expressions" are one of the main features of populist communication style. In the communication of Gauland, this category is represented by the terms: human rights, state benefits, sovereignty, and social security system. Given the analysis carried out, in Gauland's rhetoric we find the elements of populist discourse. Radical rhetoric against new immigrants differs greatly from the rhetoric of Merkel. 3.2.2 Marine Le Pen The President of the French right-wing national party National Front, Marine Le Pen sharply criticizes the migration policy of the EU, which is dutifully headed by the French President Macron. In her speech published on the Croatian N1 television portal, Le Pen opposes the arrival of migrants to Europe and criticizes "government's obedience to Brussels and its crazy immigration policy". She also adds, "Today, prefects (representatives of the state in the local government) deal with only one thing, migrating migrants. Never in history have we experienced that some people voluntarily organize the irretrievable subjugation of their territory, that some people deliberately work on the destruction of their social funds, plan to contest their culture and thus prepare the disappearance of its identity." Criticizing President Macron, she adds: "He does not want to admit the failure of globalization which he so heartily defended and praised." "He has no real vision, he taps in the dark. He does not symbolize the beginning of the cycle, he symbolizes his end". [9] As in the previous speeches of party leaders, we analysed the general presence of the people in the discourse of Marine Le Pen where expressions such as "the people" were present. In that context, Le Pen refers to the French people negatively as she calls them voluntarily to organize to stop the irreversible submerging of the territory, destroying social funds, contesting its culture, and the disappearance of their identity. Analysing Le Pen's speech apparently builds her own rhetoric on an attack on the political elite. In that context, Le Pen is negatively referring to the political elite by perceiving Macron's policy of "mad migration policy". Also, she accuses representatives of the local government that they deal with only one thing, migrating migrants. She thinks that Macron has no real vision of dealing with the migrant crisis. In the communication of Le Pen, the populist rhetoric "empty expressions" category is represented by the terms: the irretrievable submerging of its territory, contesting its culture, disappearing identity, vision, darkness, end, blight. The "dangerous Other" indicator is not represented in the rhetoric of Le Pen. By analysing the contents of Le Pens rhetoric, we have determined that her rhetoric is faithfully accompanied by a recipe of political inactivity and disability in discourse in the spirit of democratic civility. Criticism of current government is a typical feature of populist discourse because it is characterized by non-constructivism and accusations of opponents that would undermine its trust and credibility. Also, Le Pen uses rhetoric by argumentum ad hominem strategy [10] to highlight the bad characteristics of her opponent, Macron. 3.2.3 Matteo Salvini Hence the new anti-immigrant law was passed by the Italian Parliament at the beginning of December 2018, Italys interior minister Matteo Salvini, in his defence of the law that eliminates the category of humanitarian protection for migrants, stated that the law will provide more protections to real refugees: Its a law that gives greater rights to real refugees, who in the chaotic system that we had were often lumped in with pretend refugees. [11] On December 23rd, 2018, Salvini reiterated, using Twitter as a channel, his tough stance on immigration, stating that migrant vessels are not welcome at the countrys ports: Italian ports are CLOSED, he tweeted in one of a series of posts on social media, reaffirming: The traffickers of men and their accomplices know that our ports are closed, STOP! [12] Salvini addressed the issue of a deal including the distribution of 249 migrants, arranged by the EU, and accepted by the Italian Prime Minister Conte, and stated that he will refuse to authorise it. I wont authorise migrant arrivals, said Salvini. He criticised the distribution plan, arguing that the EU was succumbing to the blackmail of [people] smugglers and NGOs. This risks becoming a huge problem. [13] On 24th January, 2019, as yet another ship with illegal migrants, carrying 47 people rescued at sea tried to embark Italian ports, Salvini emphasized, using Twitter, that the country's ports were closed to migrants: "Umpteenth provocation: having stayed for days in Maltese waters, Sea Watch 3 with 47 on board is heading for our shores. No one will disembark in Italy.", and added: "Ready to send medicine, food and whatever are necessary, but Italian ports are and will remain closed." [14] It is clear that Salvini keeps the impression of a tough, untouchable politician that wants to implement the goals expected from the voters supporting the Lega. It is also clear that he treats all illegal migrants in the same way, not recognizing possible refugee category. He has recognized the pulse of a significant portion of the electorate and the ongoing crisis. His rhetoric is tough and unambiguous. He mainly targets smugglers and NGOs, referring to them both negatively. His stance regarding security and closing of the Italian ports is very firm. As the leader of the most powerful ruling party in the coalition government, Salvini has manoeuvring space. 3.2.4 Viktor Orban Viktor Orban, Hungarian Prime Minister and leader of the National Conservative Party Fidesz is one of the sharpest opponents of massive illegal migration to the EU. He often uses it with demagogic rhetoric in which he propounds the idea of introducing unrealistic democracy and creating paranoia among voters about the whirlwind of external enemies that systematically jeopardize Hungary's survival. The fierce nationalist and populist rhetoric about migration brings him popularity at home, as well as political clashes with mainstream EU establishment. The populist rhetoric and conflict with other leaders of the right-wing political parties are also visible in Viktor Orban's speeches on the portals NoviSvjetskiPoredak.com and Tportal.hr. Addressing an international press conference, Orban said: "Hungary wants to see the anti-immigration majority in the future first in the European Parliament, then in the European Commission and ultimately through the national elections of the member states and the European Council. Migration is not just a question that will be at the heart of European parliamentary elections, but also an important issue that deeply transforms European politics. The traditional division of parties to the left and to the right is replaced by a new division based either on pro migration or anti-migration. [15] Welcoming the new partnership between the Polish right-wing government and Salvinis Lega, Orban said: "The Polish-Italian Alliance is one of the biggest events with which this year could start." Orban described Salvini as "a hero that stops migrations on the coast of Italy". [16] Further, criticizing the German government, Orban said, "it is not possible to compromise with Germany about migration because of constant pressure from Berlin on his government to accept migrants." "German politics do not respect the Hungarian decision not to become an immigrant country" Orban said at a press conference. "I especially feel from the German media that sometimes we are harshly pushing us to follow their path to accepting migrants, which is what we do not want." [16] The first step in defining the elements of populism in rhetoric by Orban is an analysis of the presence of people in the discourse. Expressions like "Hungarian-Hungarian people," "Europe," "civilizations" were analyzed as referring to people. From the above mentioned discourse, it is necessary to evaluate whether referral to people is positive, negative or neutral. Orban is critical of migration, and believes that migration brought significant changes for the future of Europe, and thus criticizes the German government. Therefore, we conclude that Orban refers to people neutrally. As in the rhetoric of Le Pen, it is obvious that Orban builds its rhetoric on an attack on the political elite. In this context, Orban is referring negatively to the political elite by referring to German politics "not respecting Hungary's decision not to become an immigrant country". Also, criticizing the German government, he stated: "it is not possible to compromise with Germany about migration". He also said that there is "constant pressure from Berlin on his government to accept migrants." Welcoming the new partnership between the Polish right-wing government and the Italian populist Salvini against migration, Orban is referring positively to these political elites in this context. Within the above, Orban called Salvini "the hero who stops migration on the coasts of Italy." In addition to referring to people and political elites, in the Orbans rhetoric, we recognize the "dangerous Others" indicator that refers to the "German media". Such referrals to are rated as negative, hence Orban says they are "harshly exerting pressure on us to follow their path to accepting migrants, which we do not want". 4. Conclusion Analysing the rhetoric and speeches the leaders of center-right parties and right-wing populist parties, we notice that there is a significant difference. Namely, Merkels and Macrons rhetoric is moderate and democratic, unlike more radical forms that threaten from the right. While the centrist and center-right parties leaders of EU member states generally speak in different terms considering their country of origin and their regional affiliations, the right-wing populists seem to speak with a unified, more uniform voice. However, the main difference is that in countries like Hungary, Italy, and Poland anti-immigrant conservatives and/or populists currently hold the power, and their anti-immigrant rhetoric is also more straightforward, followed by concrete policies, supported by that rhetoric. We notice that the EU has not passed a test of communion and migration management. The migration crisis has triggered tensions among the centre-right party leaders and right-wing populist parties. It seems that, alongside the deficit of policies and mechanisms to address the migration crisis, the EU is currently suffering from the right-wing leaders who have charisma, knowledge and the ability to make the decisions perceived in a significant part of the electorate as the right and tough ones that will improve the present situation. References [1] Tallis B., Simecka M. 2015 Europes migration crisis: central Europes dangerous game. Open Democracy, May 18,  HYPERLINK "https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/benjamin-tallis-michal-simecka/europe%E2%80%99s-migration-crisis-central-europe%E2%80%99s-dangero" https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/benjamin-tallis-michal-simecka/europe%E2%80%99s-migration-crisis-central-europe%E2%80%99s-dangero. [2] Kiai ek G., Stankovi D. 2014. Retorika i druatvo (Rhetoric and Society). Zagreb, Croatia: Naklada Slap, p. 10. [3] Grbeaa M., `alaj, B. 2017. Populism in Croatia: The Curious Case of the Bridge. Anali Hrvatskog politoloakog druatva: asopis za politologiju (The Annals of Croatian Political Science Society: A Journal for Political Science) 14 1 7-30. [4] Said E. 1978. Orientalism. London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [5] https://www.dw.com/hr/merkel-potrebna-nam-je-europska-vojska/a-46280611. [6] (https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/svijet/angela-merkel-govori-pred-europskim-parlamentom-na-temu-buducnost-europe---538188.html. [7] https://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/novosti/svijet/clanak/id/553008/sto-ce-europa-poduzeti-po-pitanju-velike-migrantske-krize-celnici-drzava-eu-podijeljeni-oko-sudbine-nesretnih-ljudi-procitajte-sto-j. 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V_^Q+>WIlzw#`\Do]<[nvp=XvZv@2222%&34XYmowqwrfv@.`@>@d@z@@Unknown G* Times New Roman5Symbol3. * Arial7.@Calibri?= *Cx Courier NewITimes New Roman;(SimSun[SOG. R<(Microsoft YaHei5Mangal5. .[`)TahomaA$BCambria Math"A h߳l)rgId<d< 20vvKQ P |! xx  Kim Eggletonuser   Oh+'0 e  ( 4 @ LX`hpxKim EggletonNormaluser23Microsoft Office Word@-@@@OdGc Rt 1  `.SimSun------@"Calibri--------- L2 H<+cThe Rhetoric on Illegal Migration of Centre        ---  2 Hc---- &2 Hcright Parties and       ------ 2 n<cRight  ---  2 nvc---- X2 n~3cwing Populist Parties in Old and New EU Member             ------ R2 </cStates: A Content Analysis of Leaders Speeches              ---  2 Lc  SimSun------@"Calibri------SimSun------@"Calibri--------------- 2 < cPetar Kurecic---  2 c1--- 2 c, Petra Kuhar---  2 c1---  2 c  SimSun------@Times New Roman------SimSun------@Times New Roman- - - - - - - - - ---- - -  2 <c1 ---  2 BcDepartment of  --- >2 "cCommunication Science, Media, and   --- 2 ? cJournalism ---  2 sc.---  2 vc --- 82 zcUniversity North, Koprivnica,    - - - --- 2 <cCroatia---  2 _c.- - -   2 bc  ------  2 <c  ---  2 <cE---  2 Cc---- 2 Gcmail: --- +2 ccpetar.kurecic@unin.hr --- 2 c, --- (2 cpetra.kuhar@unin.hr ---  2 9c ---  2 ;c @Times New Roman- - - - - - - -  - -   ---  2 .<c  ------ 2 N<cAbstract ---  2 Noc  SimSun- - - - - - @Times New Roman- - - - - - - - -  2 q< cThe issue - - -  2 qwcof - - -  2 qcillegal - - -  2 q cmigration - - -  =2 q!chas divided the EU to its East an - - -  G2 q(cd West. However, more recently the North     - - -   2 q}c-- - -  &2 qcSouth division is  - - -  =2 <!cvisible as well. The issue of non - - -   2 c-- - -  2 UcEU migration to Europe has become a quintessential issue in the public and political     - - -  2 <Ncdiscourse, concurrently cloaking the issues of democratic reversals and backsl - - -  %2 cides in some post - - -   2 Sc-- - -  ,2 Wccommunist EU members.      - - -  2 <tcHence rhetoric is a powerful means of persuasion, which has the power to influence people's attitudes, emotions and      - - -  2  cactions,  - - - - - -  2 <cwe - - -   2 Kc - - -  Y2 O4chave analysed the rhetoric of selected leaders from  - - -  2 hcseveral - - -  52 cOld and New member EU me       - - -  .2 Dcmber states from centre  - - -   2 c-- - -  2 cright  - - -  2 < cand right- - -   2 nc-- - -  2 rrcwing populist parties and tried to find commonalities and differences. The aim of the rhetoric is to convince the    - - -  2 <fcinterviewer and to encourage him to change his attitudes, use logical argumentation, put the listener    - - -  22 \cin focus, and require the  - - -  X2 <3cmoral responsibility and sincerity of the speaker. - - -  |2 HKcAnalysing the rhetoric of the leaders who hold the issue of migration very    - - -  2 <Ochigh in their agenda is performed through the analysis of leaders statements.   - - -  2  cWhilst th - - -  2 ce centre- - -   2 <c-- - -  2 @cright p- - -  22 ccarties leaders rhetoric  - - -  _2 <8cseems to differ depending on their country of origin and - - -   2 sc - - -  ;2 w cregional affiliations, the right- - -   2 c-- - -  2  cwing populist - - -  .2 acs seem to speak with a    - - - - - -  (2 "<cmore uniform voice.  - - -   2 "c  SimSun------@Times New Roman--------- 2 C<cKeywords - - -  2 Crc: - - -  12 C}cillegal migration, the EU  - - -  2 Cc, - - -  2 C crhetoric, - - -  2 C8ccentre- - -   2 CYc-- - -  )2 C]cright parties, right- - -   2 Cc-- - -  2 Ccwing - - -  2 Ccpopu- - -  ,2 Cclism, content analysis - - -   2 Coc.- - -   2 Crc  c'- - -   2 e<c  c-- '--- "2 <c1. Introduction---  2 c  SimSun------@"Calibri--------- 2 <pcSince the beginning of the Arabian Spring and especially since 2015, migration to Europe, illegal economic or     --- 2 <cforced---  2 dc,---  2 hc --- 2 l_chas become one of the most important political, economic, and security issues for Europe and th    --- 2 ce EU   --- 2 < cparticularl--- :2 {cy. The issue has divided the EU ---  2 >c --- )2 Bcto its East and West --- :2 c, and to its mainstream (centre  ---  2 xc---- "2 }cleft and center---  2 c- --- #2 <cright, and right---  2 c----  2 cwing populists --- .2 c. The ruling elites of --- 2 i cmost post ---  2 c---- 2  ccommunist  --- F2 'cCentral European states use the threat  --- +2 <cof (domestically) non ---  2 c---- 2 cexist--- 2 Qcent immigrant waves to attack the independence of the media and the judiciary,     ------ a2 <9cwhich is opposed to the common values embraced by the EU.    ---  2 c  @"Calibri------ --   2 /<kcThe number of illegal migrants in the Old EU member states is growing steadily, and it causes changes in         c- -  ' --   2 D< csocieties,  2 Dwc  2 D{dcand on the political scenes of most European countries, with transit states put under pressure as    c' --   2 X<ocwell. During the 1990s the popularity of radical right parties and movements began to grow, which is largely a       c' --   M2 m<,creaction of the electorate to the increase i b2 mJ:cn the number of illegal immigrants and terrorism. The post     2 mc- 2 mc2015  c' --   2 <Ucnational elections across Europe have particularly confirmed the rising trend of anti   2 Zc- )2 _cimmigration fuelled   c' --  --- 2 <Vcpopulism. It is expected that the trend will be further confirmed at the EU elections      2 D cin May 2019.  --- 2  cThe issue of  c' --  --- 2 <cnon---  2 Tc---- S2 Y0cEU migration to Europe, particularly since 2015   --- 2 tc[1]--- e2 <c, has become a quintessential issue in public and political   c' --  --- 2 <Ocdiscourse, concurrently clothing the issues of democratic deficits in some post  ---  2 $c---- ,2 )ccommunist EU members.     --- 2 cThe  c' --  --- 2 <cPost---  2 Wc---- 2 \cco--- 2 jcmm --- +2 cunist Central Europe --- |2 Kcis reliving certain parts of its past, through the rise of nationalism and   c' --  --- 2 <lcisolationism (manifested through Euroscepticism), conservative tendencies, a firm opposition to immigration       c' --  --- Y2 <4cwith the concurrent preservation of culture and civ --- h2 t>cilization as one of the most important policy goals, as well     c' --  --- ^2 <7cas the establishment of a concept of illiberal democra  --- 2 ccy---  2 c --- +2 cin Poland and Hungary --- 2 2c. --- 2 9 cMigration --- &2 xcis perceived as a  c' --  --- 2 &<Tccultural and civilizational issue, and these are the terms that have diametrically  ---  2 &;c --- 22 &?cdifferent meaning for the   c'"System0!!y'--ccbbaa՜.+,D՜.+,L hp  UMLV<v  NaslovTitre P _PID_HLINKS AppVersion DocSecurityHyperlinksChangedLinksUpToDate ScaleCrop ShareDocAU http://www.novi-(svjetski-poredak.com/2019/01/11/viktor-orban-madarska-moze-biti-ponosna-sto-je-prva-zemlja-koja-je-dokazala-da-se-migracije-mogu-zaustaviti/>ghttps://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/benjamin-tallis-michal-simecka/europe%E2%80%99s-migration-crisis-central-europe%E2%80%99s-dangeroO6mailto:petra.kuhar@unin.hr1Mmailto:petar.kurecic@unin.hr16.0000   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnoqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F`Q]1Tablep6WordDocument 4SummaryInformation(   F+Dokument programa Microsoft Word 97 2003 MSWordDocWord.Document.89q