аЯрЁБс>ўџ 02ўџџџ/џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСq`№П#bjbjqPqP .$::ђџџџџџџЄ”””””””Ј    Є Јс,Ф Ф Ф Ф Ф Ф Ф Ф HJJJJJJ$ huКn-”Ф Ф Ф Ф Ф n””Ф Ф ›Ф ,”Ф ”Ф HФ H””Ф И H`ђђьЮ №ŠHБ0с/zˆ//”0Ф Ф Ф Ф Ф Ф Ф nnФ Ф Ф сФ Ф Ф Ф ЈЈЈ„, dЈЈЈ, ЈЈЈ””””””џџџџ Adiponectin, resistin and myostatin in overweight dogs R. Bari Rafaj, J.Kulea, V. Mrljak Motivation Overweight is a very common problem of humans and dogs. Today it is widely accepted that adipose tissue has the endocrine function and ability to synthesize many substances, including adipokines. They are now in the focus of attention as potential biomarkers of complications associated with obesity. Problem statement The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of overweight on adipokines and myokines plasma concentrations in dogs and compare them to inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers. Approach 41 overweight dogs (BMI ranged from 3,5 to 5) and 28 normal weight dogs (BMI 3) participated in the study. We determined plasma adiponectin (ADN), resistin (RES) and myostatin (MYO) and analysed the correlations with markers of inflammation (hsCRP, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule- sICAM) and fibrinolysis (inhibitor of plasminogen activator-PAI-1, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-suPAR). All markers were measured using a canine ELISA kits (Biotang, Camarillo, USA). Results Compared with normal weight dogs, overweight dogs had significantly decreased ADN (median 148,8 ng/ml vs. 167,8 ng/ml, p < 0.02) and increased MYO (median 908,4 pg/ml vs. 831,3 pg/ml , p < 0.001), while RES did not significantly changed (median 26,5 ng/ml vs. 25,6 ng/ml, p < 0.69). Only RES showed significantly positive correlation with hsCRP (r = 0.65), sICAM (r = 0.57), PAI-1 (r = 0.63) and suPAR (r = 0.69). Conclusions ADN in overweight dogs was significantly inversely related to overweight, as in humans, primates and rodents. Since ADN has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties, hypoadiponectinemia may represent a risk for the development of proinflammatory state and cardiovascular complications in overweight dogs. The increase of adipose tissue in dogs results in increased concentrations of MYO in circulation. This is consistent with human obesity, where is also found increase in circulating MYO (1). The role of MYO in the development of obesity is not fully understood. MYO can directly slow the growth and differentiation of adipocytes, however, inhibition of myostatin signal can significantly reduce the development of obesity (2). Recent data of Shan et al. (3) suggest that reducing of MYO signaling represents a therapeutic tools to treat obesity, transforming white adipose tissue to brown. RES concentration in overweight dogs was similar to those obtained in lean group of dogs. This could be due the site of production in dogs - RES is primary secreted by immune and epithelial cells. Our study suggests that circulating RES in canine obesity is more strongly associated with inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers than with obesity, which is consistent with recent studies in humans. Since many influences of overweight on the health of dogs are similar to those in humans, significant progress can be achieved in the prevention and treatment of overweight in dogs. Vice versa, dogs can serve as easily accessible model to investigate the impact of obesity on some adypokine secretion, inflammatory and coagulation processes. (1) D. S. Hittel, J. R. Berggren, J. Shearer, K. Boyle and J. A. Houmard: Increased Secretion and Expression of Myostatin in Skeletal Muscle From Extremely Obese Women. Diabetes, vol. 58, january 2009. (2) D. Allen, D. S. Hittel and A.C. McPherron: Expression and Function of Myostatin in Obesity, Diabetes, and Exercise. Adaptation Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(10): 1828?1835, 2011. (3) T. Shan, X. Liang, P. Bi and S. Kuang: Myostatin knockout drives browning of white adipose tissue through œžДЖКЮ  Ў А  j k • І З И ћ ќ   L M c d m š › х ц / 0 { | Р С Z [ b +,rsПР  NOwyžщещРЎщРЎРЎРЎРЎРщРЎРœРЎРœРЎРЎщРЎРЎРЎРЎРЎРЎРЎщРЎщРœРœРœРœРœРЎРЎ#hВnB*CJOJQJ^JaJphџ#hŸ|ЇB*CJOJQJ^JaJphџ)hяE*hŸ|ЇB*CJOJQJ^JaJphџ&hŸ|Ї5B*CJOJQJ^JaJphџ,hяE*hŸ|Ї5B*CJOJQJ^JaJphџ=pИКd T [ ™ ф .wС[ ъ7„бgВўEŽл&rљљєєєљєєєєєєљєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєgdŸ|Ї@&gdŸ|Ї#§rЕxyЂ"Є"##њњњњњњњјgdŸ|Їžшщ45€ЭЮb""’"ž"Ђ"Є"##ъиъиъиъиъиъижъиъиФъРhG.§#hВnB*CJOJQJ^JaJphџU#hŸ|ЇB*CJOJQJ^JaJphџ)hяE*hŸ|ЇB*CJOJQJ^JaJphџactivating the AMPK-PGC1Б-Fndc5 pathway in muscle. FASEB J 27:1981-1989, 2013. Keywords adiponectin, resistin, myostatin, overweight, dog ,1hА‚. 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