ࡱ> [^VWXYZ]~Fbjbj:: .RX*\X*\̭>)L L """"6668n<6XB###^$$$$$_aaaaaa$P^"$$$$$$$XXX$p"$"$_X$_XXRuix$В:Ce(/}vK(0XvgWf<ixix"z4$$X$$$$$X$$$X$$$$$$$$$$$$$L > : Petar Kure i ana Luaa THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF SMALL STATES AND SMALL ECONOMIES IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS AND INTEGRATIONS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Summary The authors examine the issue of the effect of inclusion of small states in regional economic organizations and integrations on the growth of GDP. The aim is to use cost-benefit analysis to answer the question of whether a small country, and also a small economy, achieves greater economic growth through regional economic organizations and integrations than those small states that are not small economies. Small states, as the subjects of research work, have been chosen precisely because of their size, here defined by quantitative criteria, but taking into account that relational criteria are very important for their positioning in international relations, such as greater exposure to external influences and their dependence on entry into regional economic organizations and integrations. The GDP of small countries, in an attempt to answer the hypothesis, was followed for a period of twenty years. Characteristics that depend on regional affiliation of small states, as well as the similarities and differences between small states, which are members of the same regional economic organization/integration, were also the subject of this paper. Key words: small states, small economies, economic growth, regional economic organizations and integrations, gross domestic product (GDP). Introductory considerations The study of small states has always attracted the attention of the literary world due to the connotations tied to them, such as isolation, secrecy, leisurely and luxurious lifestyles, and adventure. However, it was during the 60s and 70s of the last century that interest in their economic determinants and performance had increased, based on the fact that the size of a country and its natural resources are important determinants of economic growth (Parsad in Cooper and Shaw, 2009, 44). In recent years, the economic approach to the study of small countries was differentiated, seeing them as more fragmented due to economic determinants and categorizing the relationship between small and large states. In doing so, there is still a lack of economic analysis of the differential indicators among small states. Small states are different in a large number of aspects, especially with regard to the degree of vulnerability to changes in their external environment. A large number of small states formed regional integration agreements (RIAs) such as CARICOM (Caribbean Community and Common Market) and the OECS (the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States), which allow preferential trade access to member states, but at the same time maintain an unaltered external trade policy toward the rest of the world, thereby resulting in reduced profits of the entire block. (Schiff, 1997) Large member states will benefit more than smaller states from such arrangements. One of the reasons is that they have positive results in their trade with them. Namely, larger and more developed countries attempt to produce protected products that will be competitive, compared to imports from the rest of the world, which have a common external customs tariff. Within the framework of regional economic organizations and integrations they sell their products without customs to small states, resulting in the transfer of customs revenue from poorer to richer countries. Still, small member states of Southern RIAs can benefit from a reduction of common foreign trade barriers, and gain visibility and recognition in terms of holding international negotiations (Schiff, 2002). Thus, such regional economic organizations and integrations can result in the strengthening of a climate of trust, on the one hand, and tensions in cases where the distribution of benefits and costs is asymmetric, on the other. The economic performance of small states within the framework of regional organizations and integrations depends on that, and it can be further analyzed with respect to differences between large and small member states, as well as between small states and small states that are also small economies. Economic theory states that small countries have intrinsic defects (Easterly and Kraay, 2000, Alesina and Spolaore, 2003). Specifically, problems they are facing range from the determinants of geographical position, natural disasters, and relatively open markets, to the surplus of exports over imports. According to Aiyar (2008), there are three key determinants that affect the economic performance of small states geographic location, natural resources, and policies and institutions. Given their geography, small states are mostly islands or landlocked, which carries with it a number of deficiencies that vary regionally. Furthermore, natural resources (such as oil) are extremely important for the economic prosperity of small states, and changing policies and institutions can minimize the disadvantages of the first two categories, and maximize the benefits. Examples of small countries that have succeeded in just that are Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Mauritius and Botswana. (Ibid.) On the other hand, Ramkissoon (2002) believes that the measuring of economic performance of small states is based on the constraints arising from size itself, such as small internal markets, limited opportunities for development of endogenous technologies, limited quality of natural resources, the narrow structure of import and export markets, high transportation costs, and high dependence on strategic imports. Significant differences in performance were observed among small states. Therefore, the author introduces a number of factors affecting the interpretation of growth of small economies: geography (island location, climate, location in relation to other countries, distance from the equator); strategic importance (e.g. location along an important strategic route); degree of vulnerability; political stability (political environment of relative peace); natural resources; openness to international trade in goods and services; economic structure (the strengthening of certain economic sectors such as tourism and financial services); cultural and social coherence (strong sense of community, a greater elasticity of social institutions); independence; endogenous policies (fast and flexible responses to external shocks and targeted specialization) (Armstrong and Read, 2000). Small states are more vulnerable to international economic fluctuations given the openness of their economy, and are dependent on a number of economic activities, which all results in greater volatility of GDP compared to large states. (Armstrong and Read, 1998). Namely, they seek specialization in order to be internationally competitive, and often rely on one or two export products. Furthermore, their export is concentrated on specific markets. Therefore, small states are the first to feel the effects of an international economic crisis (Handel, 1981), which also affects them the fastest with the deepest effects. Recent empirical evidence (Luthria and Dhat, 2005) gave additional credibility to specific problems faced by small states, proving that there is a price to pay for size, which is manifested in higher transportation costs of imports and exports, higher utility costs, as well as extensive business costs. These are the consequences of market size, location as well as politics. Briguglio, Persuad and Stern (2005) suggest several ways in which small states can deal with their shortcomings: through the diversification of activities that are sustainable in the long term (especially services, notably tourism, which converts geographic disadvantages such as difficult access and distance into benefits), investments in telecommunications services, as well as regional approaches that allow them additional investments into government services, infrastructure and human development. Also small countries can be the first to recover from an economic crisis considering that their small bureaucracy, with shorter distances between decision-makers and faster decision-making, affect a quicker adaptation to the situation. (Kautto, 2001) To offset their economic vulnerability small states look for protection from large neighbors and the auspices of international and regional organizations in which they benefit from clear procedures and rules. Further reasons for the success of small countries are a high level of structural trade openness, which requires them to carry out an export-driven growth strategy based on their comparative advantages, and strategies filling a niche in the form of use of natural resources and human capital intensive activities; location, while keeping in mind the additional risks from accession into larger regional and global markets due to their distance; the successful use of limited circuits of politics, cultural diversity and social capital in the form of building networks of trust and norms of reciprocity. (Armstrong and Read, 2004) Easterly and Kraay (2000) point out that small states have a higher GNI (Gross National Income) per capita than larger countries, and the differences among the countries in this group are more drastic than the average difference between small and large states. This also demonstrates that size is not a key factor in economic performance. The same study emphasized that market openness and large trading range, which is a perceived handicap of small states due to economic volatility, are also advantageous in terms of GDP growth. According to the results of the research small states have higher incomes and higher levels of productivity than larger ones, and their economies do not grow slower than the large economies. (Ibid.) For example, none of the small Caribbean and Pacific States is a low income state. Astonishing results are found in Africa, where small states are, on average, four times wealthier than the large countries, while a relatively small number of small states are poor and heavily indebted. Of the 41 countries monitored by the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative there are only five small states (Aiyar, 2008). A study by Winters and Martins (2004) points out that large and small countries have comparable policies and institutions, and CIPA (Country Policy and Institution Assessment) indicates that a small state compared to larger ones leads in financial stability, banking regulations, the business regulatory environment, transparency and property rights. (Ibid.) Regardless of the fact that small countries face common external and internal challenges, some still achieve better results. However, the measuring of economic performance of small states itself is not simple. In the case of small Caribbean states, despite similarities in their socio-economic and political evolution, their performance as measured by changes in average GDP per capita in the twenty-year period showed that the smaller islands have achieved better results than the larger ones. In doing so, the key was building the institutional infrastructure, as well as their openness, economic structure, with an emphasis on tourism and offshore finance, political stability, and cultural and social cohesion, while factors such as geography and natural resources are structural and hence less susceptible to control. (Ramkissoon, 2002) Given the lack of research dedicated to the economic performance of small states, especially their differentiation into small states and small states which are also small economies, and the impact of regional economic organizations and integrations on the indicators mentioned, the main goal of this paper is to give answers to two hypotheses: Do small states which are also small economies, achieve faster economic growth in the same period, measured by GDP in time, within the same regional economic organizations and integrations, from small countries that are not small economies? Are there regional differences in economic growth, measured by the increase of the total GDP in time, among small states? Small states who are also small economies and those who are not were taken into account here as well. When searching for answers to these questions, first and foremost: the quantitative criteria for singling out small states were accurately set; the arguments for using these exact criteria were laid out; the mentioned states were singled out according to the set criteria. The GDP of small countries was investigated in a twenty-year period (1993-2012), to determine its trajectory. Small states were then classified by regional economic organizations and integrations, in order to determine the similarities and differences between the states that are members of the same organization/integration, and states that are not members of the same organization/integration. Small states, as subjects of research, have been chosen precisely because of their size, here defined by quantitative criteria, bearing in mind that for their positioning in international relations the relational criteria are extremely important, such as, for example, their total GDP compared to the GDP of larger countries, and the fact that they represent a group of countries that are more exposed to external influences and more dependent on joining regional economic organizations and integrations. The paper also attempts to identify the characteristics that depend on the regional affiliation of small states, as well as the similarities and differences between small states which belong to the same regional economic organization/integration. Defining small states: methodology and results In the literature devoted to small countries, there are different criteria for their definition. Political geography as a discipline of geographic science, often takes into account the surface area of a country. Scientific disciplines such as political science or economics, dealing with issues such as international relations, international economics, etc., take the number of inhabitants as the criterion for classifying a country as small. Small states, which are defined as such based on population, are the subject of study in political science and economics literature, but also for the interest of international organizations and integrations (Kure i 2012, 90). States with a small surface area size and a small population have specificities that arise precisely from the fact that they have a small population and a small surface area. Singling out small states should take into account the fact that although there is a consensus that small states certainly exist as a specificity and a concept, there is absolutely no consensus on the exact criteria and requirements that a country must meet to be considered a small state. Thus, a classification of small states mostly boils down to this as many authors, as many different criteria and thus classifications of small states. Recognizing the abundance and diversity of criteria for the classification of small states quantitative, qualitative and relational (Hanggi, Regnier, 2000: 7) for reasons of exactness we have decided to use the quantitative criteria for classifying small states, in order to correctly, on the basis of numbers, know which countries will be discussed, taking exceptions into account. Hey (2003: 3), however, believes that insisting only on quantitative criteria produces too many exceptions, but here the exceptions are debate on as just that exceptions, separately, with emphasis on why each case is an exception, and the effects such an exceptional position produces. The classification of small states on the basis of two quantitative criteria, size and population, done by Kure i (2012: 97-103), applying as limits the surface area of 60,000 square kilometers and a population of four million has been taken as a guideline for the minimum number of exceptions, which is direct a result of the set limits in size and population, because different limits would produce more exceptions. In this study, a total of 73 countries that meet the criteria when it comes to surface area criterion, and 71 countries that meet the criteria when it comes to population were identified. At the same time, 57 small states that meet both criteria that were applied were singled out. For the purposes of this study, which has an economic dimension, the total GDP with a set limit of US $15 billion was added as a third criterion to size and population, while using the total GDP in relation to the current US$, which more faithfully reflects the position of one economy compared to other economies, instead of the Purchasing Power Parity that measures the purchasing power of the population. The limit of US $15 billion it one below which the economy of a country, for the purposes of this paper, can be considered small. GDP, as a third criterion, was added precisely to attempt to define small states more accurately, since countries can be small in one sense, and not the other. States that meet the criteria of small surface areas, a small population and a small total GDP, were researched along with the exceptions that do not meet one or two of the three criteria. From countries that meet none of the three criteria, the exceptions that would colloquially be called area-wise, population-wise or economic "giants" among small states were isolated. At the same time, as an exception, countries that represent true "economic dwarves", i.e., those that do not belong among small states by surface area or population according to the applied criteria, but whose total GDP puts them in the group of small countries, that is, small economies were singled out. Research studies of the impact of involvement in regional organizations/integrations on the growth of GDP, focused precisely on small economies, i.e. those below US$ 15 billion of total GDP in 2012, and compared them to larger economies, where again, it should be taken into consideration that the ratio between the sizes of economies of individual countries, which can be considered small under one of the three criteria and have economies that have achieved over 15 billion US$ of GDP in 2012, can amount to 1:50, as a result of an extremely large difference in the level of GDP per capita. Precisely because of the huge difference in size between the economies of small countries that meet the set criteria, the research also included those small states that meet all the criteria and the ones that do not meet the GDP criterion, in an attempt to discover the differences in economic growth between these two heterogeneous groups of countries regarding their GDP. Table 1: Small states that meet the criteria of small surface area, small population and small total GDP: surface area and population (estimated in 2013), total GDP in Current US$ and BDP per capita /PPP/(2012) StateSurface area in square kilometers Population Total GDP in mil. US$ /Current US$/GDP per capita in US$ /PPP/Albania28 7483 011 40513 119 8 200Andorra46885 2934 80037 200Antigua and Barbuda44390 1561 176*18 300Armenia29 7432 974 1849 9105 900Bahamas, The13 880319 0318 149*31 900Barbados430288 7254 49025 800Belize22 966334 2971 554*8 900Bhutan38 394725 2961 7806 800Cape Verde4 033531 0461 8974 200Comoros, The2 235752 2885961 300Djibouti23 200792 1981 354*2 700Dominica75173 28648014 400Fiji18 274896 7583 8824 900Gambia, The11 2951 883 0519171 900Grenada344109 59079013 700Guinea-Bissau36 1251 660 8708971 200Jamaica10 9912 909 71414 8409 300Kiribati811103 2481766 100Kosovo10 8871 847 7086 2387 355Lesotho30 3551 936 1812 448 2 200Liechtenstein16037 0095 113*89 400Macedonia25 7132 087 1719 66310 800Maldives298393 9882 2229 400Malta316411 2778 72227 500Marshall Islands18169 7471878 800Mauritius2 0401 322 23810 49215 800Micronesia, Federated States of702106 1043277 500Moldova33 8513 619 9257 2543 500Monaco230 5005 748*70 700Montenegro13 812653 4744 23112 000Nauru21 9 43460**5 000*Palau45921 10822810 500Saint Kitts and Nevis26151 13474816 500Saint Lucia616162 7811 18613 300Sao Tome and Principe964186 8172642 400Saint Vincent and the Grenadines389103 22071312 000Samoa2 831195 4766776 300San Marino6132 4481 855*36 200Seychelles45590 8461 03225 600Solomon Islands28 896597 2481 0083 400Swaziland17 3641 403 3623 747 5 900Timor-Leste14 8741 172 3901 29310 000Tonga747106 3224727 700Tuvalu2610 698373 400Vanuatu12 189262 5657855 000Vatican City0,44839NA**NA** Looking at Table 1, it is evident that there are a total of 46 states that meet all three criteria and can be considered small states according to their surface area, their population, and the size of their total GDP. After the classification of small states, a categorization was made of most of the small states that meet all the criteria and small states that do not meet one or two criteria in Table 2, according to individual regional economic organizations or integrations. The countries not members of a common regional economic organization or integration, which would have had a very significant impact on their economies, were regionally categorized. Those organizations in which there are small states, but no small economies, such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) were taken into account. The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), in which all the members are small states and also small economies, was considered. Countries that are members of a regional economic organization in which there are no other small states, as in the case of Uruguay and Bhutan, were not taken into account. The years 1993 (20 years before the last reference year), 2008 (for most of the researched economies the year of the highest GDP, before entering into recession) and 2012 (the last year for which data is available) were taken as reference years. If the data for one of the reference years was unavailable, the closest year for which data was available was taken, using the same source, as indicated in Table 2. Table 2: Small economies (with total GDP below 15 mil.US$ in 2012) according to individual regional economic organization or integration: GDP in Current US$ for 1993, 2008 i 2012, with indexes European Union, 12 small states (plus 16 member states which are not defined as small) State YearGDP in mil. US$GDP - indexBelgium1993 2008 2012221 986 507 379 483 709100,0 228,6 217,9Croatia1993 2008 201210 901 69 595 56 442100,0 638,4 517,8Cyprus1993 2008 20126 590 25 321 22 981100,0 384,2 348,7Denmark1993 2008 2012140 627 343 881 314 242100,0 244,5 223,5Estonia1995 2008 20123 777 23 782 21 854100,0 629,7 578,6Latvia1993 2008 20124 468 33 669 28 374100,0 753,6 635,0Lithuania1993 2008 20127 425 47 253 42 245100,0 636,4 569,0Luxembourg1993 2008 201215 788 54 743 57 117100,0 346,7 361,8Malta1993 2008 20122 709 8 554 8 722100,0 315,8 321,2Netherlands1993 2008 2012327 495 870 811 772 226100,0 265,9 235,8Slovakia1993 2008 201216 146 97 909 91 219100,0 606,4 565,0Slovenia1993 2008 201212 673 54 606 45 469100,0 430,9 358,8 Small states in Europe out of the integration process/neutrals StateYearGDP in mil. US$GDP- indexAndorra1993 2008 20121 007 3 712 NA100,0 368,6 /Iceland1993 2008 20126 126 16 832 13 657100,0 274,8 222,9Liechtenstein1993 2008 20121 673 4 929 NA100,0 294,6 /Monaco1993 2008 20112 574 6 919 6 075100,0 268,8 236,0San Marino1999 2008 2012853 1 900 NA100,0 222,7 /Switzerland1993 2008 2012249 967 524 289 632 194100,0 209,7 252,9 Small transitional countries in Western Balkans StateYearGDP in mil. US$GDP - indexAlbania1993 2008 20121 228 12 969 13 119100,0 1056,1 1068,3Bosnia and Herzegovina1994 2008 20121 256 18 543 17 048100,0 1476,4 1357,3Kosovo2000 2008 20121 849 5 642 6 238100,0 305,1 337,4Macedonia1993 2008 20122 550 9 834 9 663100,0 385,6 378,9Montenegro2000 2008 2012984 4 520 4 231100,0 459,3 430,0 Small states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) StateYearGDP in mil. US$GDP - indexArmenia 1993 2008 20121 201 11 662 9 910100,0 971,0 807,0Kyrgyzstan1993 2008 20122 028 5 140 6 473100,0 253,5 319,2Moldova1993 2008 20122 372 6 055 7 254100,0 255,3 305,8Tajikistan1993 2008 20121 647 5 161 6 987100,0 313,4 424,2 Small states of the Carribean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) StateYearGDP in mil. US $GDP - indexAntigua and Barbuda1993 2008 2012457 1 347 1 176100,0 294,7 257,3Bahamas, The1993 2008 20123 092 8 247 8 149100,0 266,7 263,6Barbados1993 2008 20111 641 3 670 3 685100,0 223,6 224,6Belize1993 2008 2011560 1 364 1 448100,0 243,6 258,6Dominica1993 2008 2012200 452 480100,0 226,0 240,0Grenada1993 2008 2012250 826 790100,0 330,4 316,0Guyana1993 2008 2012442 1 923 2 851100,0 435,1 645,0Haiti1993 2008 20121 806 6 408 7 843100,0 354,8 434,3Jamaica1993 2008 20124 891 13 681 14 840100,0 279,7 303,4Saint Kitts and Nevis1993 2008 2012198 736 748100,0 371,7 377,8Saint Lucia1993 2008 2012492 1 165 1 186100,0 236,8 241,0Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1993 2008 2012239 695 713100,0 290,8 298,3Suriname1993 2008 2012429 3 533 4 738100,0 823,5 1104,4Trinidad and Tobago1993 2008 20124 585 28 018 23 986100,0 611,1 523,1 Central American Integration System (CACM), small states plus Guatemala and Honduras StateYearGDP in mil. US$GDP - indexBelize1993 2008 2011560 1 364 1 448100,0 243,6 258,6Costa Rica1993 2008 20129 638 29 838 45 127100,0 309,6 468,2Dominican Republic1993 2008 201212 976 45 712 58 951100,0 352,3 454,3El Salvador1993 2008 20126 938 21 431 23 787100,0 308,9 342,9Nicaragua 1993 2008 20121 756 8 254 10 507100,0 470,0 598,3Panama1993 2008 20127 253 23 002 36 253100,0 317,1 499,8 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), small states plus United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia StateYearGDP in mil. US$GDP - indexBahrain1993 2008 20105 200 21 903 22 945100,0 421,2 441,2Kuwait1993 2008 201123 941 147 402 176 590100,0 615,7 737,6Oman1993 2008 201112 493 60 567 71 782100,0 484,8 574,6Qatar1993 2008 20117 157 115 020 172 982100,0 1607,1 2417,0 Pacific Islands Forum (small states plus Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea) StateYearGDP in mil. US$GDP indexMicronesia, Federated States of, 1993 2008 2012198 261 327100,0 131,8 165,2Fiji1993 2008 20121 635 3 591 3 882100,0 219,6 237,4Kiribati1993 2008 201249 131 176100,0 267,3 359,2Marshall Islands1993 2008 201299 153 187100,0 154,5 188,9Palau1993 2008 201276 213 228100,0 280,3 300,0Samoa1993 2008 2012119 574 677100,0 482,4 568,9Solomon Islands1993 2008 2012411 646 1 008100,0 157,2 245,3Tonga1993 2008 2012139 347 472100,0 249,6 339,6Tuvalu1993 2008 201210 30 37100,0 300,0 370,0Vanuatu1993 2008 2012188 608 785100,0 323,4 417,6 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), small states plus Indonesia, Malaysia, Burma, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Papua-New Guinea StateYearGDP in mil. US$GDP indexBrunei1993 2008 20124 106 14 393 16 954100,0 350,5 412,9Cambodia1993 2008 20122 534 10 352 14 062100,0 408,5 554,9Laos1993 2008 20121 328 5 444 9 299100,0 409,9 700,2Singapore1993 2008 201259 984 178 924 274 701100,0 298,3 458,0Timor-Leste2000 2008 2012316 665 1 293100,0 210,4 409,2 Southern African Development Community (SADC), small states plus Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Republic of South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia) StateYearGDP in mil. US$GDP indexBotswana1993 2008 20124 160 11 113 14 411100,0 267,1 346,4Lesotho1993 2008 2012722 1 631 2 448100,0 225,9 339,1Malawi1993 2008 20122 071 4 277 4 264100,0 206,5 205,9Mauritius1993 2008 20123 263 9 641 10 492100,0 295,5 321,5Namibia1993 2008 20122 847 8 830 12 807100,0 310,2 449,8Seychelles1993 2008 2012469 967 1 032100,0 206,2 220,0Swaziland1993 2008 20121 357 3 020 3 747100,0 222,5 276,1Zimbabwe1993 2008 20126 564 4 416 10 814100,0 67 164,7 ECOWAS (small states plus Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria) StateYear GDP in mil. US$GDP - indexBenin1993 2008 20122 275 6 634 7 557100,0 291,6 332,2Burkina Faso1993 2008 20122 332 8 351 10 441100,0 358,1 447,7Cape Verde1993 2008 2012490 1 562 1 897100,0 318,8 387,1Gambia, The1993 2008 2012755 966 917100,0 127,9 121,5Guinea1993 2008 20123 279 3 778 6 768100,0 115,2 206,4Guinea-Bissau1993 2008 2012237 842 897100,0 355,3 378,5Liberia1993 2008 2012160 850 1 767100,0 531,3 1104,4Mali1993 2008 20122 678 8 738 10 308100,0 326,3 384,9Niger1993 2008 20121 607 5 370 6 568100,0 334,2 408,7Senegal1993 2008 20125 679 13 386 14 160100,0 235,7 249,3Sierra Leone1993 2008 2012769 2 504 3 796100,0 325,6 493,6Togo1993 2008 20121 233 3 160 3 814100,0 256,3 309,3 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Small states plus Egypt, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia StateYearGDP in mil. US $GDP - indexBurundi1993 2008 2012939 1 612 2 472100,0 171,7 263,3Comoros1993 2008 2012264 530 596100,0 200,8 225,8Djibouti1993 2008 2011466 983 1 239100,0 210,9 265,9Eritrea1993 2008 2012468 1 380 3 092100,0 294,5 660,7Madagascar1993 2008 20123 371 9 394 9 975100,0 278,7 295,9Malawi1993 2008 20122 071 4 277 4 264100,0 206,5 205,9Mauritius1993 2008 20123 263 9 641 10 492100,0 295,5 321,5Rwanda1993 2008 20121 972 4 712 7 103100,0 238,9 360,2Seychelles1993 2008 2012469 967 1 032100,0 206,2 220,0Swaziland1993 2008 20121 357 3 020 3 747100,0 222,5 276,1Zimbabwe1993 2008 20126 564 4 415 10 814100,0 67 164,7 Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), small states plus Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon StateYearGDP in mil. US $GDP indexBurundi1993 2008 2012939 1 612 2 472100,0 171,7 263,3Central African Republic1993 2008 20121 299 1 983 2 139100,0 152,7 164,7Chad1993 2008 20121 463 8 361 11 018100,0 571,5 753,1Congo, Republic of the1993 2008 20121 919 11 675 17 870100,0 608,4 931,2Equatorial Guinea1993 2008 2012152 15 471 17 697100,0 10178,3 11642,8Gabon1993 2008 20124 379 15 732 18 661100,0 359,3 426,1Sao Tome and Principe2000 2008 201277 183 264100,0 237,7 342,9 In small states in the European Union it is evident that only one economy of small states can meet the criteria for a small economy (Malta), reflecting the high level of development in the EU compared to the rest of the world. Small countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2013 have recorded a much higher GDP growth in the past twenty years than small states that are in the EU since its establishment (the Benelux countries), or since 1973 (Denmark), because they are smaller economies on the whole and because they represent transitional economies, whose base GDP was very low in the first year researched (1993). Due to most EU countries entering the recession in 2009, the economic growth of small EU member states, the former transitional economies, slowed down after the recorded growth in the early 1990s. Croatia, which became an EU member in 2013, also recorded a decline in GDP from 1999-2000, and has been through a recession thrice since independence (1999-2000, 2009-2010 and 2012). Malta, as the only small economy and Cyprus, as one of the smallest economies in the EU, recorded a level of growth whose size fell between small old EU member states and small new EU member states which have undergone transition in the analyzed period. The record-holder among small EU countries by GDP growth in the last twenty years is Latvia (its GDP index rose from 100 to 635). Small states in Europe that are not members of the EU and not undergoing the transition process are mainly small economies, with Switzerland as the only exception. All these economies are highly developed. The recession that emerged in 2009 affected them less than most EU member states in general, with the exception of Iceland. Small transitional countries of the Western Balkans have recorded a GDP growth by approximately 3.8 (Macedonia) and 13.5 times (Bosnia and Herzegovina) from 1993 to 2012. In Albania, and even more so in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a very large increase in GDP reflects a very low base in year 1993. Small countries of the Western Balkans are among the European countries that are least developed. Small member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) also recorded a GDP growth by three (Moldova) to as much as eight times (Armenia) in the observed period, which is primarily a reflection of the very low initial GDP level in 1993. These are also the small economies and states that are the least developed members of the CIS. All CARICOM member states are small states, and, aside from Trinidad and Tobago, small economies. CARICOM has existed for 40 years, and most member states joined the organization during its establishment or a year after its founding. Small island economies of the Caribbean (also members of the Commonwealth) recorded a growth of GDP by approximately two to four times in the observed period, with the exception of Haiti (not a member of the Commonwealth, only became a CARICOM member state in 2002). Suriname is the record holder for the increase in GDP among the members of CARICOM, and Guyana holds second place, meaning these small economies recorded a much higher GDP growth than the small island economies of the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago, which is not a small economy, takes the position between Guyenne and small economies of the Caribbean islands by the increase of its GDP. In the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), four small member states are not small economies, which are completely absent from GCC, reflecting a higher GDP, the effect of oil and gas wealth, which are exported from the Persian Gulf states. Small states, members of the GCC, have recorded a high growth of GDP in the analyzed period, while Qatar is the absolute record-holder, its GDP growing by 24 times. The GDP of these countries depends primarily on their wealth in oil and gas and the price of these fuels on the world market. Decline in energy prices due to oil and gas importers entering recession in year 2009, reflected negatively on the GDPs of these countries, but the rapid increase in prices also increased their GDPs, which have a tendency of growth. The Pacific Islands Forum is made up of a total of 13 countries, 10 of which are small countries, and also small economies. The insular and archipelagic countries of the Pacific are small by their surface area, their population and size of their economy. The differences in GDP growth among these small economies have been significant in the last 20 years. The GDP of the Federated States of Micronesia has increased by just 1.6 times and for the Marshall Islands by less than two times. At the same time, the GDP of Vanuatu has increased by more than four times, and the GDP of Samoa by as much as 5.7 times, which is also an indicator of different development potentials, which are decreased on small, low islands of Micronesia, as opposed to the larger and higher islands of Polynesia and Melanesia. There are five small states, three of which are also small economies (Cambodia, Laos, Timor-Leste), and two are not (Brunei, Singapore) in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). There is a remarkable difference in development, as measured by GDP per capita between the two groups of small states. What they all have in common, however, is the high level of GDP growth during the observed period, regardless of the size of their economy and the initial level of GDP, because the GDP of developed and major economies (Brunei, Singapore) increased by more than four times, while at the same time the GDP of Laos grew seven times and 5.5 times in Cambodia. The group of analyzed African countries is made up of small states, most of which are also small economies, given the very low GDP per capita. A significant part of the analyzed countries of Africa were considered small precisely due to the small size of their economy and so the group of small states includes 15 African states, which size and population do not meet the set criteria, but they are small economies according to the criterion of the total GDP. Small African states were analyzed according to membership in several regional economic organizations, with membership of some small states repeated in several regional economic organizations. There should be mention of an important moment in regional economic organizations of Africa, which in small member states of regional economic organizations on other continents is less influential or has an almost irrelevant role, and it is at least a basic level of political stability and political authority that is democratically legitimized, and working on the development of the economy, which in many parts of Africa today is not the case nor was it in the last two decades. Military coups and civil wars were a frequent occurrence in Africa, particularly in Western and Equatorial Africa. Therefore, the GDP growth in these countries cannot be high, although most of them recorded an increase of the population, which is much larger than that in other parts of the world, in the same period. A high, even incredible increase in GDP during the observed period, which is a characteristic of some countries in Africa (e.g. Equatorial Guinea as an absolute record-breaker among all the researched countries, then Chad, the Republic of Congo and Gabon to a lesser extent) due to the beginning of oil exploitation, and preceded by a very low GDP of these economies, which increased manifold based on oil exports. The mentioned countries are now exactly where the Gulf States were a few decades ago in this characteristic, when stronger exploitation and a large increase in prices led to an "explosion" of GDP of these countries. Conclusion Data on GDP growth of small states within integrations and out of them, point out again the limitations of quantitative criteria that despite their exactness do not provide complete answers without delving into the context, which just confirms the notion that during the research of small states it is necessary to realize their specific position in the region they are located in, as well as the circumstances in the international community that significantly determine their policies. Similarities between small economies and small states, who are members of regional economic organizations and integration, exist along with differences that arise in relation to member countries from other regional economic organizations/integrations. However, there are also large differences in GDP trajectories between small member states of the same regional economic organization/integration. The study did not find enough evidence to be able to determine that the size of the national economy of small states is a factor that directly affects the movement of GDP, according to the principle that smaller economies have a faster GDP growth in the same period, which is the answer to the first hypothesis in this paper. Changes in the GDP of small countries in the studied period is primarily dependent on factors such as: (1) whether the economy is in transition or not (post-communist countries had different conditions for development from advanced capitalist economies of Europe), which is coupled with the height of the base taken as the starting year of the studies period (1993, the period after the start of transition); (2) political (in)stability, the presence or absence of wars and conflicts (especially important in Africa); (3) energy prices at the world market and the stage of development of the domestic energy industry the most important factor when it comes to GCC member states and states highly dependent on oil exports in general, in Africa and Asia; (4) envelopment by the recession and the successfulness of the fight against it since 2009 until today. If we accept these factors as fundamental determinants of trends in GDP growth of small countries in the last two decades, the answer to the second hypothesis set at the beginning of this paper is that there is sufficient evidence, found by tracking the movement of the GDP of small countries, about the regional differences between the factors, as well as the complexity of internal and external circumstances that affect the growth of GDP of small countries. These factors are much more complex than simply the size of the economies of small states. Literature: Aiyar, S.S.A. 2008. Small States: Not Handicapped and Under-Aided, but Advantaged and Over-Aided. CATO Journal 28:3, 449-478 Alesina, A., Spolaore, E. 2003. The Size of Nations. Cambridge: MIT Press Armstrong, H.W., Read, R.A. 1998. Trade and Growth in Small States: The Impact of Global Trade Liberalisation. Working Papers ec 5/98. Departments of Economics. Lanchaster University Armstrong, H.W., Read, R. A, 2000. 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World Trade Review 3(3): 347-383 Petar Kure i ana Luaa THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF SMALL STATES AND SMALL ECONOMIES IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS AND INTEGRATIONS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Notes Petar Kure i, PhD, research fellow, senior lecturer. Visoka poslovna akola Zagreb, Business School Zagreb, Dean. 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Faculty of Political Science, Zagreb. E-mail: dlusa@fpzg.hr.   HYPERLINK "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html" https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html   HYPERLINK "https://www.data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD" https://www.data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD   HYPERLINK "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html" https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html *  HYPERLINK "https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html" https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html (13.kolovoza 2013.) ** Nauru's data are from 2005., while no data for the Vatican City     PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT1  Small economies are those with GDP in Current US $ bellow 15 billion in 2012 (as the last year of reference), regardless the population size  In case of defining small states by using quantitative criteria one needs to take into account their limitations. Despite their exactness, some things cannot be measured and numbered, such as states self-perception, which makes a basis of qualitative criteria and state's relations in the international community, which are being covered by relational criteria. However these defining criteria as well as discussion on their limitation are not the topic of this article: discussion on criteria is intended only to elaborate why chosen criteria for distinguishing different groups of small states where chosen @AAAA A A APAQAAAAAAAAAACBDBEBFBGBHBͶ͟Ͷo\͟͟Qh0h]zmHsH%h!h]zB*CJaJmH phsH *jh0h]z0JB*CJUaJph2jh0h]z0JB*CJOJQJUaJph-h!h]zB*CJOJQJaJmH phsH -h!hB*CJOJQJaJmH phsH .jh0h]zB*CJOJQJUaJph4h!h]z0J>*B*CJOJQJaJmH phsH HBIBJBKBBBCCCCC*C.C/C3C4C7CMCZC[C\C]C_C`CbCcCeCfChCѯџ}n}f}f}f[WOWOWOWOWjh%4nUh%4nhh]zmHsHhOJQJhhOJQJmH sH hOJQJmHsHh)h]zOJQJh,Zh]zOJQJh]zB*OJQJmHphsH$h0h]z0J>*B*OJQJphh0h]zB*OJQJph&jh0h]zB*OJQJUphh]z0JmHsH h,Zh]z0JOJQJmHsH_CaCbCdCeCgChCCCCCD|F}F~Fgd@dL$a$gd($a$gdJ$a$ dgdWZhCiC~CCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDD"D#D*DADʻ{wocTEh(h(OJQJmH sH h0;Yh(OJQJmH sH h^POJQJmHsHh^PmHsHh@dLjh@dL0JUhJh@dLOJQJmHsHh@dLh@dLOJQJmHsHh@dLOJQJmH sH h(OJQJmH sH h@dLh@dLOJQJmH sH h@dLh@dLOJQJ!jh@dLh@dL0JOJQJUh%4nh%4nmHnHuhFjhFUADMDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEE2E6EXE[ElEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEF]F`FyFzF{F|F}F~F־ֲ⦛h@dLh(CJOJQJh%4nh@dLh@dLmHsHh=h@dLOJQJh(OJQJmHsHh^POJQJmH sH h0;YOJQJmH sH hr^OJQJmH sH hw>OJQJmH sH h(h(OJQJmH sH h(hw>OJQJmH sH /,1h. 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The aim is to use     2 ccost  2 c- 2 Ocbenefit analysis to answer the question of whether a small country, and also a      ,2 csmall economy, achieve    2 2cs  2 8c  V2 @2cgreater economic growth through regional economic      "2 corganizations a t2 Fcnd integrations than those small states that are not small economies.      %2 cSmall states, as   2  cthe subjects  2 @c  _2 B8cof research work, have been chosen precisely because of    2 [ctheir size, here defined by quantitative criteria, but taking into account that relational   2  ccriteria  2 Mcare very important for their positioning in international relations, such as    V2 2cgreater exposure to external influences and their  2  cdependence  2 c  .2 con entry into regional   42 ceconomic organizations and   2 E cintegrations M2 ,c. The GDP of small countries, in an attempt      2  cto answer th  y2 Ice hypothesis, was followed for a period of twenty years. Characteristics      2 Ucthat depend on regional affiliation of small states, as well as the similarities and      ;2  cdifferences between small states    2 Yc,  2 \c  S2 `0cwhich are members of the same regional economic       #2 .corganization/int P2 ..cegration, were also the subject of this paper.   2 .c    2 =c  @Times New Roman------ 2 L cKey words   2 Lc:---  2 Lc  2 Lcsmall   2 Lcstate  2 L-cs 2 L3c,  Y2 L=4csmall economies, economic growth, regional economic        e2 \<corganizations and integrations, gross domestic product (GDP)    2 \c.  2 \c    2 kc    2 zc  ---  2 ^c  ------  2 ^c L  2 c --- 42 6cIntroductory considerations    2 c  c''---  2 ^c  ------  2 ^c /--- >2 "cThe study of small states has alwa    _2 j8cys attracted the attention of the literary world due to    d2 ^;cthe connotations tied to them, such as isolation, secrecy,   2  cleisurely  2 c  22 cand luxurious lifestyles,  2 cand   2 ^ cadventure 2 Tc. However, it was during the 60s and 70s of the last century that interest in their           2 1^ceconomic   2 1c  2 1Qcdeterminants and performance had increased, based on the fact that the size of a          2 V^[ccountry and its natural resources are important determinants of economic growth (Parsad in                  2 {^ScCooper and Shaw, 2009, 44). In recent years, the economic approach to the study of     2 {csmall    2 ^Zccountries was differentiated, seeing them as more fragmented due to economic determinants                 ---cC2 ^( +2  '---  2 c @ Calibri---- @ !^-  @Times New Roman---@Times New Roman- - - - - - --- - - - c- - - 2 ^1'--- 2 c cPetar Kurei  2 c, PhD  2 c,  "2 cresearch fellow  R2 !/c, senior lecturer. Visoka poslovna kola Zagreb 2 c,  ,2 %cBusiness School Zagreb 2 c,   2 ^cDean. E   2 c- 2 cmail:  +2 cpetar.kurecic@vpsz.hr   2 #c.  2 &c   2 ^ cana Lua,   2 c  2 cPhD,   2 c  "2 cresearch fellow  2  c, s _2 8cenior asisstant. Faculty of Political Science, Zagreb. E  2 :c- (2 >cmail: dlusa@fpzg.hr    2 c.  2 c  "SystemF^P6vqvv- - ccbbaaaa՜.+,D՜.+,T hp  Hewlett-Packard;Xt  TitleNaslov 8@ _PID_HLINKSA,p Thttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html,p Thttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html}18https://www.data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD-yThttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html;Tmailto:petar.kurecic@vpsz.hr  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./023456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMOPQRSTU\]`Root Entry F=C_Data V1TableWordDocument .RSummaryInformation(1h9DocumentSummaryInformation8NMsoDataStore'CВ:C4NVWTKRGJHGOL==2'CВ:CItem  PropertiesUCompObj r   F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q