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[(ar)14(at)19.5(io)20.7(ns)-681.6(we)18.8(re)-683(pe)19.7(rf)15.1(or)20.9(me)18.4(d)-692.3(b)0(y)-681.8(a)0(n)-683(e)0(x)19.7(p)0(e)19.7(r)0(t)-681.9(i)0(n)-682(o)0(r)20.9(a)0(l)-683.1(s)0(u)15.3(r)0(g)20.9(e)0(r)19.7(y)]TJ
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[(\(D)14.2(.)13.9(G)0(.)17.6(P)0(.)18.7(\))0(.)-528.6(A)0(n)20(o)0(t)20.7(h)0(e)19.7(r)-536.7(op)20.8(er)19.7(at)13.8(or)-526.3(\(I)20.9(.B)17.5(.)13.9(J)0(.)18.7(\))-536.7(ma)18.4(rk)20.9(ed)-527.5(th)14.9(e)-537.9(s)0(p)21(e)0(c)18.5(i)0(m)19.5(e)0(n)19.7(s)]TJ
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T*
[(Bi)13.9(os)21(ec)18.5(ur)20.9(it)20.6(y)-271.8(s)0(t)20.9(a)0(n)19.7(d)0(a)13.9(r)0(d)20.9(s)-265.9(to)-261.5(pr)20.9(ot)20.7(ec)12.8(t)-266.2(t)0(h)20.7(e)-273(pe)19.7(rs)21.1(on)20.8(ne)13.9(l)-266.2(w)0(e)18.8(r)0(e)-262.5(f)0(o)20.9(l)0(l)20.6(o)0(w)20(e)0(d)13.9(.)]TJ
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[(The)-293.6(morphological)-300.5(changes)-293.2(of)-295.9(the)-292.6(cortical)-294.9(and)-292.4(spongious)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(surfaces)-276.8(of)-272.9(the)-275.3(tunnel)-273(preparations)-275.9(were)-278.3(analyzed)-272.8(under)-277.3(FE-)]TJ
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[(SEM)-483.3(\(FE-SEM,)-480.6(JSM-7000F,)-480.2(Jeol)-483.6(Ltd,)-480.4(Akishima,)-482.1(Tokyo,)]TJ
T*
[(Japan\))-348.5(at)-349.1(resolutions)-347.3(of)-347.7(2515,000)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
14.3762 0 TD
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1.0598 0 TD
[(magnication,)-349.9(and)-344.3(an)]TJ
-15.436 -1.1174 TD
[(accelerati)-12.6(ng)-468.7(voltage)-476.8(of)-468.7(20)-169.2(kV.)-473(Following)-471.8(the)-476.9(preparation,)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-315.6(specimens)-313.9(were)-312.8(trimmed)-316.8(and)-309.7(cut)-315.6(under)-311.9(saline)-314.3(irrigation)]TJ
T*
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T*
[(preparation)-465.1(using)-460.5(an)-464.1(electric)-463.1(round)-460.5(microcutting)-460.8(mach)-8(ine)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(\(Shandon)-355.4(Finesse,)-352.9(Shandon)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
11.289 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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[(England\).)-354.5(Half)-352.1(of)-353.5(the)-350.2(samples)]TJ
-11.888 -1.1116 TD
[(from)-356.9(the)-355.9(laser)-353.3(and)-355.8(drill)-351.4(groups)-352(were)-358.9(randomly)-356.9(selected)-353.3(for)]TJ
T*
[(FE-SE)-7.5(M.)-506.5(The)-512.5(samples)-512.1(were)-508.7(dehydrated)-515.7(in)-503.4(Shandon)-515.6(Ex-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(celsior)-252(ESTM)-243.7(tissue)-249.5(processor)-247.9(\(Thermo)-247.4(Scientic,)-247.3(Cheshire,)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(UK\))-627.1(using)-621.7(traditional)-625.6(reagents:)-624(serial)-625.3(concentrations)-625(of)]TJ
T*
[(ethan)-8(ol,)-685.4(xylol,)-683.1(and)-689.9(parafn)-683.7(\()-87.5(Merck)-688.4(KgaA,)-684.6(Darmstadt,)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(Germany\).)-293.1(After)-284.1(the)-286.8(dehydration,)-288.8(the)-286.8(treated)-287.9(surfaces)-288.3(of)-290.1(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(tunnel)-624.3(preparation)-620.6(were)-623.9(imaged)-620.8(uncoated)-623(using)-621.7(a)-618.6(cold)]TJ
T*
[(catho)-8(de)-527.5(FE-SEM.)-525.6(The)-529.8(samples)-535.1(were)-525.9(previously)-530.6(pumped)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(down)-414.2(in)-411.3(a)-411.2(vacuum)-413.3(desiccator)-418.9(until)-409.1(sufcient)-415.3(vacuum)-413.3(was)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(achieved)-341.9(to)-330.6(obtain)-336.3(a)-336.3(micrograph.)]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 313.0582 431.1495 Tm
(SEM-EDX)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 414.7086 Tm
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-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
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0 -1.1174 TD
[(Th)13.9(e)-411.2(m)0(o)19.6(l)0(d)20.7(s)-415.6(we)18.8(re)-406.5(l)20.9(le)19.6(d)-410(w)0(i)14.1(t)0(h)-399.7(E)0(p)19.6(o)0(-)15.1(T)0(h)19.6(i)0(n)-399.7(r)0(e)19.7(s)0(i)15.1(n)-410(\(B)19.8(ue)13.9(kl)20.7(er)19.7(,)-412.4(L)0(a)18.5(k)0(e)]TJ
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T*
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0 -1.1174 TD
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[(on)-267.1(th)20.7(e)-273(m)0(i)19.5(c)0(r)19.7(o)0(c)13.9(u)0(t)20.7(t)0(e)19.5(r)-271.8(\(R)19.8(ei)13.8(ch)19.7(er)19.7(t)-271.9(U)0(l)19.8(t)0(r)15(a)0(c)18.5(u)0(t)-261.5(S)0(,)-263.6(L)0(e)18.5(i)0(c)19.6(a)0(,)-264.9(A)0(u)20(s)0(t)20.9(r)0(i)15(a)0(\))19.7(,)-274.1(un)20.8(ti)20.6(l)]TJ
T*
[(a)-411.2()0(a)19.8(t)0(,)-396.3(g)0(l)20.7(a)0(s)19.9(s)0(-)15.3(l)0(i)20.6(k)0(e)-395(s)0(u)15.3(r)0(f)20.9(a)0(c)18.5(e)-405.4(su)15.3(it)20.6(ab)19.7(le)-395.1(fo)15.1(r)-404.2(m)0(i)19.5(c)0(r)19.7(o)0(a)19.7(n)0(a)19.7(l)0(y)14.9(s)0(i)20.9(s)-404.1(wa)18.8(s)-409.8(o)0(b)20.8(-)]TJ
T*
[(ta)13.8(in)20.7(ed)19.7(.)-285.7(Q)0(u)20(a)0(l)19.6(i)0(t)14.8(a)0(t)19.5(i)0(v)20.7(e)-284.5(ED)18.8(X)-289.9(a)0(n)19.7(a)0(l)19.5(y)0(s)15.3(i)0(s)-272.8(o)0(f)-278.6(t)0(h)20.7(e)-290.2(ir)20.7(ra)19.7(di)20.7(at)19.5(ed)-279.8(an)19.7(d)-289.1(d)0(r)20.9(i)0(l)20.6(l)0(e)19.5(d)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(bo)15.1(ne)-331.7(su)15.3(rf)20.9(ac)18.5(es)-337.2(wa)18.8(s)-340.7(p)0(e)19.7(r)0(f)15.1(o)0(r)20.9(m)0(e)18.4(d)-346.7(wi)19.8(th)-330.6(an)-337.4(Ox)20(fo)20.9(rd)-336.2(IN)20(CA)-338.2(En)19.6(er)19.7(gy)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(di)14.9(sp)21(er)19.7(si)20.9(ve)-331.7(x-)20.9(ra)14(y)-335.2(d)0(e)19.7(t)0(e)13.8(c)0(t)19.5(o)0(r)-330.5(i)0(n)20.7(s)0(t)20.9(a)0(l)19.6(l)0(e)19.5(d)-340.9(on)-330.5(th)20.7(e)-342.1(J)0(E)19.8(O)0(L)-332.6(J)0(S)21.2(M)0(-)20(7)0(0)20.8(0)0(0)20.8(F)0(,)]TJ
T*
[(an)13.9(d)-352.4(u)0(s)21(i)0(n)20.7(g)-358.2(th)20.7(e)-353.6(C)0(a)18.6(m)0(e)18.4(o)-358.2(so)21(ft)20.7(wa)18.8(re)-348.9(pr)20.9(og)20.8(ra)19.7(m)-353.7(\()0(C)14.1(a)0(m)18.5(e)0(o)-343.2(C)0(h)19.8(e)0(m)18.5(i)0(c)19.5(a)0(l)19.5(s)0(,)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(Ca)12.9(m)15(e)0(o)-464.1(S)0(o)21(f)0(t)20.7(w)0(a)18.8(r)0(e)-458.3(S)0(u)15.2(i)0(t)20.6(e)0(,)-454.9(N)0(O)13.3(A)0(A)-459(a)0(n)19.7(d)-467.6(EP)19.8(A,)-460.4(US)20.1(A\))20(.)-470(T)0(h)19.6(e)-468.8(el)19.5(e-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(me)18.4(nt)14.9(al)-314.5(di)14.9(st)20.9(ri)20.7(bu)20.8(ti)20.6(on)-319(of)-319(ph)20.8(os)21(ph)15.1(or)20.9(us)-318.8(\(P)21(\),)-315.5(ca)18.5(lc)13.8(iu)20.7(m)-324.9(\()0(C)19.8(a)0(\))13.9(,)-326(ox)20.8(yg)20.8(en)]TJ
T*
[(\(O)14.2(\),)-425(ca)12.8(rb)20.9(on)-428.4(\(C)19.8(\),)-430.7(ma)18.4(gn)20.8(es)19.9(iu)14.9(m)-434.3(\()-75.9(Mg)19.9(\),)-430.7(an)19.7(d)-438.8(s)0(o)21(d)0(i)14.9(u)0(m)-429.6(\()0(N)20(a)0(\))-429.5(w)0(e)18.8(r)0(e)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(de)13.9(te)19.5(rm)19.6(in)20.7(ed)19.7(.)-406.6(C)0(o)14(m)15(po)15.1(si)20.9(ti)20.6(on)-399.6(sc)19.9(an)19.7(s)-409.8(w)0(e)18.8(r)0(e)-400.7(c)0(o)19.7(l)0(l)20.6(e)0(c)18.5(t)0(e)19.5(d)-410(at)-400.9(ra)19.7(nd)20.8(om)19.6(ly)]TJ
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T*
[(th)15(e)-324.8(l)0(a)19.6(s)0(e)19.9(r)-323.6(an)19.7(d)-323.6(d)0(r)20.9(i)0(l)20.6(l)-323.8(tu)20.7(nn)15.1(el)-314.5(pr)20.9(ep)19.7(ar)19.7(at)19.5(io)14.9(ns)21(.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
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-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(bone)-322.4(tissue)-324.4(surrounding)-317.3(the)-321.4(Er:YAG)-321.5(preparation)-326.8(\(including)]TJ
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[(cortical)-392.8(and)-384.6(spongious)-384(bone\),)-384.4(and)-384.6(in)-388.2(the)-384.7(drill)-386(group,)-383.3(map-)]TJ
T*
[(ping)-453.8(was)-454.4(performed)-456.9(separately)-459.2(for)-452.5(the)-453.8(cortical)-461.9(and)-453.7(spon-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
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0 -1.1116 TD
[(determined)-10.2(.)-441.2(For)-440.8(each)-445.6(sample,)-445.5(a)-445.8(point)-443.5(on)-445.7(the)-442.3(cortical)-450.4(and)]TJ
T*
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0 -1.1174 TD
[(surrounding)-449.7(the)-453.8(preparations,)-452.1(was)-448.6(randomly)-449(selected,)-454.7(and)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-246.5(mean)-244.1(values)-245(for)-245.1(each)-244(position)-245.2(were)-249.5(calculated)-247.6(per)-240.6(group.)]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
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(XRD)Tj
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[(an)13.9(d)-433.1(t)0(h)20.7(e)-440(un)20.8(tr)20.7(ea)18.5(te)19.5(d)-438.8(b)0(o)20.8(n)0(e)-429.6(t)0(i)20.6(s)0(s)21.2(u)0(e)-429.6(s)0(u)21(r)0(r)20.9(o)0(u)15.1(n)0(d)20.8(i)0(n)20.7(g)-433.1(th)14.9(e)-434.2(p)0(r)20.9(e)0(p)19.7(a)0(r)14(a)0(t)19.5(i)0(o)20.7(n)0(s)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(\(c)14(on)20.8(tr)20.7(ol)20.7(\))-427.3(w)0(e)18.8(r)0(e)-418(a)0(n)19.7(a)0(l)19.5(y)0(z)19.7(e)0(d)-418.1(u)0(s)21(i)0(n)15(g)-421.6(a)-428.5(p)0(o)20.8(w)0(d)20(e)0(r)-418(x)0(-)20.9(r)0(a)14(y)-421.6(mo)19.6(no)15.1(cr)19.7(ys)21(ta)19.5(l)]TJ
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T*
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