ࡱ> oqn[|bjbj4ΐΐI1  FFFFFZZZ8&Z$::(bbb==="""""""%p(`")F====="FFbb#!!!=FbFb"!="!!!b[NeZ!"#0$!(D(!(F!==!=====""!===$====(=========  :1. Berislav Majhut, Faculty of Teacher Education of the University of Zagreb CROATIAN CHILDREN'S LITERATURE ON THE VERGE OF A NEW PERIOD My todays task is to present Croatian children's literature. It would be much easier if I could assume that Croats and Croatia were generally well-known. 2. Coming here I saw an article on the official web site of the city of Biloxi which says that the first fishermen who founded the prosperous fishing industry in this region in the late 19th century were Austrians from the Dalmatian coast. Until 1918 the Dalmatian coast was under Austria. Immigrants coming from the Dalmatian coast had Austrian passports, but they were actually Croats. This detail tells a lot: Croats' contribution to shaping the world is much bigger than general knowledge about them. In the majority of European languages the word tie is derived from the stem croa. For example, in French it is la cravate, in Spanish la corbata, in German Die Krawatte and in Italian la cravatta. This is so because the fashion of wearing a necktie was introduced by Croatian mercenary troopers at the time of Thirty Years War in the 17th century. Therefore, whenever you wear a tie, you are in some way very close to Croatia: not much farther than the thickness of your shirt. 3. If we approach the history of Croatian childrens literature from the standpoint of its publishers and readership, we will gain a picture of its development as an evolutionary sequence of periods following one another. Each period had certain specific features and at the same time possessed a painful weakness that weighed down on its contemporaries. In the next stage this weakness was overcome. This dialectic development of Croatian childrens literature was interrupted in 1945, with violent and radical changes, motivated by extra-literary factors. 4. As in other national literatures, the beginnings of Croatian childrens literature were marked with literature whose purpose was to provide children with writing practice or religious education. 5. We do not know whether the marvelously printed Glagolitic primer from the 16th century had any precursors. The primer was printed in the Glagolitic script in 1527 by Venetian printer Andrija Torresani. The Glagolitic alphabet, as well as the Cyrillic alphabet, was brought to the Slavic lands in the 9th century by St. Cyril and Methodius. While the Cyrillic alphabet was widely used all across the Slavic East the Glagolitic alphabet was used only by Croats until the 19th century. By its content the primer is no different from other similar books: it contains the Glagolitic alphabet and the most common prayers: Our Father and Hail Mary. 6. The next stage saw the appearance of entertaining childrens books. However, it was reduced only to isolated publishing endeavors of individuals who, not financially strong enough, were not able to come out with a new title before they returned the money invested in the publishing of a previous one. 7. The first entertaining book was a translation of a German childrens novel about survival on a deserted island by Joachim Heinrich Campe. Titled The Young Robinson the book was published in 1796. A couple of years later the female version of the Robinsonade by Josip Ernest Matijevi titled Genoveva was published. It brought a story about a woman who lived in a desolate forest for seven years. Therefore, at the very beginning, basically the same story, about surviving in physical isolation from other people, exists in two versions: one for girls and one for boys. 8. The new stage saw the appearance of individuals and institutions with considerable financial means, which guaranteed the continuous publishing of literary works for children in the form of prize books, publishing series, etc. However, at that time there was still no free market in children s books. 9. In 1844, bookshop keeper and publisher Franjo }upan published the first Croatian adolescent novel entitled The Shield-Bearer about the Battle of Mohcs fought by Croats and Hungarians against the Turks. The author, Ljudevit Vukotinovi, wanted to present to promising educated Croatian youth a bright example of their heroic grandfathers. Only two years later, the young patriots published Lucky the Drunkard, or Reap as you have Sawn. The book was intented for neglected Croatian youth. Young people were divided into two groups: the promising ones and the neglected ones and the novel catered for both of them. 10. As the book market grew, there appeared books that could not be distributed through a schools network. These were picture books. Illustrations for the first picture books were imported from Germany and Austria and supplemented with a Croatian text. The first picture book was printed around 1863, but unfortunately has not been preserved. 11. Led by a wish to maximize their profits, publishers often purchased cheap illustrations that were not understandable even to adults, for example, 12. how to explain to child difference between hardly known sport cricket and sport not known at all croquet? 13. On the eve of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Ivana Brli Ma~urani, the most prominent children s writer published two masterpieces, unrivalled in Croatian children s literature to these days. The Brave Adventures of Lapitch, the novel for children from 6 to 8 years was first published in 1913. It is characterized by a uniquely nave, optimistic manner of narration. 14. The other one is Croatian Tales of Long Ago, published in 1916 and characterized by a Fin de Siecle mixture of constructed folk archaism and surrealistic, amazingly strong, expression. 15. In 1918, Croatia suddenly became part of a political union she had long dreamed of (that is the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) only to wake up in the midst of a nightmare: instead of being an equal partner in a union with other Slavic nations, it became a Serbian war booty. 16. New printing techniques and a new distribution network created room for inexpensive books that no longer needed adults as inevitable middlemen between bookshops and the child-reader. For the first time, children could buy cheap novels in installments directly from booksellers. Although trivial literature, such as works by Alexandre Dumas, Jules Verne and Karl May were first published in the late 19th century, only in the 20th century did these products become financially accessible to children. 17. During the Second World War, the authorities in the so-called Independent State of Croatia were aware of the propaganda powers of childrens literature. Thus, in addition to substantial investments in graphic and visual aspects of the books, some classics, such as Alice in a Wonderland and Pinocchio were translated and published for the first time. As no Disney cartoons or comic strips were available, the magazine Entertainer was filled with drawings by Walter Neugebauer, who would later become the author of the first Yugoslav Disney style cartoon in 1951 The Great Meeting. 18. The victory of partisans and the establishment of Communist dictatorship in 1945 demanded the rejection of the so-called bourgeois past and the assertion of completely new, so-called revolutionary values. As an important text on the purpose of children's literature from 1958 says: Childrens literature had to be: (quote) subordinate to the current policy of the revolutionary era in order to, as a form of Marxist ideology propaganda, contribute to the reinforcement and realization of the achievements of the Revolution. (end of quote) In line with this, entire literary genres, such as crime novels, western novels, fairy tales and cartoons, were hastily removed from bookshops shelves. The rejected bourgeois literature was replaced with the works of Russian Communist authors. Some of pre-war writers were liquidated (for example, Vinko Kos vanished in a massacre of prisoners of war at Bleiburg, Zdenka Smrekar was exhorted from her apartment in 1946 and never seen again) while others went to exile, such as Josip Cvrtila, who went to Argentina or to spiritual exile, for example, `tefa Jurki who spent the rest of her life in a Franciscan monastery. The demands of the new time were best met in the works of Mate Lovrak especially in his kids' gang novels 19. and in the works of Branko opi, the Serbian partisan, who served as a role model for all future Yugoslav writers. In 1948 a split with Moscow took place and Yugoslavia started to search its own path to Communism. Many supporters of the Soviets were liquidated or ended up on Goli Otok, the most notorious prison. Nevertheless, rigid Communism, along with its rituals and fundamental ideas, was in place until 1966, when Aleksandar Rankovi, the all-powerful head of the secret police was ousted. Throughout the Yugoslav period, everyday life of children was replete with specific, ideologically inspired, rituals: 20. all primary school pupils had to join the organization of pioneers, the ceremony taking place on The Day of Republic in November. December 31st was the Day of Childrens Joy, thus replacing Christmas. As most schools were named after national heroes from World War 2 the celebrations of school days were committed to WW2 memories. The idea was that the only relevant past was the Communist past. The highlight of the year was in May when all pupils had to run a relay race all around the country in honor of Titos birthday. The Croatian language was marginalized. Although the official language was Serbo-Croatian, actually the Serbian language was an official language in the army, administration and in general public use. At the same time, the past forming the foundations of Communist reality was constructed, while selected authors and works constituted the new canon of childrens literature. On the other hand, childrens hunger for stories was so huge that the authorities soon had to give up on the idea of eliminating all products of Western popular culture. In 1946 comic strips were banned 21. but this ban was lifted in 1951 and the works featuring Sherlock Holmes and Tarzan were published again. The publishing of Croatian trivial authors, such as Marija Juri Zagorka, also became allowed. Thus, her historical novels written mainly before World War 2, such as the enormously popular novel The Witch of Gri , were reprinted. I still remember the excitement with which in 1967 I, an 11-year-old boy, during each school break on one Tuesday morning was running to the nearby kiosk to check whether The Steel Claw, the first installment in the Super Cartoon series, arrived. Films shown in cinemas were several years old, but still a large number of people watched those movies, in particular American. In 1962, in Yugoslavia, a country with about 15 million inhabitants, 122 million cinema tickets were sold. When the ban on the release of Ninochka was lifted in the early 1980s huge queues formed before box offices throughout the country. Television started broadcasting in 1956 and its program was strictly controlled by the Communist Party. In a situation when all popular culture was considered corrupting, a whole range of protective institutions whose aim was to protect children from pernicious influences of trivial culture was established. In 1954 The Federal Commission for Childrens Print Media and Literature was founded. Its purpose was (quote) to struggle against uncultural phenomena and anti-socialist tendencies in the field of childrens and adolescent literature.(end of quote) The battle, of course, had to be waged through literary works permeated with Communist values. However, even in these circumstances there was room for artistic, non-propagandistic and anti-regime, childrens literature. 22. In 1956, an extraordinary crime novel for children Mystery of Green Hill by Ivan Kuan was published. Unlike revolutionary childrens novels in which heroes despise reality and want to deny it for the sake of building a classless Communist society, this crime story tries to restore reality shaken up by a crime. The book places in the foreground an individual initiative instead of the party enthusiasm that motivates an individual who, in the eyes of the party has no real value. 23. Of all Croatian revolutionary childrens novels the only one that has been reprinted after the fall of Communism is Pirgo by Anelka Marti, a story about the friendship between a fawn and a boy in a partisan brigade. The 1970s saw an emergence of a whole range of successful authors committed to the descriptions of narrative worlds devoid of Communist ideology. After 1956 a large number of prominent poets for children appeared: Grigor Vitez, Zvonimir Balog, Pajo Kani~aj, Luko Paljetak, to name just a few. They fore grounded a children s world stripped of any ideological influences and didactic intentions. Generally, poets started to turn to nonsense poetry and authentic poetical experience, and later showed interest in lexical and graphic plays. At that time, the circulations of childrens books were, by today's standards, enormous, which can be explained with a constantly unsatisfied need for storytelling. In childrens fiction the dominance of genre fiction was gradually replaced with narratives trying to address childrens problems: the problems of sexual development, family problems, illnesses, as in novels by Zlatko Krili. In 1990 Croatia chose democracy, capitalist economy and break-up with Yugoslavia. In the process of transition Croatia experienced the same difficulties as all other post-Communist countries. However, it went through some experiences comparable only to those undergone by the countries that emerged from multi-national states, such as Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. In addition to this, Croatias war traumas constitute a specifically Croatian experience. All of this reflected on Croatian childrens literature. 24. Along with the expected war related topics such as refugee experiences (Stjepan Toma: A Little War Diary), some taboo themes, such as addiction, death, the loss of a loved one, began to be addressed in, for example, the extraordinary 25. novels Books Lie by Darko Macan, The Fatty by Silvija esto as well as in witty novels by Miro Gavran. Certain injustices from the Communist period were corrected: 26. in the Yugoslav Kingdom and in the Communist period following it, Croatian tradition, as well as Croatian oral folk childrens poetry, was marginalized to such an extent that it was only in 1998 that, thanks to the collection by Milan Crnkovi, the term denoting the Croatian version of nursery rhyme,  hrvatske maleanice was adopted. 27. The beginnings of theoretical approaches to Croatian children s literature go back to the late 19th century. The first tMOl $ & ( < u {   ' ĵĵyjj[jjOh1 CJOJQJaJhjghPWCJOJQJaJhShPWCJOJQJaJ(h ahPW5B*CJOJQJaJphh$hPWCJOJQJaJh%CJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJh>hPWCJOJQJaJ$h>hPWCJOJQJaJmHsHhPWCJOJQJaJmHsH0h ahPW5B*CJOJQJaJmHphsHO 36#V%5&~(/256T7=B>i@E{H!IJQdhgdPW' 0 6 e n C K p t    ٽٽـِqbM(h ahPW5B*CJOJQJaJphhbdhPWCJOJQJaJhiDhPWCJOJQJaJhbdhPW6CJOJQJaJh ahPW6CJOJQJaJh a6CJOJQJaJh[~hPW6CJOJQJaJh ah a6CJOJQJaJh%CJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJhjghPWCJOJQJaJh1 CJOJQJaJ ?W35HJ)+7AZbck>Fdns|wggh1 hPW6CJOJQJaJhbdhPWCJOJQJaJhWhPWCJH*OJQJaJhJahPWCJOJQJaJhfYhPWCJOJQJaJhJahPWCJH*OJQJaJh%CJOJQJaJ(h ahPW5B*CJOJQJaJphhPWCJOJQJaJh{24hPWCJOJQJaJ(67HUPf,^ij߻ӻӻ߫ߐ߻߻q\(h)}<h  5B*CJOJQJaJphhnlhPWCJOJQJaJhnlh%6CJOJQJaJhkXhPWCJOJQJaJh`CJOJQJaJhb|hPW6CJOJQJaJh%CJOJQJaJh1 CJOJQJaJhyCJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJ(h ahPW5B*CJOJQJaJph#6:<4JjHpĸzmzaUIĸIĸhyCJOJQJaJhP.7CJOJQJaJh%CJOJQJaJhPW6CJOJQJaJhgC>hPW6CJOJQJaJh"hPWCJOJQJaJhF<hPWCJOJQJaJhLhPW6CJOJQJaJh)}<CJOJQJaJ(h)}<h)}<5B*CJOJQJaJphh*hPWCJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJh  CJOJQJaJqtu^!!""."/"I"_"b"c"t"""ǷǨ|m^NAhPW6CJOJQJaJh38hPW6CJOJQJaJhshPWCJOJQJaJh%hPWCJOJQJaJh%CJOJQJaJhz!hPW6CJOJQJaJh1h1>*CJOJQJaJh1h1CJOJQJaJh1hP.7>*CJOJQJaJhP.7CJOJQJaJh)}<CJOJQJaJ(h)}<h)}<5B*CJOJQJaJphhPWCJOJQJaJ"""""# #!#u#}#'$;$<$?$@$X$w$$%:%%%%%%% &&5&8&9&B'xl\\llxhi]hPWCJH*OJQJaJhxCJOJQJaJhV|CJOJQJaJ(hV|hV|5B*CJOJQJaJphhDhPWCJOJQJaJh-<CJOJQJaJh)}<CJOJQJaJ(h)}<h)}<5B*CJOJQJaJphhkXhPW6CJOJQJaJhxhPWCJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJB'W'\'e''''''(%(N([(k(v(z(|(}(~((((((()ǻ㻣qbSDhQ0hPWCJOJQJaJhV|hPWCJOJQJaJhV|hV|CJOJQJaJ(hV|hV|5B*CJOJQJaJphhZ6CJOJQJaJhZhZ6CJOJQJaJhZCJOJQJaJhxCJOJQJaJh1 CJOJQJaJh1 h1 6CJOJQJaJh-<CJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJh4hPW6CJOJQJaJ))1)2)O)))))*6******E+N+,,,,,,.n..嗋͋sdXIh7hV|CJOJQJaJhV|CJOJQJaJhxhxCJOJQJaJhxCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJh}CJOJQJaJh}h}CJOJQJaJhQ0hPWCJOJQJaJh1 CJOJQJaJh1KCJOJQJaJhQ0CJOJQJaJhjCJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJhxhPWCJOJQJaJ........//e0p0011222333[4]45577 8$8>8D8F89<999:Dzǥ~Ǚnb~Ǚ~~h-<CJOJQJaJh6.hPWCJH*OJQJaJhxCJOJQJaJh jhPWCJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJ *hPWCJOJQJaJ(hV|hV|5B*CJOJQJaJphhV|CJOJQJaJh7hQ0CJOJQJaJh7hV|CJOJQJaJh7h7CJOJQJaJ$::::;<<+<-<<<s={==@>u?}?? @g@h@@@@@@A(A㻮k_Oh7hPW6CJOJQJaJhV|CJOJQJaJ(hV|hV|5B*CJOJQJaJphhwhPWCJOJQJaJhkXhPWCJOJQJaJhf)hPW6CJOJQJaJhPW6CJOJQJaJh*0hPW6CJOJQJaJh-<CJOJQJaJhjCJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJh jhPW6CJOJQJaJ(A2AAAAAAA B,BDBBBBBBDCDBDDEEG.GdGGL÷㓇wh\P\hnCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhnhPWCJOJQJaJh]xhPW6CJOJQJaJhV|CJOJQJaJ(hV|hV|5B*CJOJQJaJphh]xhPWCJOJQJaJhxCJOJQJaJhjhx>*CJOJQJaJhjhPW>*CJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJh28hPW6CJOJQJaJLLLLLLLLL M MMM8MeMwMxMMMMMMMNNN NN'NDNGNbNNĸ嬜吸~rbbVhrCJOJQJaJhkXhkX6CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ"h,=s5B*CJOJQJaJphhkXCJOJQJaJhkXh76CJOJQJaJh7CJOJQJaJh,=sCJOJQJaJ(h,=sh,=s5B*CJOJQJaJphhnCJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJhCUhPWCJOJQJaJ NNNQQQQQRp:p^pfpppqrlryrrrrrrssӾӢӠӐsggXgHhnhPW>*CJOJQJaJhkXhPWCJOJQJaJhnCJOJQJaJh?phPW6CJOJQJaJhPW6CJOJQJaJh(!ThPW6CJOJQJaJUh(!ThPWCJH*OJQJaJhI, CJOJQJaJ(hI, hI, 5B*CJOJQJaJphhPWCJOJQJaJhuZ2CJOJQJaJ(huZ2huZ25B*CJOJQJaJphheoretical article, entitled On Literature for the Youth was written in 1885 by teacher Ivan Filipovi with a view to emphasize the educating role of children s literature. The first article providing an overview of the history of children s literature, Our Youth Literature was written by teacher Stjepan irola in 1896. In the period between the two World Wars considerable efforts were invested in the forging of Yugoslav childrens literature. After World War 2 the rejection of literary tradition was accompanied with attempts to determine what literature should be like and this means that a prescriptive theory of childrens literature was dominant. The dominant attitude was that childrens literature should always be a means of affirming Marxist ideology. This postulate formed the choice of translated literature, the construction of Yugoslav history of childrens literature and the manner of the production of new literary works. 28. The first courses devoted to childrens literature were introduced in 1961, thus marking the beginnings of academic study of childrens literature. We should mention that these courses were not introduced in the departments of Yugoslav languages and literatures (counterpart to English Departments) but in higher education institutions devoted to the education of teachers. The first such course, called Culture of Oral and Written Expression with Childrens Literature, was held in pedagogical academies in 1961. In its early phase, study of childrens literature was marked with initial clumsiness, overlaps with methodic and the patronizing attitude of adult literature. We should say that some of these features have remained to these days. 29. The first PhD thesis in the field of childrens literature was defended in 1974 by Professor Milan Crnkovi from Rijeka. The thesis Croatian Children s Literature up to the End of the 19th Century was a result of Crnkovi s struggle to pull Croatian children s literature from the steel embrace of Yugoslav children s literature. With solid foundations of theoretical study of childrens literature already laid, at the moment under the supervision of experienced researchers who themselves wrote PhD theses in childrens literature the second generation of researchers are finishing their theses. Since 1990 a shortage of theoretical works critically addressing the historical legacy has been felt. This could, at least in part, be explained as a consequence of major traumas that Croatian society went through in the last twenty years. 30. The Croatian Association of Researchers of Childrens Literature was founded in 2010, with a view to satisfying the growing need for the linking of people devoted to research of childrens literature on the one hand and to presenting their work to the international community on the other. At the moment the Association has around fifty members and takes a particular pride in having a member from Montenegro and a member from Russia. 31. The journals Libri et Liberi, devoted to study of childrens literature and culture and Literature and the Child, which publishes theoretical texts and childrens fiction were both launched in 2012. An international scientific conference devoted to a single work, the childrens novel The Brave Adventures of Lapitch was held in Slavonski Brod last month. The conference held under the auspices of Croatian QCrrtwyz{}q~"$(*.0tvxz|$a$d $dha$gdku $dha$gdPWdhgdPWsssssttttJvvww%w)wwwwPxxxxyzɽ}n}^L^=hnhPWCJOJQJaJ"hmhPW6CJH*OJQJaJhmhPW6CJOJQJaJhh,=sCJOJQJaJhhPWCJOJQJaJhghPW6CJOJQJaJh,=sCJOJQJaJ(h,=sh,=s5B*CJOJQJaJphhPWCJOJQJaJhnCJOJQJaJh a>*CJOJQJaJhkX>*CJOJQJaJhnhn>*CJOJQJaJz3zOzPzzzzzzzzz{{{{{1|||%}0}j}r}y}}־徎ym]QAʾhIhPW6CJOJQJaJh,=sCJOJQJaJhkXhPW6CJOJQJaJhuZ2CJOJQJaJ(huZ2huZ25B*CJOJQJaJph"h,=s5B*CJOJQJaJphhnh \CJOJQJaJh \h \CJOJQJaJhPWCJOJQJaJhnCJOJQJaJhnhPWCJOJQJaJh \CJOJQJaJhnhnCJOJQJaJ}}}}}}}~~~~~~~^bĉΉ܉@`rnvgXgLhkXCJOJQJaJhkXhnCJOJQJaJhkXhPWCJOJQJaJh'hPWCJH*OJQJaJUhHoCJOJQJaJhkXhPW6CJOJQJaJhPW6CJOJQJaJhFQdhPW6CJOJQJaJhuZ2CJOJQJaJ(huZ2huZ25B*CJOJQJaJph"h,=s5B*CJOJQJaJphhPWCJOJQJaJPresident Ivo Josipovi and co-organized by the Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences, the highest-ranked scientific institution in Croatia, was organized to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the publishing of the novel. Was this merely an occasion to indulge a child in everyone in the public or is it the first sign that studies of children s literature in Croatia have gained social relevance they deserve. The fact that around eighty researchers gathered at a conference to present their papers devoted to a single work of Croatian children s literature seems to confirm the second possibility. We hope that we are on the verge of a new period.     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