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1 N a t a l i j a `p e h a r , 2 J e l k a G o an i k , 3 K s e n i j a F u
k a r R e i c h e l , 4 M a r j e t a M i ai g o j - D u r a k o v i
1 T e c h n i c a l P o l y t e c h n i c s Z a g r e b , C r o a t i a
2 F a c u l t y o f H u m a n i t i e s a n d S o c i a l Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
3Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia
4 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine the level of physical activities over 7 or 30 days (with minimum duration of 30 minutes per day) of the first year students, determination of possible gender differences as well as correlation of physical activities with students BMI.
Methods: Random sample of 745 (568 female and 177 male) 1st year students (freshmen) of undergraduate study at Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at University of Zagreb. Data is collected through voluntary and non-anonymous survey. The entire survey consists of 26 questions, 5 of which are used in this study. We used basic statistical methods for description of student population. The difference between male and female students is assessed by t-test (p<0.05) while multiple regression analysis was applied for the correlation between BMI and the predictor variables describing students sport practice.
Results: A statistically significant difference between genders in the level of physical activities and BMI was obtained. Multiple regression analysis showed no statistically significant relation between BMI and the level of physical activity.
Conclusions: This study confirms previous findings about insufficient level of physical activity among students and that BMI with normal values is not the most relevant indicator of health and fitness.
Key words: physical education, university, survey, obesity, adolescents.
INTRODUCTION
Hypokinesis has become one of the three leading indirect causes of illnesses, disabilities and mortality in addition to inadequate diet and smoking (WHO, 2006). It accelerates the physiological aging process, reduces work capacity and energy, and contributes to an unwanted body appearance. Although the tendency for certain diseases is hereditary, changing lifestyle can tremendously affect someones health. Prevention is known as being the best, simplest and cheapest remedy.
The main goal of physical education on universities is to educate students about the importance of regular, continuous and adequate exercise throughout life as a precondition of maintaining and improving ones health. It directs them in sports and recreational activities that are consistent with their interests and abilities, and encourages the acquisition of habits for life-long regular participation in physical activity.
Previous studies show that the level of physical activity changes throughout life. Significant decrease happens in the time of education, particularly in urban areas where young adults show less interest participating in games that require so called muscular work, while simultaneously have more interest in activities related to sitting and passive leisure (Casperssen at al., 2000). In adolescents and young adults, observations showed that physical activity continuously decreases (Huddleston et al., 2002), the number of health problems increase, especially i n s t u d e n t s w h i c h i s h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h h y p o k i n e s i s ( A n d r i j a ae v i e t a l . 2 0 0 5 ) ; a l s o , o v e r w e i g h t p r o b l e m s ( W H O E u r o p e , 2 0 0 4 ) t e n d t o i n c r e a s e s i n c e h i g h s c h o o l a g e .
R e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d w i t h s t u d e n t s a t t h e F a c u l t y o f H u m a n i t i e s a n d S o c i a l S c i e n c e s s h o wed decreased involvement in sport and recreational activities during university education in comparison to their previous engagements, and it is even more prevalent with female students. (Gonik at al. 2002).
Decreased physical activity combined with inadequate and unbalanced diet often leads to excessive weight gain already in the age of puberty and adolescence (WHO Europe, 2004). A very disturbing fact is that in the higher grades of high school in Croatia (from 16 to 18 years old) every fourth female pupil is physically active less than once a week, while obesity and overweight problems increase, although the higher prevalence is seen in male pupils. (Jurea at al. 2005). Taking this in consideration, universities can be a platform for promoting the importance of regular physical activity and adopting a healthier lifestyle.
METHODS
Purpose of the research
The goal of this research is to determine the level of physical activity of male and female students in their free time over a period of one month, and a level of physical activity in the past week with the criteria of at least 30 minutes of physical activity per day and possible correlation of these two variables with Body Mass Index (BMI). Possible gender differences for physical activity variables, BMI and waist circumferences were assessed.
The sample of respondents
Convenient, quota sample of respondents consisted of 745 (177 male, 23.76% and 568 female, 76.34%) students in the first year of undergraduate study at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences.
Instrument of data collection and sample variables
Data was collected through a questionnaire which students fulfilled voluntarily and non-anonymously during the winter semester of the academic year 2011/12, as a requirement for the Physical Education course. The complete questionnaire contains 26 questions that are specifically tailored to the subjects population, and this paper discusses five questions with four variables: 1) the regularity of physical activity practice in the past month with the criteria of at least 30 minutes per day (1- none; 2- 2 to 5 times; 3 - 6 to 12 times; 4- 13 to 20 times; 5 21 to 28 times; 6 - every day); 2) the regularity of physical activity in the last 7 days with the criteria of at least 30 minutes per day (1- none; 2- one time; 3 - two times; 4- three times; 5 four times; 6 five and more times); 3) subjects height and weight from which the Body Mass Index was calculated; 4) waist circumference.
Methods of data processing
The collected data was analyzed using the statistical software package STATISTICA 7.0. The basic statistical characteristics were defined for all variables: the frequency and percentage of each variable in the total population, according to respondents gender. T-test for independent samples determined the difference between male and female students. Regression analysis was used to determine the interdependence between the number of hours of physical activity in the given time period (a month and a week) and the BMI as the predictor variable.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Frequency (N) and the percentage (%) of the students at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences according to practice of physical activity in the last month (Q1)Practice of physical activity in the last monthTotalMaleFemaleN%N%N%None9913.29169.08314.612-5 times28137.725531.122639.796-12 times17823.894324.313523.7713-20 times8211.012614.7569.8621-28 times445.91158.5295.11Daily597.922212.4376.51Missing20.2700.0020.35
Table 2. Frequency (N) and the percentage (%) of the students at Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences according to practice of physical activity in the last week (Q2)Practice of physical activity in the last weekTotalMaleFemaleN%N%N%None17022.823117.513924.471 day17523.493519.814024.652 days18024.164424.913623.943 days9713.022011.37713.564 days496.581810.2315.465 and more days739.802916.4447.75Missing10.1300.0010.18
Results of physical activity in this time frame (one month and a week) shown in Tables 1 and 2, indicate the insufficient physical activity of students, considering the recommendation made by the WHO which says that optimal physical activity for youth should be, at least, one hour per day (WHO Europe, 2004). The most disturbing result concerning the data is the fact that in a month, about 50% of young people were active up to 5 times a week, and even 22.82% were completely inactive, while 23.49% were active only once.
Table 3. Mean values Standard deviation (SD) for dependent variables concerning physical activity in the last month and in the last week, body mass index (BMI) and wais circumference for males and females and the results of t-test between males and females for the first year students at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences statistically different at *p<0.05VariablesMalesFemalest-testMeanSDMeanSDtpPhysical activity in the last month3.201.502.701.344.150.000037*Physical activity in the last week3.261.692.741.493.920.000097*BMI22.762.8921.173.106.070.000000*Waist circumference83.6410.4573.519.1112.140.000000*
Table 3 shows the mean values, standard deviation and the results of t-test between female and male students. The average physical activity (at least 30 minutes) was 6 to 12 times per month and two times per week. A statistically significant difference between males and females was observed in all four tested variables. A l t h o u g h , f e m a l e s t u d e n t s a r e l e s s a c t i v e t h a n t h e i r m a l e c o l l e a g u e s , t h e i r B M I i s l o w e r , w h i c h c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d b y a g r e a t e r c o n c e r n f o r t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e , w h i c h i s u s u a l l y m o r e p r e v a l e n t i n t h e f e m a l e p o p u l a t i o n . V a l u e s o f t h e w a i s t c i r c u m f e r e n c e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e a b d o m i n a l o b e s i t y s t i l l s h o w n o r m a l v a l u e s f o r b o t h g e n d e r s ; h o w e v e r , s i n c e r e s p o n d e n t s a r e y o u n g p e o p l e f r o m 1 8 t o 2 0 y e a r s o f a g e , t h e y s h o u l d c e r t a i n l y b e e d u c a t e d a b o u t t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f r e d u c i n g b o d y f a t a n d m a i n t a i n i n g d e s i r a b l e b o d y weight in order to preserve their health.
Table 4. Results of multiple regression analysis for the connection of body mass index (BMI) with the predictor variables describing practice of physical activity of the total populations of the first year students at the Faculty of Humanities and Social SciencesPredictor variableStatistical parameterBetatpPhysical activity in the last month-0.09-1.280.202700Physical activity in the last week-0.11-1.720.087046R= 0.08; p<0.20991
The regression analysis results show no statistically significant relationship between BMI and physical activity levels of students in the observed time frame (one month and one week). The assumption is that the BMI is not a sufficient measure from which to obtain quality data on the composition of the body, and that is the main health indicator and source of information on health preservation. Given the age of the respondents, it can be concluded that the majority completed their growth and development, and that the increase of body weight and the creation of excess fat is imminent.
CONCLUSIONS
This research has shown that students physical activity is insufficient according to the recommendations which they should be following. The results show that, in this population, Body Mass Index is not in the statistical significant correlation with the level of physical activity. However, in order to get more comprehensive results, one should take into account some anthropometric measures and dietary habits, and conduct a research on a larger sample of students from different faculties.
University professors have the task to provide quality education, offer diverse and interesting sports and recreational contents in Physical Education classes, as well as to intrigue and motivate students in order to increase the level of physical activity throughout their life.
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