ࡱ> 6857 !bjbjUU ..7|7|l $. N-<: h szDIR0Y|.Renewable energy in Croatia Julije Domac, M.Sc., BIOEN Programme co-ordinator Hubert Basic, M.Sc., MAHE Programme co-ordinator Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, pp 141, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia Tel. +385 1 6322 848, Fax +385 1 6118 401, e-mail: jdomac@eihp.hr Renewable energy resources could play an important role in the promotion of numerous Croatian goals. The development of a successful sector of renewable energy sources could in the long run contribute to diversification of energy production, decreased import of energy and significant reduction of the pollution from the energy sector. Employment and all associated issues are today one of imperatives of the Croatian economic and social policy. Using renewable energy sources provides new jobs openings, investment in rural areas, coastal regions and islands and retention of the income within local communities, which was recognized as one of the main driving force for introducing more renewable energy in Croatia. Croatia has significant possibilities for energy production from renewable resources, but there are also certain difficulties and barriers for the increase of this share. There are two critical barriers to the wider scale adoption of renewable energy sources in Croatia and especially in community-based project: Social barriers, Lack of financing or resources. Although there are specific social barriers for each particular renewable resource, some of the most common ones can be pointed out: Lack of knowledge and information, Long-term process of changing the behaviour, Incorrect understanding of the real nature and all issues connected with renewable energy sources, Lack of interest and motivation, Underestimation of small people power and influence. For Croatia, overcoming mentioned social barriers and giving communities a clear role and involvement in managing and planning their energy future and policy will have crucial role in increasing share of renewable energy sources. The use of success stories and/or demonstration projects is clearly essential to making real the vision of sustainability. The current use of renewable energy sources in Croatia, apart of large hydro power plants, is dominated by traditional a modern biomass. However, solar and wind energy and small hydro-power plants according to their potential could have a significant role in future energy policy of the Republic of Croatia. Figure 1: Present and projected energy supply from different sources in Croatia (Grani, G., B. Jelavi, H. Baai, R. Boanjak, H. Bo~i, and J. Domac: Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia, Ministry of Economy and Energy Institute  Hrvoje Po~ar , Zagreb, 1998) Renewable energy has never considered as an important issue before 1997, when Croatian Government launched several National energy programmes. The intention was that, for the first time, an organised and systematic policy regarding renewables be adopted and implemented. The programmes interesting for this field are: BIOEN Biomass and Waste Utilisation Programme, SUNEN Solar Energy Utilisation Programme, ENWIND Wind Energy Utilisation Programme, GEOEN Geothermal Energy Utilisation Programme, MAHE Small Hydro Power Plant Construction Programme. However, in last 10-years period, the past Government of Croatia only partly recognized the importance of increased use of renewable energy sources in the transition to a sustainable energy base and the spread of renewable energy technologies has not been aided by any fiscal or other support measures. The only change in the policies towards the use of biomass for energy happened with the introduction of the contracting possibility for selling the electricity from small producers to national grid in mid nineties. According to this decree, the renewable energy plants could sell to HEP (the national electric utility to be privatised in the future) the energy produced with the price, lower for 15-20% of average electricity selling price in Croatia. However, this was only general decision and interested producer should have to face number of problems and administrative barriers connected with tariffs and contracting conditions. Author is not familiar with any case of successful contract between HEP and small, independent producer. An important moment in this period was, however, introduction of Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia prepared by leading Croatian experts. This document has considered three different scenarios. First of them (S-421, low) was based on slow introduction of advanced technologies and does not include any governmental support. Second scenario (S-422, moderate) includes stronger concerted policy for introduction of new technologies, use of renewables and increasing energy efficiency. Finally, third scenario (S-423, high) is very environmental scenario and comprises that problem with pollution and greenhouse effects will significantly affect energy policy in Croatia already in 2010. This document expressed for the first time political will for utilisation of renewable energy and proposed some necessary actions and strategies. Starting with spring this year, the new Government is in the process of formulating a compressive renewable energy policy, which is expected to deal with various policy issues relevant to development and a large-scale diffusion of renewable energy technologies. An important step in this direction is new Energy Law, which is under completion and expected to be proposed to Croatian Parliament by the middle of the year 2001. The Energy Law as proposed should include different governmental supportive measures and fiscal and financial mechanisms. By this measures recognised and supported are all renewable energy sources like solar, wind, biomass (including biodiesel and biogas), small hydro power plants, geothermal energy, cogeneration based on renewables as well as hydrogen in the future. Production plants with the installed capacity less than 5 MW will sell electricity according to the defined rules, while plants with installed capacity of over 5 MW will be the special support facilities and each project will be analysed separately. Croatia is today facing the triple challenge of energy shortage, social and economic issues. Renewable energy resources could play an important role in the promotion of numerous Croatian goals. Economic development in transition countries like Croatia is closely correlated with the availability and utilization of modern energy sources. It is now clear that current approaches to energy are non-sustainable and not renewable. The road ahead is full of opportunities and challenges. The new Government will have to recognise importance of renewable energy, particularly for environment and national economy, but also local communities and rural areas development. The fully implementation of proposed Energy Strategy and Energy Law after its completion, should enable wider use of modern technologies for renewable energy use with number of positive effects on Croatian economy, society and population. Figure 2 Small hydro power plant "Roski slap" (Krka river) with capacity of 2x0,886 MW (build in 1907, reconstructed in 1998). Figure 3 Green chips (forestry residues) fired heat plant "Gerovo" within Finvest wood processing industry (capacity 2,5 MW) OP h vK*ab$  !OJQJ^JaJ aJmH sH  ^JmH sH 6OJQJ^J <OJQJOJQJ5;OJQJ^J OJQJ^JmH sH OPX @  x  & F 8hd^h & Fdhd`hd$a$ $da$$a$! 2 f g h rtv*VLb  i!dhd`hh`h$ & Fa$ $hd`ha$$da$i!j!!!d,1h. 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