ࡱ> 5@ Ԩbjbj22 ;XX+8DDDDDDDz> > > > d,z4( $ R(#]DCCCDDHCDDCDD `> `qTf<#u:#XlDDDD#Da y   zz > zz> Cinnamon Yam Yield as Affected by Growing System B. Novak, B. Benko, S. Fabek, N. Toth, I. }uti, J. Boroai University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Vegetable Crops Department, Zagreb, Croatia Key words: Dioscorea oppositifolia L., growing technology, agronomic traits Abstract Global climate changes have enabled the expansion of tropical and subtropical crop cultivation in areas with a moderate climate. The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of cinnamon yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia L.) production, using three growing systems. Seedlings were grown in a heated greenhouse and planted to the open field in the first week of May. Conventional technology, which involves free development of tubers in the soil, was used as a control. The other treatments were planting in channels buried in the soil at the angle of 25 and in vertical peat-filled basins placed at the soil surface. Depending on the applied growing system, plant density was between 5.5 plants per m2 in conventional technology and 9 plants per m2 in vertical basins. Developed tubers were significantly different in length, which ranged from 0.36 m in conventional technology to 0.95 m in vertical basins. The greatest diameter of basal part (8.6 mm) was observed with the tubers grown in the channels and was significantly greater than the others. Tubers with the lowest weight (149.7 g) were produced by the conventional method, while the highest tuber weight (225.1 g) was achieved in vertical basins. Tubers grown in the vertical basins had similar weight, with less variability as shown by standard deviation value (19.5 compared to 41.5 and 58.6 for the control and channels). The highest yield (2.03 kgm-2) was achieved in the vertical basins and was significantly higher than yields gained by other technologies. Beside plant density, which is higher than at the other growing systems, the higher tuber mass and length contributed to achieving the highest yield in vertical basins. INTRODUCTION Cinnamon yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia L.) is a vegetable species commonly grown in the tropical and subtropical regions, and it is used for food by more than 200 million people as well as more specialist uses in the pharmaceutical industry. A yam is usually grown from seedlings produced from aerial bulbils in the greenhouse. Young plants are then planted in the open field when risk of frost has ended. Since the tuber penetrates deep into the soil and direct planting cause large losses during digging, new growing technologies of cinnamon yam are needed. The aim of this study is to determine the tuber yield components with different growing technologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at the trial field of the Vegetable Crops Department in Zagreb (45 49' N, 16 02' E) during 2007. The objective of the field trial was to determine yam yield as affected by cultivation technology. Plants were planted in channels, plastic basins, and directly into the soil (control) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Channels were 1 m long and 20 cm in diameter. They were laid in the soil with a slope of 25 and covered with black polyethylene (PE) film. Plastic basins were 1 m high and 40 cm in diameter. They were placed on the soil, filled with a mixture of substrate (Klasmann Potgrond H) and garden soil. After planting, plants were supported with 2 m long plastic stakes. Plant density varied for the different growing technologies. Planting directly into the soil and into the channels resulted with a plant density of 5.5 plants m-, while planting into the basins resulted with 9 plants m-. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse at an average temperature of approximately 27 C and relative air humidity of approximately 85%. Air bulbils were planted on March 6th in the 0.5 L pots filled with Klasmann Potgrond H substrate with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Planting in the open field was carried out on May 8th. The soil was mulched with black PE-film. Plastic stakes, 2 m long were positioned near to each plant grown in the soil or in the channel. Two stakes were placed in each basin for plant climbing. During the summer period irrigation with 20 to 25 Lm-2 per week was done. There was no additional fertilization or pesticide application during the growing period. Cinnamon yam flowered periodically in July, August and September. During the growing season hand weeding between PE-film strips was carried out twice. Manually digging of tubers was performed on September 20th due to initial leaf senescence. The tuber length, basal and top diameter, weight and yield were analyzed. Statistical analysis of recorded yield components was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and average values were tested by LSD test at a significance level pd"0.05 and pd"0.01. Average values with standard deviations were obtained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Air bulbils for seedling production were collected from one year old plants in 2006 and stored until sowing in 2007. Seedlings were developed from air bulbils for two months. Compared to the first growing season, larger bulbils are developed during the second and the third growing season of yam plants (Main et al., 2006). Bulbils size and yield could be also promoted by the growth retardant application (Kim et al., 2003). The growing period of cinnamon yam from planting to digging in 2007 lasted for 164 days. This is in accordance with Marcos et al. (2009) who determined that growing period among planting dates varied from 3 to 6 months, with the longer periods corresponding to the earlier planting dates. The yam development was mostly dependent on photoperiod and to lesser extent on temperature. The rainfall during the summer months varied considerably. The lowest rainfall in one week (0.3 mm) and during one month (4.8 mm) was recorded in May (Fig. 1). The highest rainfall was recorded in August, 17.5 and 29.9 mm, respectively. Total rainfall during the growing period amounted to 91.6 mm. Since the rainfall was unevenly distributed and it was determined that yam yield is reduced when rainfall is less than 600 mm (Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997), it was necessary to irrigate it periodically during the growing period. Average monthly temperatures ranged from a minimum of 15.1 C (in September) to a maximum of 22.9 C (in July). The minimum average daily temperatures ranged from 10.7 C in September to 16.3 C in June. The maximum average daily temperature ranged 21.3 C in September to 30.3 C in July (Fig. 1). According to Ngue Bissa et al. (2007), an average temperature between 23 and 25 C is optimal for yam growth and development. Comparing these temperatures with the ones during the field trial it could be concluded that the average monthly temperatures during the experiment were below optimal values for yam growth. Highly significant difference in tuber length was explained by the growing system. The highest tuber length was recorded at plants which were planted in the basins (94.5 cm), while the control plants developed the shortest tubers (36.0 cm). Tubers grown in the channels had the average length of 50.6 cm (Fig. 2). Tubers grown in the channels were very uneven in length, which gave a standard deviation of 17.5. The standard deviation of 3.0 and 4.7 was recorded for basin and soil growing system, respectively. The average basal diameter of the tubers (Fig. 3) grown in the channel was 8.6 mm, and it was statistically higher than basal diameter of the tubers grown in the basin (5.5 mm) and in the soil (5.4 mm). From these data, it can be concluded that a change in the basal diameter was caused with tuber base bending during adjustment to the growth direction change. The highest standard deviation (1.55) was recorded for the basal diameter of tubers grown in channel. The average top diameter of tuber varied between 19.6 mm for tubers grown in the channels and 23.3 mm for tubers grown in the basins (Fig. 3). Standard deviation for top diameter of tubers grown in soil was 4.45 and indicated that these tubers have a very uneven top diameter. At the same time the standard deviation for top diameter of tubers grown in the channels and basins was amounted to1.98 and 1.74, respectively. The experiment showed that there are minor differences in the average weight of tuber due to the growing system but these differences were not significant. Figure 4 shows that the highest tuber weight (225.1 g) was achieved with cinnamon yam growing in the basins. The average weight of tuber grown in the channels was 177.3 g, while the lowest weight was 149.7 g and it was achieved by the soil growing system. The standard deviation for tuber weight achieved by channel growing system was 58.63 and indicated that the tubers grown in a channel had very unequal weight. Uneven weight of tubers was also recorded for the soil growing system (st. dev. = 41.48). The tubers grown in the basins had the lowest variation in weight (st. dev. = 19.47). Significantly lower yield of yam tuber (Fig. 5) was achieved by cinnamon yam grown in the channels (886.4 gm-2) and in the soil as control (823.2 gm-2), than by growing in the basins (2026 gm-2). The higher tuber yield achieved by the basin growing system is due to the higher plant density, longer and heavier tubers. The highest standard deviation (293.17) was determined for the yield of tubers grown in the channel, while the lowest one (175.21) was determined for tubers grown in the basins. About 12 tons per hectare is the worldwide average production, but intensive cultivation easily surpasses that level and yield could exceed 40 tons per hectare (Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997). The yam yield between 8.23 and 20.26 t ha-1, achieved in this experiment by different growing technologies was in accordance with the yield (from 3.28 to 19.72 t ha-1) achieved by Kim et al., (2005). Diby et al. (2004) tested different Dioscorea species grown at different soil types with and without fertilization and achieved yield between 10.2 and 51.5 tons per hectare. Ernest and O'Sullivan (2004) determined that staking system did not affect the yield while application of NPK fertilizer increased yield by 50 % (from 18.6 to 27.9 tons per hectare). Contrary, Asiedu and Sartie (2010) stated that staking may increase tuber yield, but the cost of stakes and the labor for their placement may render the practice uneconomic. CONCLUSIONS The growing system significantly affected cinnamon yam tuber quantitative traits: length, basal diameter and yield. The smallest length and tuber weight was achieved by plants planted into the soil. One of the reasons for such results is difficult tuber digging because the soil was compacted and the tuber is reaching deeper into the soil. The biggest basal diameter was observed in plants that were planted into the channels, while the plants grown in the basins and directly in the soil had smaller diameters. This can be explained by the fact that the planting in the channels divert root, which causes callous tuber base. Plants grown in the basins achieved the highest tuber length (0.95 m), weight (225.1 g) and yield (2.03 kgm-2) compared to the other two growing systems. Beside that, tubers grown in the basins are the easiest to dig out and the highest plant density could be achieved (90000 plants per hectare). Acknowledgments This research was a part of the project 178-1782133-2136 named "Evaluation of subtropical sweet potato and yam technology", financed by Ministry od Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia. Literature cited Asiedu, R., Sartie, A. 2010. Crops that feed the world 1. Yams: Yams for income and food security. Food Security 2(4):305-315. Diby, L.N., Carsky, R., Assa, A., Tra, T.B., Girardin, O., Frossard E. 2004. Understanding soil factors limiting the potential yield of yam (Dioscorea spp.). Proc. of the 4th International Crop Science Congress: New directions for a diverse planet. Brisbane, Australia, 26 Septemer 1 October.  HYPERLINK "http://www.cropscience.org.au" www.cropscience.org.au. Ernest, J., OSullivan, J. 2004. Improved fallow and live-staking of yam using Gliricidia sepium in Papua New Guinea. Proc. of the 4th International Crop Science Congress: New directions for a diverse planet. Brisbane, Australia, 26 September 1 October.  HYPERLINK "http://www.cropscience.org.au" www.cropscience.org.au. Kim, S.K., Kim, J.T., Jang, S.W., Lee, S.C., Lee, B.H., Lee, I.J. 2005. Exogenous effect of gibberellins and jasmonateon tuber enlargement of Dioscoree opposita. Agronomy Research 3(1):39-44. Kim, S.K., Lee, S.C., Lee, B.H., Choi, H.J., Kim, K.U., Lee, I.J. 2003. Bulbil formation and yield responses of chinese yam to application of gibberellic acid, mepiquat chloride and trinexapac-ethyl. J. Agronomy & Crop Science 189(4):255-260. Main, C.L., Beeler, J.E., Robinson, D.K., Mueller, T.C. 2006. Growth, reproduction and management of chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia). Weed Technology 20(3):773-777. Marcos, J., Lacointe, A., Tournebize, R., Bonhomme, R., Sierra, J. 2009. Water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) development as affected by photoperiod and temperature: Experiment and modeling. Field Crops Research 111(3):262-268. Ngue Bissa, T., Mbairanodji, A., Njualem, D. 2007. Technical guide for the production and conservation of yams (Dioscorea spp.). National Programme for Roots and Tubers Development. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Republic of Cameroon. Rubatzky, V.E., Yamaguchi, M. 1997. World vegetables: principles, production, and nutritive values. Chapman & Hall, New York, USA. Figures  Fig. 1. Climatic conditions during the cinnamon yam vegetation, 2007  *Columns marked with the same letters are not significantly different according to the LSD test at significance level of pd"0.01 Fig. 2. 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OLE_LINK1-8-8n_$n_ n_.!n_4 "n_|#n_!$n_L:%n_!&n_c'n_(n_!)n_"*n_"+n_---------------------... ...d.e.q.r.|.}......H/R/T/U/W/////////// 0 0.010;000111#1%1-1.161C1F1H1K1N1X1Y1c1d11111 2222&262:2<2?2A22222*3D3E3333333333/484I4R44444444445585I5555666 6"6Q6666666-802mo_,n,o,<->-N-O---.#/;/5G577-82*3-8AFZ)$ & Z dC3y=P d 8)$ dy=P 8 d & Zwn ddwn~}Zca!/zbX e F]l-Uk:G&8,Usc  q!ZW"% *DY*2,!Y,E-a.2[2}2 325D5?6Y667D71w7/9b;:U=`o> @?A3C[E5xL>RN VFV W#Yj[\TmEms6sVFvLxL r0@" V-@Times New Roman- 2  ahCinnamon dT!AA;`;A.2 ahYam Yield as Affected bT;`T!4!A:.T''44'3AA#2 } ahy Growing System;[3:U!@;A:.'4` 2  ah _?@Times New Roman- 2 ^ah _-@Times New Roman-.d2 ;ahB. Novak, B. Benko, S. Fabek, N. Toth, I. uti, J. BoroiBH22,2BB,22288,2,2H=22 <2,(B2!2',.- 2  ah _. 2 Dah _- 2 ahUniversity of H22,!'03!;2  ahZagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, <-1",28-,202!I1!,22!,"2  ahVegetable CropsI-2,,2,C!22' 2 \ ah _2 u ahDepartmentH,3,!N,2 2 Nah,_2 g ah Zagreb, <-2!,22 *ahCroatia C!2,, 2 *ah _- 2 ah _-@Times New Roman-2  ahKey words: M,2I2,8'!@Times New Roman-/2 ahDioscorea oppositifolia H2',2',23222'22-(2 hahL., growing technolo;1!2H31,,222+2 { ahogy, agronomic traitsi330-1!222N,",' 2 ah _- 2 ah _--2 ahAbstractH8'!,2,! 2  ah _7[2 k5ahGlobal climate changes have enabled the expansion of M282O,R2",O,8282,'O822,O,828,8O!8+O,2828'27O2!O2 kx ahtropical and !,28,2O277 - @ !v~+ - %2 ahsubtropical crop a'88!,28,2 ,,28 2 | ahcultivation ,8!12!28 2 cahin 7 2 ahareas 2,,2' 2 ahwith aI!7 2%2  ah moderate climatea R28,,2!, ,R2",2  ah.  2 + ahThe aim of C8, 2R 2" 2 &ahthe !8, 2 ahstudy '!881 - @ !v- -)2 Qahwas to determine theI2';!2;8,!--R8,;!8-2 Qs ah possibility;82''8!2 2 Qaah _;"2 Qahof cinnamon yam2";,882R28;22S2 Q ah (;!@Times New Roman-/2 Q ahDioscorea oppositifolia H2(,2',2;2322'!22;-2 Q7ahL.) C!2  ahproduction8,288,!28 2 oah, using three C8'82C!8,,,C"2 ahgrowing systems2,2I82C'2'!-R'@2  #ah. Seedlings were grown in a heated D8,,882'BI,,,C2,2I8C8C2C8,2!+7 2 7 ahgreenhouse and2,,,8828',*2882 7 E ah planted e*828!,8*2 7 ahto the!2*!8,12 7 ah open field in the first *28,8*",8*8*!8,*",'!*2 7 ahweekI,,8 2 7 ah _*(2 7 ahof May. Conventionao2"*^22*H282,8!2822 7 ahl 42 ahtechnology, which involves !,,882222-I7,8-8212,'->2 ["ahfree development of tubers in the ",,,-8,2,28R,8!.2"-!88,,'-8-!8,-2 k ahsoil'22 ah, ,2 @ahwasI2'2  ah used as ,8',8-2',2 aha 12  ahcontrolt,28!,22  ah. *2  ahThe otheC8,*2!8-%2  ahr treatments were,*",-2"R,8!'*I,-,@2  #ah planting in channels buried in the*828!82*8*,8288,'*88,,8*7*!8,2   ah soil at the*'2*2!+!8, 2  ah _2  ahangle of 25282,2"22( 2 ah _2 ahand 288#2 `ahin vertical peat82,,!,28,2! 2 ah-_!2  ahfilled basins ",882'8'2 ah placed 82,,82 E ahat 2!2 ahthe !8,2 P ahsoil surface. '2'8,"2,,2 Jah DependiH,8,882 ahng on 8227-2   ahthe applied !8,=288,8=2  ahgrowingi2,2H822  1ah systemi=&2'!-R 2  ah,_2  ah plant=828!2   ah density was=8,8'!2=I2' 2   ah _=2  M ahbetweeni8,!I,,82  ah 5=22   ah.522  e ah plantsi<827!'2  ah per=8,,2  sah m>R@Times New Roman- 2 ah2_"-2  %ah in =7-42 v ahconventional technology and,282,8!282*!,,882222*2882 v zah 9*22 v ah plantsi*728!'2 v  ah per*8,,2 v ah m*R- 2 H ; ah2_"- 2 v ] ah _*2 v ahin 8*2 v  ahver2,,2 v ahtical !,2*2 v p ahbasins82'8'(2 v | ah. Developed tubers *H,2,28,8*!88,,&=2 !ahwere significantly different in l I,,,,'28",28!2,8!",,,8!,8,>2 "ahength, which ranged from 0.36 m in,82!8,I8,8+,282,8,",2S,222-R,8 2 hah conventional ,,282,8!2822 \  ahtechnology!,,882222.2 \ cah to 0.95 m in vertical !2222R82,,!,22 \  ahbasins. The 82'8'C8,2 \ ahgreatest2,-2!,'! 2 \ C ah _;2 \ ^ ahdiameter of basal part (8.6 mm) 83R,",,2"82'282,!!22SS!&2 ahwas observed with I2'&28',,2,8&I!8&%2 ahthe tubers grown !8,&!88,,'&2,2I8&2 ahin the t8&!8,&2 $ ahchannels,8288,'(2 ah and was significanc&288%I2'&'27"+282 ahtly !2&2 ~ahgreater 2,,2!-,%2 B ahthan the others. a!8280!8,02!8,,'02 B  ahTubers with t C88,,'0I!80!2 B  ahhe lowestt8,02I,'!&2 B ah weight (149.7 g) 0I,28!0!222202!02 B ahweI,2 B F ahre ,,02 B ahproduced by 8-288,,808202 B /ahthe !8,(2 ahconventional method,282,8!2825R,!8282 -ah, while 5I8,5 2 aht_!.2 ahhe highest tuber weight8,5828,'!5!88+,5I,28!2 ah (225.1 g) 5!222252!52 ahwas achievedI1'52,8,2,82 ,ah in 572 ( ahvertical v2,,!,2*2 (ahbasins82'8'2 (  ah. Tubers v*C88,,'*2 ( ahgrown in v2,2I8*8*2 (e ahthe vertical !8,*2,-!,2+2 ( ahbasins82'8' 2 ( ah _* 2 ( ahh_82 ( ahad18 2 (X ah _*2 ( ahsimilar 'R2,*2 ( ahweightI,28!2 (ah, *2 (7 ahwith less I!8*,'&.2 ahvariability as shown by22,28!22''81I882 2 uah _&2 ahstandard deviation'!2882,88,22!28 2  ah _2  ahvalue 227, 2  ah(_!@2  #ah19.5 compared to 41.5 and 58.6 for 222,3R83,,8!2222288222"1+ - @ !vF - -2  ahthe control !8,,28!,22 ~ ahand channels)288,8288,'!2 ah. 2 ahThe h C8,8+2 ahighest yield (2.03 kg28,'!2,8!22282@Times New Roman- 2 F ah_- 2 [ ahm_R- 2  ah-_- 2  ah2_"-&2  ah) was achieved in !I2'2,8,2,882 ahthe !8,2 r ahvertical 2,,!,2#2 ahbasins and was s82'8'278I2'')2 iahignificantly higher 18!,28!2828,,2 ahthan!828 2 c ah _ 2  ahy_22  ahiel,2  ahds8'2 w ah gained 228,8,2  ah by other technologies822!8,,",,88222,' 2 gah._ 2 ah _2 ahBeside C,'8+2  ahplant density828!%8,7'!2.2 ah, which is higher than $I8,7%'$828,,%!827%2 ahat 2!%2 . ahthe other !8,%2!8,,%#2  ahgrowing systems,2,2I82$'2'!,R' 2  ah _%%2  ahthe higher tuber !8-%828,,%!78,+#2 gahmass and length R2''288,82!8,2 g`ahcontributed to achievi,28!,88!,8!22,8,2+2 g ahng the highest yield i82!8,728,'!2,8&2 gX ahin vertical basins82,,!,282'8' 2 g+ah._ 2 gDah _5- 2 ah _--2 M ahINTRODUCTION'HCHNHHHC'NH 2 Mah _6 - @ !v>`v -  - 2 ahC_C2  ahinnamon yam (22,N2220,O1!-/2 ahDioscorea oppositifolia H2',3',212222'222-2  ahL.);!2  ah is1( 2 v ah _22  aha ve,12-2 d ahgetable 2,,2, 2  ah _12  ahspecies '3,,,'22  ahcommonly ,3NN220 - @ !v-  2 1ahgrowne1!3H2 2 1ah _#2 1ahin22 1ah the#2-F2 1'ah tropical and subtropical regions, and #!22-,#,32#'22!22,,$!-122'$,32# 2 1 ahit is used for#'#2',3#!2"2 1 ah food #!222#2 1 ahby40"2 19ah more than 200 %N2!,#2,3#222 - @ !vF-   - @ !vF-   2 ahmillion peopleN22#2,22,G2 (ah as well as more specialist uses in the #,'#I,#-'#N2!,#'3,,,'#2','#3#2,#,2 + ahpharmaceutical industr22-!N,-,2,,#223'" 2 ahy_02 ah. $ 2 6ahA_H2 ~ah y%02 aham is ,O#' - @ !v-  D2 &ahusually grown from seedlings produced 2'2,/.2!2H2-!!2N-',-221'-2!222,,2-2 ? ahfrom !!2N-2 . ahaerial bulbi-,!,-2222  ahls' 2 J ah _-2 w ahin 1-%2  ahthe greenhouse. Y 2,-1!,-2222',-H2 ahoung 2222 - @ !v,-  2 ahplants 2,2''2 ahare ,!-'2 Mahthen s2,2'2  ahplanted 2,2,3'2 nahin 2'2 ahth22 2ahe open,'22,32 Hah field'!,22 & ah when 'H3,2'2 M ahrisk of "'2'2!'2  ahfrost !!2''2 c ahhas3,'2  ah ended',23,22  ah. ("2 @ahSince the tuber82,,'2,'22," 2 ah _ - @ !v-  >2 "ahpenetrates deep into the soil and 2,2,!,,'%3,,2%22%2,%'2%,22%2 ahdirect 2!,,%2  ahplanting 2,221&2 q ahcauset,,2', 2 N ah large losses %,"2,%2'','%2 t ahduring22!312 y ah digging,s%221212 ah new g%3,H - @ !v-  R2 p/ahgrowing technologies of cinnamon yam are needed1!3H21,,22231,'2!,22,N220-N,",2,,3-22 p ah.  2 p ah _- - @ !v -   2 ahT_=I2 )ahhe aim of this study is to determine the n2,&,N&2!&2'&'23/&(&2&2,,!N2,&2,&2  ahtuber yield 22,!&0,2&2 z ahcomponents ,2N222,2'&2 ahwith gH2'2 \ ahdifferent 2!!,!,2 - @ !vx-  2 Vahgrowing 1!3H21 2 Vah technologies.,,22231,' 2 Vah _. 2 ah _- - @ !vi-  -+2 >ahMATERIALS AND METHODS^HCCH'HC8HHH_CCNNH8 2 >ah _5 - @ !v Q-  -2 ahThe sn=2,"'2 ahtudy230"2 Rah was conducted "I,'",2223,-2"(2 ahat the trial field D,"2,"!,"!,2" 2  aho_2 2  ahf_! 2  ah _"2  ahthe 2-""2  ahVegetable CropsH-1,,2,"C!22' 2 Iah Department in#H,2-!N,2"2 2 ah _ - @ !v[-   - @ !vx< -  2 "ahZagreb <-2!,22&2 "ah(45 49' N, 16 02!22(2233H222(2222 "ah' E) b2=!22 "ahduring23!212 "ah 2007g222222 " ah. 22 "< ahThe objec>2,222,,2 " ahtive of 2,22!22 "/ ahthe 2,2"2 " ahfield trial was!,22!,2H,'2 "3ah to 23 - @ !v7-  2  ahdetermine 2,,!N2,;2 `ahyam 0,N;2 Eahyield 0,29 2 Eahas affected by-'9,!!-,,2940.2 ah cultivation technology:,22,229,,222330#2  ah. Plants were pl98,2'9I,!,922 T ahanted in w,2,292 - @ !v-  Y2 4ahchannels, plastic basins, and directly into the soil,2,22,'+2,'-+2,'2'+,22+2",,0+22+2-+'2 2  ah (control) in +!,22!2!+2,2  aha ,,2 B ahrandomized i!,223N-,2+2 F ahcomplete d,2N2,,-hhaagg``ff__ee^^dd]]cc\\bb[[aaZZ``YY _ _X X  ^ ^W W  ] ]V V  \ \U U  [ [T T ZZSSYYRRXXQQWWPPVVOO՜.+,D՜.+,p, hp   Harper Adams University Collegee8A *Utjecaj tehnologije uzgoja na prinos jama Title4 8@ _PID_HLINKSA 0phttp://www.cropscience.org.au/0phttp://www.cropscience.org.au/  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry FP(Data V71Tabler#WordDocument;SummaryInformation(PDocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q