ࡱ> z|yq`rtbjbjqPqP 8::'$$.32222222$4h6C2C22+++62+2+++ Pcʟ&+/20.3+7+F7+7++C2C2+.3$$$Dh$$$$h$$$ LOSSES OF APPLE FRUIT (CV. CRIPPS PINK) CAUSED BY FUNGAL DISEASES DURING STORAGE Zdravka Sever, Tihomir Mili evi, Joako Kaliterna University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, Svetoaimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia  HYPERLINK "mailto:zsever@agr.hr" zsever@agr.hr ABSTRACT Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is the most significant fruit species in Croatia. Therefore, a study was initiated to determine causal agents of apple fruit cv. Cripps Pink postharvest diseases and losses during storage in ULO (Ultra Low Oxygen) conditions. Fungi were determined based on symptoms on rotten apple fruit and morphological features in pure culture. Prevalent fungi determined in this study were: Penicillium spp., Neofabraea spp. and Botrytis spp. Incidence of other genera Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Alternaria and Botryosphaeria was determined at lower frequencies. Economic losses were estimated based on weight loss per one tone with average wholesale market price of one kilo of apple cv. Cripps Pink. Both disease incidence and economic loss were significantly increased with prolongation of storage period. Such results pointed out significance of postharvest diseases and their potential to cause substantial yield and economic losses. Key words: apple, ULO storage, postharvest diseases, disease incidence, economic loss. INTRODUCTION Apple is one of the most important fruit species worldwide as well as in Croatia. Prevalent cultivars grown in Croatia are Idared, Jonagold, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious but new ones are being introduced in production, such as Cripps Pink. Apple fruits are stored after harvest in order to provide market with quality fruits yearlong. Fungal diseases occur regularly during storage and can cause severe yield and economic losses. During 1950s postharvest losses on apple fruits were up to 80%, even 90% (Anderson, 1956). Rosenberger (1997) estimated loss of 4,4 million $ per year caused by postharvest decay of apple in USA. In 2004 report was published suggesting that deterioration during storage caused 5 to 25% losses of total yield (Jijakli and Lepoivre, 2004). In Croatia study was conducted during three seasons (2004/2005, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009) and economic losses were estimated (Ivi et al., 2009). The major postharvest pathogens of pome fruit according to literature are Penicillium expansum Link, Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr and Monilinia fructigena (Snowdon 1990, Ivi et al., 2009, Ivi et al., 2006, Trkulja 2008; Konstantinou et al., 2011). Other common fungal species isolated from rotten pome fruits are: Colletotrichum, Mucor, Rhizopus, Alternaria, Botryosphaeria, Fusarium, Neofabraea etc. (Konstantinou, 2011; Ivi et al., 2009; Snowdon, 1990). Losses of apple fruit caused by fungal pathogens during storage are poorly investigated in Croatia. Therefore, a study was initiated to estimate losses due to postharvest diseases of apple cv. Cripps Pink and to determine causal agents of fungal diseases during storage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study was conducted in season 2009/2010. After harvest fruits cv. Cripps Pink from orchard situated near Vrgorac (Dalmatia) were stored in ULO (Ultra Low Oxygen) conditions at temperature 0,5 C, relative humidity 92%, oxygen concentration 1,5% and carbon dioxide 2%. After two, five, seven and eight months of storage assesments of disease incidence and losses were done. One thousand of randomly selected fruits were examined from the selection line during the packing operation. Disease incidence was calculated based on number of symptomatic fruits out of the total number of examined fruits, and was expressed as a percentage. Economic loss was calculated by multiplying weight loss per one tone with average wholesale market price of one kg of apple for periods when assesments were done. Fruit weight loss per one tone was calculated on the basis of disease incidence, average fruit weight and number of fruits in one tone. Frequencies of pathogens among decayed Cripps Pink fruit were also calculated. Symptomatic fruits were transported to the laboratory and fungal pathogens were determined based on symptoms and morphological characters of fruiting bodies and spores, according to descriptions of Snowdon (1990) and Crous et al. (2009). Parts of fruit tissue without visible sporulation were incubated at 22 C in moist chamber for several days. After incubation fungal colonies were transferred to PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium to obtain pure cultures, and subsequently fungal identification was done based on colony appearance and morphological features. RESULTS During the season 2009/2010 disease incidence on apple fruit cv. Cripps Pink varied from 2,1% to 38,5% after eight months of storage (Table 1). Estimated economic loss during storage ranged from 14,91 EUR to 450,45 EUR per one tone of apple fruits (Table 1). Table 1. Disease incidence and estimated economic loss of apple fruit cv. Cripps Pink during storage. Seven different fungal genera were determined in this study (Table 2). Dominant fruit rot pathogens in all assesed periods were Botrytis spp., Neofabrea spp. and Penicillium spp. accounting for 44,6; 24,1 and 20,3% average of the decayed fruit. Frequency of recovery of Fusarium spp. varied from 2,4 to 14,8% in all assessed periods. Incidence of other diseases, including bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum spp., Alternaria rot and black rot caused by Botryosphaeria spp. occurred sporadically in decayed apple fruit in frequencies of 0 to 6,6%. Table 2. Frequency of fungal pathogens on apple fruit cv. Cripps Pink during storage (%). DISCUSSION Results in this study have shown relatively high losses of apple fruit cv. Cripps Pink after five and seven months of storage, but consistent with previously published report suggesting that postharvest diseases cause 5 to 25% losses of total yield (Jijakli and Lepoivre, 2004). Losses after eight months of storage were very high, with disease incidence of 38,5%. After two months of storage disease incidence was substantially lower and economic loss valued 14,91 EUR/t. Dominant postharvest diseases determined in this experiment were blue mold (Penicillium spp.) and gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), considered to be major postharvest pathogens of pome fruit (Snowdon 1990, Ivi et al 2009, Ivi et al 2006, Trkulja 2008, Konstantinou et al 2011). Monilinia spp., one of the prevalent fruit rot pathogens according to literature was not determined in this study. Nevertheless, Neofabraea spp. considered as a minor pathogen in previously mentioned studies, was determined as one of the major pathogens in our study, accounting for 24,1% average of the diseased fruit. Other fungal genera Colletotrichum, Botryosphaeria, Alternaria and Fusarium were determined at lower frequencies. Increase of yield and economic loss during storage was evident in the study. One of factors that contributed to such increase might be storage conditions in ULO chambers. Since cv. Cripps Pink is a newer apple variety grown in Croatia, ULO conditions that suit best for long time storage should be established. The other reason might be appearance of Neofabraea spp. in higher frequencies after five months of storage, since storage conditions prolong beginning of rotting caused by this fungus (Snowdon, 1990). Therefore, susceptibility of Cripps Pink variety to Neofabraea spp. should be evaluated. Results of this study emphasised importance of postharvest diseases and need for further development of management strategies considering pathogens, cultivar susceptibility, storage conditions etc., aiming to reduce losses of apple fruit during storage. REFERENCES Anderson, W.H. (1956): Diseases of Fruit Crops. New York-Toronto-London. Crous, P.W., Verkley, G.J.M., Groenewald, J.Z., Samson, R.A. (2009): CBS Laboratory Manual Series. Fungal Biodiversity. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Utrecht. The Netherlands. Ivi, D., Cvjetkovi, B., Sever, Z. (2009): Procjena ateta od bolesti jabuke nakon berbe. Glasilo biljne zaatite, 1/2: 44-45. Ivi, D., Cvjetkovi, B., Mili evi, T. (2006): Dinamika i intenzitet razvoja bolesti na jabuci tijekom skladiatenja. Poljoprivreda, 12 (2): 36-41. Jijakli, M.H., and Lepoivre, P. (2004): State of the art and challenges of post-harvest disease management in apples. Fruit and vegetable diseases, Volume 1. K.G. Mukerji, ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. The Netherlands, pp. 59-94. Konstantinou, S., Karaoglanidis, G.S., Bardas, G.A., Minas, I.S., Doukas, E., Markoglou, A.N. (2011): Postharvest Fruit Rots of Apple in Greece: Pathogen Incidence and Relationships between Fruit Quality Parameters, Cultivar Susceptibility, and Pat   & * 8 : J " # $ 1 ʻtkWtIh hN0J6CJaJ&jh hN6CJUaJhN6CJaJjhN6CJUaJh06CJaJhih<CJaJhih0CJaJhih CCJaJhih CCJaJmH sH hih0CJaJmH sH hih CCJH*aJmH sH  h7h C h0CJH* h0CJh0h%hCxj5 h;v5  3 4 = @ UVcg`8&E$a$gd$a$gdIgd$a$gdrt1 2 4 < = ? @ E G V ^ ? ` s y } ~  ( 0 2 @ B L Q ` a c    9 > Żڵ˫˫˥˫ڛڛڛڛڥڏډ hEuaJ hxaJ h aJ hbfaJhh6aJ haJhh{26aJ hHaJhNhN6aJ hNaJhh{2aJ h2aJ haJ hNha Z hh L j @STUVbcfjprs~>żŶՠ~~xrxrxlxf`r hEuaJ h$LaJ h\aJ ha ZaJ h0aJ hg*aJ hxaJ haJ h<aJhTh05aJ hhE]_b  ',-<\^h#4Siop26>z(<>Fܻлл֩УЩ◍ h>|aJ hh}aJh$Lh$L6aJ h$LaJ haJ h%aJ hVXaJ h4aJaJ haJ hTCFaJ h $aJhg*hg*aJ h2aJ h!aJ hg*aJ h1maJ h0aJ h<aJ h2aJ hvaJ1Fnr(*.:H (,<@TV 鼶{u h' aJ hOaJhxhaaJhaha6aJhah76aJ haaJ hVXaJ haJ h7aJ hL*)aJ h)aJ haJ hLaJ h2aJ hm3aJhm3hm3aJ hnaJ hxaJ h>|aJh>|h>|6aJ. #6AVfpq{)8?\{ (69;IVľIJľľĸ| hwVaJ haJ h7yaJ hxaJ huaJ h-aJ h:HaJ hu%aJ hm3aJ haJ hLaJ h1maJ h`aJ h5aJh@hhaJ h' aJ0VZ[efv} :>NwBKM DEFMNоʾʵЯ⣝ܓxh fhVw5aJh fhhM76aJh>M7h>M7aJ hEuaJ h.LaJh>M7h>M76aJ h>M7aJ hj^RaJ hU?_aJ h#OaJ hKaJ hwaJ h{aJh89h{6aJ h2aJ h89aJh89h896aJ+ C!D!F!G!H!I!J!K!U!V!W!Z!{!!!!!!!!!!q"r"}"~"""""""""""""" ##1#}wqw h <aJ hIaJ hhpaJ h|aJ hraJ hu9aJ ho aJ h aJ hDaJ h=KaJ hs aJ h2$aJ h5aJ hL*)5aJhhhM7h06aJ+8*]*^*_*i*j*k*y********l+m+,F,,,L-N-.....!.".3.//e/f/ľľ;~z~vmgma]h_ h{aJ h_aJhhTUUU,UUUUWWWW@XAXBXCXlXmXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYY½ hf5 h.15hbhf5hLhXkhifhR]h5hR]5h"&h"&hag5 hag5hbhag5 h\W5 hMaJ hh*phB'@B Comment ReferenceCJaJ8@8  Comment TextCJ:O!:  Char Char2 mHsHtH@j@@ Comment Subject5\4O"A4  Char Char15\H@RH  Balloon TextCJOJQJ^JaJLOaL  Char Char CJOJQJ^JaJmHsHtHjsj R] Table Grid7:V0'RS34=@UVcg`  -.67@A23>?EFGRSUVi j ]!^!""s#t#D$E$*%+%,%-%.%/%0%1%2%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&& &&&&&&&o&p&x&y&&&&&&&&&&'''''$'(','0'4'5'7'<'A'F'J'N'R'V'W'Y'^'c'g'k'o's'w'x'z'''''''''''''''''''0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0%%%%%%&&&&&&''4'5'V'W'w'x''''''K0\YPI0K0YPI0K0YPI0K0ZPI0K0 >F VNH 1#&8*f/YYltrt "#$%&')28AE,iXXXXX#YYYYYZt!t"tDtEtptqtrt!(-./0134567;<=>?@BCrt#1'X8@0(  B S  ?[`bsv4<@EMVBLQ`q3@FSVb{#/ 5 ? L Q e } 7 @ B   B N S X [ c i p {-16:V\.5:AUkOY^aJcRYkrv} b'8MRGQ34HTK V Z h j w V!Z!!!!Y"y""o#r#;$C$!%)%2%V%[%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&&& & &&&&(&+&j&p&v&y&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& '''''('+','/'0'3'5'6'7';'<'@'A'E'F'I'J'M'N'Q'R'U'W'X'Y']'^'b'c'f'g'j'k'n'o'r's'v'x'y'z'~''''''''''''''''''QS$24<@TVbj_b   ,.5:?A13=BDHEGQSTVh j \!^!""r#t#C$E$)%2%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&& &&&n&p&w&y&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&''''''#'$'''('+','/'0'3'5';'<'@'A'E'F'I'J'M'N'Q'R'U'W']'^'b'c'f'g'j'k'n'o'r's'v'x'~''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''32%;%|%&&&O&'' < $=KiZy2K"#%o ' s N   k15SI3` S -@"2$s9$_$u%"&>f'L*)g*(+Y- -@.T/{22A3A3m3 57>M7T;'<^<_>u>@$@ ChCs8Dp?D;-ETCF:0G:HGH4aJL^5L#6LHL:N|O"vQj^Rh|[|h}GA5Aif89Lxn2 W=m-J!O9SA#OO.151m5s_"){G\r%|p2v7y=uZbUg!D<fuDoNEu =leap"Iw \WH{tLu9xJ~`;S1DN-i}Vw ]efyQ}{4:.L5H\fmrD9M`;xxC)[hpcIKV$LD00|~C%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&& &&&o&p&y&&&&&&&&&&'''''$'(','0'4'5'7'<'A'F'J'N'R'V'W'Y'^'c'g'k'o's'w'x'z'''''''''''''''''''[%1&@33 83A33 VV V"V$V%V''PP@PPP,@P$PL@P,P\@P@PVP@P@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial5& zaTahoma"hp 'p 'j*!H!H!nr4d'' 2qHP?02LOSSES OF APPLE FRUIT (CV Zdravka Sever Zdravka SeverOh+'0 $ D P \ ht|LOSSES OF APPLE FRUIT (CVZdravka Sever Normal.dotZdravka Sever2Microsoft Office Word@Ik@T9Z@8ʟ@8ʟ!՜.+,D՜.+,P  hp  FitopatologijaH' LOSSES OF APPLE FRUIT (CV Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSAdFcmailto:zsever@agr.hr  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDFGHIJKLNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghjklmnoprstuvwx{Root Entry Fʟ}Data E1TableM7WordDocument8SummaryInformation(iDocumentSummaryInformation8qCompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q