ࡱ> q`bjbjqPqP.::VZ'84T"888888tRvRvRvRvRvRvRUh3XvR%.88..vR88TMMM.f88tRM.tRMMPdP8 w;XK0P`RT0T8P,XMXdPXdP8HM $(L888vRvRMX888T.... Zlatko Kara , PhD, MS Eng. Arch. Assist. Prof. Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb Croatia  10000 Zagreb, Ka ieva 26  HYPERLINK "mailto:zlatko.karac@arhitekt.hr" zlatko.karac@arhitekt.hr Conference paper (international reviewed) Accepted: 15th April 2012 Medieval Planned Towns in Croatia Urban Heritage as an Element on Space Identity Srednjovjekovni planirani gradovi u Hrvatskoj Urbano naslijee kao element identiteta prostora medieval towns, planned towns, urban forms, urban planimetry srednjovjekovni gradovi, planirani gradovi, urbane forme, urbana planimetrija Medieval towns in continental Croatia date from the 11th c. but few were built according to plan (Zagreb-Gradec, 1242; Kri~evci 14th / 15th c.). In coastal planned medieval towns are irregularly distributed; hardly any in Istria and the Kvarner, relatively many in Dalmatia, especially in the former Dubrovnik Republic. Towns built completely according to plan date from the 13th  15th c. (Kor ula with a specific  herringbone matrix, 13th c.; Hvar with orthogonal planimetry adapted to the slope, 13th/14th c.; salt-flat towns Mali and Veliki Ston, 1335, and Pag, 1443). In some towns older parts were regularized after the 13th c. (central areas of Dubrovnik, 1272), or existing nuclei were extended by new planned zones (Dubrovnik-Prijeko, 1296.; Trogir-Pasike, 14th c.; new part of Cres, 15th c.; Pile suburb in Dubrovnik, 15th c.; centre of Dragu in Istria, small-scale development in Omia, Buzet, Buje, Gra iae). Medieval Croatia had 50 towns with communal status, leading to small-scale secondary regularization resulting from local building rules (plot width, number of storeys, fire protection, correlation between public and private areas, sewage and drainage). Frequent micro-urban structures were the elongated block with two rows of houses flanking a narrow drainage conduit (klon ine, kolovaje, kani~ele), and the standardized built-up plot (Prijeko in Dubrovnik, 6.14 x 6.14 m). A special group are medieval towns with a regular orthogonal matrix (urbs qadrata) not of medieval origin but echoing an earlier Roman grid (Zadar / Iader, Pore  / Parentium, probably Rab / Arba, medieval Split within Diocletians Palace). During transition to Renaissance (late 15th first half 16th c.) many semi-urban settlements developed, still in the medieval tradition; these were often planned fortified estates in the hinterland of cities (Katela near Split, Seget near Trogir, Sv. Vin ent in Istria, Cavtat and Molunat in Konavle near Dubrovnik, Orebii and Potomje on Peljeaac). _________________ Na podru ju kontinentalne Hrvatske srednjovjekovna urbana naselja datiraju s kraja 11. st., no malo je primjera planski osnovanih gradova (Zagreb-Gradec, 1242.; Kri~evci 14./15. st.). Na jadranskom dijelu planirani gradovi neujedna eno su rasporeeni, pa ih u Istri i na Kvarneru gotovo i nema, dok su brojniji u Dalmaciji, posebno na prostoru Dubrova ke Republike. Izraziti primjeri planiranih gradova datiraju iz 13.-15. st. (Kor ula sa matricom  riblje kosti , 13. st.; Hvar s ortogonalnom planimetrijom, 13./14. st.; gradovi-solane Mali i Veliki Ston, 1335., te Pag, 1443.). U nekim se gradovima od 13. st. provode djelomi ne regulacije (sredianja zona Dubrovnika, 1272.), ili se postojee jezgre proairuju pravilnim dijelovima (Dubrovnik-Prijeko 1296., Trogir-Pasike, 14. st.; novi dio Cresa, 15. st.; predgrae Pile u Dubrovniku, 15. st.; srediate Dragua u Istri, te manje regulacije u Omiau, Buzetu, Buju, Gra iau). U srednjovjekovnoj je Hrvatskoj bilo 50 gradova sa statutima pa su brojni primjeri lokalnih pravila graenj (airina parcele, katnost kua, protupo~arne mjere, odnos javnog i privatnog, odvodnja). U mikrourbanisti koj strukturi est je izdu~eni blok s dvoredom kua u nizu i uskim prolazom za odvodnju u zaleu ( klon ine ,  kolovaje ,  kani~ele ), te s potpuno izgraenom standardiziranom parcelom (Dubrovnik-Prijeko 6,14 x 6,14 m). Posebnu skupinu ine srednjovjekovni gradovi s ortogonalnom matricom (urbs quadrata) koja nije srednjovjekovne provenijencije ve je rije  o kontinuitetu rimskog rastera (Zadar / Iader, Pore  / Parentium, djelomi no i Rab / Arba, te srednjovjekovni Split unutar Dioklecijanove pala e). S prijelazom na renesansu, no u tradiciji srednjovjekovnog urbanizma (kraj 15. st. / po . 16. st.) nastaju i brojna semiurbana utvrena ladanjska planirana naselja na posjedima u zaleu gradova (Kaatela kod Splita, Seget kod Trogira, Sv. Vin ent u Istri, Cavtat i Molunat na podru ju Konavala kod Dubrovnika, Orebii i Potomje na Peljeacu). Introduction: Space, Time, and Urban Heritage In medieval times Croatia had about 200 settlements whose unambiguously urban attributes defined them as towns. Some of them were agglomerations that acquired urban status (bishopric seats, communes with town statutes, administrative centers, free royal towns); some were settlements of no particular category that, nevertheless, stood out due to their size or military, trade or communication importance; many were quite small medieval towns characterized by specific appearance, urban morphology and structure (settlements within fortified walls, city gates and a loggia and a specific type of house in a dense layout). The abundant urban heritage and the number of preserved instances on a relatively small territory make Croatia, particularly its Adriatic coast (Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia), one of the most urbanized European regions in the Middle Ages. In the early medieval times (from the 6th century) some important coastal locations were under heavy Byzantine influence (Pore , Pula, Osor, Zadar), yet at the same time in the inland Istria and in the hinterland of the then still Roman cities such as Split and Trogir, a number of new, semiurban Slavic / Croatian settlements cropped up (Solin, Klis, Bijai and, further inland, Knin). Several real towns with prevailing Croatian inhabitants were built along the coast from scratch (Vinodol, `ibenik, Dubrovnik). In continental Croatia, after the destruction of the urban substrate of Antiquity in the 4th and 5th centuries and several centuries of discontinuity in settlements, the first newly founded early medieval towns were to appear probably in the early 11th century; a good example of a completely new town founded as the first "mission" seat of a bishopric in this region during the massive Christianization of Panonia is Zagreb-Kaptol (1094). In the late Middle Ages (after 1102, when the dynasty of Croatian rulers ceased to exist) the processes of urbanization intensified, but the mature development of cities, their urban-architectural structure and formal legal status were determined by outside influences - first by the domination of Aquileia in some of Istria, later by the Venetian rule over the large part of the conquered Adriatic area, and the impact of Hungary in Slavonia as well as northern continental Croatia in general. Planned Towns and Settlements: What They Looked Like Despite the abundance and variety of urban heritage in medieval Croatia, over the observed time span of 1000 years (from early Byzantine settlements in the first part of the 6th century to transitional Early Renaissance agglomeration from the late 15th century) the planned towns are scarce and even settlements built from scratch are usually the result of a spontaneous, organic growth with an irregular matrix rather than a geometric urban grid with unmistakable features of planning. The continuity of urban matrix of Antiquity is discernible in the regular orthogonal plan of some castrametation-based towns on the Adriatic Coast, which at first glance may erroneously be ascribed to medieval urban planning. Notable and still well preserved instances of a pseudo-medieval matrix with the rectangular layout of streets derived from the cardo and decumanus system are: Pore  (Parentium), Zadar (Iader) and, to a lesser extent, Starigrad below Velebit (Argyruntum), while the highly regular grid of elongated blocks of the city of Rab (Arba), not typical of Roman urban structure, remains insufficiently explored and dubiously interpreted - as both an example of the continuity of Antiquity and an instance of new medieval planning. Similar controversies surround the medieval town of Cres (Crepsa) the urban structure of which recalls a Roman castrum. An exceptional example is that of the medieval nucleus of Split that was formed, after the destruction of the nearby ancient Salona (probably in 614), as a settlement refugium by an interpolation of residential buildings within the walls of the former palace of Roman emperor Diocletianus. Since the palace was designed as an almost completely square military camp with corner and gate towers, streets in a cross, a centrally placed forum (in fact a peristyle) and quarter blocks, the layout of medieval Split, still preserved, is in fact an "blueprint" of a Roman imperial palace. The newly founded Byzantine castrons on Adriatic islands, systematically erected during Justinian's reconquista (the 6th and 7th centuries) form the first layer of the newly founded fortified settlements in early medieval Croatia. After the loss of continental communication roads and the collapse of ancient cities along the coast, Byzantine Empire established a well-defended maritime route via Adriatic islands (towards Venice, Aquileia and Ravenna) and in a short time developed a system of observation posts, forts and service port settlements-cum-refugiums along it. From the Cape Planka in Central Dalmatia to the Istrian coast, at not more than 5-10 km distance, over forty fortifications were built; most were individual forts but around a dozen were larger structures with the settlement area within the walls. These are castrons Korinthia with the suburban section Bosar, Sv. Marko and Glavina (the island of Krk), Katelina-Kampor and Sv. Damjan (the island of Rab), Sv Juraj (Pag), Dobrika (Veliki Brijun), Gustijerna i Gradina (}irje), Toreta (Kornat), Vrgada, Sv. Mihovil (Ugljan), Stra~a (Ist), Palacol (near Loainj), Sv. Petar (near Ilovik) etc. Unfortunately, despite the erection of castrons that besides fortifications almost as a rule included religious buildings, cisterns and residential structures, virtually none of the planned Byzantine settlements had a regular ground plan. Obviously, inaccessible hilltop locations demanded an organic adaptation rather than idealized building schemes; also, in those uncertain times building had to be fast and responsive to military needs. Partial medieval planned reconstruction of previously built or spontaneously grown towns, planned expansion and urban regulation of some parts of the settlement were much more frequent in Croatia than the erection of completely new regularly planned towns. Partial planning seems to have preceded large-scale urban projects and some elements of urban structures defined in this way (such as the type and organization of the medieval block, the size and shape of the lot, the sewage system ) came to be used later when new towns were built. Urban planning in Croatia was managed by sets of regulations and building codes provided by communal and municipal statutes. In medieval Croatia, from the beginning of the 13th century to the Renaissance regulations of the early 16th century, as many as 50 towns had codified statutes - all of them on the Adriatic Coast except Ilok in continental Croatia. In this respect particularly instructive is the 5th volume of the Statute of Dubrovnik (1272) which contains a number of urban codes that directly involve planned town building, as shown by chapters headed: "Division of streets; House roofs; Windows and balconies; Shared wall; Wooden structures; Stoves; Old dilapidated buildings; Inclination of roofs; Streets; Staircases; Cesspools..." Other sections of the statute contain complementary regulations (on urban sanitation, sewage, treatment of city walls, fire-fighting) and the first planned regulation of the "lower" suburb of Dubrovnik (today the zone of regular blocks south of Stradun) was carried out accordingly. The street grid complied with required direction and length, and streets with specified width: those in the north south direction were 9 spans (2,034 m) wide, and those in the east west direction 14 spans (3,581 m) wide. Soon after the first statutory regulation of 1272, when a large part of the city was destroyed in the great fire of 1296, the hitherto undeveloped northern slope of the town (Prijeko) was divided into planned plots. The regular grid of 14 parallel streets was set vertically to the terrain, each street 10 spans (2,56 m) wide, with narrow blocks composed of double rows of identical houses bordering with the sewage passage 3 spans wide in the back (locally called klon ina from Latin cloaca). All plots were identical in size, 3 x 3 fathoms (6,14 x 6,14 m), and the multi-story houses were blocked from three sides while all the openings looked into the street (no balconies, outer staircases or protruding elements). Although the planned regulation of Dubrovnik was undoubtedly the most ambitious urban intervention in the fabric of an existing town in medieval Croatia, we must note several other instances of planned building or expansion of medieval towns by regular new parts, such as the orthogonal grid of the western suburb of Trogir called Pasike (14th c), south blocks of Omi, the so-called new part of Rab (13th c.), new part of Cres (15th c), Pile, the eastern industrial suburb of Dubrovnik, planned from scratch (15th c) and parts of Istrian towns Buje, Gra iae and Plomin (14/15th c). Planned new towns, while rare in medieval Croatia, were finely executed and comparable to the similar Central European and Mediterranean examples from somewhat earlier period (the  golden era of planned town in Europe is the 12th and 13th centuries, in Croatia the 13th and 14th centuries). Probably the most original geometric town is that of Kor ula in southern Dalmatia, from the early 13th century. Built on an oval peninsula, the town displays a unique scheme of fishbone with the central main street set along the ridge of the peninsula, joined on both sides by narrow double side blocks, identical to the ones in Dubrovnik, only set at an angle. The planned grid of the older section of the city of Hvar, created at the same time (13th century), was developed on the slope of an island hill within the orthogonal street system encircled by fortifications. Perhaps the most impressive planned urban structure on the Adriatic Coast dates from the Gothic 14th century, when the Dubrovnik Republic, having bought the Peljeac peninsula, began in 1335 to build along the two shallow adjacent bays with strategically placed salt basins. Thus the twin towns of Ston, Mali and Veliki, connected by a complex fortification system, came into being. Both towns were originally divided into 15 desens (blocks) and a document from 1336 records the decision to build first 150 houses for the rows of identical plots, 3 x 2 fathoms in size, somewhat smaller than the Dubrovnik ones. In 1394 in an isolated part of Veliki Ston atypical, almost square blocks (28 x 34.36 m) were completed, on larger plots, but without courtyards and gardens; the typical Ston structure normally consists of residential units in blocks (casa in blocco), set in a double elongated block with interior sewage (as in Dubrovnik and Kor ula). The streets adhere to designated width:  Placa 4 fathoms, Long Street is 3 fathoms wide, and other streets 2, or 1.5 or one fathom wide. The Dubrovnik Republic founded several more regularly planned smaller colonial settlements on the Peljeaac peninsula in the 14th century, but they never achieved urban status as Broce (in 1349 it was decided to settle 30 families there), Potomje, Orebi etc. Elsewhere on its territory, the Republic erected smaller planned settlements, semi-urban in character, such as the military camp Tumba (1441) and Konavle refugiums Cavtat and Molunat (both in 1468). At the end of the Middle Ages, perhaps as the first instance of proto-Renaissance urban planning in Croatia, a new town of Pag was built on the island of Pag in northern Dalmatia (1443), also as an industrial settlement connected to salt basins and cargo port. 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The residential blocks in Pag are still medieval in type, but it is interesting to note that they reflect the social stratification of tenants, with the aristocratic, larger blocks (30 x 30 m) closer to the sea and traditional double blocks for the less wealthy at the hill slope. Following the model of medieval planned towns with the orthogonal street grid and regular fortification wall, in the Renaissance a system of dozen fortified semi-urban settlements was built along the large bay between Split and Trogir: Katela (1392-1589), and the early Renaissance settlement Seget near Trogir. As opposed to relatively numerous examples of medieval urban planning in the Adriatic area, the only new planned town in continental Croatia is Zagreb's Gradec, established by the Golden Bull at the time of Mongol raids into Europe in 1242. Erected on the flattened triangular hill top terrace, Gradec has a central square 60 x 90 m in size, surrounded by orthogonal street grid, regular blocks and identical plots called curia, each 14 x 25 m in size. Unlike stone towns of the Mediterranean, Zagreb and other places in inland Croatia were built in wood and unbaked bricks and the medieval architecture could not be preserved, but the urban layout survives virtually unchanged to the present day. Conclusion The planned new towns and regulations appeared throughout the Medieval period in Croatia (starting with the Byzantine 6th century), but most of them appeared in mid and late Medieval period (13th and 14th century), up to the early Renaissance (mid 15th century). The spatial appearance of planned urbanist interventions is ununiform, so almost all of the famous examples appeared in Dalmatia (especially in the region of the Dubrovnik Republic in the south), Istria has only a few insignificant regulations, while the continental Croatia has only one regular new town (Zagreb-Gradec), and one with an indication of planned layers (Kri~evci). Some of the reasons for executing the partial planned regulation of older towns include the frequent need for expansion (Dubrovnik, Trogir, Omia, Rab), reconstruction of areas destroyed in fire (Dubrovnik), as well as statutory regulations that called for reconstructive interventions. In completely new towns, the construction was required due to defensive needs (Zagreb, Tumba, Katela), need for specific anti-Turkish refugee camps in the 15th century (Cavtat, Molunat), colonization of new agricultural estates (settlements in Peljeac), and in most important examples of planned towns the design and protection of strategic saltworks (Ston, Pag). In the interior urban structure of planned towns, the most frequent and almost typical Medieval block pattern is the narrow block with a double-row line of square residential lots (usually around 6 by 6 meters) and multistory houses with a rear canal built in on three sides. The starting point and motivation for the construction of Medieval planned towns in the Croatian part of the Adriatic can be found in complex urbanistic regulations of Venice and Dubrovnik, while the parallels for the Croatian continent can be found in a broader circle of planned cities in Hungary and Czech Republic. Medieval planned towns are an important segment of our urban heritage and spatial identity that has Croatia developing strong parallels with urbanistic processes in a broader European area, starting as early as the 13th century. Bibliography [selected] Bedenko, V. (1989), Zagreba ki Gradec, kua i grad u srednjem vijeku, `kolska knjiga, Zagreb Belamari, J. (2005.), Osnutak grada Kor ule, Ex libris d.o.o., Zagreb Beriti , L. (1970), Utvrenja i regulacioni plan Cavtata,  Anali Historijskog instituta JAZU u Dubrovniku , XII: 191-204, Dubrovnik Beriti, L. ( _ ), Urbanisti ki razvitak Dubrovnika, Zavod za arhitekturu i urbanizam Instituta za likovne umjetnosti JAZU, Zagreb Frajdenberg, M. M. (1972), Srednjevjekovni dalmatinski grad i druatveni tipovi ,  Mogunosti , 1, Split Gobbin, N. (1930), Kor ula, ein Beispiel dalmatinischen Stdtebaus, Berlin Hilje, E. (1999), Problemi paakog urbanizma, in: Spomenici srednjovjekovnoga graditeljstva na Pagu, Arheoloaki muzej Zadar: Katalozi i monografije, 4: 129-138, Zadar Ivan evi, R. (1963-1964), Odnos antiknog i srednjovjekovnog rastera Pore a,  Peristil , 6-7: 5-12, Zagreb Kalogjera, B. (1995), Kor ula, portret jednog grada na isto nom Jadranu, Matica hrvatska  Ogranak Kor ula: Pos. izd., 1, Ko ula Kara , Z. (1998), The problem of the exploration of 6th and 7th c. urban planning on Croatian soil within the context of general Byzantine urban studies, in: Acta XIII Congressus internationalis archaelogiae Christianae, II [Studi di antichita Cristiana pubblicati a cura del Pontificio istituto di archeologia Cristiana, LIV / Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku, 87-89]: 959-974, Citta del Vaticano Split Kara , Z.; }uni, A. (2010.), Urbana baatina hrvatskih planiranih gradova. Planirani povijesni gradovi u Hrvatskoj  spomenici europske urbanisti ke baatine,  IP [Apolitika], LVII, 676-677 (9-10): 66-67, Zagreb Mili, B. (1995), Razvoj grada kroz stolje~cdHu"#׏ɐΐܑݑޑVW`acemn񦚈yj_W_W_W_K_Wh8yh!&)H*mH sH h!&)mH sH h8yh!&)mH sH h!&)5:^JaJmH sH h&;c5:^JaJmH sH "h ih i5:^JaJmH sH h i^JaJmH sH h8^JaJmH sH h(h86^JaJmH sH hh6^JaJmH sH  h(h8PJ^JaJmH sH h^JaJmH sH Uh(h8^JaJmH sH nÒ͒8:Ĕܔ̕0=ږ(*,5Hqr˜ĘȘęϙNQ*,4567h|8:^JaJmH sH hh!&)H*^JmH sH hj!h!&)^JmH sH h}_h!&)H*^JmH sH h8yh!&)H*^JmH sH h8yh!&)^JmH sH h!&)^JmH sH h8yh!&)mH sH 8Q67O *0X $ & Fa$gd($ & F a$gd  $ & Fa$gd dhgdd$a$gd!&)7OPWZ` ".6J(*,8@LPöéϝwi[iQFQFi[iwQFh 6CJmH sH h CJmH sH h"Mh"M:CJmH sH h"Mh :CJmH sH h"MCJmH sH h('`h('`6CJPJmH sH h"MCJPJmH sH h('`CJPJmH sH h"Mh CJmH sH h 6CJPJmH sH h CJPJmH sH h"Mh"M:CJPJmH sH h"Mh :CJPJmH sH h('`h/b:^JaJmH sH .02FTf̟ &ZxᷩteUeh"Mh 6CJPJmH sH h"Mh CJPJmH sH h"Mh"M:CJPJmH sH h"Mh :CJPJmH sH h 6CJmHsHh CJmHsHh"Mh"M:CJmHsHh"Mh :CJmHsHh"Mh"M:CJmH sH h"Mh :CJmH sH h 6CJmH sH h CJmH sH hCJmH sH ʢҢF^ƣΣw?(󰥕ucucuWGhkh(:CJPJmH sH hCJPJmH sH "h"Mh 6CJH*PJmH sH h"Mh 6CJPJmH sH hD}h"M:CJPJmH sH hD}h :CJPJmH sH h"Mh mH sH h"Mh CJPJmH sH hD}CJmH sH h"Mh 6CJmH sH h"Mh"M:CJmH sH h"Mh :CJmH sH h"Mh CJmH sH (:<8NRΧ&VXZnvNƺƯxvxkx`xRDh"Mh :CJmH sH h6h 6PJmHsHh6CJmHsHh(h mHsHUh6h 6CJmHsHh6h CJmHsHh"Mh"M:CJmHsHh"Mh :CJmHsHhkh(mH sH hCJPJmH sH hkCJPJmH sH hkhk6CJPJmH sH hkhkCJPJmH sH hkh(CJPJmH sH a, 2, Srednji vijek, `kolska knjiga, Zagreb Mohorovi i, A. (1973), Razvoj urbanih cjelina, arhitektonske izgradnje i likovnog stvaranja na tlu Istre u srednjem vijeku,  Ljetopis JAZU , 77: 305-365, Zagreb Pekovi, }. (1998), Dubrovnik, Le fondation et le developpement de la ville medievale, Musee des monuments archeologiqes Croates: Catalogues et monographies, 5, Split Plani-Lon ari, M. (1980.), Planirana izgradnja na podru ju Dubrova ke Republike, Institut za povijest umjetnosti: Studije i monografije, 1, Zagreb Prelog, M. (1971-1972), Dubrova ki statut i izgradnja grada (1272-1972),  Peristil , 14-15: 81-94, Zagreb Prelog, M. (1963), Cres, graevni razvoj jednog malog, starog grada,  Radovi Odsjeka za povijest umjetnosti , 4: 3-11, Zagreb Sui, M. (1976ĹF$ (Dֻ|l\lM=Mh6h 6CJPJmHsHh6h CJPJmHsHh"Mh"M:CJPJmHsHh"Mh :CJPJmHsHh"Mh 6CJPJmH sH h"Mh CJPJmH sH h"Mh"M:CJPJmH sH h"Mh :CJPJmH sH h"Mh PJmH sH h"Mh 6CJmH sH h"Mh CJmH sH h"Mh :CJmH sH h"Mh"M:CJmH sH nF0Ĵ󙋙{ĴpcShhDh8:CJaJmH sH ho5OJQJmHsHh6h mHsHh6h 6CJmHsHUh"Mh"M:CJmHsHh"Mh :CJmHsHh6h CJmHsHh6h 6CJPJmHsHh6h CJPJmHsHh"Mh"M:CJPJmHsHh"Mh :CJPJmHsHh6h PJmHsH), Anti ki grad na isto nom Jadranu, Sveu iliana naklada liber, Zagreb Sui, M. (1979-1982), Jurjev Pag  sinteza anti kog i isrednjovjekovnog urbanizma,  Radovi instituta za povijest umjetnosti , 3-6: 203-204, Zagreb Fig. 1 Dubrovnik, urban regulation of 1272 and 1296 (drawing by Z. Kara ) Fig. 2 Kor ula, new planned town, 13th c (drawing by Z. Kara ) Fig. 3 Veliki Ston, new planned town, 1335 (drawing by Z. Kara ) Fig. 4 Pag, new planned town, 1443 (drawing by Z. Kara ) Fig. 5 Zagreb  Gradec, new planLN~$ p#X#h]ha$gdQZh]hgdQZ &`#$gd j gdDn $ a$gdDn$a$gd 8HJXLZ|~贈p_p hQZho0JCJOJQJaJ)jhQZho0JCJOJQJUaJho ho0Jjho0JUhQ-jhQ-Uh>"hhDh86:CJaJmH sH U"hhDh:CJH*aJmH sH hhDh8:CJaJmH sH hhDh:CJaJmH sH hhDhDn:CJaJmH sH %ned town, 1242 (drawing by Z. Kara  / according to V. Bedenko)     PAGE  PAGE 7 ƺh>hQ-hohQZhoCJOJQJaJhoCJOJQJaJ hQZho0JCJOJQJaJ)jhQZho0JCJOJQJUaJ%hj!0JCJOJQJaJmHnHu gdDn,1h. A!"#$% DyK zlatko.karac@arhitekt.hryK Xmailto:zlatko.karac@arhitekt.hryX;H,]ą'cD@D 8NormalCJOJQJ_HmHsHtHH@H 8Naslov 1$$@&a$CJ$^JmH sH 8@8 8Naslov 2$@&5\H@H 8Naslov 3$$@&a$CJ^JmH sH >A@> Zadani font odlomkaViV Obi na tablica4 l4a .k. 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