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\par }{\b\f16\fs32 Fenotipske značajke magaraca u Hrvatskoj
\par }{\b\fs32 
\par 
\par }{\b\f16\fs32 \page Fenotipske značajke magaraca u Hrvatskoj
\par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 
\par }{\f16\fs24 Ante Ivanković, Pavo Caput, Boro Mioč i Vesna Pavić
\par Zavod za specijalno stočarstvo, Agronomski fakultet, Svetošimunska c. 25, 10000 Zagreb
\par }{\fs24 
\par }{\f16\fs24 KLJUČNE RIJEČI: fenotipske značajke, Hrvatska, magarci, tipovi, tjelesne mjere
\par }\pard\plain \s2\qj\ri-6\sl480\slmult1\keepn\nowidctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \lang1050 {
\par }{\f16 \page SAŽETAK
\par }\pard\plain \qj\ri-6\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang1050 {\f16\fs24 Na području Hrvatske, osobito njenog priobalnog dijela, magarci obitavaju stoljećima pomažući čovjeku u preživljavanju u surovim okolišnim uvjetima. Tijekom višestoljetnog razdoblja adaptacije i prirodne selekcije u pojedinim regijama profiliraju se populacije osobitih značajki. Intenziviranje agrarne proizvodnje te gospodarsko-socijalna kretanja u ruralnim područjima uvjetovala su znatan pad broja stoke, osobit}{\fs24 o}{\f16\fs24  magaraca. Aktualne spoznaje ukazuju da na području Hrvatske obitava nekoliko tisuća magaraca s tim da su neki tipovi na rubu nestanka. Neznatan istraživački interes za magarce tijekom proteklih desetljeća rezultirao je malim brojem mjerodavnih znanstveni}{\fs24 h spoznaja o populacijama koje su obitavale u Hrvatskoj, kao i dinamici promjena u subpopulacijama.
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\f16\fs24 Ovim istraživanjem obuhvaćeno je 270 magaraca na području županija hrvatskog priobalja. Grla su opisana na posebnim listama, fotografirana i izmjerena s 11 tjelesnih mjera. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na podjelu populacije magaraca u Hrvatskoj na tri tipa: primorsko-dinarski, sjeverno-jadranski i istarski. Navedeni tipovi značajno se razlikuju u visini grebena (96.93; 115.28; 124.07), obujmu prsa (112.75; }{\fs24 1}{\f16\fs24 31.80; 144.01), obujmu cjevanice (12.82; 14.85; 16.30) i u većini ostalih istraživanih tjelesnih mjera. Tipovima su svojstvene karakteristične značajke boje tijela, tjelesnog okvira i proporcija dijelova tijela. Istu podjelu podržavaju naše dosadašnje ana}{\fs24 lize polimorfnih proteina krvi i DNK}{\i\fs24 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\qc\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \b\lang1050 {\lang2057 \page }{\fs32\lang2057 The phenotype features of donkeys in Croatia
\par }\pard\plain \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang1050 {\fs24 
\par SUMMARY
\par }\pard\plain \s15\qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang1050 {\fs24 In Croatia, particularly in its coastal area, donkeys have lived for centuries, helping a man in his fight with rough environment. During a period of adaptation of several centuries and natural selection in certain regions, the populations of exceptional features were profiled. More intensive agrarian production and economic-social movements in rural areas resulted in a significant decrease of the total number of donkeys. The actual facts indicate that in Croatia are about several thousand donkeys, but some types are at the brink of disappearance. The insignificant research interest for donkeys during previous decades resulted in a small number of competent scientific knowledge on populations which lived in Croatia, as well as of the dynamics of changes.
\par      The research includes 270 donkeys in counties of the Croatian coastal area. Heads are described in separate lists, photographed and measured with 11 body measures. The results of the research show the need for division of the donkey population in Croatia into three types: Littoral-Dinaric type, North-Adriatic type and Istrian type. Types are  statistically significantly differ in the wither height (96.93; 115.28; 124.07), chest circumference (112.75; 131.80; 144.01), tibia circumference (12.82; 14.85; 16.30), as well as in the majority of other examined body measures. Types are characterised by particular features of the body colour, the size of the body frame and proportions body measures. The same division is supported by the analysis of polymorphic blood proteins and DNA.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang1050 {\fs24 KEY WORDS: phenotype features, Croatia, donkeys, types, body measures}{\i\fs24 \page }{\fs24 UVOD}{\i\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \lang1050 {\f16 Zahvaljujući raznovrsnim ekološkim i gospodarskim prilikama, kroz povijest su na području Hrvatske nastajale različite pasmine domaćih životinja, od kojih su neke sačuvane i do današnjih dana a neke su nažalost zauvijek izgubljene. Magarci su stoljećima obitavali na području hrvatskog priobalja, tijekom kojih su se prilag}{o}{\f16 đavali okolišnim uvjetima, poprimajući osobita fenotipska i genotipska svojstva. Struktura seljačkih gospodarstava priobalnog dijela Hrvatske ovisila je prvenstveno o raspoloživoj zemlji i klimatsko-terenskim uvjetima. Krševiti teren, usitnjenost obradivi}{h}{\f16  površina, loši putovi, veća zastupljenost kultura koje traže obradu tla motikom (maslina, vinova loza) kao i pomanjkanje kvalitetne krme nametnuli su magarce kao najprimjerenije radne životinje u otočkim i priobalnim selima, poradi njihove skromnosti, ot}{p}{\f16 ornosti i izdržljivosti. Populacija magaraca u Hrvatskoj 1937. godine brojila je 40 000 grla (Babić, 1939a), rasprostranjena uglavnom u otočkim, primorskim i brdskim selima priobalnog zaleđa. U područjima južnog i srednjeg dijela hrvatskog priobalja uzgaj}{a}{\f16 ni su magarci manjeg tjelesnog okvira, a u područjima kvarnerskog otočja i Istre snažni magarci većeg tjelesnog okvira koji su ujedno služili i za proizvodnju bastarda s konjem (mula). Proizvodnja mula za vlastite potrebe i za tržišta susjednih zemalja st}{o}{\f16 ljećima je aktualna na području hrvatskog priobalja. Rako (1948) navodi da je broj mula u Dalmaciji, u godinama prije drugog svjetskog rata dosezao do 10730 grla. Do konca XIX stoljeća za proizvodnju mula korištene su domaće kobile i pastusi domaćeg magar}{c}{\f16 a. Poradi njihovog malog tjelesnog okvira, početkom XX stoljeća počinju se uvažati pastusi magaraca većih tjelesnih okvira, prvenstveno apuljske pasmine iz uzgoja "Martina Franca" (Babić, 1939b), kako bi dobili veće i snažnije mule, koje su bile traženije}{ }{\f16 na tržištu. Poradi manjkavih smještajnih i hranidbenih prilika očekivani uspjeh je izostao (Rako, 1948).  
\par }\pard\plain \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang1050 {\f16\fs24 Gospodarsko-socijalna kretanja u ruralnim područjima Hrvatske, orijentacija regije prema turizmu kao vodećoj privrednoj grani te intenzivnije korištenje mehanizacije u agraru, uvjetovali  su marginalizaciju magaraca, što je rezultiralo konstantnim smanjivanjem njihovog broja tijekom XX stoljeća. Aktualna veličina populacije magaraca u Hrvatskoj, procijenjena je na osam tisuća grla (Ivanković i sur., 1}{\fs24 9}{\f16\fs24 98), uključujući i manji dio populacije koji nema reproduktivnu funkciju (kastrati i bastardi s konjem). Populacija magaraca u području Istre i Kvarnerskog otočja svedena je na nekoliko stotina rasplodnih grla. Izgubivši uporabnu vrijednost u poljodjelstv}{\fs24 u}{\f16\fs24 , populacija magaraca u ovim krajevima održava se uklapanjem u sadržaj turističke ponude (tradicionalne priredbe i natjecanja magaraca) te zalaganjem nekoliko entuzijasta koji uzgajaju magarce radi vlastitog zadovoljstva i manje koristi. U dijelu priobaln}{\fs24 o}{\f16\fs24 g zaleđa, osobito u brdskim selima Dalmatinske Zagore, populacija magaraca je relativno brojna i konsolidirana poglavito poradi njihove uporabne vrijednosti u poljodjelstvu. Premda se magarci u ovim podnebljima još uvijek dokazuju kao najprimjerenija radn}{\fs24 a}{\f16\fs24  snaga, demografska kretanja prouzročit će zasigurno daljnji pad njihovog broja. Navedene činjenice upućuju na potrebu za učinkovitom i brzom akcijom osmišljavanja očuvanja populacija magaraca korištenjem raspoloživih preostalih resursa te postavljanjem p}{\fs24 r}{\f16\fs24 imjernog programa održivosti ovih populacija. 
\par Tijekom proteklih desetljeća vladao je neznatan istraživački interes za magarce što je rezultiralo malim brojem znanstvenih radova vezanih uglavnom za osobitosti eksterijera tipova magaraca u Hrvatskoj (Babić, 1939a, Babić, 1939b). Time smo ostali uskraćeni za mjerodavne podatke o tipovima magaraca na ovim terenima u prošlosti. Nove metode determiniranja pasmina na molekularno-genetskoj razini putem proteinskih polimorfizama i tipiziranjem DNK daju vjerodostoj}{\fs24 n}{\f16\fs24 e pokazatelje o posebnosti pasmina i njihovoj filogenezi. Istraživanja proteinskih polimorfizama magaraca (Mengozzi, 1980, Romagnoli i Mengozzi, 1982, Mengozzi i sur., 1982, Valfr}{\fs24 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 233 \\f "Times New Roman" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f0\fs24}}}{\f16\fs24  i sur., 1982, Bell, 1994, Ivanković i Caput, 1999) ukazala su na osobite frekvencije alela nekih pasmina. Konstantan nadzor stanja polimorfizma praćenjem određenog broja lokusa (Breen i sur., 1994) imat će ključnu funkciju u selekciji, posebno ugroženih pasmina. Tipiziranje DNA, posebno mit}{\fs24 o}{\f16\fs24 hondrijskog dijela genoma poradi frekvencije supstitucije nukleotida od 5 do 10 puta veće no u nukleusnom genomu (Brown i sur., 1982) pogodno je za filogenetske studije podrijetla pasmina Equidae (Ishida i sur., 1995).
\par }{\fs24 Od šesnaest registriranih pasmina mag}{\f16\fs24 araca na području Europe sedam ih je ugroženo (FAO, 1995). Do sada nema prijavljenih pasmina magaraca iz Hrvatske u registar FAO-a. U Hrvatskoj je 1984. godine iniciran interes domaće javnosti za očuvanje genoma autohtonih pasmina domaćih životinja. Programom sustavne državne financijske potpore zaštiti ugroženih autohtonih pasmina u Hrvatskoj, od 1997. godine su pored ostalih vrsta obuhvaćeni i magarci. Registrirani uzgajivači dobivaju za rasplodnog magarca 83,13 ECU/god., za magaricu 34,64 ECU/god. kao i}{\fs24  }{\f16\fs24 103,92 ECU za pule. Selekcijska služba je registrirala u centralnu matičnu kartoteku više stotina magaraca diljem priobalnog područja, od Istre do Dubrovnika, stvarajući bazu za osmišljen selekcijski rad. Svi registrirani magarci upisani su u matičnu knji}{\fs24 g}{\f16\fs24 u, izmjereni, opisani opisnom listom, fotografirani i označeni žigom.
\par U cilju cjelovitog upoznavanja aktualnog stanja populacije magaraca u Hrvatskoj u tijeku je znanstveno-istraživački program pod naslovom: \ldblquote Fenotipske i genetske odlike magaraca u Hrvatskoj\rdblquote , prihvaćen i financiran od Ministarstva  znanosti i tehnologije Republike Hrvatske. Sastavni dio projekta je i utvrđivanje fenotipskih odnosno eksterijernih značajki tipova koje će, uz utvrđene genotipske odlike subpopulacija, pomoći u standardiziranj}{\fs24 u}{\f16\fs24  najznačajnijih svojstava.
\par }{\fs24 
\par 
\par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\i\fs24 \page }{\fs24 MATERIJAL I METODE
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\f16\fs24 Istraživanje je provedeno u hrvatskom jadranskom području, od Dubrovnika do Istre, u razdoblju 1997 - 1999. godine. Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 167 uzgajivača iz 41-og sela kod kojih je registrirano 270 magaraca. Svi istraženi magarci su opisani 'opisnom listom'. Svim grlima izmjereno je 11 tjelesnih mjera koje su unijete u opisne liste. Mjernom vrpcom izmjerene su četiri mjere (obujam prsa, obujam cjevanice, dužina uha, visina grebena) a Lydtinovim šta}{\fs24 p}{\f16\fs24 om sedam mjera (visina grebena, visina križa, dubina prsa, širina prsa, dužina sapi, širina sapi i dužina tijela). U opisne liste su pored tjelesnih mjera uneseni podatci o vlasniku grla, dobi i reprodukciji grla, značajkama boje tijela, posebnim znakovim}{\fs24 a}{\f16\fs24  na tijelu, temperamentu, ćudi, eksterijernim manama kao i ostala interesantna zapažanja. 
\par Tjelesna masa grla procijenjena je na osnovi obujma prsa i dužine trupa prema formuli (Pejić, 1996):
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
\par }{\f16\fs24 Podatci korišteni u procjeni veličine populacija dobiveni su na osnovi obilaska terena i snimanja stanja te dostupnih podataka bilježenih od strane poljoprivredne savjetodavne i selekcijske službe na terenu. 
\par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 \page REZULTATI I RASPRAVA
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\f16\fs24 Istraživanje je potvrdilo pad veličine populacije magaraca u Hrvatskoj koji se dogodio posljednjih desetljeća, i potvrdilo procjenu da u Hrvatskoj obitava osam tisuća magaraca (Ivanković i sur., 1998). Glavni dio populacije lociran je u području Dalmatinske Zagore gdje bi}{\fs24 l}{\f16\fs24 ježimo manji ukupan pad broja grla, dočim se u području Kvarnerskog otočja i Istre magarac rijetko sreće jer je populacija svedena na nekoliko stotina grla. U području Dalmatinske Zagore, osobito u brdskim selima, magarci se još uvijek koriste za rad na t}{\fs24 e}{\f16\fs24 že dostupnim terenima kao i za transport tereta, gdje  radi svoje male tjelesne mase, skromnosti, otpornosti i izdržljivosti imaju znatne prednosti pred drugom radnom snagom i mehanizacijom. To je osnovni razlog zašto su se magarci u ovim krajevima održal}{\fs24 i}{\f16\fs24  u ovako velikom broju. U priobalnim i otočkim selima, gdje se manje koriste za rad a više za hobi i turističke atrakcije, populacija magaraca je dovedena na rub opstanka.
\par Pojava kastriranja muških rasplodnih grla česta je u području Dalmatinske Zagore, dočim je ovaj zahvat u drugim područjima rijedak. Provodi se prvenstveno radi smirivanja muških životinja, kako bi bile primjerenije radu. Na osnovu istraženog uzorka populacije procijenili smo spolnu strukturu, odnosno udio pastuha, magarica, puladi i kast}{\fs24 rata u populaciji magaraca u Hrvatskoj (grafikon 1.).
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
\par }\pard \qj\sb80\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Grafikon 1.}{\fs24  Spolna struktura magaraca u Hrvatskoj u 1998. godini
\par }{\b\fs24 Graph 1}{\fs24 . Breeding structure of donkeys in Croatia in 1998 year}{\b\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \lang1050 {\f16 Prosječna dob registriranih magaraca iznosi 10 godina s neznatnim odstupanjima između tipova. Najveći broj magaraca je u dobi od 4 do 7 godina. Treba spomenuti nekoliko zabilježenih grla sa starošću preko 30 godina koja se još uvijek koriste za rad. Na grafikonu 2. prikazan je udio pojedinih dobn}{ih kategorija u ukupnoj populaciji magaraca u 1998. godini.
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
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Grafikon 2}{\fs24 . \tab Dobna struktura magaraca u Hrvatskoj u 1998. godini
\par }\pard \qj\sb80\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Graph 2}{\fs24 . Age structure of donkeys in Croatia in 1998 year}{\b\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \lang1050 {Analizom tjelesnih mjera ustanovili smo p}{\f16 ostojanje triju tipova magaraca. Rezultati istraživanih tjelesnih mjera prikazanih su na tablici 1.
\par }\pard\plain \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang1050 {\b\fs24 
\par 
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\par Tablica 1.}{\fs24  Tjelesne mjere magaraca u Hrvatskoj (cm) u 1998. godini
\par }{\b\fs24 Table 1.}{\fs24  Donkey body mesurements in Croatia (cm) in 1998 year
\par }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx2127\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx4395\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx6645\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx8895\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs24 \cell }\pard \qc\nowidctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs22 Primorsko-dinarski tip
\par Littoral-Dinaric type\cell Sjeverno-jadranski tip
\par Northern-Adriatic type\cell Istarski tip
\par Istrian type\cell }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs24 \row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108 \clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx2127\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx4395\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx6645\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx8895\pard \qc\nowidctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs24 n\cell 166\cell 49\cell 42\cell }\pard \nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs24 \row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108 \clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx2127\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx3139\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx4395\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx5520\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx6645\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx7770\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb \cellx8895\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\intbl\adjustright {  }{\fs24  \cell }\pard \qc\nowidctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\pard\plain \qc\nowidctlpar\intbl\adjustright \lang1050 {\object\objemb\objw200\objh240{\*\objclass CorelEquation}{\*\objdata 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\par }{\f16 Srednje vrijednosti istraživanih tjelesnih mjera između pojedinih tipova značajno su signifikantne (P<0.01), što potvrđuje opravdanost podjele populacije magaraca u Hrvatskoj na više tipova. Na postojanje više tipova upućuju i druga eksterijerna svojstva kao: konstitucija, boja tijela, oblik i boja glave kao i druge vidljive osobitosti na tijelu (zebrice, griva, uši,...). Grafikoni 3. i 4. prikazuju izraženost svojstava pojedinih ti}{pova.
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\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Grafikon 3}{\fs24 . Primarne tjelesne mjere po tipovima magaraca u Hrvatskoj.}{\b\fs24  
\par Graph 3. }{\fs24 Primary body measurements of donkeys in Croatia}{\b\fs24 
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
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Grafikon 4}{\fs24 . Sekundarne tjelesne mjere po tipovima magaraca u Hrvatskoj.}{\b\fs24  
\par Graph 4. }{\fs24 Secondary body measurements of donkeys in Croatia}{\b\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qj\sb80\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \lang1050 {\f16 Udio pojedinih tipova u ukupnoj populaciji magaraca u Hrvatskoj je različit. Na grafikonu 5. prikazana je zastupljenost pojedinih tipova magaraca u 1998. godini.
\par }\pard\plain \qc\sb80\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang1050 {{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1033{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 268435473}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}}\picscalex79\picscaley80\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0\picw14949\pich6509\picwgoal8475\pichgoal3690\wmetafile8\bliptag-379298077\blipupi95{\*\blipuid 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
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Grafikon 5. }{\fs24 Zastupljenost tipova magaraca u Hrvatskoj u 1998. godini.}{\b\fs24  
\par }\pard \qj\sb80\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Graph 5}{\fs24 . Breed structure of donkeys in Croatia in 1998 year}{\b\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \lang1050 {\f16 Primorsko dinarski tip magarca je najzastupljeniji s veličinom populacije preko 7500 grla tako da za sada nema opasnosti od njegova nestanka, ali je nužan kontinuirani nadzor. Prednost ovoga tipa je što još uvijek ima uporabnu vrijednost u poljodjelstvu kao radna životinja u brdskim selima dalmatinskog zaleđa. Sjeverno-jadranski kao i istarski tip su na rubu nesta}{n}{\f16 ka jer im je broj pao ispod stotine. Uporabna radna vrijednost ovih tipova je znatno umanjena znatnim uplivom mehanizacije kao i orijentiranjem privrede na turizam kao glavnu granu. Nužno je naći načina kako da ih se učinilo uporabljivima i time zaštitili}{ }{\f16 od njihova iščezavanja.
\par }\pard\plain \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \fs20\lang1050 {\f16\fs24 Na osnovu istraživanja možemo ustanoviti određene fenotipske standarde za navedene tipove.
\par }{\i\fs24 Primorsko-dinarski magarac}{\f16\fs24  je najzastupljeniji u Hrvatskoj, očuvan uglavnom u brdskim selima Dalmatinske Zagore. Efektivna veličina populacije ovog tipa ukazuje da nije u izravnoj opasnosti ali je nužno konstantno praćenje. Veličinom tjelesnog okvira spada u red najmanjih pasmina magaraca u svijetu (Babić, 1939a). 
\par Magarcima ovoga tipa svojstvena je čvrsta konstitucija, skladna građa, manji kompaktan tjelesni okvir. Zimska dlaka kao i dlaka puladi je duga, gusta i čupava za razliku od ljetne koja je  kratka. Boja trupa je većinom pepeljasto siva, a u manjoj mjeri zastupljena je tamno smeđa boja. Potpuno crna grla su rijetka. Glava,}{\fs24  }{\f16\fs24 rep i noge su u donjem dijelu za nijansu tamniji od trupa. Boja trbuha varira od svijetlo sive do bijele kao i unutarnja strana stegana. Tamna pruga duž lopatica i leđa (križ) je izražena i jasno uočljiva. Poprečne tamne pruge na nogama (zebrice) su također izražene i jasno uočljive. Griva je jaka, stršeća, s tamnijim vršnim rubom, a rijetko je potpuno crna. Glava je srednje veličine, ravnog do blago konkavnog profila, kratkih ušiju s tamnijim vanjskim rubom i bijelim dlakama u sredini uha, slabo do srednj}{\fs24 e}{\f16\fs24  izražene očala. Boja gubice je svijetla do bijela s tamnom do crnom regijom nozdrva. Vrat je srednje dužine i muskuloznosti. Greben je dug ali slabo izražen, leđa ravna do blago uleknuta. Nadgrađenost nije jako izražena ali je uočljiva. Sapi su kose, sla}{\fs24 b}{\f16\fs24 o muskulozne s istaknutim sakralnim dijelom. Prsa su plitka i uska. Trbuh je pravilno razvijen, rijetko obješen. Rep je srednje visoko nasađen i dopire do skočnog zgloba. Noge su čvrste sa srednje jakim kostima. Kopito je malo ali tvrdo, prilagođeno kršev}{\fs24 i}{\f16\fs24 tom terenu ali nedostatkom  kretanja i njege česta je pojava deformacija. 
\par }\pard \qc\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Slika 1.}{\fs24 
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 Slika 1. Pastuh "TORNADO", MB.23., 7\~godina star, Primorsko-dinarski tip
\par Picture 1. Stallion "TORNADO", MB.23., 7\~years old, Littoral - Dinaric type
\par }{\f16\fs24 Zabilježili smo 14 magaraca (8,43 %) potpuno pigmentiranog područja gubice i očala tako da im na glavi ne uočavamo bijelih ili svijetlih regija. Detaljan  opis magaraca u Dalmaciji iznio je Babić (1939a), navodeći manju visinu grebena (87,51 cm) no što su pokazali rezultati naš}{\fs24 e}{\f16\fs24 g istraživanja (96,93 cm). Ova razlika u visini grebena zasigurno je odraz boljih hranidbenih i uzgojnih uvjeta, te imigracije gena stranih pasmina većeg tjelesnog okvira, sredinom XX stoljeća u ovo područje (Rako, 1948). 
\par }{\i\fs24 Sjeverno-jadranski magarac}{\fs24  obitav}{\f16\fs24 a na Kvarnerskom otočju, sjevernom dijelu Jadranskog priobalja i u istočnom dijelu Istarskog poluotoka. Efektivna veličina populacije ukazuje da je u opasnosti (Ne }{\pard\plain \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \lang1050 {\object\objemb\objw220\objh160{\*\objclass CorelEquation}{\*\objdata 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}{\result {{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1034{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 268435473}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}}\picscalex100\picscaley100\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0\picw388\pich282\picwgoal220\pichgoal160\wmetafile8\bliptag-185159345\blipupi2304{\*\blipuid f4f6b14faa52cb82477a02bbd6a32a57}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}}}}}{\fs24 36,2). 
\par Svojstvena mu je}{\f16\fs24  čvrsta konstitucija, pravokutan tjelesni okvir i snažna tjelesna građa. Obzirom na veličinu tjelesnog okvira nalazi se između primorsko-dinarskog i istarskog magarca. Boja trupa uglavnom varira od tamnosmeđe do crne, a samo u manjoj mjeri zastupljena tam}{\fs24 n}{\f16\fs24 o siva boja. Trbuh kao i unutarnja strana stegana je sive do prljavo bijele boje. Križ i zebrice uglavnom nisu jasno uočljive. Griva je duga, tamna, ponekad sa svjetlijim baznim dijelom dlaka, uglavnom stršeća ali nekad pada na stranu. Glava je profinjena}{\fs24 ,}{\f16\fs24  velika, ravnog profila, s dugim ušima koje imaju bijele dlake u unutrašnjosti i taman ušni rub. Očale su bijele i dobro izražene, gubica bijela s tamnom regijom nozdrva. Vrat je umjereno širok, muskulozan i dobro nasađen. Greben je dug i slabije izražen,}{\fs24  }{\f16\fs24 leđna linija ravna do blago konveksna. Uočava se nadgrađenost pošto visina križa prosječno nadmašuje greben za 3,93 cm. Sapi su blago strme, srednje muskulozne s izraženim sakralnim dijelom. Prsa su srednje duboka ali uska. Rep je srednje visoko nasađen s}{\fs24 a}{\f16\fs24  čupom dugih dlaka na završetku. Noge su čvrste s umjereno jakim kostima. Kopito je srednje veličine, tvrdo i izdržljivo. 
\par }{\i\fs24 Istarski magarac}{\f16\fs24  obitava u centralnom i zapadnom dijelu Istarskog poluotoka. Efektivna veličina populacije ukazuje na kritičnost stan}{\fs24 ja populacije ovog tipa (Ne }{\pard\plain \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \lang1050 {\object\objemb\objw220\objh160{\*\objclass CorelEquation}{\*\objdata 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}{\result {{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1035{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 268435473}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}}\picscalex100\picscaley100\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0\picw388\pich282\picwgoal220\pichgoal160\wmetafile8\bliptag-730955126\blipupi2304{\*\blipuid d46e828acea9e0037dfec03406c6c953}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}}}}}{\fs24 26). 
\par }{\f16\fs24 Istarskom tipu svojstvena je čvrsta do gruba konstitucija, veliki kvadratičan tjelesni okvir. Boja trupa je većinom crna, rijetko tamno smeđa. Trbuh kao i unutarnja strana stegana je od sive do bijele boje. Križ i zebrice nisu uočljive. Griva je crna, izražena i stršeća a rijetko pada na stranu. Glava je velika, nezgrapna, ravnog do blago konkavnog profila s dugim ušima koje imaju bijele dlake u unutrašnjo}{\fs24 s}{\f16\fs24 ti. Očale su bijele i dobro izražene. Gubica je bijela s crnom regijom nozdrva. Vrat je širok, muskulozan i dobro nasađen. Greben je dug i izražen, leđna linija uglavnom blago ulegnuta. Nadgrađenost je često znatnija, premda je visina križa za 4,22 cm viš}{\fs24 a}{\f16\fs24  od visine grebena. Sapi su strme, srednje mišićave s istaknutim sakralnim dijelom. Prsa su srednje dubine ali uska. Trbuh je pravilno razvijen, rijetko obješen. Rep je nisko nasađen s čupom dugih dlaka na završetku. Noge su čvrste s jakim kostima. Kopito}{\fs24  }{\f16\fs24 je srednje veličine, tvrdo s rijetkim deformacijama. 
\par }\pard \qc\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\fs24 Slika 2.}{\fs24 
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 Slika 2. Magarica "MORA", MB.13., 6 godina stara, istarski tip
\par }\pard \qj\sb80\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 Picture 2. Female donkey "MORA", MB.13., 6 years old, Istrian type
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 \tab Istarskom magarcu fenotipski je bliska apuljska pasmina magarc}{\f16\fs24 a, podrijetlom iz pokrajine Apulije u Italiji, s kojom ju je dosta autora poistovjećivalo. Aktualni podatci za apuljsku pasminu (FAO, 1995) ukazuju da visinom grebena (pastusi 153 cm, magarice 148 cm) znatno nadmašuje visinu istarskog magarca (124,07 cm).}{\fs24  Razlike valja potvrditi i analizom molekularno-genetske strukture.
\par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 
\par }{\f16\fs24 \page ZAKLJUČAK
\par }\pard \qj\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\f16\fs24 Hrvatska dobivajući u nasljeđe bogatstvo genetskih resursa ima moralnu obvezu očuvanja ovoga bogatstva. Istraživanje je potvrdilo da je brojno stanje magaraca u Hrvatskoj zadnjih desetljeća znatno nazadovalo a neki su tipovi dovedeni na rub nestanka. 
\par Rezultati istraživanja značajki fenotipa opravdavaju razvrstavanje magaraca na tri subpopulacije odnosno tipa: primorsko-dinarski, sjeverno-jadranski i istarski tip. Primorsko-dinarski magarac je znatno manje ugrožen od sjeverno-jadranskog i istarskog magarca, što upućuje na slijed prioriteta u njihovoj zaštiti. U skladu sa stupnjem ugroženosti treba pristupiti izradi primjerenih programa za njihovo očuvanje kao i upoznavanju javnos}{\fs24 t}{\f16\fs24 i s njihovom vrijednošću kao genetskog resursa, uporabne životinje i dijelom baštine koja se stvarala tisućljećima. Sustavna državna potpora uzgajivačima magaraca prvi je korak u njihovoj zaštiti, a na stručnim institucijama je da zajedno s uzgajivačima učine daljnje korake (osmišljavanje i predlaganje primjerenih programa očuvanja i korištenja) koji će spriječiti nestanak magaraca s naših područja.
\par }{\fs24 Daljnji koraci trebaju voditi ka determiniranju pasmina na molekularno genetskoj razini kako bi odredili autohtonost populacija magaraca, genetsku vrijednost te filogenetskom studijom odredili genezu nastanka ovih pasmina. 
\par }\pard \qj\fi11\sb80\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 \page LITERATURA
\par }\pard \qj\fi-426\li426\sb120\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx360\adjustright {\f16\fs24 Babić, E. (1939a). Prilog poznavanju domaćih primorskih magaraca. Disertacija, Poljoprivredno-šumarski fakultet, Zagreb
\par Babić, E.}{\fs24  (1939b). Prilog poznavanju apuljskih magaraca u Dalmaciji. Veterinarski arhiv 9 (4): 228-252
\par Bell, K. (1994). Blood protein polymorphisms in the donkey (}{\i\fs24 Equus asinus}{\fs24 ). Animal Genetics 25: 109-113
\par Breen, M., Downs, P., Irvin, Z., Bell, K. (1994). Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markes with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E.\~przewalski). Animal Genetics 25: 401-405
\par Brown, W.M., Prager, E.M., Wilson A.C. (1982). Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 18: 225\_239
\par Ishida, N., Oyunsuren, T., Mashima, S., Mukoyama, H., Saitou, N. (1995). Mitochondrial DNA Sequences of Various Species of the Genus Equus with Special Referece to the Phylogenetic Relationship Between Przewalskii\rquote s Wild Horse and Domestic Horse. Journal of Molecular Evolution 41: 180-188
\par }{\f16\fs24 Ivanković, A., Caput, P. (1999) Genetski polimorfizmi proteina krvi magaraca u Hrvatskoj. Stočarstvo 53: 91-100 
\par Ivanković, A., Caput, P., Ernoić, M. (1998). Donkeys in Croatia. In: OMMI, Neszmélyi Károly (eds) Proceedings of  International Conference on Cocservation of Endangered Autochthonous Animal Breeds of Danubian Countries, Budapest, Hungary, pp 46-51
\par }{\fs24 Mengozzi, G. (1980): Polimorfismo ematico nell'asino Ragusano. In: C.N.R. Progetto Finalizzato (eds) Proceedings II International Seminary "Current status of equine blood typing", Catalania, Italy, pp 71-76
\par Mengozzi, G., de Berardinis, T., Guidi, G., De Giovanni, C. (1982). Confronto mediante alcuni marcatori genetici fra cinque razze di asini allevate in Italia (Sardi, Ragusani, Amiatini, Gubbio Asinara). In: C.N.R. Progetto Finalizzato (eds) Proceedings III International Seminary "Current status of equine blood typing", Ozieri, Italy, pp 91-98
\par }{\f16\fs24 Pejić, N. (1996). Konj (Equus Caballus). Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, Novi Sad
\par }{\fs24 Rako, A. (1948). Uzgoj mula u Dalmaciji. Veterinarski arhiv 18: 10-30
\par Romagnoli, A., Mengozzi, G. (1982). L'Asino dell' Asinara. In: C.N.R. Progetto Finalizzato (eds) Proceedings III International Seminary "Current status of equine blood typing", Ozieri, Italy, pp 47-51
\par Valfr}{\fs24 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 233 \\f "Times New Roman" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f0\fs24}}}{\fs24 , F., Ronchi, B., Mengozzi, G. (1982). L'Asino di Gubbio. In: C.N.R. Progetto Finalizzato (eds) Proceedings III International Seminary "Current status of equine blood typing", Ozieri, Italy, pp 87-90
\par }\pard \qj\fi-426\li426\sb80\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx360\adjustright {\fs24 World watch list for domestic animal diversity. 1995, 2nd edition, FAO, Rim, Italy
\par }\pard \sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 
\par }}